COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL

MADE EASY

Third Edition

by

T. V. ADIKESAVALU

Digital Version

CHRISTIAN MEDICAL COLLEGE VELLORE

 Adi’s Book.

COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL

MADE EASY

Third Edition

by

T. V. ADIKESAVALU

Digital Version
2007

This book was prepared for the staff and students of Christian Medical College Vellore,
for use in the Tamil Study Programme. No part may be reproduced without permission of
the General Superintendent.

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 Adi’s Book.
CONTENTS
FOREWORD. 6
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 7
THIRD EDITION: UPDATE. 8
I. NOTES FOR PRONUNCIATION & KEY FOR ABBREVIATIONS. 9
II. GRAMMAR LESSONS:
Lesson No. Page.
1. Greetings and Forms of Address. 10
2. Pronouns, Interrogative and Demonstrative. 12
3. Pronouns, Personal. 15
4. The Verb ‘to be’, implied. 17
5. Cardinal Numbers 1 to 10, and
Verbs - introduction. 19
6. Verbs - Positive Imperatives. 21
7. Verbs - Negative Imperatives, Weak & Strong Verbs, & Medials. 23
8. Nouns - forming the plural. 28
9. Nouns and Personal Pronouns - Accusative (Object) case. 30
10. Nouns and Personal Pronouns - Genitive (Possessive) Case. 34
11. Review, (Revision) No.I. 38
12. Verbs - Infinitives. 40
13. Nouns and Personal Pronouns, Dative Case, ‘to’ or ‘for’
& Verbs - Defective. 43
14. Verbs - defective (continued). 47
15. Cardinal Numbers 11 to 1000 & Time. 50
16. Verbs - Present tense, Positive. 54
17. Adjectives and Adverbs. 58
18. Post-Positions. 61
19. Nouns - Locative Case, 'at' or 'in'. 64
20. Post positions, (Continued). 67
21. Verbs - Future Tense, Positive, and Ordinal Numbers. 70

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 Adi’s Book.

22. Verbs - Present and Past, Negative, Page.

and Potential Form to express 'may' 75
23. The Vegetable Shop, And Review (Revision) No.II 79
24. Verbs – Future tense, Negative. 82
25. Nouns & Pronouns, Instrumental, ‘by means of’ or ‘with’,
Verbs – to express ‘should’,‘should not’, ‘must’ and ‘must not’ 87
26. Nouns & Pronouns, Instrumental case accompaniment/association,
Verbs – to express ‘need,…need not’ 92
27. Nouns & Pronouns – ablative case, ‘from’,
Verbs – to express ‘can’ or ‘able to’ &‘cannot’ or ‘not able to’ 97
28. Nouns & Pronouns – locative case (continued from Lesson 19) 102
29. Nouns & Pronouns, complete declensions 107
30. Verbs, Past Tense, strong verbs, with ‘thth’ as medial 110
31. Verbs, Past Tense, strong verbs, with ’thth’ as medial (continued) 114
32. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘dh’ as medial 117
33. Verbs, Past Tense, weak and strong, with ‘ndh’ as medial 120
34. Verbs, Past Tense, weak and strong, with ‘ndh’ as medial (continued) 123
35. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘in’ as medial 126
36. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘in’ as medial (continued) 130
37. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘tt’ as medial 133
38. Review (Revision) No.III 137
39. Verbs – Past Participles 140
40. Verbs – Perfect & Imperfect tenses 144
41. Verbs – conditional form ‘if’ & ‘if not’. 148
42. To express ‘even if’ & ‘even if not’ 153
43. Verbs –Participles – present, past & future forms. 157
44. Comparison and Reflective verbs. 161
45. Intensive verbs & Causal verbs. 166
46. Composite Nouns, Participle Nouns & Verbal Nouns. 170

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47. Adverbial clause of time Page

‘when’, ‘while’, ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘as soon as’, ‘until’, ‘up to’. 175
48. Adverbial clauses of purpose, manner, cause or reason,
‘in order not to’, ‘according to’, ‘because’. 180
49. Suffix ‘um’ & its uses 184
6XIIL[HVµ—¶µ¶µÀ¶DQGµ—YDGKX¶ 187
III. Everyday dialogues:
51. Greeting and meeting people 192
52. Conversation about one’s work 195
53. Conversation with a servant 197
54. Conversation regarding time 199
55. Conversation about weather 202
56. Conversation with a tailor 203
57. Conversation with a cloth merchant 205
58. Conversation with a fruit merchant 207
59. Conversation with a gardener 209
60. Conversation at the dining table 211
61. Conversation with a dhobi 213
62. Conversation at a railway station 216
IV. SHORT STORIES.
9—WKWKXPSRQPXWWH\XP The goose and the golden eggs. 218
3D¼DNN—UDQXPQDPELNNDLXººDQ—\XP The rich man & the faithful dog.219
7KRSSLY\—E—ULXPNXUDQJXQJDOXP Cap merchant a& the monkeys. 220
2WKWKXPHGK—QEDODP Unity is strength. 221
7KDL\DON—UDQXP\—QH\XP The tailor and the elephant. 222
2ZYDL\—U\HQQXPSXODYDU Owaiyar the poetess. 223
V. GRAMMAR AT A GLANCE. Where to find a Spoken Tamil Principle. 225
VI. ENGLISH – TAMIL VOCABULARY. Separate File.
VII. TAMIL – ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Separate File.

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FOREWORD TO SECOND EDITION

For more than fifteen years, the writer has been teaching Tamil to the western
students and non-Tamil Indians at the Christian Medical College Hospital. The available
Tamil grammars and texts were used for teaching the Tamil script. But at the same time,
the writer's own Romanized Tamil notes were used to enable the students to speak the day-
to-day language of the people (Common Spoken Tamil) in a short period of time. This is
the proper spoken Tamil used even by educated Tamilians with one another. It was found
from the writer's experience that these notes were well-suited to his students who could
spare only a limited time for learning the language. The students wanted very much to
have these notes put in the form of a book. This was done in a limited edition and was
well received by the students and others.
As the first edition was prepared in a hurry, many mistakes crept in, which have
been corrected in this second edition. It will be appreciated if any further mistakes and
other suitable suggestions to improve this book are brought to the notice of the author.
In this edition the following have also been added:
1. Expansion drills
2. Practical conversation.
3. Everyday dialogues
4. Short stories
5. Sentences
6 Grammar at a glance
This book is almost a self-instructor. However, it must be supplemented with
recorded tapes by a Tamilian or preferably, by having the pronunciation, intonations, etc.,
checked by a Tamilian directly.
Tamil is spoken somewhat differently in different parts of Tamil Nadu. But all the
different dialects cannot be taught at one and the same time. When one dialect has been
learned, it will not be hard to learn and understand other dialects as well. The spoken
Tamil form, which is commonly heard from the Tamilians at home, at the market, bus
stand, etc., in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu, is used in this book.

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 Adi’s Book.
This book is made for those who want to start speaking Tamil without the help of
the Tamil script. As this is just a short course of lessons, only common vocabulary is
used. Here and there a few words are inserted at an earlier stage to add interest to
sentences and phrases in lessons. Vocabulary must be steadily increased. To achieve this,
short stories may be used as a medium. For more advanced study, this book can never be
a substitute for the other well-written books.
In preparation of this book, the author is indebted to his students, who have been a
constant source of encouragement and stimulation and support, and to his wife for her
patience and understanding.
The works that were consulted in the preparation are:
"Direct Method" by Thiru P. Jothimuththu, Arden's Tamil Grammar and
Tamil Course for European Schools by Kerslake and Narayanaswamy.
Vellore
September 1968 T.V. Adikesavalu
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THIRD EDITION: UPDATE
My great respect for “Adi” is shared by many who have benefitted from his
teaching. There is no doubt that this book has been instrumental in making everyday
spoken Tamil available to a large number of foreign and Indian people. Most of these have
been staff or students in various courses at CMC, Vellore, who would not have been able
to give adequate time to learning the language starting with Tamil script. In recent years
there has been an increase in the number of short term visitors and it is hoped that this
computerised version will make it possible for more of them also to pick up a little Tamil,
and thus be able to increase the usefulness of their experience here.
The only very noticeable changes now made are the radical revision of Grammar at
a Glance to form of an Alphabetical List Of Grammar Principles, and the addition of a
Romanised Tamil-English Vocabulary, and extension of the English-Tamil one. These are
presented as Separate files, which can be viewed in separate windows for ease of reference
on screen.
CMC Vellore. February 2007 Brian Witchalls
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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 Adi’s Book.
PREFACE
To make the best use of this book, students are requested to pay attention to the following:

'Expansion drills' given at the end of each lesson may be studied again and again for a
thorough understanding of the grammar principle of the respective lesson and alignment of
words in Tamil sentences. 'Practical Conversation' F VKRUW DQG XVHIXO FRQYHUVDWLRQDO
sentences which may be memorised if the student has enough time. Otherwise, it will help
if one just reads the sentences often, as fast as two Tamilians would speak. Everyday
dialogues and short stories are meant for practical use of the language (for communication
of ideas in Tamil) whenever and wherever necessary. No conversation in Tamil will either
be attractive or effective without the quotation of a few of the Tamil proverbs and hence
common proverbs are given for occasional use. To enable the students to have an easy
reference to the grammar principles dealt with in the book, 'Grammar at a glance' with
examples are given.

One can learn to speak Tamil, the writer has no doubt, by continuous study of this book at
least for six months – 2 hours daily; an hour with the Tamil teacher and at least another
hour's practice at home, even if one is pessimistic about learning any language in a short
period of time. Frequent drilling and repetition of the exercises done already, speaking
with the Tamilians as often as possible, listening to the Tamilians talking and
comprehending it to the best of one's ability are the only ways of achieving proficiency in
the language. The secret of success in speaking Tamil is just to speak it out – right or
wrong, good or bad!!

Vellore
September 1968 T.V. Adikesavalu

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 Adi’s Book.
I. NOTES FOR PRONUNCIATION & KEY FOR ABBREVIATIONS
Notes for Pronunciation. Ask Tamil speakers to help. (note ensuing arguments!)
(English vowels, “Vellore English Accent pronunciation” not Oxford or London,etc).
Long vowels are expressed by a hyphen above the letters.
a as in but, shut — as in arm, palm
ai as in gait, pain µ¶DVLQFat is not ever used.
e as in pen, bed  as in say, made
i as in pit, kid ¯ as in sheep, meet
o as in dot, pot À as in code, roll
ow as in cow, town
u as in should, good Ì as in moon, cool
Palate sounds are expressed by a comma below the letters.
º DVLQXººH inside ¼ DVLQSD¼DPPRQH\
Ä DVLQSDÄDPIUXLW
Key for abbreviations used in the book:
accus. accusative n. noun
adv. adverb adj. adjective
pron. pronoun v. verb
nom. takes nominative case dat takes dative case
d.b. takes declensional base intr. intransitive
tr. transitive neut. neuter
imp. impersonal pers. personal
incl. inclusive excl. exclusive
m. masculine fem. feminine
w. weak verb s. strong verb
sing. singular pl. plural

Medials for past tense verbs.

dh., in., n., nd., ndh., tt., thth

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 Adi’s Book.
II. GRAMMAR LESSONS:
LESSON 1
GREETINGS AND FORMS OF ADDRESS.

DSS— … Father, or polite masculine form of addressing, regardless of age.

DPP— … Mother, or madam, or polite form of addressing, regardless of age
YD¼DNNDP … Greeting, with a reverent bow for any time.
QDPDVN—UDP… *UHHWLQJLQWHUFKDQJHDEOHZLWKµYD¼DNNDm’.
VWKÀWKUDP … Greeting, (Tamil Christian).
QDPDVWK … Greeting, (all India).
Y—QJD … Come (polite form)
XNN—UXQJD … Sit (polite form).
Q¯QJD … You (polite form).
\—U … Who or whose.
Q—Q … I
nandri … Thanks.-
Read the sentences following each lesson, as well as the lesson itself,
repeating loudly again and again. Long vowel sounds should be pronounced long – the
longer the better. The short vowel sounds should be short and sharp. Endings of
sentences should not be complete but muted. Speed in speaking will gradually be gained
by running words into one another. Phrasing plays an important part in making others
understand the speaker. Hence the drilling sentences are phrased throughout to enable the
students to follow the proper form from the beginning. The tonal effects should be learned
from the teacher or any Tamilian. ‘English’ Accents should be scrupulously avoided.
The verb ‘to be’ is implied in very many instances.
The definite and indefinite articles are often omitted.
There are no capital letters in Tamil, so none are used in the Tamil words throughout.
Doubled letters or double pairs of letters reflect the spellings in Tamil script.
-------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences.
1. DL\—YD¼DNNDPYD¼DNNDPDL\— Good morning sir.
2. DPP—YD¼DNNDPYD¼DNNDPDPP— Good morning madam.
3. DPP—Y—QJD, Madam, come.
DL\—Y—QJD Sir, come.
4. DPP—XNN—UXQJD Madam, sit.
DL\—XNN—UXQJD Sir, sit.
5. Y—QJDDPP—RUY—QJDPP— Come, madam.
6. Y—QJDDL\—RUY—QJDL\— Come, sir.
7. XNN—UXQJDDPP—RUXNN—UXQJDPP— Sit, madam.
8. XNN—UXQJDDL\—RUXNN—UXQJDL\D— Sit, sir – (formal)
9. DPP—Q¯QJD\—U" Madam, who (are) you?
10. —L\—Q¯QJD\—U" Sir, who (are) you? – (formal)
11. Q¯QJD\—UDPP—"Q¯QJD\—UP—" Who (are) you, madam? – (formal)
12. Q¯QJD\—UDL\—"Q¯QJD\—UDL\—" Who (are) you, sir?
13. Q¯QJD\—U" Who (are) you?
14 Q¯QJD\—UDSS—"Q¯QJD\—US—" Who (are) you?
15. Y—QJDDSS—Y—QJDSS— (Please) Come, sir.
16 Q¯QJDXNN—UXQJDSS— You (please) sit, sir.
Practical Conversation
A, one person, meeting B, another person.
A. YD¼DNNDPDPP— Greetings, madam.
B. YD¼DNNDPDL\— Greetings sir.
A. Y—QJDY—QJDXNN—UXQJD Come in, come in, please sit.
B. QDQGULDL\— Thank you sir.
A. DPP—Q¯QJD\—U" Madam, who are you?
B. Q—QDPP— I (am) (the) mother.
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LESSON 2
PRONOUNS, INTERROGATIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE
Questions in Tamil
4XHVWLRQVDUHIRUPHGLQ7DPLOE\DGGLQJµ—¶WRWKHODVWZRUGLQDVHQWHQFHEXWLI
LQWHUURJDWLYHVVXFKDVZKDWZKRHWFRFFXULQDVHQWHQFHµ—¶ZLOOQRWEHXVHGILQDOO\
$OVRµ—¶FDQEHDIIL[HGWRDQ\ZRUGZKLFKQHHGVWREHHPSKDVLVHGDVDTXHVWLRQ
Note here also the plural forms of some words, formed by adding ‘nga’
Pronounce the final ‘e’ in the words inge, ange, enge, ille, kude, etc., as the “e” in bent
A slight ‘y’ is sometimes added to the beginning of the word enge, to make it
yenge, and also to other similar words starting with the ‘e’ sound. The ‘y’ is written
occasionally in this and subsequent lessons
enna what yenna what
edhu which one yedhu which one
edhunga which ones yedhunga which ones
enge where yenge where
inge here ange there
idhu this idhunga these
adhu that adhunga those
GK—Q only, indeed.
µGK—Q¶LVXVHGOLEHUDOO\HYHQJUDWXWLWRXVO\DVZLOOEHVHHQLQPDQ\H[DPSOHVLQ
subsequent lessons, where a translation of this word/attachment is often not included.
Vocabulary
N—LGKDP paper Y—GK\—U teacher
NÌGH basket jannal window
kude umbrella are room
Q—NN—OL chair pusthaham book
kadhavu door SQ— pen
ille no —P——m yes
LOOH\— no? (is it not?) (isn’t that so?)
------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences.
1. DL\—LGKXHQQDRULGKHQQD" Sir, what (is) this?
2. LGKXQ—NNDOL This (is) a chair.
3. DPP—DGKXHQQDDGKHQQD" Madam, what (is) that?
4. DGKXPVH That (is) a table.
5. edhu pusthaham? Which (is) the book?
6. idhu pusthaham This (is) the book.
7. jannal enge? Where (is) the window?
8. jannal ange There (is) the window.
9. inge enna (or ingenna?) What (is) here?
10. inge kadhavu Here (is) the door.
11. idhu areya? (Is) this the room?
12. —P—LGKXDUHGK—Q Yes, this (is) the room indeed.
13. LGKXSQ—Y—" (Is) this a pen?
14. LOOHLGKXSQ—LOOH No, this (is) not a pen.
15. LGKXY—SQ—" (Is) this a pen?
16 DGKXY—SHQFLO" (Is) that a pencil?
17. —P—DGKXSHQFLOGK—Q Yes, that (is) indeed a pencil.
18. LQJHGK—QDQJHLOOH Here only, not there.
19. LQJH\—DQJH\— Here or there?
20. —P——P—RU—P—P—DGKXGK—Q Yes, yes, that (is) it.
------------------------
Practical Conversation.
L: Language teacher, S: student
L. QDPDVN—UDPXNN—UXQJD Greetings, please sit
S QDPDVWKDL\—QDQGUL Greetings sir, thank (you)
L. DPP—LGKXHQQD" Madam, what (is) this?
S. DL\—DGKXQ—NN—OL Sir, that (is a) chair
L. SXVWKDKDPHQJHDQJH\—" Where is (the) book, there?
S. LQJHGK—QDQJHLOOH Right here, not there

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 Adi’s Book.

L. LGKXSQ—Y—" (Is) this (a) pen?

S. LOOHDGKXSQ—LOOH No, that is not a pen,
DGKXSHQFLOGK—Q That (is) (a) pencil indeed.
L. —P—P—DGKXGK—Q Yes, yes, that (is it) indeed.
Expansion Drills For Lessons 1 & 2
LQJH\— ) avar )
LGKXY— ) ivar )
DQJH\— ) avanga )
DGKXY— ) SQ—" ivanga ) Y—GK\—U
enge ) or Q—Q ) or
edhu ) pencil ? n¯nga ) doctor.
enna ) or DQGKDL\— )
LGKX\—U ) pusthaham? DQGKDPP— )
DQJH\— ) evar ) Y—GK\—U"
LQJH\— ) evanga ) Y—GK\—U"
LGKXY— ) \—U ) doctor?
---------------------
idhu ) n¯nga )
adhu ) avar )
idhunga ) \—U" Q—Q ) \—U"
adhunga ) avanga )
inge ) adhu )
ange ) avan )
---------------------
LGKXNXGHLOOHNÌGH idhu kadhavu ille, jannal.
LGKXQ—NN—OLLOOHPVH LGKXSXVWKDKDPLOOHN—LGKDP
LGKXSQ—LOOHSHQFLO DYDUGRFWRULOOHY—GK\—U
DYDUDSS—LOOHDPP— DYDUY—GK\—ULOOHGRFWRU
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 3
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Singular Plural
Q—Q I Q—P we,(inclusive of
addressed person)
Q—QJD we (exclusive)
Q¯ you (not polite) Q¯QJD you (polite) (sing.or pl)
avan he (not polite) avanga they, (personal, pl)
ava she (not polite)
avar he or she (polite)
adhu it (neuter) adhunga they (neuter)
ivar this person ivanga these persons
evar which person evanga which persons
yevar which person yevanga which persons
en my (gen) unga your (gen)
yen my (gen)
indha this, or these andha that, or those
endha which (sing. or pl.)
yendha which (sing. or pl.)
----------------
paiyan boy
SH¼ girl VWKU¯ woman
thambi younger brother thangachchi younger sister
thambi youngster (male) thangachchi youngster (female)
D¼¼DQ elder brother DNN— elder sister
doctor doctor
---------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences.
1. DQGKDDL\—\—r? Who (is) that gentleman?
2. DYDU\—U" Who (is) he?
3. avar, doctor He (is) a doctor
4. LQGKDDPP—\—U" Who (is) this lady?
5. LQGKDVWKU¯\—U" Who (is) this woman?
6. LYDUY—WK\—U She (or he) (is) a teacher
7. evar doctor? Which person (is) a doctor?
8. LYDUGRFWRU—" (Is) this person a doctor?
9. LOOHDYDUY—WK\—U No, he (or she) (is) a teacher.
10. DGKX\—U" Who (is) that?
11. DPP—LQGKDSDL\DQ\—U" Mother, who (is) this boy?
12. DL\—DQGKDSH¼\—U" Sir, who (is) that girl?
13. WKDPELLQJHY— Little brother, come here.
14. WKDQJDFKFKLDQJHXNN—U Little sister, sit there.
15. LQWKDSH¼GRFWRU This girl is a doctor.
16. D¼¼—LQJHXNN—UXQJD Elder Brother, sit here.
17. DNN—DQJHY—QJD Elder sister, come there.
Practical Conversation.
General conversation between A and B.
A. Y—QJDPP—LQGKDSDL\DQ\—U" Greetings madam, who is this boy?
B. avan yen thambi. He (is) my younger brother.
A. LQGKDSH¼XQJDWKDQJDFKFKL\—" (is) this girl your younger sister?
B. LOOHDYDHQDNN— No, she (is) my elder sister.
A. HYDUGRFWRULYDUGRFWRU—" Which person is a doctor,
is this (one) a doctor?
B. LOOHLYDUGRFWRULOOHLYDUY—WK\—U No, she is not a doctor, she is a teacher.
A. QLQJDGRFWRU—Y—WK\—U—" Are you a doctor or a teacher?
B. nan doctordhan. I am a doctor indeed.
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 4
THE VERB “TO BE”,- IMPLIED
periya big chinna small, little(size).
suham in good health suham ille unwell, sick.
SÀLWXYDUQ (guest) good–bye SÀLWXY—QJD (host) good–bye.
nalla good ketta bad
petti box sari yes, right, well, (OK)
sari ille not right, no good.
M—VWKL much, too much. romba very, much, too much.
konjam a little, just kammi little, short(measure).
----------------------
Short Sentences.
1. DPP—QLQJDVXKDP—" Madam, (are) you well?
2. QDQVXKDPGK—QQDQGUL I (am) well, thank you.
3. DL\—VXKDP—" (Is the) gentleman well?
4. DL\—NRQMDPVXKDPLOOH The gentleman (is a) little unwell.
5. DYDUURPEDVXKDPLOOH\—" (Is) he very ill?
6. DPP—QDOODVXKDP—" (Is the) lady quite well?
7. LGKXFKLQQDQ—NN—OL This (is a) small chair.
8. DGKXSHUL\DPVH That (is) a big table.
9. indha petti chinna petti. This box (is a) small box.
10. andha paiyan nalla paiyan. That boy (is a ) good boy.
11. LQGKDSH¼NHWWDSH¼ This girl (is a ) bad girl.
12. LGKXURPEDM—VWKLLOOH\—" This (is) too much, no? (is it not?)
13. adhu romba konjam, ( kammi), That (is) too little. (That (is) very little).
14. Q—QSRLWXYDUQYD¼DNNDP Good–bye (by the guest)
15. SÀLWXY—QJDYD¼DNNDP Good–bye (by the host)
----------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
A: Doctor, B: Woman with patient, C: Man.
A. QLQJDVXKDP—" (Are) you well?
B. —P—Q—QVXKDPGKDQQDQGUL Yes, I (am) indeed well, thank you.
A. \—UVXKDPLOOH" Who (is) not well?
B. DL\—NRQMDPVXKDPLOOH He (is a) little unwell.
A. LQJHSHUL\DQ—NN—OLXNN—UXQJDDSS— Here (is a) big chair,
(please) sit down, sir.
C. QDQGULLQGKDQ—NN—OLQDOODQ—NN—OL Thank you, this chair (is a ) good chair.
A. —PDGKXQDOODSHUL\DQ—NN—OL Yes, that (is a) good big chair.
----------------------
Expansion Drill For Lessons 3 & 4.
idhu yenna? idhu petti.
DGKXSXVWKDKDP—SHWWL\— adhu pusthaham.
periya petti yenge? DGKXLQJHGK—Q
ethu nalla petti? periya petti nallathu.
LQWKDFKLQQDSHWWLVDUL\—" ille, athu sariyille.
indha pusthaham nallathu. —P—DWKXURPEDQDOODSXVWKDKDP
LGKXURPEDM—VWKL athu romba kammi.
LGKXM—VWKL\—NDPPL\—"
LGKXURPEDURPEDM—VWKL adhu romba romba kammi.
LGKXVDUL\—LOOH\—" adhu romba sari. romba nallathu.
VDULSÀLWXYDUQ VDULSÀLWXY—QJD
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LESSON 5
CARDINAL NUMBERS 1 TO 10, AND VERBS--INTRODUCTION
Cardinal Numbers
R¼¼X one —UX six
UH¼GX two ÄX seven
PÌQX three ettu eight
Q—OX four ombathu nine
anju, (anji) five paththu ten
Verbs, Introduction.
(Note: w. weak and s. strong, given, with the medials applicable: see lessons 6 & 7).
irukkuthu it is, there are.
iru (s.ndh) wait, be,
nil (s. n) stand
HQGKLULHÄXQGKLULVQGK stand up, wake up, getup,
Vocabulary.
oru one, a, an, (The Indefinite Article)
XººH inside YHºL\H outside
ivlavu this much avlavu that much
(y)evlavu? how much? (y)eththane? how many?
iththane this many aththane that many
UÌE— rupee Paisa paise
kaththi knife WKD¼¼L water
V—YL key liter litre (measure)
S—O milk pal tooth
SÌ flower SDÄDP fruit
Short Sentences
1. LQJHHWKWKDQHQ—NN—OLLUXkkuthu? How many chairs are here?
2. LQJHQ—OXQ—NN—OLLULNNXWKX There are four chairs here.
3. anjum anjum yeththane? Five and five are how many?
4. anjum anjum pathu. Five and five are ten.

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 Adi’s Book.
5. konjam irunga. Inge irunga. Wait a bit. Wait here.
6. DUHXººHLUXQJDXººHSÀQJD Wait inside the room. Go in.
7. HÄXQGKLUXYHºL\HQLO Get up. Stand outside.
8. LQJHPVHLUXNNXGK—" Is there a table here?
9. PÌQXPQ—OXPHYODYX" Three and four make, how many?
10. PÌQXPQ—OXPÄXLOOH\—" Three and four are seven, no?
11. XººHHQQDLUXNNXGKX" What is inside?
12. XººHPMH\XPQ—NN—OL\XPLUXNNXWKX There are tables and chairs inside.
13. LYºDYXS—ONRQGXSÀQJD Take away this much milk.
14. DYºDYXS—OLQJHLOOH There is not that much milk here.
15. DQJH\HYºDYXS—OLUXNNXWKX" How much milk is there?
16. DQJHNRQMDPS—OGK—QLUXNNXGKX Only a little milk is there.
17. LQJHRUXQ—NN—OLNRQGXY— Bring one chair here.
18. UH¼GXSDÄDPXPRUXNDWKWKL\XPNRQGXY— Bring two fruits and a knife
19. thanni romba kudinga. Drink a lot of water.
20. R¼¼XUH¼GXPÌQXVROOXQJD Say one, two, three.
21. DWKXS—OLGKXGK—QRUXSDO That is milk, this is a tooth!
Practical Conversation.
T: Tamil Teacher, S: Student.
T. QLQJDO—"XººHY—QJD Is that you? Come in.
S. QDQGULYD¼¼DNNDP Thank you, Greetings.
T. R¼¼XUH¼GXPÌQXVROOXQJD Say 1, 2, 3, etc.
S. R¼¼XUH¼GXPÌQXQ—OXDQMX—UX 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
ÄXHWWXRPEDWKXSDWKWKX 7, 8, 9, 10.
T. LQJH\HWKWKDQHQ—NN—OLirukkuthu? How many chairs are there here?
S. DQJHQ—OXQ—NN—OLLUXNNXWKX There are four chairs there.
T. UH¼GXPPÌQXPHYODYX" How much is two and three?
S. UH¼GXPPÌQXPDQMXLOOH\—" Two and three are five, no?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 6.
VERBS; POSITIVE IMPERATIVES.
The root of the verb itself is the ‘not polite’ form.
The root plus ‘nga’ is the ‘polite’ form. (pl.)
(Lesson 7 will develop the use of Medials, given in brackets here).
Not Polite. Polite.
XNN—UQGK sit XNN—UXQJD sit
Y—QGK come Y—QJD come
SÀQ go SÀQJD go
Practice the application similarly to other verbs, such as the following:-
padi (thth) read, learn, study. Y—VLWKWK read
HÄXGKXLQ write sei (dh) make, do.
SVXLQ speak sol, sollu (in) say, tell
nil, nillu (n) stand, stop kudi (thth) drink
NRQGXY—QGK bring NRQGXSÀQ take away
WKD\—UVHLGK make ready, prepare.
-----------------
Use the following with nouns and pronouns, as in some of the sentences below:-
-um……...-um and
-umille…..-umille neither….nor
---------------------
Short Sentences
1. WKDPELLQJHY—XNNDU Little brother, come here. Sit.
2. DL\—NRQMDPDQJHSÀQJD Sir, just go there.
3. intha pusthaham padinga. Read this book.
4. WKDQJDFKFKLNRQMDPWKD¼¼LNXGL Little sister, drink a little water.
5. QLQJDLQGKDS—ONXGLQJD You drink this milk.
6. S—OXPWKD¼¼L\XPNRQGXSÀQJD Take away the water and milk.
7. idhu WKD¼¼L\XPLOOHS—OXPLOOH. This is neither water or milk.
8. NRQMXPSVXQJD Speak a liittle.

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 Adi’s Book.
9. YD¼DNNDPVROOXQJD Say ‘greetings’.
10. UÌE—YXPSDLVDYXPNRQGXY—QJD Bring the rupee and the paise.
11. LQJHNDWKL\XPLOOHV—YL\XPLOOH There is neither knife or key here.
12. LQJH\XPDQJH\XPHÄXGKX Write here and there.
13. LGKXYXPDWKXYXPWKD\—UVHL Prepare this and that.
14. UH¼GXUÌE—SDWKXSDLVDNRGX Give two rupees and ten paise.
15. QDOODWKDPLÄSVXQJD Speak good tamil.
16. SHUL\DSHWWLNRQGXSÀ Take the big box.
17. Q¯DQJHQLOQ¯LQJHQLOOX You stand here. You, stand here.
18. Q¯QJDLQJHXNN—UXQJD You, sit here.
19. LGKXNHWWDSÌLOOH This is not a bad flower.
20. DQGKDQDOODSÌNRQGXY— Bring that good flower.
----------------------
Practical Conversation.
B: Boy selling milk. C: Customer.
C. WKDPELLQJHY—S—ONRQGXY— Little brother, come here. Bringe the milk.
B. HQQDDPP—"\HYºDYXYQXP" What (is it) maam. How much do you want?
C. S—OYLOH\HQQD"VROOXQJD What’s the price of the milk? Tell (me).
B. RPEDWKXUÌE—SDWKXSDLVHOLWHU Rs9.10 per litre.
C. DWKXURPEDM—VWKLLOOH\—" That is too much, no? (isn’t it?)
konjam kammi sei. Make it a bit less.
B. LOOHDPP—LWKXURPEDNRQMDP No maam, this is very low (price).
C. LGKXS—OXPLOOHWKD¼¼L\XPLOOH This is neither milk or water!
B. LGKXQDOODS—ONRQMDPNXGLQJD This is good milk. (Please) drink some.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 7.
NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES,
WEAK AND STRONG VERBS, AND MEDIALS,

Negative Imperative.
:LWKµ—GKH¶DQGµ—GKLQJD¶µGRQRW¶
(Weak and Strong Verbs – see below).
‘Not polite’ form.
5RRWSOXVµ—GKH¶IRUZHDNYHUEV SÀSÀK—GH do not go
5RRWSOXVµN—GKH¶IRUVWURQJYHUEV NXGLNXGLN—GKH do not drink
‘Polite form’.
5RRWSOXVµ—GKLQJD¶IRUZHDNYHUEV SÀSÀK—GLQJD do not go
5RRWSOXVµN—GKLQJD¶IRUVWURQJYHUEV NXGLNXGLNN—GKLQJD do not drink

There are some exceptions to the above,

Y— YDU—dhe, YDU—GKLQJD do not come.
NRQGXY— NRQGXYDU—GKH NRQGXYDU—GKLQJD do not bring.
----------------------

VERBS, Weak And Strong

Classification:
Verbs Are classified into two groups, strong and weak. ‘Strong’ verbs form their
present tense with ‘kr’ as medial. ‘Weak’ verbs use ‘r’ as the medial to form the present
tense. Lesson 16 illustrates this further.

Note. Strong verbs are indicated by ‘s’ and weak verbs by ‘w’ in the following lessons.

Medials are ‘joining sounds’

Other Medials are also needed for other tenses. (See below, past tense).

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 Adi’s Book.
Past Tense Medials.
Weak Verbs.
Y—QGK come ÀGXLQ run
SÀQ go SVXLQ speak
NRQGXY—QGK bring PÌGXLQ close, cover
NRQGXSÀQ take away WKÌQJXLQ sleep
sei (dh) do YOHVHLGK work
HÄXWKXLQ write N—WWXLQ show
Strong Verbs.
padi (thth) study nada (ndh) walk
kudi (thth) drink N—PLWKWK show
Y—VLWKWK read thira (ndh) open
edu, yedu (thth) take vai (thth) place, put, keep
S—UWKWK see, look at, look after, take care of
nil (ndh)* stand ,UUHJXODUQLOQWKQ QLQWKQ±µO¶LVGURSSHG
-------------------------
Vocabulary
V¯NUDP— quickly V¯NUDP soon
YKDP— fast PHGKXY— slowly, gently
marapadiyum again YOH work (n)
ippo now appo then, at that time
padam picture apram afterwards
VDUL\— exactly, well ipdi this way, thus
VDGKGKDP— loudly, aloud apdi that way
epdi how, which way QDOODQDOO— well (adv.)
SDººLNÌGDP school thirumba again
kadidham letter thirumba-thirumba repeatedly
-------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences
LGKXN—WWXQJDDGKXN—WW—GKLQJD Show this, don’t show that.
S—ONXGLQJDWKD¼¼LNXGLNN—GKLQJD Drink milk, do not drink water.
LQJHY—DQJHSÀKDGKH Come here, don’t go there.
YHºL\HSÀXººHYDU—GKH Go out, don’t come in.
WKDPELSDººLNÌGDPSÀVLNUDPSÀ Little brother, go to school. Go soon.
PHGKXY—YDLQJDDQJHYDLQJD Place it gently. Put it there.
LQGKDSDGDPS—UNN—GKLQJD Don’t look at this picture.
DQGKDS—GDPSDGLNN—GKLQJD Don’t study that lesson.
9. adhu thirumba padinga. Read that again.
VDGKGKDP—SDGLQJD Read loudly.
QDOO—SDGLQJD Read well.
YHKDP—SDGLNN—GKLQJD Don’t read fast.
LSSRYOHVHL\—GKLQJDDSUDPVHLQJD Don’t work now, work afterwards.
LQGKDYOHQDOO—VHLQJD Do this work well.
LSGLVHLQJDDSGLVHL\—GKLQJD Do (it) this way, don’t do (it)that way.
MDQQDOPÌG—GKLQJD Don’t close (the) window.
NDGKDYXWKLUDNN—GKLQJD Don’t open (the) door.
DGKXHGXQJDLGKXHGXNN—GKLQJD Take that. Don’t take this.
SDGDPSDUNN—GKLQJDS—GDPSDGLQJD Don’t look at (the) picture. Read (the) lesson.
LSSRDQJHSÀK—GKH Don’t go there now.
YHKDP—QDGDNN—GKLQJD Do not walk fast.
URPEDPHGKXY—QDGDQGJD Walk very slowly.
LSSRLQJHQLNN—GKH  Don’t stand here now.*
 QLON—GKH QLNN—GKH±µO¶LVGURSSHG
-------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
T: Teacher. S: Younger student
7WKDPELLQJHWKÌQJ—GKH
Don’t (go to) sleep here, young fellow.
S. ennanga? (-nga = plural ending, denotes respect.)
What? (Pardon, madam)?
7LSSRSDGLDSUDPSVX
Study now, talk later.
6HQGKDS—GDP"SHUL\DSXVWKDKDPLQJLOOH
Which lesson? (There is) no big book here.
7DQJHSXVWKDKDPLUXNNXGKXS—GDPÄXPHGKXY—VDGKGKDP—Y—VL
There is a book.. Read lesson 7 slowly (and) loudly.
6WKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDVROO—GKLQJDQDQQDOODSDL\DQ
Don’t say (that) again and again. I’m (a) good boy.
7DSGL\—"VDULLSSRSDGL
Is that so? All right, now read.
S. saringa.
All right madam.
----------------------
Expansion Drill For Lessons 5, 6, 7.
WKDPLÄSDGLQJD WKDPLÄS—GDPSDGLQJD
WKDPLÄS—GDPQDOODSDGLQJD WKDPLÄS—GDPY—VLQJD
WKDPLÄS—GDPYKDP—Y—VLQJD ingeyum angeyum v—VLNN—GKLQJD
HOODPY—VLQJD S—GDP\HOO—PY—VLQJD
URPEDPHGKXY—Y—VLNN—GKLQJD
1RWH,QVHUWµHUXWKX¶RUµSVX¶RUµVROOX¶LQVWHDGRIµSDGL¶DQGµY—VL¶LQWKHDERYH
----------------------
DYºDYXHÄXGK—GKLQJD DSGLHÄXGK—GKLQJD
DQJHHÄXGK—GKLQJD elO—PHÄXGK—GKLQJD
LSSRYOHVHLQJD LSSRXQJDYOHVHLQJD

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 Adi’s Book.
LSSRXQJDYOHHOO—PVHLQJD LSSRDQJHYOHQDOODVHLQJD
LSSRXQJDYOHYKDP—VHLQJD LSSRDQJHYOHVDUL\—VHLQJD
DSUDPSHUL\DYOHVHLQJD DSUDPDQGKDYOHVHL\—dhinga.
PDUXSDGL\DPDQGKDYOHVHL\—GKLQJD
LGKXPVH\XPLOOHQ—NN—OL\XPLOOH LGKXV—YL\XPLOOHNDWKWKL\XPLOOH
LGKXS—OXPLOOHWKD¼¼L\XPLOOH QDPXPLOOHQ¯QJDºXPLOOH
SHQ—YXPLOOHSHQFLOXPLOOH ipdiyumille / apdiyumille.

Note: Verbs (positive and negative) are to be drilled the same way as shown above.
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs are also to be drilled in the same pattern.
----------------------
S—OLQJHNRQGXY—QJD S—OXPSDÄDPXPLQJHNRQGXY—QJD
NDWKWKLNRQGXY—QJD LSSRWKD¼¼LNRQGXY—QJD
LSSRQDOO—WKD¼¼LNRQGXY—QJD LSSRDYºDYXWKD¼¼LNRGXYDU—GKLQJD
NHWWDWKD¼¼LNRQGXYDU—GKLQJD
NHWWDWKD¼¼LPDUXSDGL\XPNRQGXYDU—GKLQJD
----------------------
PHGKXY—QDGDNN—GKLQJDÀGXQJD YKDP—ÀGXQJDURPEDYKDP—ÀGXQJD
PDUXSDGLXPÀGXQJD WKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDÀGXQJD
LSDGL\XPDSDGL\XPÀG—GKLQJD VDUL\—ÀGXQJD
DYºDYXPHGKXY—ÀG—GKLQJD LYºDYXYKDP—ÀGXQJD
RUXNDGLGKDPHÄXWKXQJD LQWKDNDGLGKDPHÄXWKXQJD
XQJDS—GDPHÄXWKXQJD LQJH\XPDQJH\XPHÄXWKXQJD
URPEDQDOODHÄXWKXQJD S—GDPHOO—PHÄXWKXQJD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 8.
NOUNS,F)250,1*7+(3/85$/
Nouns, Singular plus ‘nga’ = Plural
PVH table PVHQJD tables
Q—NN—OL chair Q—NN—OLQJD Chairs

Note: Singular nouns ending in ‘m’ drop the final ‘m’ before adding ‘nga’.
maram, tree maranga, trees
pusthaham, book pusthahanga, books
--------------------------
Vocabulary
Y—UWKWKH word S—WWX song
pudhu, pudhiya new SDÄD\D old (things)
DQKD many vayasu age (persons).
sila some, a few. pala several
V—SSLGX eat YLºD\—GX play
S—GX sing padu lie down
anuppu send NÌSSLGX call
LGKÀ here it is DGKÀ there it is
Short Sentences
LQGKDSXGKL\DSDL\DQ\—U" Who is this new boy?
SDÄD\DSDL\DQ\HQJH" Where is the old (former) boy?
WKDPELLQJHY—DQJHÀGX Little brother, come here. Run there.
YKDP—ÀGX Run fast.
LSSRSXGKXWKD¼¼LNRQGXY— Now bring new water
DSSRSDÄD\DWKD¼¼LNRQGXY—UDGK Then, do not bring old water.
LQGKDS—WWXS—GX Sing this song.
LQGKDQDOODS—WWXS—GX Sing this good song.
NHWWDS—WWXS—G—GKLQJD Don’t sing (the) bad song.
LSGLS—G—GKLQJD Don’t sing like this.

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DQJHYLºD\—GXQJD Play there
LQJHYLºD\—G—GKLQJD Don’t play here.
LGKXQDOODSDÄDPURPEDQDOO—SDÄDPV—SSLGXQJD
This is good fruit, very good fruit. Eat (please).
DSGLQDGDNN—GKLQJDVLNUDPQDGDQJD Don’t walk like that. Walk fast.
VLODSXGKXSXVWKDKDQJDNRQGXY—QJD Bring some new books.
SDÄD\DSXVWKDKDPLQJHYDLNN—GKHNRQGXSÀ
Don’t leave (the) old book here, take it away.
LQJHVLODQ—NN—OLQJDDQXSSXQJD Send a few chairs here.
18. pala nalla pusthahanga ange ille. Several good books are not there.
LQJHNÌSSLG—GKHDQJHNÌSSLGX Don’t call here, call there.
DQJHSDGXNN—GKHLQJHSDGX Don’t lie down there, lie here.
21. ipdi sei. inge sei. apdi ille! Do (it) like this. Do (it) here. Not like that!
DQGKDFKLQQDSDL\DQLSSRLQJHNÌSSLGX Call that small boy here now.
Practical Conversation.
A: Any Person. E: New Employee.
$Q¯LQJHSXWKXSDL\DQLOOH\—" You (are a) new boy here, aren’t you?
(—P—LSSÀQ—QSXWKXSDL\DQGK—Q Yes, I (am) a new boy only.
$SDÄD\DSDL\DQ\HQJH" Where (is the) old (former) boy?
(DYDQLSSÀLQJHLOOH He (is) not here now.
$VLODWDPLÄY—UWKWKHQJDVROOXSS—LQJOLVKSV—GKH
Speak some Tamil words. Don’t speak English.
E. inge romba sadhdham. antha chinna paiyanga kuppidunga.
Here (it’s) very noisy. Call those small boys (please)
$Q¯QJDXººHYLOD\—G—GKLQJDYHºL\HYLOD\—GXQJD
Don’t play inside, play outside, (please).
E. romba nandri. Many thanks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 9.
NOUNS AND PERSONAL PRONOUNS,
ACCUSATIVE (OBJECTIVE) CASE.
To form the accusatives of nouns, the ending ‘e’ is suffixed to the nominatives.
Nom. AvanSDL\DQGK—Q He is only a boy.
Acc. Avane kuppidunga. Call him.

or, where the noun has a final vowel, ‘ye’ is suffixed,

Nom. Indha PVH nalla ille. This table (is) not good.
Acc. Andha PVH\HNRQGXY—QJD Bring that table.

When the object is unspecified neuter, the accusative case ending is generally omitted.

Nouns ending in ‘m’, ‘ru’, or ‘du’ are exceptions.

‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘thu’. ‘du’ changes to ‘ttu’.
Noun Declensional Base* Accusative
pusthaham pusthahathu pusthahathe
P—GX P—WWX P—WWH
—Uu —WKX —WKWKH

*Declensional Bases also serve as possessive adjectives or as bases of compound nouns.

NDLYOH the work of the hand (handicraft)
PDUDWKWKXSDÄDP the fruit of the tree.
--------------------------

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Pronouns
Pronoun Declensional Base* Accusative
Q—Q I en enne me
Q—P we (incl) Q—P namme us
Q—QJD we (excl) HQJDº HQJDºH us
Q¯ you un unne you (sing)
Q¯QJD you XQJDº XQJDºH you (pl)
avan he avan avane him
avar he or she (polite) avar avare him or her
ava she (impolite) ava DYDºH her
adhu it adhu adhe it
adhunga they (things) DGKXQJDº DGKXQJDºH them
avanga they (persons) DYDQJDº DYDQJDºH them
Vocabulary
—GX sheep P—GX bullock, (ox)
pasu cow maram tree
Y¯GX house —VSDWKUL hospital
WKÀWWDP garden Y—GDKH rent
—UX river NL¼DUX well
sadhdham noise kayiru string
V—GKDP cooked rice arisi uncooked rice
nel paddy (rice from or in the field).
SU name, person NÌGD also
mundhi early pindhi late
L¼¼DNNL today Q—ºDNNL tomorrow
Q—ºD¼¼DNNL the day after tomorrow QWKWKX yesterday
vettu (w. in) cut (with an axe) kadi (s. thth) bite
adi (s.thth) strike, hit kuli (s.thth) bathe
mara (s.ndh) forget PDUDQWKXSÀZQ forget
NOVWW ask D¼¼DNL that day

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Some parts of the body.

thale head muham face
PÌNNX nose ND¼ eye
N—WKX ear Y—L mouth
Q—NNX tongue pal tooth
kai hand N—O leg
P—U chest vayiru stomach
-------------------------
Short Sentences
HQQHNÌSSLGDGKLQJD Don’t call me.
DYDUHNÌSSLGXQJD Call him.
LQGKDY¯WWHS—UXQJD Look at this house.
4. epdi irukkuthu? athu yepdi? How is it? How is it?
—WWH\XPP—WWH\XPDGLNN—GKLQJD Don’t beat the goat and the bullock.
6. andha kayiththe yedunga. Take that string.
WKD¼¼LHNXGLQJD Drink (the) Water.
V—GGDWKWKHV¯NUDPV—SSLGXQJD Eat (the) rice quickly.
LGKXQDOODPDUDP—" Is this a good tree?
DSSRLQGKDPDUDPYHWW—GKLQJD Then don’t cut this tree.
SHUL\D—VSDWKUL\HS—UXQJD Look at (the) big hospital
Q—ºDNNLNRQMDPPXQGKLY—QJD Come a little early tomorrow.
URPEDSLQGKLYDU—GKLQJD Don’t come very late.
L¼¼DNLLQGKDYOH\HVH\—GKLQJD Don’t do this work today.
LSSRLOOHDSUDPNXºLQJD Not now, bathe afterwards.
LQJHNXºLNN—GKLQJD Don’t bathe here.
DQJHQ—ºDNNLSÀQJD Go there tomorrow.
Q—ºD¼¼DNNLSÀKDGKLQJD Don’t go the day after tomorrow.
LGKHPDUDQGKXSÀKDGKLQJD Don’t forget this.
LQGKDS—GDWKWKHPDUDNN—GKLQJD Don’t forget this lesson.

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 Adi’s Book.
SHQFLOOHDSGLNDGLNN—GKLQJD Don’t bite the pencile like that.
—WKWKXWKD¼¼LQDOO—WKD¼¼L (The) river water is good water.
XQJDNDL\XPN—OXPN—WWXQJD Show your hands and feet.
LGKX\—USU"LGKXQDOODSU Whose name is this? This is a good name.
Q¯QJDDSS—NXGH\HNRQGXSÀQJD You take father(’s) umbrella.
HQNDQQHNRQMDPS—UXQJD Just look at my eye.
GRFWRULGKXNHWWDSDO—" Doctor, is this a bad tooth?
-------------------------
Practical Conversation.
T: Tenant L: Landlord.
7LGKX\—UY¯GX"XQJDY¯G—" Whose house is this? Your house?
/—P—QJD\HQQDYQXP" Yes. What do you want?
7LQGKDY¯GXYQXPYDGDKHHYºDYX" (I) want this house. How much (is the) rent?
L. vadahe apram. Rent (can be discussed) later.
7LQJHWKÀWWDPLOOH\—" Is there no garden here?
NL¼DUX\HQJH" Where is the well?
/YDQJDNL¼DUXPWKÀWWDPS—UNNDY—QJD
Come (along), come and see the garden and the well
T. eththane arenga irukkathu? How many rooms are there.
/PÌQXFKLQQDDUHQJDUH¼GXSHUL\DDUHQJDLUXNNXWKX
There are three small rooms and two big rooms.
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 10.
NOUNS AND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
GENITIVE (POSSESSIVE) CASE.
There are two genitive forms.
For Pronouns:-
In the first, some pronouns have their own possessive case form.
others do not change, as seen below.
In the second, the addition of ‘udeya’ reinforces the possessive.
Q—Q HQPVH HQXGH\DPVH my table
Q—QJD HQJDPVH HQJDºXGH\DPVH our table
avan DYDQPVH DYDQXGH\DPVH his table
avanga DYDQJDPVH DYDQJDºXGH\DPVH their table
For Nouns:-
SRQQDPP—NDL SRQQDPP—YXGH\DNDL 3RQQDPP—¶VIDFH
maram ile marathudeya ile the tree’s leaf
Pronoun Possessive
Q—Q I en enudeya my
Q—P we nam namudeya our (incl)
Q—QJD we enga HQJDºXGH\D our (excl)
Q¯ you un unudeya your (sing)
Q¯QJD you unga XQJDºXGH\D your (pl)
avan he avan avanudeya his
ava she ava DYDºXGH\D her
avar he or she avar avarudeya his or her
avanga they (persons) avanga DYDQJDºXGH\D their
adhu it adhan adhanudeya its
adhunga they (things) adhunga DGKXQJDºXGH\D their
Animate Nouns also use ‘idam’ or ‘idathle’ to express ‘in posession of’.
See Lesson 28, page 102.
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34
 Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences
DGKXXQNDLLGKX\HQNDLLGKX\—UNDL"
That is your hand. This is my hand. Whose hand is this?
XQJDSDGDPHQJH"LGKXDYDQJDSXVWKDKDPLOOH\—"
Where is your picture? This is their book is it not?
DYDUXGH\DSDGDPN—WW—GKLQJDQDPXGH\DSXVWKDKDPHQJH"
Don’t show his picture. Where is our book
LQGKDNÌGH\—UNÌGH"LQGKDNÌGHDYDQXGH\DNÌGHLOOH
Whose basket is this? This basket is not his basket.
HGKXXQJDºXGH\DPVH"LGKXXQJDPVH
Which is your table? This is your table.
Y—\HWKLUDXQY—\HQDOO—WKLUDQ—NNHN—WWX
Open (Your) mouth. Open your mouth well.(wide). Show (your) tongue.
QDPSDL\DQSDººLNÌGDPHGKX"
Which is our boy’s school?
LGKX\—U—VSDWKUL"LGKX\HQJD—VSDWKUL
Whose hospital is this? This is our hospital.
DGKX\HYDUY¯GXDYDUXGH\DY¯G—LYDUXGH\DY¯G—"
Whose house is that, that person’s house, or this person’s house.
HQQHS—UNN—GKLQJDSDGDWKWKHY—VLQJDVDUL\—Y—VLQJD
Don’t look at me. Read the lesson. Read it well.
HQXGH\DWKDOHFKLQQDWKDOHDYDQXGH\DPÌNNXSHUL\DWKX
My head is a small head. His nose is a big one.
XQJDºXGH\DSU\HQQD"DGKDQSU\HQQD"
What is your name. What is its name.(what is it called).
HQSUMRKQDGKDQSUWRP My name is John. Its name is Tom.
PMHPOHHQSQ—LUXNNXWK—" Is my pen on the table?
DGKDQV—YLLQJHLOOH Its key is not here.
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35
 Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
G: Gardener E: Employer.
*Y—QJDLDKWKÀWWDWKWKHS—UXQJD Come sir, look at the garden.
(LGKXURPEDQDOODWKÀWWDP This is a very good garden.
inge yeththane maranga irukkuthu? How many trees are here?
*LQJHSDWKXPDUDQJDGK—QLUXNNXWKX There are only ten trees here.
E. adhu enna sedi? What (kind of) plant is that?
*DGKXRUXSÌVHGL That is a flower(ing) plant.
(DQGKDSÌFKHGLLQJHYDLNN—GKLQJD Don’t put that flowering plant here.
G. saringa. All right.
Expansion Drill For Lessons 8,9,10.
Genitive(Possessive)
LGKXHQY¯GX . LGKXXQJDºXGH\DY¯GX
LGKX\—UY¯GX" LGKXDYDQJDY¯GX
LGKXQDPY¯GXLOOH LGKX\HQJDºXGH\DY¯GXLOOH
WKDPELLGKXXQY¯G—" idKXDYDUY¯GXLOOH\—"
LGKXDYDUXGH\DY¯GXGK—Q . FKLQQD—GXDPP—HQJH"
DGKDQXGH\DDPP—LQJHLOOH DGKDQDPP—YHºL\LUXNNXWKX
Accusative(Object)
HQQHS—UXQJD HQY¯WWHS—UXQJD
HQXGH\DSXVWKDWKWKHS—UXQJD HQSXVWKDKDQJDOHS—UXQJD
HQSH¼¼HS—UXQJD HQSDL\DQHS—UXQJD
HQJDPDUDWKWKHYHWW—WKLQJD HQJDSDÄDWKWKHV—SLGXQJD
HQJDÌU —WKWKHS—UXQJD YLOODJH HQJD—WWHNÌSLGXQJD
\HQJDP—WWHN—WWXQJD WKDPELXQS—GDWKWKHY—VL
WKDQJDFKFKLXQPXKDWKWKHN—WWX V—GKDWKWKHV¯NUDPV—SLGX
P—WWHDGL—WWHDGLNN—GKH XQNDL\HN—WWX
XQND¼¼HPXGX idhu en petti
indha paiyan yen thambi. ivan enudeya thambi.
LQGKDSH¼HQWKDQJDFKFKL iva yenudeya thangachchi.

36
 Adi’s Book.
Verbs, Positive and Negative.
Q¯QJD—VSDWKULSÀQJD Q—ºDNNLLQJHY—QJD
QDºD¼¼DNNLYDU—GKLQJD LGKHPDUDQGKXSÀK—GKLQJD
Q¯QJDPXQGKLNXºLQJD Q¯QJDDSUDPNXºLQJD
V¯NUDPN¯ÄHSÀQJD LSSRPOHSÀK—GKLQJD
DYDUSU\HQQD" DYDUSUHNºXQJD
XQJDSUHVROOXQJD DYDUSUMRVHSK—"
XQJDN—OHN—WW—GKLQJD XQJDºXGH\DY—\HQDOODWKLUXQJD
XQJDQ—NNHVDUL\—N—WWXQJD PDUXSDGL\XPPOHSÀQJD
DQJHLQGKDGRFWRUHS—UXQJD LQJHYLºD\—G—GKLQJDYHºL\ÀGXQJD
DQJH\HOO—UXPS—WWXS—GXQJD ‘tome’ inge anuppunga.
LQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKHQ—ºDNNLDQXSSXQJD PDUDWKWKXN¯ÄHSDGXNN—GKLQJD
PVHPOHSDGXQJD LGKX\—UXGH\DSHWWL"
LQGKDDPP—XQJDDPP—XQJDPP— LYDUXQJDºXGH\DDPP—

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37
 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 11.
REVIEW (REVISION) No 1.
The translation is not given, -read the sentences and understand them.
This is a test of your progress.
DL\—Y—QJDYD¼DNNDPXººHY—QJDXNN—UXQJDDQJHXNN—UXQJDLQJHXNN—UXQJD
DPP—SÀQJDDQJHSÀQJDV¯NUDPSÀQJDDSGLSÀQJDLSSRSÀQJDDSUDPSÀQJD
LGKX\—U"LYDQ\—U"LYD\—U"LQGKDSDL\DQ\—U"LQGKDSH¼\—U"LQGKDPP—\—U"
LYDQHQWKDPELDYDHQWKDQJDFKFKLLQGKDSDL\DQHQWKDPELLQGKDPP—HQDPP—
LQGKDSH¼HQXGH\DWKDQJDFKFKLLYDUHQDSS—DYDUHQJDPP—LYDUHQJDSS—
Q¯QJDVXKDP—"Q—QVXKDPGK—QDPP—VXKDP—"DPP—URPEDVXKDP
DL\—VXKDPLOOH\—"—P—DL\—VXKDPLOOHDL\—YXPDPP—YXPVXKDP—"
Q¯QJDHOO—UXPQ¯QJHOO—UXPVXKDP—"Q—QJDHOO—PQ—QJHOO—PVXKDPGK—Q
LGKXHQQD"LGKHQQD"LGKXSXVWKDKDP—"—P—LGKXSXVWKDKDPGK—QLGKX\—U
SXVWKDKDPXQJDSXVWKDKDP—"DGKXHQSXVWKDKDPLQGKDSXVWKDKDP\—USXVWKDKDP"
LQGKDSXVWKDKDPDYDUSXVWKDKDPPMHPOHQDOODSXVWKDKDPLUXNNXGKXNRQGXY—QJD
SDGLQJDQDOODSDGLQJDVDGKGKDP—SDGLQJDRUXS—GDPSDGLQJDHOO—PSDGLNN—GKLQJD
LGKXXQJDDUH\—"LGKXFKLQQDDUHLGKXURPEDFKLQQDDUHLOOH\—"XQJDDUH\HQJH"
HQJHXQJDDUH"DGKXY—LGKXY—"LQJH\—DQJH\—"MDQQDOHPÌGXQJDNDGKDYH
WKLUDQJDNRQMDP—WKLUDNN—GKLQJDM—VWKLPÌG—GKLQJDNRQMDPPÌGXQJDQDOOD
WKLUDQJDHQSHWWL\HLQJHYDLQJDYHOL\YDLNN—GKLQJDLGKDQV—YLNRQGXY—QJD
LGKX—VSDWKULSV—GKLQJDVDGKGKDP—SV—GKLQJDMDVWKLVDGKGKDPVHL\—GKLQJD
DQJHSÀQJDDSGLSÀQJDURPEDPHGKXY—SVXQJDDYºDYXVDGKGKDP—SV—GKH
QDQGULSÀLWXYDUQDSUDPY—QJDSÀLY—QJDWKLUXPEDY—QJDSÀLWXY—QJD
PDUXSDGL\XPY—QJDQ—ºDNNLDQJHY—QJDWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDY—QJDQ¯QJDOXP
DPP—YXPY—QJDQ—ºD¼¼DNNLYDU—GKLQJD
LQJHHWKWKDQHQ—NN—OLQJDLUXNNXWKX"P̼XQ—NN—OLLUXNNXWKXQ—OXQ—NN—OL
LOOH\—R¼¼XLQJHYDLQJDUHQGXDQJHNRQGXSÀQJDPVH\XPQ—NN—OL\XP
NRQGXSÀQJDLQJHPVH\XPLOOHQ—NN—OL\XPLOOHLQJHSQ—LUXNNXGK—"LOOHLQJH
SQ—YXPLOOHSHQFLOXPLOOHLGKXSDÄD\DPVHLQJHVLODQ—NN—OL\XPDQJHDQKD
Q—NN—OL\XPLUXNNXGKXQJDDYDQJDºXGH\DQ—NN—OL\HQJH

38
 Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
$DNN—HOGHUVLVWHU7WKDQJDFKFKL<RXQJHUVLVWHU
$YLPDO—V—SS—GXY¼XPV¯NUDPNRQGXYD
Vimala, I want food. Bring (it) quickly.
7DNN—V—SS—GXLSSRY¼XP—"
Sister , do you want food now?
$—P—NXGLNNDWKD¼¼LNÌGDY¼XP
Yes, (I) want drinking water also.
7LGKÀV—SS—GXPWKD¼¼L\XPPHGKXY—V—SSLGDNN—
Here are food and water. Eat slowly sister.
$WKDQJDFKFKLDSUDPVLODSDÄDQJDNRQGXYDQ¯NÌGDNRQMDPS—ONXGL
Sister, bring some fruit later on. You also, drink some milk.
7M—VWKLS—ONRGXNN—GKLQJD Don’t give (me) too much milk.
$LYºDYXS—ONXGLVDUL\—" Drink this much milk, alright?
7VDULDNN—DYºDYXGK—Q Alright sister. That much only.
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39
 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 12.
VERBS F,1),1,7,9(6
Infinitives
These are formed by adding ‘a’ and ‘ka’to the roots of weak and strong verbs respectively.
solla (w) to say or tell. nadakka (s) to walk

Y—DQGNRQGXY—DUHH[FHSWLRQV
vara to come konduvara to bring
Vocabulary.
SÌQH cat Q—L dog
pasu cow idam place, space
W¯ tea N—SL coffee
chakkare sugar YH¼¼H butter
uppu salt vellam jaggary
V—SS—GX meal rotti bread
Y—ÄDSDÄDP plantain (banana)
PLWW—L sweets kade shop
sedi (a) plant
VXGDWKD¼¼L hot water
SDFKFKHWKD¼¼L cold water, raw water, (uncooked, unboiled)

WKD\—UVHLGK prepare WKD\—U readiness

WKD\—U—LUu be ready

Q\Q why nalladhu (it is) good

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40
 Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences
VDSS—GXWKD\—UV—SSLGDY—QJD The meal (is) ready, come to eat.
2. avare konjam irukka sollunga. Tell him to wait a little.
DYDQHYHºL\HQLNNDVROOXQJD Ask him to stand outside.
DYDOHS—ONXGLNNDNÌSSLGX Call her to drink milk.
NDGH\HS—UNNDSÀQJD Go to see (the) shop.
URWWL\XPYH¼¼H\XPNRQGXY—QJD Bring (the) bread and butter.
FKDNNDUHNRQGXYDUDSÀQJD Go to bring sugar.
LQGKDYOHVHL\DWKD\—U—LUXQJD Be ready to do this work.
YHºL\HSÀKDQ¯QJDWKD\—U—" Are you ready to go out.
PLWW—LLUXNNXGK—" Are there sweets?
NRQMDPPLWW—LNRQGXYDQJD Bring some sweets.
NRQMDPN—SL\XPNRQMDPW¯\XPWKD\—UVHLQJDV¯NUDP
Prepare some tea and coffee. Quick.
LGKXSDGLNNDSHUL\DSDGDPLOOH\—" This is a big lesson to study, is it not?
RUXFKLQQDNDGLGKDPHÄXWKDY—QJD Come to write a small letter.
HGKXVÌGDWKD¼¼LHGKXSDFKFKHWKD¼¼L"
Which is hot water, which is cold water?
DGKXSDFKFKHWKD¼¼L\—" Is that cold water?
DGKXSDVXQDOO—SDVXSDVXYHDGLNN—GKLQJD
That is a cow, (a) good cow, do not beat the cow.
LGKXNHWWDQ—L This is a bad dog.
NHWWDQ—\HQDOO—DGLQJD Beat the bad dog severely.
HQSÌQHDQJHLUXNNXGKX My cat is there.
DGKHLQJHNÌSSLGXQJD Call that here.
PLWW—LM—VWKLV—SSLG—GKLQJD Don’t eat much sweets.
LGKXQDOODV—SS—GX This is a good meal.
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41
 Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
E: Elder Brother Y: Younger Brother.
(WKDPELSDGLNNDSÀ Little brother, go to study.
<VDULDQQ—Q¯QJDNXGDY—QJD Alright big brother, you come too.
(LGKXSDGLNNDQDOODSXVWKDKDP—" Is this a good book to study?
<—P—DQQ—LGKXY—VLNNDQDOODGKX Yes brother, this is good to read.
(HQQHS—UNNDDSUDPY— Come to see me afterwards.
<QLSSRLOOH" Why not now?
(WKDPELWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDSV—GKH Brother, don’t keep on talking.
XQS—GDPWKD\—UVHL\DSÀ Go to prepare your lesson.
<VDULDQQ—SRLWXYDUQ Alright brother, goodbye.
Expansion Drill For Lessons 11 & 12.
LGKXWKÌQJDQDOODLGDP YHºL\HQDGDNNDSÀQJD
LGKXXNN—UDQDOODLGDP SXVWKDKDPSDGLNNDSÀQJD
LGKXV—SSLGDQDOODLGDP S—GDPNNNDSÀQJD
idhu padukka nalla idam. SDGDPS—UNNDSÀQJD
LGKXYOHVHL\DQDOODLGDP NDGKDYXWKLUDNNDSÀQJD
LGKXNXºLNNDQDOODLGDP DSS—YHNXSSLGDSÀQJD
idhu padikka nalla idam. naiye konduvara pÀnga.
WKDPELYOHVHL\DY—QJD DYDUHPHGKXY—SVDVROOXQJD
DPP—WKDPLÄSDGLNNDY—QJD DYDUHWKD¼¼LNRQGXYDUDVROOXQJD
DL\—WKDPLÄSVDY—QJD DYDQJDºHNDGLGKDPHÄXWKDVROOXQJD
DUHXººHWKÌQJDY—QJD DYDQJDºHLGKXHOO—PNRQGXSÀKDVROOXQJD
V—SS—GXV—SSLGDY—QJD DYDQJDºHLGKXQJD\HOO—P\HGXNNDVROOXQJD
XQJDWKRWWDWKHN—PLNNDY—QJD DQGKDPP—YHXNN—UDVROOXQJD
DYDQY¯WWHN—tta v—nga. andhaiy—ve irukka sollunga.
NXGLNNDWKD¼¼LNRQGXSÀQJD V—SSLGDS—OXPSDÄDPXPNRQGXY—QJD
LSSRQDOO—WKÌQJDSÀQJD DSUDP7KDPLÄSDGLNNDY—QJD
LGKXYDVLNNDQDOODS—GDP DYDQJDWKÀWWDPXPNL¼DUXPS—UNNDY—QJD
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42
 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 13.
NOUNSAND PERSONAL PRONOUNS, DATIVE CASE &
VERBS, DEFECTIVE.
Nouns, followed by endings to form Dative Case meaning ‘to’ or ‘for’.
‘ukku’ to µXNN—KD¶ for
PVH PVHNNX to the table PVHNN—KD for the table
Nouns ending in ‘m’, ‘du’ and ‘ru’ are exceptions.
‘m’ and ‘r’ change to ‘thu’. ‘du’ changes to ‘ttu’.
Noun Declensional base Declined form
maram marathu marathukku
Y¯GX Y¯WWX Y¯WWXNNX
—UX —WKWKX —WKWKXNNX

Pronouns, Dative Case:-GHFOHQVLRQDOEDVHSOXVµXNNX¶RUµXNN—KD¶

Note: ‘ukku’ is commonly used for both ‘to’ and ‘for’ in North Tamil Nadu.
Q—Q enakku to me Q—P namakku to us(incl.)
Q—QJD HQJDºXNNX to us(excl.)
Q¯ unakku to you Q¯QJD XQJDºXNNX to you
avan avanukku to him ava DYDºXNNX to her
avar avarukku to him/her avanga DYDQJDºXNNX to them
adhu adhukku to it adhunga adhungaºXNNX to them

Defective Verbs:-
The following are impersonal verbs. Y¼XP¶ is wanted
SÀGKXP is enough puri to be clear YLºDQJX to be clear.
theri know, see, understand, feel, appear pidi to be liked
They cannot be conjugated like regular verbs, excepting neuter present tense and past
tense and future tense.
7KHVXEMHFWQRXQRUSURQRXQWDNHVGDWLYHFDVHDVLQµHQDNNXY¼XP,ZDQW
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43
 Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary
YH¼XP is wanted Y¼—P is not wanted
SÀGKXP is enough SÀGK—GKX is not enough
theriyum is known WKHUL\—GKX is not known
pasi hunger dhayavuseidhu please
innum more, yet innum enna what else?
HOO— all (adj) HOO—P all things
HOO—UXP all persons
Short Sentences
VDSSLGDHOO—UXPWKD\—U—"Y—QJDXNN—UXQJD
Is every one ready to eat? Come, sit.)
XQJDºXNNXHQQDY¼XP"DYDUXNNXN—SSLSÀGKXP—"
What do you want? Is the coffee enough for him?
DYDºXNNNXS—OYQ—P—"XQJDºXNNXW¯Y¼XP—N—SSLY¼XP—"
Does she not want milk? Do you want tea or coffee?
XQJDºXNNXLQQXPHQQDY¼XP" What else do you want?
HQQXNNXW¯LQQXPY¼XP I want more tea.
LQGKDW¯SÀGK—GKXLQQXPNRQMDPY¼XPNRQGXY—QJD
This tea is not enough, (I) want a little more. Bring (it).
DYDQJDºXNNXLQGKDW¯SÀGK—GK—"LQQXPY¼XP—"
Is this tea not enough for them? Do they want more?
HQJDºXNNXURPEDM—VWKLY¼—PNRQMDPSÀGKXP
We do not want too much, a little is enough.
LQGKXHQQDXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—"GKD\DYXVHLGKXHQQDNNXVROOXQJD
What is this, do you know? Please tell me.
HQQDNNXVROOXQJDDYDUXNNXVROO—GKLQJD
Tell me, do not tell him.
LQGKDS—GDQJDHOO—PS—GDQJHOO—PXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—"
Do you know (or) do you understand all these lessons?)

44
 Adi’s Book.
12. enakku HOO—S—GDQJDºum WKHUL\—GKX
I do not know all the lessons.(* all without exception).
VLODS—GDPGK—QWKHUL\XPSDODS—GDPWKHUL\—GKX
I know only a few lessons. Several lessons I do not know.
HOO—UXNNXPLGKXWKHUL\—GK—" Does not everyone know this?
DYDUXNNXURPEDVDGKGKDP—VROOXQJD Speak to him very loudly.
Practical Conversation.
M: Mother C: Child.
0V—SS—GXWKD\—U—LUXNNXWKXHOO—UXPY—QJD
Food is ready, come (along) everybody.
&DPP—HQDNNXLSSRV—SS—GXY¼—P
Mother, I don’t want food now.
0\QY¼—PXQQDNNXSDVLLOOH\—"
Why not, are you not hungry?
&—P—DPP—HQQDNNXkonjam kuda pasi ille.
Yes mother, I am not a bit hungry.
0XQDNNXYUXPHQQDYUHQQDY¼XP"
What else do you want?
&HQDNNXNRQMDPGK—QV—WKDPXPWKD¼¼L\XPY¼XP
I want only a little rice and water
0LYºDYXSÀGKXP—LQQXPY¼XP—"
Is this enough or do you want (some) more.
&HQDNNXLGKXSÀGKXP This is enough for me.
-------------------------

45
 Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 13.
LGKX\—UXNNXY¼XP" DGKXHQQXNNXY¼—P
DGKXHQJDOXNNXY¼XP HGKXXQJDOXNNXY¼XP"
LGKXYXPDGKXYXPQDPDNNXY¼XP \HOO—PQDPDNNXY¼—P
-------------------------
LQGKDSXVWKDKDPXQDNNXY¼XP—" LQGKDS—GDPHQJDOXNNXSÀGKXP
LQGKDQ—NN—OLDYDºXNNXY¼XP LQGKDV—SS—GXHQDNNXSÀGK—GKX
LQGKDSÌXQJDSH¼¼XNNXY¼—P—" LQGKDS—OSÌQHNNXSÀGKXP—"
DQGKDPVHSDL\DQXNNXY¼—P—" LQGKDWKD¼¼LQ—LNNXSÀWK—WKX
LQGKDWKD¼¼LDYDQJDºXNNXY¼—P—" DQGKDN—LGKDPDYDUXNNXSÀGKXP—"
-------------------------
XQJDºXNNXLQGKDS—GDPWKHUL\XP—" HQDNNXLQGKDS—GDPVDUL\—WKHUL\—GKX
\HQQDNNXLQGKDS—GDPQDOO—WKHUL\XP HQJDOXNNXPLQGKDS—GDPWKHUL\—GKX
XQJDºXNNXLYDUWKHUL\XP—" XQJDºXNNXLGKXLQQXPWKHUL\XP—"
HQDNNXLYDUVDUL\—WKHUL\—GKX XQJDºXNNXHQQHWKHUL\—GK—"
XQJDºXNNXDQGKDDL\—QDOO—WKHUL\XP—" DYDUXNNXSVDWKHUL\—GK—"
HQQXNNXDQWKDL\—URPEDQDOODWKHUL\XP LYDUXNNXGRFWRUWKHUL\—GK—"
XQJDºXNNXS—GDQJDHOO—PWKHUL\XP—" P—¼DYDUXNNXY—GK\—UHWKHUL\—GK—"
HQDNNXS—GDQJDHOO—PNRQMDPWKHUL\XP DYDQJDOXNNXQ—PHOO—UXPWKHUL\—GKX
-------------------------
DL\—GKD\DYXVHLGKXWKDPLÄSVXQJD HOO—UXNNXPYD¼DNNDPVROOXQJD
DPP—GKD\DYXVHLGKXLQJHS—GXQJD HOO—UXNNXPXQJDS—GDPN—WWXQJD
GKD\DYXVHLGKXQ—NN—OLNRQGXY—QJD HOO—UH\XPLQJHYDUDVROOXQJD
LSSRGKD\DYXVHLGKXV—SS—GXNRQGXY—QJD HOO—UH\XPLQJHNÌSSLGXQJD
GKD\DYXVHLGKXHOO—UH\XPV—SSLGDNÌSSLGX LGKXQJDHOO—WKWKXNNXHYºDYX"
GKD\DYXVHLGKXDYDUHLGKXNOXQJD SHWWLQJDHOO—WKWKXNNXPSÌWWXQJD
thambi, ‘dhayavuseidhu’ sollu. V—P—QHOO—WKWKH\XPN—UXNNXNRQGXSÀ
thambi, ‘nandri’ kuda sollu. SDÄDQJDHOO—WKWKH\XPPVHPOHYDLQJD
dhayavuseidhuvum nandriyum sollu. paiyangalukku pusthahanga kodunga.
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46
 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 14.
VERBS, DEFECTIVE (CONTINUED).
Defective Verbs. (follow dative)
puriyuthu is clear, understood. puriyale is not clear, not understood.
YLºDQJXGKX is clear, understood. YLºDQJDOH is not clear, not understood.
Adverbs. (follow dative). (Adverbs are more fully covered in Lesson 17).
PXQQ—OH before, in front of, ago. SLQQ—OH after, behind.
-------------------------
Vocabulary
sangadhi matter, news VDPDFK—UDP matter, news
kashtam difficulty, problem vile price
YDÄDDGM plantain Y—ÄDSDÄDP plantain (fruit)
NÌGD also, even. -um also, even
Y—QJXZLQ buy vil (s.thth) sell
kodu (s.thth) give WK—ZQGK give.
NDWKWKXNNRºZQG learn VROOLNNRºZQG learn
kaththukkodu (s.thth) teach sollikkodu(s.thth) teach
kashtappadu (w.tt) worry, suffer. SÌWWu (n) lock
-------------------------
Short Sentences.
U—PDQHQQDVDPDFKFK—UDPQDOODVDPDFKFK—UDP—"
Raman, what news, is it good news.
LOOHQJDLOOHDL\—QDOO—VDPDFKFK—UDPLOOH No, no sir, not good news.
U—PDQXNNXLQGKDN—LGKDPNRGXQJD Give this letter to Raman.
LQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKHV¯NUDPNRQGXSÀQJD Take this letter quickly.
\DUXQJDWKDPLÄY—GK\—U"LYDU—XQJDºXGH\DY—GK\—U"
Who is your Tamil teacher? Is he your teacher
DL\—WKD\DYXVHLWKXHQDNNXWKDPLÄVROOLNRGXQJD Sir, please teach me Tamil.
XQJDOXNNXHQWKDPLÄQDOO—YLODQJXWK—" Is my Tamil very clear to you?

47
 Adi’s Book.
HQQDNNXM—VWKLYLºDQJDOHNRQMDPGK—QYLºDQJDWKX
Not very clear to me, (I) only understand a little.
DYDUXNNXWKDPLÄQDOO—SXUL\DGKXXQJDºXNNXSXUL\DOH\—"
He understands Tamil well, do you not understand?
LQGKDSÌWWXNNXV—YLLUXNNXWK—"LGKXNNXV—YLHQJH"
Is there a key for this lock? Where is the key for this.
HQY¯WWXNNXSLQQ—OHSHUL\DY—ÄDPDUDPLUXNNXWKX
There is a big plantain tree behind my house.
HQDNNXSLQQ—OHYDU—GKLQJDHQQDNNXPXQQ—OHSÀQJD
Don’t come behind me, go in front of me.
PMHNNXPXQ—OHQ—NN—OLLUXNNXWKX The chair is in front of the table.
—VSDWKULNNXSLQQ—OHRUXWKÀWWDPLUXNNXWKX There is a garden behind the hospital.
(OODUXPDQJHYLºD\—GDSÀQJDQ¯NXGDSÀ Everyone go there to play. You go too.
DYDUXNNXSHWWLY¼XPDYDUXNN—KDRUXSHWWLY—QJXQJD
He wants a box. Buy a box for him.
LGKXHQQDNN—KDLOOHDYDUXNN—KD This is not for me, (it’s) for him.
LGKX\—UXNN—KDXQJDWKDPELNN—" For whom is this, your little brother?
XQJDSHWWL\HSDWKXUÌE—NNXYLNN—GKLQJD Do not sell your box for ten rupees.
XQJDºukku* pusthaham irukkuWK—"
Do you have a book.*(Dative ending = has, have).
\—UXNNXSXVWKDKDPLOOH"HOO—UXNNXPLUXNNXWK—"
Who has no book? (does) everybody have one?
XQJDºXNNXDUHHQJHLUXNNXGKX" Where is the room for you?
XQJDºXNNXHQQDNDVKWDP"XQJDNDVKWDPHQQD" What is your difficulty?
NDVKWDSSDG—GKLQJDLGKXSHUL\DNDVKWDPLOOH
Do not worry, this is not a big problem.
LSSRQ¯QJDVÌKDP—"QDOO—V—SSLGXQJD Are you well now? Eat well.
-------------------------

48
 Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
Between friends, A and B.
$HQQDVDQJKDGLµS—" What news (friend, mate)
%\HOO—PQDOO—VDQJKDGKLGK—Q Everything is good (news).
$HQQDNNXNRQMDPNDVKWDPQ—QVÌKDPLOOH I have some trouble. I am not well.
%DSGL\—"HQQDNDVKWDP" Is that so? What trouble?
$HQQDNNXURPEDND¼NDVKWDP I have a lot of eye trouble.
%VDULV¯NUDPND¼GRFWRUHS—UXQJD Alright, see an eye doctor quickly.
$SXUL\XGKXGRFWRUSUHQQD" I Understand, what is the doctor’s name?
%DYDUSUGRFWRUU—PDQ His name is Doctor Raman.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 14.
HQDNNXSDÄDPXPS—OXPNÌGDY¼XP DYDQXNNXURWWL\XPYH¼¼H\XPSÀGK—GKX
LQQXPXSSXNRQGXYDU—GKLQJD GKD\DYXVHLGKXNRQMDPYHOODPNRQGXY—QJD
PXQQ—OHURWWLNRQGXY—QJD DSUDPSDÄDPNRQGXY—QJD
Q¯QJDDYDUXNNXPXQQ—OHXNN—UXQJD HOO—UXNNXPSLQQ—OHXNN—U—GKLQJD
HQY¯WWXNNXPXQQ—OH\XPSLQQ—OH\XPPDUDQJDLOOH
DYDUY¯WWXNNXSLQQ—OHSHUL\DWKÀWWDPLUXNNXGKX HQJDºXNNXPXQQ—OHQLNN—GKLQJD
-------------------------
NDGKDYHQDOO—SÌWWXQJD DQGKDSÌWWXNNXLQGKDV—YLVDUL\—LUXNNXGK—"
XQJDSHWWLNNXLQGKDSÌWWXSÀGXQJD SÌWWXNN—KDNDGHNNXSÀK—GKLQJD
LGKXNN—KDNDVKWDPY¼—P HOO—UXNNXPQDOODGKXVHLQJD
-------------------------
LGKXLQJH\—UXNN—KDLUXNNXGKX" idhu yennakku, adhu unnakku.
DGKXHOO—UXNNXPLOOH\—" DGKHXQJDºXNN—KDGK—QV—SSLGXQJD
idhukku yenna vile? LGKXNNX\HYºDYXY¼XP"
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49
 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 15.
CARDINAL NUMBERS 10 F$1'7,0(
SDGKLQR¼¼X 11 SDGKLQ—UX 16
SDQQH¼GX 12 padKLQÄX 17
SDGKLPÌQX 13 padhinettu 18
SDGKLQ—OX 14 paththombadhu 19
padhinanju 15 irubadhu 20
paththu 10.
irubadhu 20 LUXQÌUX 200
muppadhu 30 PXQQÌUX 300
Q—SSDGKX 40 Q—QÌUX 400
ambadhu 50 DLQÌUX 500
—UXEDGKX 60 —UXQÌUX 600
ÄXEDGKX 70 ÄXQÌUX 700
H¼EDGKX 80 H¼¼ÌUX 800
WKR¼¼ÌUX 90 WKRºº—\LUDP 900
QÌUX 100 —\LUDP 1000
The Adjective form of ‘paththu’ is ‘baththu’, so we have:-
21 LUXEDWKWKXR¼¼X
22 LUXEDWKWKXUH¼GX
78 yerubaththu ettu etc.
7KH$GMHFWLYHIRUPRIµQÌUX¶LVµQÌWKWKX¶VRZHKDYH
101 QÌWKWKXR¼¼X
102 QÌWKWKXUH¼GX
506 DLQQÌWKWKX—UX etc.
7KH$GMHFWLYHIRUPRIµ—\LUDP¶LVµ—\LUDWKWKX¶VRZHKDYH
925 WKROO—\LUDWKWKXLUXbaththanju
1567 —\LUDWKWKXDLQÌWKWKX—UXEDWKWKX\ÄX
5439 DQM—\LUDWKWKXQ—QÌWKWKXPXSSDWKWKµXRPEDWKX
-------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary
N—ODPH N—ODLOH N—ODPEDUHN—WK—OH morning,
V—LQJ—ODP V—LQGKDUDP evening, after 4pm.
pahal day time U—WKUL U—YX night
nadu mid, middle
naduppahal noon, midday PDGK\—QDP afternoon
PD¼LNNX at…o’clock PD¼L bell, gong, hour, o’clock
VDQGKÀVKDP happiness
NXÄDQGKH child P—¼DYDU student (incl schoolboys)
(m) (f)
WKÀWWDNN—UDQ WKÀWWDN—UL gardener
YOHNN—UDQ YOHN—UL worker, house servant
S—ON—UDQ S—ON—UL milk seller
-------------------------
Short Sentences.
LSSRPD¼LHQQD" What is the time now.
LSSRHQQDPD¼L" What is the time now.
LSSRPD¼LHYºDYX" What is the time now.
LSSRPD¼LHWKWKDQH" What is the time now.
LSSRHWWXPD¼L Now it is 8 o’clock
Q¯QJDLQJHHWWXPD¼LNNXY—QJD You come here at 8 o’clock.
SDQQH¼GXPD¼LNNXV—SSLGDSÀQJD Go to eat at 12 o’clock.
DGKXNNXPXQQ—OHSÀK—GLQJD Don’t go before that.
XQJDWKÀWWDNN—UDQHLQJHNÌSSLGXQJD Call your gardener here.
DSUDPWKÀWWDWKWKXNNDSRQJD,SSRY¼—P
Go to the garden afterwards. No need now.
DYDQJDºXNNXYOHN—UDQLOOH\—" Do they not have a servant?
DYDQJDºXNNXLSSRYOHN—UDQLOOH They don’t have a servant now.
DQGKDYOHN—UDQXNNXLSSRYOHLOOH That servant has no work now.

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 Adi’s Book.
Q¯Y¯WWXNNXSÀQ—ºDNNLN—ODPHY— you go home. Come tomorrow morning.
LQQDNLV—LQJ—ODPDQMXPD¼LNNXY—QJD Come at 5 o’clock this evening.
DYDUY¯WWXNNXYOHVHL\DSÀQJD Go to his house to work.
U—WKULHWWXPD¼LNNXHQQHS—UNNDY—QJD Come to see me at 8 o’clock tonight.
UDYXPSDKDOXPYOHVHL\—GKLQJD Do not work day and night.
SDKDONRQMDPU—WKULNRQMDPYOHVHLQJD Do some work by day, and some by night.
LGKXU—WKULNNXY¼XPLWKXU—WKULV—SS—GX
This is wanted for the night.This is night food.
L¼¼DNNLSDKDOV—SS—GXURPEDQDOODV—SS—GX
Today’s meal is a very good meal.
-------------------------
Practical Conversation.
V: Visitor S: Village Schoolmaster.
9YD¼DNNDPDL\—Q¯QJDGK—QLQJHY—GK\—U—"
Greetings sir, are you the teacher here?
6—P—DL\—Q—QGKDQLQJHY—GK\—U Yes sir, I am the teacher here.
9LQJHHWKWKDQHNXÄDQGKHQJDSDGLNU—QJD" How many children are studying here?
6LQJHDPEDWKXNXÄDQGKHQJDSDGLNU—QJD Fifty children are studying here.
9HOO—UXPQDOO—SDGLNUDQJDO— Do they all study well?
6—P—QJDHOO—UXPQDOO—SDGLNU—QJD Yes sir, they are all studying well.
9QDOODGKXLGKHNNNDHQDNNXURPEDVDQGKÀVKDP
That’s good. I am very happy to hear this.
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 Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 15.
RUXUÌE—NNXQÌUXSDLVH
LSSRPD¼L\HQQD"Q—OXLOOH\—" VDLQJ—ODPDQMXPD¼LNNDPXQHQQHS—UXQJD
LOOHV—LQJ—ODPYDU—GKLQJD PDGK\—QDPVDUL\—PÌQXPD¼LNNXY—QJD
U—WKULNNXHQQDV—SS—GXY¼XP" L¼¼DNNLN—ODPHV—SS—GXQDOODV—SS—GX
LSSRU—WKULLOOHSDKDOWKÌQJ—GKH Q—OXPD¼LNNXYOHVHLDSUDPY¯WWXNNXSÀ
-------------------------
pathum pathum irubadhu. Q—SSDGKXPLUXEDGKXP—UXEDGKX
ambadhum muppadhum enbadhu. HÄXEDGKXP—UXEDGKXPQÌWKXPXSSDGKX
LQJHLUXEDWKXDQMXSUV—SSLGXQJD DQGKDDUHNNXSDGKLQHWWXSUSÀQJD
Q¯QJDSDWKXSUXPLQJHXNN—UXQJD
-------------------------
—VSDWKULNNXQ—SSDWKXPÌQXQ—NN—OLNRQGXSÀQJD
N¯ÄHPXSSDGKXRPEDGKXSXVWKDKDPNRQGXY—QJD
POHSDGKLQUXSXVWKDKDPNRQGXY—QJD LQJHHWWXQ—NN—OLYDLQJD
DGKXQJDºXNNXPXQQ—OHHWWXPVHQJDYDLQJD
L¼¼DNNLHWKWKDQHSUXNNXV—SS—GXY¼XP"
L¼¼DNNLLUXEDWKXSUXNNXSÀGKXP Q—ºDNNLQ—SSDGKXRQQXSUXNNXYHQXP
-------------------------
RUXµWXPEOHU¶S—OV¯NUDPNRQGXY—QJD ELVNÀWKWKXHYºDYXLUXNNXGKX"
SDGKLQ—OXELVNÀWKWKXGK—QLUXNNXGK—
QDPDNNX\HOO—PSD¼¼HQGXYDÄDSDÄDPSÀGKXP
DYDQJDºXNNXSDWKWKRPEDGKXNDSSXN—SSLDQXSSXQJD
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53
 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 16.
VERBS, PRESENT TENSE, POSITIVE.
Firstly, Memorise the following pronouns with the related verb endings,
For ‘weak’ verbs the singular is formed using a medial ‘r’ plus the verb ending,as
GHYHORSHGKHUHZLWKWKHYHUEµSÀ¶
Singular Plural
Q—Q SÀUQ Q—P SÀUÀP(excl.)
Q—QJD SÀUÀP(incl.)
Q¯ SÀUe Q¯QJD SÀUinga
avan SÀU—Q
ava SÀU— avanga SÀUanga
avar SÀU—U
adhu SÀdhu* adhunga SÀdhunga*
*the medial ‘r’ is dropped for neuter singular and plural.

For ‘strong’ verbs the singular is formed using a medial ‘kr’ plus the verb ending,as
developed here with the verb ‘padi’.
Singular Plural
Q—Q SDGLNUn Q—P padikrÀP(excl.)
Q—QJD padikrÀP(incl.)
Q¯ padikre Q¯QJD padikringa
avan padikr—Q
ava padikr— avanga padikranga
avar padikr—U
adhu padikkdhu* adhunga padikkdhunga*
*again, the medial ‘r’ is dropped for neuter singular and plural.

For the verb ‘Y—¶WKHµ—¶VKRUWHQVWRµD¶LQFRQMXJDWLRQWKXVIRUPLQJµQ—QvarQ¶

and similarly for konduY—, becoming ‘nan konduvarQ¶
-------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary
Y—WKX duck NÀÄL chicken
NXÄDQGKH child kattadam building
N—LGKDPNDGXGK—VL letter, paper. idam place, space.
pai bag S—L mat
sedi plant kodi vine, creeper
ile leaf Y—VDO gate
PÌWWH bundle mutte egg
WKÌNNDP sleep(n)
WKÌQJXZLQ sleep(v), lie down SÀGXZWW throw, drop
NXºLVQ bathe (intr) NXºLSDWWXZLQ bathe (tr)
-------------------------
Short Sentences.
YDQJDPPDY—QJDHQJHSÀULQJD" Hello, madam, where are youn going?
QDQHQY¯WWXNNXSÀUQVDULSÀLY—QJD I amgoing to my house. OK, goodbye.
DYDUHQQDNRQGXYDU—U"PXWWHQJDNRQGXYDU—U—"
What is he bringing? Is he bringing eggs?
XQJDºXNNX\HQQDPXWWHY¼XPNÀÄLPXWWH\—Y—WKXPXWWH\—"
What eggs do you want, chicken eggs or duck eggs?
LGKXQDOODS—L,QGKDS—\HDQJHSÀGXQJD.
Thisis a good mat. Spread this mat there. (idiom).
HQDNNXV¯NUDPV—SS—GXpÀdunga.
Serve me food, quick! (idiom).
S—LPOHHQQDLUXNNXWKXRUXSDL\—"SDLNNXOOHSDÄDPLUXNNXWK—"
What is on the mat, a.bag?. Are there fruits inside the bag.
SDQWKHWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXNRQGXSÀQJDDQJHYLºD\—GX
Take the ball to the garden, play there.
DYDQLSSRQDOODWKÌQJU—QU—WKULGK—QDYDQXNNXWKÌNNDPLOOH
He is sleeping well now. Only last night he had no sleep

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 Adi’s Book.
YHOHNN—UDQHQNDGLGKDPNRQGXSÀUDQ The servant is taking my letter.
LQJHN—KLGKDPQSÀGULQJD"NDGXGK—VLLQJHSÀG—GKLQJD
Why are you throwing paper here? Don’t throw paper here.
12. dhayavuseidhu enakku oru kadidham pÀdunga.
Please drop me a line. (idiom)
LQGKDVHGLNNXM—VWKLLOHLOOHSÌGK—QM—VWKLLUXNNXWKX
This plant has not many leaves,it has many flowers.
DQGKDVHGLNNXURPEDWKD¼¼LY¼XP
That plant needs a lot of water.
DGKXQDOODLGKDPLOOHDQGKDLGDWKWKXNNXSÀK—GKLQJD
That is not a good place. do not go to that place.
SÌQHQJDDQJHHQQDVHLGKXQJD"
What are the cats doing here?
QDQLSSRXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUQQ¯QJDHQY¯WWXNNX\HSSRYDULQJD"
I am coming to your house now. When are you coming to my house?
SHUL\DQ—LPXQQ—OHÀGXWKXFKLQQDQ—LDGKXNNXSLQQ—OHÀGXWKX
A big dog is running ahead. A small dog is running behind it.
LGKXSHUL\DNDWWDGDPLGKXNNXSHUL\DY—VDOLUXNNXWKX
This is a big building. It has a big entrance.
\—UXNNXN—LGKDP\HÄXGKULQJDXQJDPP—YXNN—"
To whom are you writing a letter, to your mother?
LNDGLGKDP\—UNRQGXSÀU—QJD" LLNDGLGKDP\—UNRQGXSÀUDGKX"
Who is taking the letter?
*Note: when the number and gender of the subject are not known,
either the 3rd person plural or the neuter singular is used.
-------------------------

56
 Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
C: Customer F: Fruit Seller.
&LGKXXQJDSDÄDNDGH\—"HQQDSDÄDQJDLUXNNXWKX"
Is this your fruit shop? What fruits do you have.
)—P—QJD\HQNDGHGK—QY—ÄDSDÄDPLUXNNXWKXHYºDYXY¼XP"
Yes madam,it is my shop. I have plantains. How much do you want?
&HQDNNXRUXGD]DQY—ÄDSDÄDPY¼XPGD]DQHQQDYLOH"
I want one dozen plantains. How much is a dozen?
)RUXGD]DQLUXEDWKXUÌE—PP— Twenty Rupees a dozen madam.
&DGKXURPEDYLOHSS—GD]DQSDWKLQDQMXNNXNRGXSS—
7KDW¶VDKLJKSULFH*LYHDGR]HQIRUILIWHHQ¶S—
)VDULQJDPP—RUXGD]DQSÀWKXP—" Alright madam, is a dozen enough?
&SÀWKXPLSSR\HQQDNNXM—VWKLY¼—P Enough. I don’t want more now.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 16.
Q—QHQQDVHLUQ" Q—QLQJHLUXNUQ—"
Q—PHQQDVHLUÀP" Q—QJDLQJHLUXNUÀP—"
Q¯\HQQDVHLUH" Q¯LQJHLUXNU\—"
Q¯QJD\HQQDVHLULQJD" Q¯QJDLQJHLUXNULQJDº—"
DYDQHQQDVHLU—Q" DYDQLQJHLUXNU—Q—
DYD\HQQDVHLU—" DYDLQJHLUXNU—º—
DYDQJD\HQQDVHLU—QJD" DYDQJDLQJHLUXNU—QJDº—
-------------------------
DYDUXNNXQDOO—WKÌNNDP NXÄDQGKHQJDYKDP—HQJHSÀU—QJD"
DYDUQDOODWKÌQJU—U NXÄDQGKHQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXSÀU—QJD
DYDUHNXSSLGDLSSRSÀK—GLQJD NXÄDQGKHQJDDQJHHQQDVHL\DSÀU—QJD"
DYDUPOHWKÌQJU—U DYDQJDDQJHSDQGKHYLºD\—GDSÀU—QJDO—"
DYDUSDLPOHWKÌQJU—U DYDQJDLSSRWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYHºL\HÀGU—QJD
DYDUXNNXSLQQ—OHSÌQHWKÌQJDWKX DYDQJD\QDQJHYHºL\HÀGDY¼XP"
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57
 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 17.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.
Adjectives.
:RUGVOLNHQDOO—JRRGNHWWDEDGDUHDGMHFWLYHVE\QDWXUH
Adjectives can also be formed from abstract nouns,
E\VXIIL[LQJµ—QD¶RUµXººD¶DVIROORZV
suham health VXKDP—QD healthy.
VXKDPXººD healthy.
VDQGKÀVKDP happiness, joy VDQGKÀVKDP—QD happy, joyful.
VDQGKÀVKDPXººD happy, joyful.
Adverbs.
:RUGVOLNHPXQGKLEHIRUHPOHDERYHDUHDGYHUEVE\QDWXUH
Adverbs can also be formed from abstract nouns, E\VXIIL[LQJµ—¶DVIROORZV
suham health VXKDP— healthy.
VDQGKÀVKDP happiness, joy VDQGKÀVKDP— happy, joyful.
Vocabulary
GKVDP country naharam city
P—K—¼DP state, province SDWWD¼DP town
MLOO— district JU—PDP village
YOÌU Vellore madhurai Madurai, Madura.
ÌU place, large area. NRQMDPNRQMDP— gradually
VDQGKÀVKDP happiness PÀVDP badness, evil.
VDQGKÀVKDP—QD happy (adj) PÀVDP—QD bad, evil (adj).
VDQGKÀVKDP— happy (adv) PÀVDP— bad, evil (adv)
sulabam ease, easiness varuththam sorrow, sadness.
VXODEDP—QD easy (adj) YDUXWKWKDP—QD sorrowful (adj)
VXODEDP— easy (adv) YDUXWKWKDP— sorrowful (adv)
pathi (follows acc) about, regarding varaththappadu(w.tt) feel sorry, regret
kashtappadu (w.tt) be troubled, worry varaththappadu(w.tt) feel sorry, worry

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 Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences.
XQJDWKDPELHQJHLUXNNU—UXººHY—YHºL\HY—"
Where is your brother, inside or outside?
GKD\DYXVHLGKXDYDQHLQJHNRQMDPNÌSSLGXQJD
Please just call him here.
DQGKDN—KLGKDWKWKHHQJHNRQGXSÀULQJD" Where are you taking that paper?
LGKH\—UXNNXNRQGXYDULQJDHQDNN—" To whom are you bringing this, to me?
LSSRQ¯QJDWKDPLÄQDOO—SVULQJDº—" Are you speaking tamil well now?
LOOHM—VWKLLOOHNRQMDPSVUQNRQMDPGK—Q
No, not much. I speak a little, only a little.
HGKXXQJDGKVDP"DGKXSHUL\DGKVDP—"
Which is your country? I as that a big country?
XQJDGKVDPHQDNNXQDOO—WKHUL\XP Your country is well known to me.
HQJDGKVDWKWKHSDWKLXQJDºXNNXQDOODWKHUL\XP—"DGKHNNNDHQQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDP
You know about our country well? I am happy to hear it!
Q—QHQS—GDWKWKHVDQGKÀVKDP—SDGLNUQ
I am studying my lesson happily.
WKDPLÄSDGLNNDVXODEDP—LUXNNXGKXLOOH\—"
It’s easy to study Tamil, is it not?
LOOHLOOHWKDPLÄSDGLNNDURPEDNDVKWDP—LUXNNXGKX
No, no, it is very difficult to study Tamil.
LGKHVROODHQDNNXYDUXWKDP—LUXNNXGKX I am sorry to say this.
LGKHNNNDHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDPLOOH I am not happy to hear this.
YDUXWKWKDSSDG—GKLQJDNRQMDPNRQMDP—SDGLQJDDGKXVXODEDPLOOHNDVKWDPXPLOOH
Don’t worry, study little by little. It is neither hard nor easy
FKHQQDLSHUL\DQDKDUDPYOÌUFKLQQDSDWWDQXPLUXNNXGKXQ—QÌUXNNXSÀUQ
Chennai is a big city, Vellore is a small town. I am going (to my family) home.
WKDPLÄQ—GXP—K—¼DWKOHDQKDJU—PDQJDLUXNNXWKXLQGKL\—HQJDGKVDP
In Tamil Nadu State there are many villages. India is our country.
-------------------------

59
 Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
E: Employer C: Cook..
(DQWRQ\V—SS—GXWKD\—U—" Antony, is the food ready?
&—P—DL\—WKD\—UDLUXNNXWKX Yes sir, it is ready.
(\HQDNNXURPEDYOHLUXNNXWKXVDSSDGXV¯NUDP—NRQGXYDQJD
I have a lot of work, bring the food quickly.
&VDULQJDLGKÀNRQGXYDUQ Alright sir, here it is look, I am bringing it.
(URWWLYH¼¼HPXWWHN—SLSÀWKXP Bread, butter, egg, coffee are enough.
&LSSRXQJDºXNNXV—WKDPY¼—P—" Don’t you want rice now?
(LSSRY¼—PDGKHUDWKULNNXV—SLGUQ. I don’t want it now. I will eat that tonight.
(Lit: I am eating that for the night).
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 15.
LQGKDSDL\DQVDQGKÀVKDP—LUXNNLU—Q HQDNNXLGKHSDWKLVDQGKÀVKDP
DQGKDL\—YDUXWKWKDP—LUXNU—U enakku idhe pathi varuththam ille.
Q—PHOO—PVXKDP—LUXNUÀP DYDUYOHURPEDPÀVDP
Y—ÄDLOHS—UNNDQDOO—LUXNNXWKX LQGKDS—GDPSDGLNNDNDVKWDP
SHUL\DSDL\DQPÀVDP—LUXNU—Q DYDQJDLSSRVXKDPGK—Q
S—GDQJDHOO—PVXODEDP—LUXNNXWKXQJD tKDPLÄSVDURPEDVXODEDPLOOH\—"
VLODS—GDQJDGK—QNDVKWDP—LUXNNXWKX DQJHMDVWKLVDGKGKDPVDGKGKDP—SVDGKH
-------------------------
HQJDJU—PDPXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—" HQJDJU—PDWKWKHSDWKLWKHUL\XP—"
LSSRQ—QHQJU—PDWKWKHSDWKLVROUQ XQJDÌUHSDWKi apram sollunga.
JU—PDWKWKXNNXººHRUXNL¼DUXLUXNNXGKX DGKXURPEDSHUL\DSDÄD\DNL¼DUX
NLQDWKWKXWKD¼¼LNXGLNNDQDOODWKX HOO—UXPLQGKDWKD¼¼L\HNRQGXSÀUDQJD
DQJHSDODFKLQQDY¯GXQJDLUXNNXGKX VLODSHUL\DY¯GXNXGDLUXNNXGKX
HQJU—PDWKWKXNNXSUµNXSSDP¶ HQJU—PDWKWKXSUXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\—WK—"
-------------------------
HQY¯WWXNNXHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXYDULQJD" XQJDY¯WWXNNXVDUL\—Q—OXPD¼LNNXYDUQ
GKD\DYXVHLWKXYDUDPDUDQWKXSÀK—GKLQJD VDULQ—QL¼¼DNNLQ—OXPD¼LNNXYDUQ
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 18.
POST POSITIONS.
There are no prepositions in Tamil, but base endings and Post-Positions are used instead.
These postpositions follow nouns and pronouns and the preceding nouns and pronouns
have various case endings, as given below. Some postpositions are used as adverbs.
Postposition Meaning Preceding Case
varekkum upto, as far as )
varelum upto, as far as ) Nominative.
mattum upto, as far as )
suththi around )
paththi about, concerning )
thavira except, besides ) Accusative.
SÀOD like,such as )
kondu by means of )
PXQQ—OH before, in front of )
mundhi before, in front of )
SLQQ—OH after, behind ) Dative
pindhi after, behind )
apram after. )
N¯ÄH down, under, beneath ,below )
POH up, over, above, on )
kitta near ) (Declensional Base)
YDÄL\— by way of, via, (through) )
PXODP— through, (between) )
Vocabulary
Y—UWKWKH word Y—N\DP sentence
arththam meaning kari meat
idadhu left (side) valadhu right (side)
QUD straight pakkam side, direction
YDÄL way suththi around

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 Adi’s Book.
sowkyam good health VRZN\DP— healthy(adv)
suham good health VXKDP—QD healthy(adj)
sudhdham cleanliness VXGKGKDP— clean
sudhdham sei clean (w.dh) LSSRHOO—PLSSROO—P nowadays
N—WKWKX wind, breeze, air, veyyil sun, heat (weather)
PDÄH rain (noun) PDÄHSHL rain (verb)
Short Sentences.
L¼¼DNNLHSGLLUXNULQJD"VXKDP—LUXNULQJDº—"
How are you today? are you well?
—P—Q—QVRZN\DP—LUXNUQQ¯QJDºXPVRZN\DP—"
Yes, I am well. are you also well?
LGKHSDWKWKLXQJDºDNNXWKHUL\XP—"HQQDNNXVROXQJD
Do you know about this? Tell me.
HQDNNXDGKHSDWKWKLMDVWKLWKHUL\—GKX I do not know much about that.
HQDNNXHOO—PWKHUL\XPQ—QDSUDPVROUQ
I know everything. I will tell (you) afterwards.
HQGKDSDNNDPSÀULQJD"DQGKDSDNNDP—"
Which way are you going? That way?
QDQGKDSDNNDPSÀULQJD"DGKXQDOODYDÄLLOOH
Why are you going that way? That is not a good way.
LGDGKXSDNNDPSÀQJDYDODGKXSDNNDPSÀK—GLQJD
Go to the left. Do not go to the right.
LGKHWKDYLUDLQQXPWKHUL\XP—" Do you know more besides this.
HQQHWKDYLUDHOO—UXPYLºD\—GKU—QJD All except me are playing.
HSSRNXºLNNDSÀULQJDLSSRY—DSUDP—"
When are you going to bathe, now or later?
12. maraththe suththi jasthi sediyum kodiyum irukkudhu.
There are many plants and vines around the tree.
WKÀWWDNN—UDQWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXQUDSÀU—Q
The gardener is going straight to the garden.

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 Adi’s Book.

\QHÄXQGKLUXNULQJD"QHQGKLUXNULQJD"QDOO—WKÌQJXQJD
Why are you getting up? Why are you getting up? Sleep well.
XQJDSDGDQJDºHPDUDNN—GKLQJD Don’t forget ypur lessons.
Q¯QJDLSSRQDOO—QDGDNNULQJD You are walking well now.
\—UHNXSLGULQJDHQQH\—DYDUH\—" Who are you calling, him or me?
Q—\XPSÌQH\XPYKDP—HQJHÀGXGKXQJD"
Where are the dog and cat running?
Q—PDGKHLSSRS—UNNDSÀUÀP We are going to see that now.
DYDQLSSROO—PPHGKXYDYOHVHLU—Q He works slowly nowadays.
HQQDNNXLGKHSÀODRUXQ—LY¼XP I want a dog like this one.
22. adhu kayithe kondu kattunga. Tie that with string.
Practical Conversation.
C: Customer M: Meat Man.
&LQJHY—¶SS—HQQDNDULLUXNNXWKX" Come here ‘pa. What meat do you have?
0—WWXNDULLUXNNXWKX I have mutton.
&P—WWXNDULLOOH\—" No beef?
0LOOHQJDP—WWXNDULQ—ºDNNLNR¼GXYDUQ No, I am bringing (will bring) beef tomorrow.
&HQQDNNXVXGKGKDP—QDQDOO—NDULY¼XP I want good clean meat.
0VDULQJDµP—Q—ºDNNLN—OHOHÄXPD¼LNNXNR¼GXYDUQ
Alright madam, I am bringing (will bring it) tomorrow morning at 7 o’clock.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 18.
WKDPELLQJHY— PVHNLWWDSÀPVHYDUHNNXPSÀQJD
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHPVHPOHYDL PHVHNNXPOHRUXSDGDPLUXNNXWKX
PVH\HVXWKWKLQ—NN—OLQJDLUXNNXWKX PVHNNXPXQQ—OHNÌGDQ—NN—OLLUXNNXWKX
PVHNNXSLQQ—OHQ—OXQ—NN—OLQJDLUXNNXWKX PVH\HSDWKWKLDSUDPSVUQ
PVHSDNNDPSÀK—GKLQJD PVH\HWKDYLUDLQJHR¼¼XPLOOH
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 19.
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS F/2&$7,9(&$6(
Locative Case.
‘le’ suffixed to nouns expresses locations, ‘at’ or ‘in’.
—VSDWKUL hospital —VSDWKULOH at the hospital, in the hospital.
Exceptions.
Nouns ending in ‘m’ ‘du’ ‘ru’,
change to ‘th’ ‘tt’ ‘th’, respectively,
before ‘le’ is added. Thus we have:-
Noun. Locative Case.
maram tree marathle in the tree.
Y¯GX house Y¯WWOH in the house.
NL¼DUX well NL¼DWKOH in the well.
Vocabulary
—Q— but kadetheru bazaar.
mail mile N—O stone, milestone.
GKÌUDP distance kilometer kilometre
NÀYLO temple, church vali pain
SDººLNÌGDP school vali edu (s.thth) feel pain.
Short Sentences.
Y¯WWOHXQJDDSS—LUXNU—U—"HQQDVHLU—U Is your father at home? What is he doing?
DYDULSSRLQJHLOOH—VSDWKULOHYOHVHLU—U
He is not here now. he is working at the hospital.
LSSRO—PDYDUURPEDYOHVHLUDU He is working a lot these days.
PVHOHHQSXVWKDKDQJDLUXNNXGK—" Are my books in the table (drawer)?
LOOHXQJDSXVWKDKDQJDPVHOHLOOHSHWWLOHLUXNNXGKX
No, your books are not in the drawer. They are in the box.
HQJDÌU—WKOHURPEDNRQMDPWKD¼¼LGK—QLUXNNXGKX
There is only very little water in the river of our place.

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 Adi’s Book.
WKÀWWDWKOHWKÀWWDNN—UDQYOHVHLU—Q The gardener is working in the garden.
SDººLNÌGDWKOHSDL\DQJDS—GDQJDSDGLNNU—QJD
The boys are studying lessons in the school.
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKOHHWKWKDQHS—GDQJDLUXNNXGKX"
How many lessons are there in this book?
DQWKDSXVWKDKDWKOHLUXEDWKXS—GDQJDLUXNNXGKX
There are 20 lessons in that book.
11. en kaileLSSRMDVWKLSD¼DPille. I do not have much money now. (idiom).
\HQGKDNDGHOHY—ÄDSDÄDPYLNNXGKX" At which shop are plantains sold?
13. arele \—U\—ULUXNU—QJD" Who are in the room. (‘who-all’, idiom).
14. idhule enna enna irukkudhu? What is in this. (‘what-all’, idiom).
15. vali enge yedukkudhu? vali yenge? Where does it hurt? Where is the pain.
16. ennakku vayithle jasthi vali edukkudhu. I have much pain in the stomach.
P—UOHURPEDYDOLHGXNNXGK—" Isthere much pain in the chest?
LQGKDS—GDWKOHNDVKWDP—QDY—UWKHQJDLOOH
There are no difficult words in this lesson.
DQGKDNL¼DWKOHWKD¼¼LLUXNNXGK—" Is there water in that well?
U—WKULOHQYOHVHLULQJD" Why are you working in the night?
XQJDºXNNXN—SLOHFKDNNDUHY¼XP—" Do you want sugar in your coffee?
Practical Conversation.
C: Customer A; Autorickshaw Man.
&Q—QNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDY¼XP I want to go to the bazaar.
$Y—QJD—WÀOHXNN—UXQJD Come on sir, sit in the auto.
&NDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDHYºDYXSD¼DPY¼XP"
How much money (do you) want, to go to the bazaar?
$SDWKXUÌE—NRGXQJDSÀWKXP Give ten Rupees, (it’s) enough.
&NDGHWKHUXHQJH"DWKXURPEDGKÌUDP—" Where is the bazaar? Is it a long way?
$WKHUL\XPDL\—DGKXRUXN\HPRUXPDLOLOOHDGKXURPEDGKÌUDPLOOH—Q—NLWWDYXPLOOH
I know, sir. It is one km, Not one mile. It’s not very far, but it’s not near either!
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 Adi’s Book.

Expansion Drill, For Lesson 19.

LGKX\—UNDGLGKDP"
idhu enna kattadam?
LQGKDNDGLGWKWKHDYDUXNNXNRQGXSÀQJD
LQGKDNDWWDGDWKWKXNNXY—VDOHQJH"
NDGLGKDPHÄXWKDRUXN—LGKDPNRQGXYD
HQSDL\HS—LPOHYDLQJD
S—LNNXXººHSÌQHLUXNNXGKX
S—LNNXXººHRUXSDL\DQLUXNU—Q
SDÄDPY—QJDSDL\HNRQGXSÀQJD
S—LY—QJDNDGHNNXYDQJD

NDGHOHL¼¼DNNLMDVWKLV—P—QLOOH Q—ºDNNLNÀYLOOHHQQHS—UXQJD
NDGHOHLSSRNDGHN—UDULOOH HQQDNNXDVSDWKULOHPDGK\—QDPYOHLOOH
HQJDWKÀWWDWKOHRUXNL¼DUXLUXNNXGKX SDººLNÌGDWKOHSDL\DQJDLOOH

NL¼DWKOHWKD¼¼LURPEDN¯ÄHLUXNNXGKX XQJDÌU—WKOHWKD¼¼LLUXNNXGK—"
LOOHQJDHQJDNL¼DWKOHNXGDWKD¼¼LLOOH QDPDNNHOO—PLQGKDÌUOHWKD¼¼LLOOH

HQJDÌUOHDSS—DPP—D¼¼DQWKDPELQJDDNN—WKDQJDFKFKLQJDHOO—UXPLUXNU—QJD
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKOHVXODEDP—QDS—GDPXPNDVKWDP—QDS—GDPXPLUXNNXGKX
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 20.
POST-POSITIONS F&217,18('
‘idam’ or ‘idaththukku’, suffixed to the declensional bases of pronouns,
are used to express ‘to’ (in motion).

This form is used for verbs such as ‘go’, ‘come’, ‘bring’, and ‘take’,
e.g.:-
HQQLGDPDGKHNRQGXYDU—GLQJD Do not bring that to me.
DYDULGDWKWKXNNXLSSRSÀK—GLQJD Do not go to him now.

This is interchangable with the Dative Case in some places, where the verbs are not in
motion, as in:-
HQQLGDPDQGKDSQDYHNRGXQJD Give that pen to me.
-------------------------
Vocabulary
WKDS—O post WKDS—O—S¯V post office
WKDS—ON—UDQ postman
eppovum always sila samayam sometimes
RUXYOH perhaps adikkadi often
V—GK—UDQDP— usually, normally. vDÄDNNDP— usually, normally.
-------------------------
XQJDSXVWKDKDWKHHQNLWWDNRQGXY—QJDXQJDSXVWKDKDWKHHQQLGDPNRQGXY—QJD
Bring your book to me. or Bring your book near me.
DYDQLGDPDGKHNRQGXSÀK—GKLQJD Don’t take that to him.
HQXGH\DWKDPELNÌGDHQQHSÀODLUXNU—Q My little brother is also like me.
Q—PHOO—PSQ—YHNRQGXHÄXGKUÀP All of us write with a pen.
DYDQJDLQWKDYDÄL\—HQJHSÀU—QJD Where are they going through this way?
Q¯QJDLQGKDYDÄL\—NÀYLOOXNNXSÀULQJD You are going to the church by this way.
NÀYLOHQJDY¯WWXNNXNLWWDLUXNNXGKX The temple (church) is near our house.

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 Adi’s Book.
—VSDWKULDYDUXGH\DY¯WWXNNXURPEDGKÌUDP—LUXNNXGKX
The hospital is far away from his house.
XQJDJU—PDPHYºDYXGKÌUDP"DGKHNLWWDY—GKÌUDP—"
How far is your village? Near or far?
MDQQDOPÌODP—\—UHS—UNULQJD" Who are you seeing through the window?
LQGKDNDGLGKDWKHP—QLNNDPPÌODP—DQXSSXQJD
Send this letter through Manikkam.
WKDS—ONDUDQHQQDNRQGXYDU—Q" What does the postman bring?
WKDS—ONDUDQQDPDNNXWKDS—ONRQGXYDU—Q
The postman is bringing us the post.
Q¯QJDDGLNNDGLWKDS—O—S¯VXNNXSÀULQJDO—"
Do you often go to the post office?
LOOHQ—QVLODVDPD\DPGK—QSÀUQ No, I go there only sometimes.
HSSRYXPQDOO—YOHVHLQJDDSUDPQDOO—V—SSLGXQJD
Always work well. Then eat well.
Q—QDGLNNDGLNÀYLOOXNNXSÀUQQ¯QJDHSGL
I often go to church, how about you?
Q¯QJDHSSRYXPWKDPLÄSVXQJDHQJOLVKSV—GKLQJD
Always speak Tamil. Do not speak English.
VLODVDPD\DPNRQMDPHQJOLVKSVXQJD Sometimes speak a little English.
HQQDNNXLGKHSÀODRUXSXVWKDKDPY¼XP
I want a book like this.
DYDULGDWKWKXNNXLSSRSÀK—GKLQJDQ—ODNNLHQQLGDPY—QJD
Don’t go to him now. Come to me tomorrow.
22. ennidam andha nalla pusthaham ille. I don’t have that good book with me.
Q—QVXKDPLOOHGRFWRULGDPSÀUQ I am not well, I am going to the doctor.
HQQLGDPDQGKDSQ—YHNRGXQJD Give that pen to me.
LSSRPDÄHSHLGKXNXGHNRQGXSÀQJD It is raining now. Take an umbrella.
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 Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
D: Driver, V: Villager.
'DL\—LQJHY—QJDFKHQQDLNNXHQGKDSDNNDPSÀKDY¼XP"
Sir, come here. Which way should iI go to Chennai?
9PXQQ—OHQHUDSÀQJDDSUDPLGDWKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEXQJD
Go straight first, then turn left.
'FKHQQDLHYDºDYXGKÌUDP" How far is Chennai?
9FKHQQDLQXWKXSDWKXNLORPHWDUGKÌUDP Chennai is110 kilometers distance.
'HQGKDÌUYDÄL\—FKHQQDLNNXSÀUÀP" Through which town do we go toChennai?
9N—QMLSÌUDPYDÄL\—SÀUÀP We go via Kanjipuram.
'YDÄLOHLQQXPHQQDÌUXQJDYDUXGKX" What other places are on the way?
9—UN—GXPVULSHUXPSXGÌUXPYDÄLOHYDUXGKX
Arcot and Sriperumbudur are on the way.
-------------------------
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 20.
LQGKDSQ—YHSÀODRUXQDOODSQ—Y—QJX XQJDQ—LHQQ—\HSÀODLUXNNXGKX
XQJDºXNNXLGKHSÀODY¼XP—" HQQDNNXLSSRDGKHSÀODSÀGKXP
DYDUXNNXPXKDP\—USÀODLUXNNXGKX" HQXGH\DNXÄDQGKHQJDHQQHSÀODLUXNNXGKX

LQGKD—WKWKXYDÄL\—F—UOHSÀK—GKLQJD XQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYDÄL\—Y¯WWXNNXSÀUQ
HQJDY¯WWXYDÄL\—NÀYLOOXNNXSÀQJD

Q¯QJDOWKDS—O—S¯VYDÄL\—SÀULQJDO—" Q—QHSSRYXPWKDS—O—S¯VYDÄL\—SÀUQ
—P—VLODVDPD\DPDQGKDSDNNDPSÀUQ DGLNNDGLDQGKDYDÄL\——VSDWKULNNXSÀUQ

XQJDºXGH\DÌUHYºDYXGKÌUDP" XQÌUGKÌUDP—NLWWDY—"
HQÌUNLWWDLOOHDGKXURPEDGKÌUDP XQJDÌUHGKXDGKXYOÌU——UQL\—"
L¼¼DNNLHQQDNNXWKDS—OLOOH\—" L¼¼DNNLXQJDºXNNXR¼¼XPLlle.
WKDS—OHQJHNRQGXSÀU—QJD"
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 21.
VERBS, FUTURE POSITIVE, AND
ORDINAL NUMBERS.
Verbs, Future Positive.
For Weak Verbs.
Root plus ‘v’ plus verbal endings, except neuter sngular and plural.
Q—QSÀYQ I will go Q—QJDSÀYÀP we will go
Q¯SÀYH you will go Q¯QJDSÀYLQJD you will go
DYDQSÀY—Q he will go DYDQJDSÀY—QJD they will go
DYDSÀY— she will go
DYDUSÀY—U he/she will go
But for neuter, Root plus ‘vum’ plus verbal endings
DWKXSÀYXP it will go DGKXQJDSÀYXP they will go
For Strong Verbs.
Root plus ‘pp’ plus verbal endings, except neuter sngular and plural.
Q—QDGLSSQ I will strike Q—QJDDGLSSÀP we will strike
Q¯DGLSSH you will strike Q¯QJDDGLSSLQJD you will strike
DYDQDGLSS—Q he will strike DYDQJDDGLSS—QJD they will strike
DYDDGLSS— she will strike
DYDUDGLSS—U he/she will strike
But for neuter, Root plus ‘kkum’ plus verbal endings
athu adikkum it will strike adhunga adikkum
Ordinal Numbers.
WKHVHDUHIRUPHGE\VXIIL[LQJµ—P¶RUµ—YDGKX¶WRWKH&DUGLQDO1XPEHUV
R¼¼X one R¼¼—PR¼¼—YDGKX first
UH¼GX two UH¼G—PUH¼G—YDGKX second
paththu ten SDWKWK—PSDWKWK—YDWKX tenth
SDQQH¼GX twelve SDQQH¼G—PSDQQH¼G—YDGKX twelfth
-------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary.
NLÄDPH day of the week Q—OGKLQDP dayof the month
Q—LWKWKXNLÄDPH Sunday Q—OGKÀUXP daily
WKLQJDNLÄDPH Monday GKLQDQGKÀUXP daily
VHYY—NLÄDPH Tuesday Y—UDP week
EXGKDQNLÄDPH Wednesday Y—UDPGKÀUXP weekly
Y\—ÄDNLÄDPH Thursday P—VDP month
YHººLNLÄDPH Friday P—VDPGKÀUXP monthly
VDQLNLÄDPH Saturday varusham year
WKGL date YDUXVKDPGKÀUXP yearly, annually
PXGKDORQQ—P first kadasi last
QWKWKX yesterday mundh—Q—O the day before yesterday
Q—ºDNNL tomorrow Q—ODQQDNNL the day after tomorrow
SÀQD last, previous (time) aduththa next
VQKLGKDU friend theru street
badhil reply, answer(n) badhil sol reply, answer(w.n)
N—WKWKLUX wait thirumbu return(w.in)
-------------------------
Sentences.
L¼¼DNNLHQQDNLÄDPHLGKXVDQLNLÄDPH\—"
What day is it today, is it Saturday?
—P—QHWKXYHººLNLÄDPHPXQGK—Q—ºY\—ÄDNLÄDPHQ—ºDNNLHQQ—"
Yes, yesterday was Friday, the day before yesterday Thursday, what’s tomorrow.
Q—ºDNNLWKLQJDNLÄDPHLOOHQJDQ—ºDNNLQ—LWKWKXNLÄDPHLOOH\—"
Tomorrow(‘s) Monday. No, no, tomorrow (‘s) Sunday, isn’t it?
DWKXVDULGK—QRUXY—UDWKOHHWKWKDQHQ—ODQJDLUXNNXGKXWKHUL\XP—"
That’s right. how many days are in one week, do you know?
RUXY—UDWKOHÄXQ—ORUXYDUXVKDWKWKXNNXPÌQÌWKWKXNNXPOHLUXNNXP
Seven days in one week, in one year there will be more than three hundred.

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 Adi’s Book.
DGKXVDULPÌQÌWKX—UXSDWKXDQMXQ—ORUXYDUDVKDWKOHLUXNNXWKX
That’s right, there are 365 days in one year.
Q¯QJDY—UDWKOHHWKWKDQHQ—OYOHVHLULQJD" How many days are you working in a week?
L¼¼DNLWKGLHQQDLGKXSDWKWK—PWKGLLOOH\—"
What is today’s date, it’s the 10th, isn’t it?
WKGLHQQDNNXWKHUL\DGKXQ¯QJDQ—OGKÀUXPµHQQDWKGL¶NNULQJD
I don’t know the date, you ask ‘what’s the date’ every day.
LQQDNNLHQDPP—YXPDSS—YXPÀVÌULOLUXQGKXYDUDQJD
Today my mother and father are coming from Hosur.
LUXEDWK—PWKGL\—UYDUDQJD" Who is coming on the 20th?
DQQDNLSDQQH¼GXSUYDUDYDQJD That day 12 people are coming.
Q—QQ—ºDNNLFKHQQDLNNXSÀYQQ¯QJDºXPYDUDYLQJDO—"
I will go to Chennai tomorrow. Will you come too?
Q—PQ—LWKWKXNLÄDPHNÀYLOXNNXSÀYRP
We will go to church on Sunday.
DQGKDQ—LXQQHNDGLNNXPDGKDQNLWWDSÀK—GH
That dog will bite you, don’t go near it.
LQGKDSÌQHHQN—OHVXWKWKLÀGXWKX
This cat is running round my feet.
VLODVDPD\DPHQQ—LNÌGDDSGLVHL\XP Sometimes my dog does that.
HQJDYOHN—UDQYHOHVHL\DGKLQDQGKÀUXPYDUXY—QDYDQQ—OGKÀUDPLQJHLUXNU—Q
Our servant will come daily to work. He is here every day.
Q—QJDDYDQXNNXP—VDPGKÀUXPSD¼DPNRGXSSÀP
We give him money every month.
Q—QSÀQDY—UDPYOÌUOHLOOH I was not in Vellore last week.
DGXWKWKDEXWKDQNLÄDPHY—QJD Come next Wednesday.
DGXWKWKDYDUXVKDPP—UFKP—VDPPÌQ—PWKGLWKLUXPEXQJD
Return next year on the third of March.
VHULDSGLGK—QVHLYQSÀLWXYDUQ Alright, I’ll do that. Goodbye.
-------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
Sending a message to a friend.
M: Master, S: Servant.
0XQQDNNXRUXNDGLGKDPNRGXSSQDGKXHQVQKLGKDUY¯WWXNNXNRQGXSÀ
I will give you a letter. Take it to my friend’s house.
6DSGL\VHLYQDYDUEDGKLOY¼XP—" I will do so. Do you want his answer?
0—P—DYDUEDGKLOY¼XP—S¯VXNNXHWWXPD¼LNNXSÀYDUDGKXNNXPXQQ—OHSÀ
Yes, I want his reply. He will go to the office at eight o’clock. You go before that.
6DYDUY¯GXHQJHLUXNNXWKX"GKD\DYXVHLGKXHQQDNNXN—WWXYLQJDO—"
Where is his house? Will you please show me?
0DGKXWKWKDWKHUXOHNÀYLOXNNXSLQQ—OHLUXNNXWKX
It is in the next street behind the temple.
S. saringa, ippo ennakku theriyum. Alright sir, now I know.
0Q—QXQQDNN—KDN—WKWKLUXSSQV¯NUDPY— I will wait for you. Come quick!
6LSSRYÀGXYQURPEDV¯NUDPWKLUXPEDYQ
I will run right now. I will return very soon.
-------------------------
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 21.
Q—QLQJHV—SSLGXYQ Q—QDGKHSDGLSSQ
Q—PLQJHV—SSLGXYÀP Q—PDGKHSDGLSSÀP
Q¯LQJHV—SSLGXYH Q¯DGKHSDGLSSH
Q¯QJDLQJHV—SSLGXYLQJD Q¯QJDDGKHSDGLSSLQJD
DYDQLQJHV—SSLGXY—Q DYDQDGKHSDGLSS—Q
DYDLQJHV—SSLGXY— DYDDGKHSDGLSS—
DYDULQJHV—SSLGXY—U DYDUDGKHSDGLSS—U
DYDQJDLQJHV—SSLGXY—QJD DYDQJDDGKHSDGLSS—QJD
DGKXLQJHV—SSLGXP adhu adhe padikkum
DGKXQJDLQJHV—SSLGXP adhunga adhe padikkum
Note:- Substitute µWKXQJX¶DQGµHÄXWKX¶ IRUµV—SSLGX¶
and ‘kudi’ and ‘adi’ for ‘padi’.

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GLQDQGKÀUXPN—OHOHHQGKLULSSQ
Y—UDPGKÀUXPDYDUNÀYLOOXNNXSÀYDU
P—VDPGKÀUXPQ—QFKHQQDLNNXSÀYQ
YDUXVKDPGKÀUXPDYDQJDHQQDNNXSXVWKDKDWKHDQXSSXY—QJD

LQGKDY—UDPY¯WWOHLUXSSQ
DGXWKWKDY—UDPYOHNNXSÀYQ
SÀQDY—UDPQ—QLQJHLOOH
DGXWKWKDP—VDPPXWKDOY—UDPEDQJDOÌUOHLUXSSQ
LQGKDP—VDPNDGDVLY—UDPLQJHWKLUXPEXYQ
Q—LWKWKXNNLÄDPHY—UDWKOHPXWKDOQ—O
VDQLNLÄDPHY—UDWKOHNDGDVLQ—O
YDUXVKDWKOHMDQDYDU\P—VDPRQQ—PP—VDP
YDUXVKDWKOHGHVHPEDUP—VDPNDGDVLP—VDP
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LESSON 22.
VERBS, PRESENT AND PAST NEGATIVES,
AND POTENTIAL FORM.
Present & Past Negatives.
infinitive plue ‘le’ irrespective of number, gender and person.
SÀKDOHRUQ—QSÀKDOH I do not go, or I did not go.
NXGLNNDOHQ—QNXGLNNDOH I do not drink, or I did not drink.
-------------------------
Potential Form-‘may’. (Permission).
LQILQLWLYHSOXHµO—P¶LUUHVSHFWLYHRIQXPEHUJHQGHUDQGSHUVRQ
Q¯QJDSÀKDO—P you may go.
Vocabulary
DGKDQ—OH therefore QLQQ— because
DSGL\ just like that DSGL\—" really? is that so?
DYºDYXGK—Q that is all DSGLGK—Q that’s it
PDWWXPGK—Q only. DQJHGK—Q only there
P—WKUXP only. sudu hot (to touch)
purukkam sultry, humid NXºLUFKFKL cool, coolness, cold
nadu(s.tt) plant. ishtam, piriyam liking (follows Dative)
pidi(s.thth) catch, but idiomatically also used for these other meanings:-
pidikkum is liked SLGLNN—GKX is not liked
these follow the dative case, such as in
idhe ennakku pidikkum I like this.
DGKHHQQDNNXSLGLNN—GKX I don’t like that.
Short Sentences.
L¼¼DNNLDYDUXNNXVÌKDPLOOHDGKDQ—OHDYDULQJHYDUDOH
He is not well today, therefore he did not come here.
DYDUL¼¼DNNLLQJHYDUDOHQLQQ—DYDUXNNXVRZN\DPLOOH
He has not come here today because he is not well.

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Q¯QJDP—WKUXPNÀYLOXNNXSRULQJDO— Are you alone going to the temple?
LQQXP\—UDQJHSÀYDQJD" Who else will go there?
Q—QLSSRV—SSLGDOHDSUDPV—SSLGXYQ I am not eating now, I will eat afterwards.
DYDQJDQ—ºDNNLHQJDY¯WWOHV—SSLGDO—P They may eat in our house tomorrow.
Q—QJDLSSRY¯WWXNNXSÀKDO—P—" May we go home now?
Q—QLQQDNNLNDGHNNXYDUDOHQ¯QJDP—WKUXPSÀKDO—P
I am not coming to the shop today, you may go by yourself.
Q—QQLSGLXUXNUQ"QLQQ—Q—QU—WKULQDOODWKÌQJDOH
Why am I like this? Because I did not sleep well last night.
LQGKDNDGLGKDPHQWKDPELUXGKDOH My little brother did not write this letter.
Q¯QJDPDWWXPNDGLGDWKHSDGLNNDO—P Only you may read the letter.
DSGL\—"DSSRDGKHQ—QP—WKUXPSDGLSSQ
Really? Then I shall read it by myself.
DSGLGK—QDSGLGK—QDGKHPDUXSDGL\XPVROOXQJD
That’s it, that’s it, say that again.
XQJDºXNNXHGKXLVKWDPN—SSL\—W¯\—" Which do you like, coffee or tea?
XQJDºXNNXHGKXURPEDSLGLNNXPNRÄL\——WWXNDUL\—"
Which do you like most, chicken or mutton?
DYDUXNNXV—WKDPSLUL\—GKXURWWLGK—QSLUL\DP
He does not like rice, he likes only bread.
XQJDHOO—UXNNXPLQJHV—SSLGDLVKWDP—" Do all of you like to eat here?
QDPHOO—UXPDSUDPV—SSLGDO—P All of us may eat afterwards.
XQJDYOHDYODYXGK—QLSSRSÀKDO—P That’s all of your work, you may go now.
Q—QPDGKXUDLNNXSÀUQDGKDQ—OHQ—ºDNNLS—GDPLOOH
I am going to Madurai, so there is no lesson tomorrow.
—Q—Q—ºD¼¼DNLQ—QLQJHLUXSSQ But I shall be here the day after tomorrow.
L¼¼DNLSDººLNÌGDPLUXNNXGKX—Q—Q—ºDNNLLOOH
Today there is school, but not tomorrow.
DSGL\—"VDULLQQDNNLSDººLNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀUQ
Is that so? Okay, I shall go to school today.

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Q¯QJDLQGKDWKD¼¼L\HNXGLNNDO—PLGKXQDOODWKD¼¼L
You can drink this water, this is good water.
Q¯QJDP—WKUXPV¯NUDP—QDGDNNDOH You only are not walking briskly.
XQJDW¯HSGLXQJDºXNNXLVKWDPSDOY¼XP—Y¼—P—VXGDS—OYQXP—"
How do you like your tea, do you want milk or not? Do you want hot milk?
Practical Conversation.
P: ponnamma S: Shanti.
3Q—PYHºL\HYLºD\—GDSÀKDO—P—" May we go out to play.
6LOOHSRQQDPP—HQQDNNXQUDPLOOHQ—QLQQDNLYDUDOH
No ponnamma, I have no time. I am not coming today.
3QWKXPDÄHSHL\DOHDGKDQ—OHYLºD\—GDURPEDQDOODLUXQGDGKX
Yesterday it did not rain, so it was very good to play.
6DGKXVHULGK—Q—Q—L¼¼DNNLURPEDYH\\LOLOOH\—"
That’s right, but today it is very hot, isn’t it?
3—P—URPEDYH\\LOGK—Q\HQQDVHL\DO—P"
Yes, very hot. What can be done?!
6LGKXYH\\LON—ODPDSGLGK—QLUXNNXP This is summer. It will be like that.
3V—LQJ—ODWKOHNRQMDPNXºLUFKFKL\—LUXNNXGKXQLQQ—DSSRN—WKXDGLNNXGKX
It’s a bit cool in the evening, because it’s breezy then.
6U—WKULURPEDSXUXNNDP—LUXNNXGKXQLQQ—N—WKXDSSRNRQMDPNÌGDLOOH
It is sultry at night, because then there is no breeze at all.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 15.
DYDULQJHVLODVDPD\DPYOHVHL\—YDU—U —Q—DYDUQWKXYDUDOHQHQDNNX
WKHUL\—GKX DYDUXNNXURPEDWKDOHYDOLDGKDQ—OHDYDUYOHNNXYDUDOH
DYDQJDPDUDWKWKXNNXN¯ÄHLUXNU—QJDQLQQ—URPEDYH\\LO—LUXNNXGKX
Q—QLGKHSDWKWKLNNNDOHQ¯QJDLGKHDSUDPVROODO—P
Q—QXQJDºXNNXRUXQDOODVDQJDGKLVROODO—P—"
HQXGH\DDSS—DQJHGK—QLUXNU—UQ¯QJDDYDUHS—UNNDOH\—"
Q—QJDHSSÀYXPV—GKDPV—SSLGUÀPVLODVDPD\DPFKDSS—WKWKLNÌGDV—SLGUÀP
HQJDºXNNXLQGKDY¯GXGK—QURPEDSLGLNNXP

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DQGKDY¯WWOHLUXNNDXQJDºXNNXSLGLNN—GK—"
LQGKDYOHDYºDYXGK—QLSSRQ¯QJDDGKHVHL\DO—P
DSGLGK—QDSGLGK—QPDUXSDGL\XPDSGL\VHLQJD
HGKXXQJDºXNNXM—VWKLSLUL\XPV—WKDP—FKDSS—WKWKL\—"
LQGKDSXVWKDKDPXQJDºXNN—KDQ¯QJDLGKHVDQGKÀVKDP—SDGLNNDO—P
L¼¼DNNLS—GDPVXODEDP—LUXNNDO—P—S—USSÀP
Q¯QJDS—GDWKWKHPHGKXY—SDGLQJDO—P—"S—NNDO—P
Q—QS—ONXGLNNDOHQLQQ—HQQDNNXS—OSLGLNNXPLOOH
SÀQDY—UDPHOO—PQ—QNDGLGKDPHÄXWKDOH
Q—ºDNNLNDGLGKDQJDHOO—PHÄXWKXYQ
Q—QHQDUHOHSDGLSSQQ¯QJDLQGKDLGDWKOHSDGLNNDO—P
WKÀWWDNN—UDUVHGLQJDºHQDGXY—U—Q—LQJHY¼—PDQJHQDGDVROOXQJD
Q—PQWKWKXVDQJDGKL\HSDWKWKLNRQMDPSVDO—P—"
LGKHOO—PURPEDQDOODY—N\DQJDLGKXQJDºHWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDVROODO—P
DYDUSXVWKDKDPHQNDLNNXDGXWKWKDY—UXPYDUXP
Q—QDGKHXQJDºXNNXSDGLNNDNRGXSSQ
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LESSON 23.
THE VEGETABLE SHOP, AND
REVIEW (REVISION) No.II.
7KH9HJHWDEOH6KRSN—LNDGH
Vocabulary
N—L vegetable N—LNDUL vegetables
WKDNN—OLNN—L tomato(es) NDWKWKDULNN—L brinjal(s)
YHQGHNN—L lady’s fingers SDFKFKHSDWW—¼L green peas
JÀVHSÌ cauliflower JÀVHPXWWHJÀVHNLÄH cabbage
HOO—YLGKDP—QD all kinds of are half
Practical Conversation.
C: Customer V; Vegetable Seller.
&XQJDºLGDPHQQDN—LLUXNNXGKX" What are the vegetables that you have?
9HQQLGDPHOO—PYLGKDP—QDN—LNDULQJDLUXNNXGKXXQJDºXNNXHQQDN—LY¼XP"
I have all kinds of vegetables. What vegetables do you want.
&HQQDNNXQDOO—NDWKWKDULNN—LRUXN¯ORY¼XP I want one kilo of fresh brinjals.
9VDULQJDXQJDºXNNXLQQXPHQQDN—LY¼XP"JÀVHPXWWH\XPJÀVHSÌYXPLUXNNXGKX
Alright sir, what other veg do you want? I have cabbage and cauliflower.
&L¼¼DNLQ—QDGKHOO—PY—QJDOHXQQLGDPWKDNN—OLSDÄDQJDLUXNNXGK—"
I am not buying them today. Do you have tomatoes?
9LOOHQJDHQQLGDPURPEDQDOODWKDNN—OLLOOHXQJDºXNNXSDFKFKHSDWW—¼LY¼XP—"
No sir, I don’t have very good tomatoes. Do you want green peas.
&SDFKFKHSDWW—¼LYLOHM—VWKL\—LUXNNXGKXYHQGDLNN—LLUXNNXGK—"
The price of peas is too much. Do you have ladies fingers?
9LUXNNXGKX\HYODYXY¼XP" I have. How much do you want?
&DUHN¯ORYHQGDLNN—LNRGXQJDLSSRDGKXSÀGKXP
Give me half a kilo of ladies fingers. That’s enough now.
-------------------------

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Review No II.
DL\—Y—QJDYD¼DNNDPHSGLLUXNULQJDVRZN\DP—"XQJDY¯WWOHHOO—UXPVÌKDP—"LQJH
HOO—UXP VÌKDPGK—Q  WKDPEL\XP WKDQJDFKFKL\XP NÌGD VXKDP—"  DSS—YXP DPP—YXP
VÌKDP—LUXNU—QJDO—"DSS—YXPDPP—YXPLSSRY¯WWOHLOOHDYDQJDQ—ºDNNLYDUDYDQJD
 LGKX \—U WKÀWWDP"  LGKX XQJD WKÀWWDP—"  XQJDºXNNX QDOO— WKÀWWDP LUXNNXGKX  XQJD
WKÀWWDP RUX QDOO— WKÀWWDP   XQJDºXGH\D WKÀWWDP QDOOD XUXNNXGKX   LQGKD VHGLOH UH¼GX
SÌGK—Q LUXNNXGKX   DQGKD NRGLOH M—VWKL LOH\XP SÌYXP LUXNNXGKXQJD   LQGKD WKÀWWD
PDUDQJDURPEDSHUL\DPDUDQJDLOOH\—"XQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXNL¼DUXNÌGDURPEDQDOODGKX
WKÀWWDNN—UDQLQJHYOHVHLU—QDYDQXNNXWKÀWWDWKOHNDVKWDP—QDYOHLOOH
 U—PDQ V—SS—GX WKD\—U—"   Q—QJD LSSR V—SSLGD YDUDO—P—"   HQJDºXNNX LSSR V—SS—GX
Y¼—P   LQQXP \—UXNNX V—SS—GX Y¼XP"   LYºDYX V—SS—GX HOO—UXNNXP SÀGKXP—"
HOO—UXNNXPQSÀGK—GKX"DGKHHQQDNNXN—WWXQJDGKD\DYXVHLWKXHQDNNXV¯NUDPV—SS—GX
SÀGXQJDNRQMDPWKD¼¼LNRQGXY—QJDV¯NUDPV¯NUDP
 WKDPEL LQJH YD  Q¯ HQJH SÀUH"  \—U Y¯WWXNNX SÀUH  —VSDWKULNNX DSUDP SÀ  L¼¼DNL
SÀK—GH Q—ºDNNLSÀKDO—P  XQ WKDQJDFKFKL HQQD VHLU—"  DYD Y¯WWOH YOH VHLU—  DYDOH LSSR
LQJHNÌSSLGXDYDLQJHYDUDO—P—"WKDQJDFKFKLYKDP—YDRUXQDOODS—WWXS—GX
VDUL XQJDºXNN—KD RUX QDOO— S—WWX S—GUQ  XQJDºXNNX HQ S—WWX LVKWDP—"  —P— XQ S—WWX
HQQDNNX URPED LVKWDP  DSSR Q¯QJD HQ S—WWH NNNDO—P  HQ S—WWX HSGL LUXNNXGKX"  XQ
S—WWXQJDHSSRYXPQDOO—LUXNNXPVDULQ—QSÀLWXY—UQ6DULWKDQJDFKFKLSÀLWXY—
 DGKX \—U SHWWL WKHUL\XP—"  DQGKD SHWWL\ WKLUDQJD  DGKH DSGL PÌG—GKLQJD  DUH XOOH
NRQGXSÀQJDLQJHYDLQJDLGKXQDOO—LGDPRUXSHWWLYDLNNDURPEDQDOODLGDPQ¯QJDLSSR
SHWWL\HYDLNNDO—PLQGKDFKLQQDSHWWLXQJDOXNNXSÀGKXP—"SHUL\DSHWWLY¼XP—"
 Q—QJD N—WS—GLNNX V—LQJ—ODP DQMX PD¼LNNX SÀYÀP  DGKDQ—OH Q¯QJD PDGK\—QDP Q—OX
PD¼LNNX Y—QJD   QDQ N—WS—GLNNX YDUDOH   Q¯QJD P—WKUXP SÀKDO—P   DSGL\—" VDUL Q—Q
DSGL\ VHLUQ  Q—ºDNNL NRQMDP PXQGKL YDUXYLQJDO—"  GKD\DYXVHLWKX SLQGKL YDU—GKLQJD
HOO—UXPV¯NUDPYDUXYDQJD

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Q¯QJDGRFWRULGDPSÀULQJDO—"QDYDULGDPSÀULQJD"QLQQ—Q—QVXKDPLOOHLQQXP\—U
GRFWRULGDP SÀYDQJD"   Q¯QJD PXQQ—OH SÀQJD Q—Q SLQQ—OH YDUQ   GRFWRU LSSR \HQJH
LUXNU—U"  Q—Q NÌGD DYDUH S—USSQ  Q—P GRFWRU Y¯WWXNNX SÀKDO—P—"  VLOD VDPD\DP DYDU
LSSR—VSDWKULOHLUXSS—U
LSSRPDÄHSHLGKXDGKDQ—OHYHºL\HSÀK—GKLQJDNXGHNRQGXSÀQJDQLQQ—URPEDPDÄH
SHLGKXL¼¼DNLHOO—PYH\\LOLOOHLSSRMDVWKLPDÄHSHL\DOH—Q—N—WKWKXNRQMDPDGLNNXGKX
DSUDPPDÄHSHL\DO—PDGKDQ—OHV¯NUDPY¯WWXNNXLSSRÀGXQJD
L¼¼DNLQDOODQ—OQLQQ—L¼¼DNLQ—QQDOO—WKDPLÄSVUQSÀQDWKLQJDNLÄDPHHQQDWKGL"
Q—ºDNNL HQQD PXWKDO WKGL\—"  —P— PXWKDO WKGLGK—Q  VDUL URPED VDQGKÀVKDP QLQQ—
Q—ºDNNL \HQ NDLNNX SD¼DP YDUXP   YHººLNNLUDPH PDGK\—QDP PDUXSDGL\XP Y—QJD
GKD\DYXVHLGKXY—UDPGKÀUDPY—QJDQ—ºD¼¼DNLYDU—GKLQJD
 Q¯QJD NXºLNNDOH\—"  DSSR \HQJH NXºLNND SÀULQJD"  XQJDºXNNX NXºLNND \HQQD WKD¼¼L
Y¼XP"VXGDWKD¼¼LLUXNNXGK—"LUXNNXGKX—Q—URPEDURPEDVXGDLUXNNXGKXVDULDSSR
Q—Q SDFKFKH WKD¼¼LOH NXºLNUQ  LGKX XQJDºXNNX URPED NDVKWDP  XQJD NDVKWDWKWKXNNX
HOO—P URPED QDQGUL   U—PDQ HQ Q—\H DSUDP NXºLSDWWXYH\—   HQ Q—L NRQMDPNÌGD VXGK
GKDP—LOOH
 HQDNNX HÄXWKD RUX N—LGKDP Y¼XP  XQJDOLGDP N—LGKDP LUXNNXGK—"  LQGKD FKLQQD
N—LGKDPSÀWKXP—"DGKXGK—QSÀWKXPWKDPELLGKHSÀODLQQRUXN—LGKDPLUXNNXGK—"
LQGKDSDNNDPYDUHNNXPHÄXWKDO—PDGXWKDSDNNDWKOHHÄXWK—GKLQJDGKD\DYXVHLGKXLQGKD
NDGLGKDP WKDS—OOH SÀGXQJD  QDPDNNX WKDS—O \—U NRQGXYDU—QJD"   WKDS—ON—UDQ GKLQDQ
GKÀUXPN—OHLOHHWWXPD¼LNNXQDPDNNHOO—PWKDS—ONRQGXYDU—Q
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LESSON 24.
VERBS, FUTURE TENSE, NEGATIVE.
Future Negative.
,QILQLWLYHSOXVµP—WW¶SOXVYHUEDOHQGLQJVH[FHSWLQJWKHQHXWHUIRUPV
SÀKDP—WWQ I will not go. SÀKDP—WW—QJD They will not go.
DGLNNDP—WWQ I will not strike DGLNNDP—WWLQJD You will not strike.
Exceptions, - Neuter Forms.
Weak Verbs, Singular. ,QILQLWLYHSOXVµ—GKX¶
SÀK—GKX It will not go. WKÌQJ—GKX It will not sleep.

Strong Verbs, Singular. ,QILQLWLYHSOXVµN—GKX¶

DGLNN—GKX It will not strike NXGLNN—GKX It will not drink.

Plural. as for neuter singular, but with the plural verbal endings
SÀK—GKXQJD They will not go. WKÌQJ—GKXQJD They will not sleep.
DGLNN—GKXQJD they will not strike. NXGLNN—GKXQJD They will not drink.
Vocabulary
LQGKL\— India jananga people
NLÄDNNX East NLÄDNN in the East
PUNX, West PUN in the west
vadakku North YDGDNN in the North
therku South WKHUN in the South.
N—ODP time (long) QUDP time (short)
ghavanam care, attention JKDYDQDP— carefully
YLWK\—VDP difference YLWK\—VDP—QD different (adj)
SD¼DP money SD¼DNN—UDQ rich man
NXÄDQGKHSLOODL child SD¼DNN—UL rich woman
—Q male SH¼ female, girl
NOYL question RU the same
DQKDP— almost, mostly P—GKLUL sort, kind, type.

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FKRNN—FKDWWH shirt choli blouse
SÀWWXNRºXGXWKWKXNRº wear, put on WKX¼LQJD clothes
NDWWLNNRº wear(sari, dhoti)
thirumbu(w.in) turn (int) thiruppu(w.in) turn (tr)
iduppu waist, hip
Short Sentences.
Q—PQ—LWKWKXNLÄDPHYOHVHL\DSÀKDP—WWÀPQLQQ—Q—LWKWKXNLÄDPHQDPDNNXYOHLOOH
We will not go to work on Sunday, because on Sunday we have no work.
SD¼DNN—UDQLGDPM—VWKLSD¼DPLUXNNXP The rich man will have lots of money.
LGKXXQJDºXGH\DNXÄDQGKH\—"NXÄDQGKHSU\HQQD"
Is this your child? What is the child’s name.
XQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHNXÄDQGKHLUXNNXGKX"
How many chidren do you have.
HQQDNNXPÌQXNXÄDQGKHUH¼GXSDL\DQRUXSH¼LUXNNXGKX
I have three children; there are two boys, one girl.
DYDQJDºXNNXSUDQJDQDU—\DQDQ—QDQGNDPDO—LUXNNXGKX
Their names are Narayanan, Anand and Kamala.
LQGKDNXÄDQGKHNNXYD\DVXHQQD" How old is this child?
LGKXNNXYD\DVXQ—OXLGKXNNXQ—OXYD\DVX
It is 4 years old.
LSSRXQJDºXNN—KDRUXNOYLLUXNNXGKX Now here is a question for you.
RUXN¯OROHHWKWKDQHYDÄDSDÄDPLUXNNXP" How many plantains are in one kilo?
DGKXQDOO—NºYLLOOH\—" That is a good question, is it not?
URPEDQDOODNºYLGK—Q—Q—NDVKWDP—QDNºYL
A very good question indeed, but a difficult question.
VXODEDP—QDNºYLDSUDPNSSQ I will ask an easy question later.
GKD\DYXVHLGKXLQGKDNOYLNNXLSSREDGKLOVROOXQJD
Please reply now to this question.
HQGKDS—GDPXQJDºXNNXVXODEDP—LUXNNXGKX"
Which lesson is easy for you?

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HQDNNXVLODNºYLVXODEDPVLODNºYLNDVKWDP
Some lessons are easy and some are hard for me.
XQJDºXNNXHOO—PS—GDPXP sulabam. All the lessons are easy for you.
(all the lessons, without exception).
Q¯QJDLQGKL\—OHHYºDYXN—ODP— (HYºDYXQ—º—) irukringa?
How long have you been in India?
Q—QLQGKL\—OHUH¼GXYDUXVKDP—LUXNUQ I have been here since two years
(I have been here for two years).
—VSDWKULOHQ¯QJDHYºDYXQUDPLUXSSLQJD"
How long will you be at the hospital?
Q—Q—VSDWKULOHLQQXPPÌQXPD¼LQUDPLUXSSQ
I will be in the hospital for three hours more.
W—PEDUDPFKHQQDLNNXHQGKDSDNNDPLUXNNXGKX"
On which side of Chennai is Tambaram.
FKHQQDLNNXW—PEDUDPWKHUNXSDNNDPLUXNNXGKXDGKHFKHQQDLNNXWKHUNLUXNNXGKX
Tambaram is on the South side of Chennai. It is South of Chennai.
Q—PPDGKXUHNNXYDGDNLUXNUÀP We are North of Madurai.
PXGKDOHNLÄDNNHSÀQJDDSUDPWKHUNWKLUXPEXQJD
First go to the East, then turn to the South.
LSSRHQSDNNDPWKLUXPEXQJDDSGLWKLUXPEK—GLQJD
Now turn towards me. Don’t turn that way.
QUDSÀQJDLQGKDSDNNDPDQGKDSDNNDPWKLUXPEK—GKLQJD
Go straight. Don’t turn this side or that.
DYDUQ—ºDNNLLQJHYDUDP—WW—U He will not come here tomorrow.
LGKXURPEDQDOODQ—LDGKXNDGLNN—GKX This is a very good dog, it will not bite.
LQGKDSÌQH\XPS—ONXGLNNXP—" *Will this cat also drink milk?
*This is also a proverb, similar in meaning to ‘butter wouldn’t melt in his mouth’.
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Practical Conversation.
F; Foreigner, I: Indian.
)XQJDGKVDWKOH—¼XQJDHQQDWKX¼LQJDSÀWWXNRºU—QJD"
What clothes do men wear in your country?
,HQJDGKVDWKOH—¼XQJDURPEDSUGKÀWLNDWWXNRºU—QJDVLODSUSDQWXGXWKWKXNRºU—QJD
In our country many wear a dhoti, some wear pants. (trousers)
)SH¼¼XQJDHQQDYLGKDP—QDWKX¼LQJDSÀWWXNNRºY—QJD"
What kind of clothes do women wear?
,DQKDP—SH¼¼XQJDHOO—PVOHSXGDYHNDWWLNNRºU—QJD—Q—LSSRVHOYDNDPLVHLUXNNXWKX
Almost all the women wear sarees, but now the selva kamise is here.
)LQGKL\—HOO—PMDQDQJDºXNNXRUP—GKLULWKX¼LGK—Q—"
Do people dress the same way throughout India?
,LOOHRUP—GKLUL\—LOOHVLODLGDQJDOOHYLWK\—VDP—WKX¼LQJDSÀWWXNNRºU—QJD
No, not all the same way, they dress differently in some places.
)DYDQJDLGXSSXNNXPOHHQQDSÀWWXNNRºU—QJD"
What do they wear above the waist?
,—QXQJDLGXSSXNNXPOHFKRNND\XPSH¼¼XQJDFKÀOL\XPXGXWKWKXNNRºU—QJD
The men wear shirts and the women wear cholies above the waist.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 24.
Q¯QJDPDUDSDGL\XPNºYLQJDNSSLQJDº—"LOOHQ—QHOO—NºYLQJDºXPNNNDP—WWQ
LQGKDSH¼NXÄDQGKHNNXYD\DVXHQQD"\HQXGH\DSH¼YD\DVXUH¼GX
DQGKDVDQJKDGLHQDNNXVROODP—WWLQJDº—"Q—QLSSRSVDP—WWQHQDNNXYOHLUXNNXGKX
VDULXQJDYOH\HJKDYDQDP—VHLQJDQ—QDSUDPYDUQ
DYDUL¼¼DNLXQJDºXNNXSD¼DPNRGXNNDP—WW—UQ—QXQJDºXNNXSD¼DPDGLNNDGLWKDUDP—WWQ
DYDQJDURPEDQUDPLQJHLUXNNDP—WW—QJDDYDULQGKDÌUOHURPEDNDODP—Q—º—LUXNU—U
LQGKDQ—LDGLNNDGLLQJHYDU—GKXVLODVDPD\DPGK—QYDUXP
DQGKDNXÄDQGKHLSSRS—G—GKXQ—ºDNNLV—LQJ—OXPS—GXP
DYDDNN—NÌGDL¼¼DNNLS—GDP—WW—HQJDSÌQHV—GKDPV—SSLG—GKXS—OGK—QNXGLNNXP
SD¼DNN—UDQXNNXM—VWKLSD¼DPLUXNNXGKX—Q—VDQGKÀVKDPLOOH

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DGXWKWKDY—UDPQ—QFKHQQDLNNXSÀKDP—WWQQ—QDYDUHWKLUXPEDNÌSSLGDP—WWQ
Q—QJDDYºDYXGKÌUDPQDGDNNDP—WWÀPQ¯QJDLQGKDDUHOHWKÌQJDP—WWLQJDO—"
XQJDSXVWKDKDPPVHPOHLUXNN—GK—"DYDUSDFKFKHWKD¼¼LOHNXºLNNDP—WW—U
Q—QJD\HSSRYXPSDKDOOHWKÌQJDP—WWÀPNXÄDQGKHQJDPDGK\—QDWKOHYLºD\—GDP—WWDQJD
Q¯QJDNDGKDYHVDUL\—PÌGDP—WWLQJDXQJDSDGDWKWKHHQDNNXN—WWDP—WWLQJDº—"
XQJDºXNN—KDDYDUWKLUXPEDS—GDP—WW—UHQSXVWKDKDWKWKHQ—ºDNNLDQXSSDP—WWLQJDº—"
LQGKDY—UDPHQDNNXNDGLGKDQJDYDU—GKXDQGKDSQ—QDOODVDUL\DHÄXGKDGKX
NHWWDQ—LNDGLNNXPQDOODQ—LNDGLNN—GKXHQSHWWL\HWKLUDNNDP—WWQDSUDPWKLUDSSQ
N—SSLNRQMDPV¯NUDPWKD\—UVHL\DP—WWLQJDO—"VDULLSSRGK—QVHL\DSÀUQ
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 25.
NOUNS & PRONOUNS F,167580(17$/&$6(
‘BY MEANS OF’, ‘WITH’.
& VERBS,
‘SHOULD’, ‘SHOULD NOT’, ‘MUST’, ‘MUST NOT’.

‘By Means Of ’, ‘With’.

1RXQVDQGSURQRXQVXVHGHFOHQVLRQDOEDVHSOXVµ—OH¶
Nouns.
SQ—Y—OH with the pen NDWKWKL\—OH with the knife

Nouns ending in ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘thth’.

Nouns ending in ‘du’ change to ‘tt’.

pusthaham SXVWKDKDWKWK—OH with the book

kayiru ND\LWKWK—OH with the string
P—GX P—WW—OH with the ox

The translation ‘with’ in the appropriate places can be replaced by

‘by means of’, and also sometimes by ‘because of’ or ‘on account of’,
as seen in sentences 8, 10, and 11.
Pronouns.
Q—Q HQQ—OH Q—P QDP—OH
Q—QJD HQJDº—OH
Q¯ XQQ—OH Q¯QJD XQJDº—OH
avan DYDQ—OH avanga DYDQJDº—OH
ava DYDº—OH
avar DYDU—OH
adhu DGK—OH adhunga DGKXQJDº—OH

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 Adi’s Book.
‘Should’, ‘Should Not’, ‘Must’, ‘Must Not’.
‘Should’
‘Should’ is expressed by Infinitive plus µ¼um’ for any verb,
regardless of number, gender or person.
SÀKD¼XP should go Y—VLNND¼XP should read
LQILQLWLYHSOXVµ¼XP¶DOVRH[SUHVVHVµQHHG¶UHIOHVVRQ
‘Should Not’
‘Should not’ is expressed by Infinitive plus µNÌG—GKX¶ for any verb,
regardless of number, gender or person.
SÀKDNÌG—GKX should not go Y—VLNNDNÌG—GKX should not read
‘Must’, ‘Must Not’
These are expressed as above,
EXWLQERWKSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHIRUPVWKHZRUGµNDWW—\DP¶SUHFHGHVWKHLQILQLWLYH
Q—QDYDUHNDWW—\DPS—UNND¼XP I must see him.
Q¯QJDLQGKDS—OHNDWW—\DPNXGLNNDNÌG—GKX You must not drink this milk.
Vocabulary
udhe kick (n) V—P—Q thing(s), article(s)
udhe (s.th) kick manni (s.th) forgive
aru (s.th) cut (with a knife) vettu (w.in) cut (with an axe)
Short Sentences.
SDL\DQJDSDQGKHN—O—OHXGKHNU—QJD
The boys are kicking the ball with the legs. (feet).
DYDUURWWL\HNDWKWKL\—OHDUXNU—U He is cutting the bread with the knife.
Q¯QJDLQGKDNDWKWKL\—OHPDUDWKHDUXNNDNÌG—GKX
You should not cut wood with this knife.
DYDUHOO—S—GDQJDºXPNDWW—\XPSDGLNND¼XP
He must study all the lessons.
Q—PWKDPLÄURPEDPHGKXY—SVDNNXG—GKX
We should not speak Tamil very slowly.

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DQGKDPP—LQQXPQDOODWKDPLÄSVD¼XP That lady should speak better Tamil.
Q—QHQJOLVKDGLNNDGLNDWW—\XPSVDNNXG—GKX I must not speak English often.
DYDU—OHQ—QVLODVDPD\DPLQJHY—UQ I am coming here sometimes because of him.
Q¯QJDHQQHNDWW—\DPPDQQLNND¼XP You must forgive me.
HQQ—OHXQJDºXNNXLQGKDNDVKWDPLOOH\—"
You have this trouble because of me, haven’t you?
XQJDº—OHRUXNDVKWDPXPLOOHYDUXWKWKDSSDG—GKLQJD
There is no trouble at all on account of you, don’t worry.
Q¯QJDLQGKDYOH\HJKDYDQDP—VHL\D¼XP You should do this work carefully.
Q—Q—VSDWKULNNXSÀKDHQGKDSDNNDPWKLUXPED¼XP"
Which way should I turn to go to the hospital?
PXGKDOOHQUDSÀKD¼XPDSUDPYDODGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPED¼XP
You should first go straight, then turn to the right (side).
LGDWKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEDNÌG—GKX You should not turn to the left (side).
HQJDQDOODSÌQH\HQ¯DGLNNDNÌG—GKX You should not hit our nice cat.
XQJDºXNNX\—USD¼DPNRGXNND¼XP" Who should give you money?
DYDUXNNXQ¯QJDLYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXNNDNÌG—GKX
You should not give him this much money.
Q—QLSSR\HQQDNXGLNND¼XPN—SSL\—S—O—"
What should I drink now, coffee or milk?
Q¯LSSRM—VWKLS—ONXGLNNDNÌG—GKX You should not drink much milk now.
Q—QW¯NXGDNXGLNNDNÌG—GK—" Should I not drink even tea?
WKDPELQ¯\QVDGKGKDP—SVUH"LQJHDSGLSVDNÌG—GKX
Little brother, why are you talking loudly. You should not speak like that here.
Q—PN—ODPHLQJHHWWXPD¼LNNXNDWW—\XPLUXNND¼XP
We must be here at 8 o’clock in the morning.
LQGKDDUH\HSSÀYXPVXGKGKDP—LUXNND¼XP This room should always be clean.
Q¯QJDºº—PY¯WWXNNXYHºL\HYLºD\—GD¼XPY¯WWXNNXººHYLºD\—GDNNÌG—GKX
All of you should play outside the house. You should not play inside.
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 Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
Leaving the Railway Station.
T: Traveller, A: Autorickshaw Driver.
7LGKXXQYDQGL\—" Is this your vehicle?
$—PDQJDQ¯QJD\HQJHSÀKDY¼XP" Yes sir, where do you want to go?
7Q—QVDLG—SHWWDLNNXSÀKDY¼XPHYºDYXSD¼DPNNUH
I want to go to Saidhapet. How much money do you want?
$VDLGK—SHWWDLURPEDGKÌUDPQÌUXUÌE—NRGXQJD
Saidapet is a long way. Give me 100 rupees.
7Q—QDYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXNNDP—WWQDPEDWKXUÌE—NRGXSSQ
I will not give that much money. I will give 50 rupees.
$LOOHQJDQ—QDPEDWKXUÌE—NNXDYºDYXGKÌUDPYDUDP—WWQ
No sir, I will not come (go) that far for 50 Rupees.
7XQQÀGXSVDHQDNNXQUDPLOOHQ¯SÀKDO—P
I don’t have time to talk to you. You may go.
$DL\——UXEDWKDQMXNRGXQJDV¯NUDPSÀKDO—P
Sir, give sixty five. We may go quickly. (Quick, let’s go).
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 25.
HQQLGDWKOHXQJDSXVWKDKDPLOOHXQJDºLGDPGK—QLUXNNXPQ¯QJDDSGLSVDNÌG—GKX
DYDUXPDSGLVROODNÌG—GKXQ—QQDGKSÀODVROOD¼XP"LGKXRUXNOYL\—"
Q—PQDPXGH\DNXÄDQGKHNNXLGKHSÀODV—SS—GXGK—QNRGXNND¼XP
DYDQJDM—VWKLPLWW—LDGLNNDGLV—SLGDNÌG—GKX
FKHQQDLNNXSÀKDQ¯QJDYDODGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEXQJD
Q¯QJDQUDSÀKDNÌG—GKXLGDGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEDNÌG—GKX
LQGKDFKLQQDYOH\HVHL\DLYºDYXQUDPLUXNNDNÌG—GKX
LGKHURPEDYKDP—VHL\D¼XPPHGKXY—VHL\—GKLQJD
DL\—Q¯QJDWKDPLÄYKDP—YDVLNND¼XPHÄXWKD¼XPSVD¼XP
WKDPLÄLSGLURPEDPHGKXY—SVDNÌG—GKX
Q¯QJDLSSRDQGKDYOH\HVHL\DY¼—PW¯WKD\—UVHL\DY¼XP
Q—QV¯NUDPYHºL\HSÀKDQXPSÀKDY¼XP

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 Adi’s Book.
WKDPELDQGKDV—P—QH\QN—O—OHXGKHNUH"DGKHDSGLN—O—OHXGKHNNDNÌG—GKX
Q¯QJDGK—QY—UDPGKÀUXPS—WWXS—GD¼XPS—WWHHSSRYXPURPEDVDGKGKDP—S—GDNÌG—GKX
Q—QL¼¼DNNLDQKDNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKD¼XPQ¯QJDHOO—PNDVKWDP—QDNºYLNNNDNÌG—GKX
DYDUWKDS—O—S¯VXNNXSÀKD¼XPV¯NUDPY—QJDQ¯QJDV¯NUDPEDGKLOVROOD¼XP
SDººLNÌGDWKWKXNNXLQGKDYDÄLOHGK—QSÀKD¼XPSD¼DPNNNDHQQLGDPYDUDNÌG—GKX
Q—QURPEDNHWWDYDQQ¯QJDHQQHPDQQLNNDNÌG—GKX
URWWL\HHGK—OHDUXNNDSÀULQJD"LQGKDNDWKWKL\—OHGK—QURWWL\HDUXNND¼XP
N—LGDWKWKHNDWKWKL\—OHDUXNNDNÌG—GKX
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 26.
NOUNS & PRONOUNS Fµ:,7+¶
VERBS.Fµ1(('¶µ1(('127¶

‘With’, (Accompanied, Associated).

1RXQVDQGSURQRXQVXVHGHFOHQVLRQDOEDVHSOXVµÀGX¶
Nouns.
SQ—YÀGX with the pen NDWKWKL\ÀGX with the knife

Nouns ending in ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘thth’.

Nouns ending in ‘du’ change to ‘tt’.

pusthaham SXVWKDKDWKWKÀGX with the book

kayiru ND\LWKWKÀGX with the string
P—GX P—WWÀGX with the ox
Pronouns.
Q—Q HQQÀGX Q—P QDPÀGX
Q—QJD HQJDºÀGX
Q¯ XQQÀGX Q¯QJD XQJDºÀGX
avan DYDQÀGX avanga DYDQJDºÀGX
ava DYDºÀGX
avar DYDUÀGX
adhu DGKDQÀGX adhunga DGKXQJDºÀGX
‘Need, Need Not’, also ‘should, should not’
7KHVHDUHH[SUHVVHGE\DGGLQJµY¼XP¶DQGµY¼—P¶UHVSHFWLYHO\WRWKH,QILQLWLYH
regardless of number, gender and person.
VHL\D¼XP need to do, should do pÀKDY¼—P need not go, should not go
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 Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary
SSRYXP always µSSRYXP¶SOXVDQ\QHJDWLYH never
XGDQ at once, immediately FK¯WWX chit, note.
nimisham minute YLQ—GLQRGL second (n)
LQQRUXYURUX another (adj) inno¼¼XYUR¼¼X another (one, thing)(n)
V—NNX excuse, pretext V—NNXVROZQ make excuse, (false?)
P—OH mountain WKHQLQGKL\— South India
UL lake padahu boat
DÄDKX beauty DÄDK—QD beautiful
Short Sentences.
LYDUÀGXSÀQJDLYDUXQJDºXNNXNDGH\HN—WWXY—U
Go with this person. he will show you the shop.
DYDUXQJDºÀGXSVDP—WW—UHQQÀGXSVXQJD
He will not speak with you. Speak with me.
Q—QGRFWRUHS—UNND¼XPDYDUHS—UNNDO—P—"
I should see the doctor. may I see him?
Q¯QJDLSSRDYDUHNDWW—\DPS—UNND¼XP— Must you see him now?
—P—Q—QDYDUHNDWW—\DPS—UNND¼XPXGDQSDUNND¼XP
Yes, I must see him. I should see him immediately.
VDULDQJHXNN—UXQJDLQJHQLNNDNÌG—GKXAlright, sit there. You should not stand here.
DYDUYURUXGRFWRUÀGXSVU—UNRQMDPLUXQJD
He is talking with another doctor. Just (please) wait.
WKDPELLQGKDSDL\DQÀGX\HSSRYXPYLºD\—G—GKH
Little brother, never play with this boy.
QDOODSDL\DQJDNHWWDSDL\DQJDOÀGXYLºD\—GDP—WW—QJD
Good boys will not play with the bad boys.
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHXQJDºÀGXNRQGXSÀKDY¼—P
You need not take this book with you.

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LGKHSDGLNNDXQJDºXNNXLVKWDPLUXNN—GKX
You will not like to read this.
Q—QLQQRUXSXVWKDKDPNRGXSSQQ¯QJDDGKHSDGLNNDO—P
I will give another book. You may read that.
QDOODSXVWKDKDWKWKHMDVWKLV¯NUDP—SDGLNNDNÌG—GKXJKDYDQDP—GK—QSDGLNND¼XP
You should not study a good book too quickly. You should study carefully.
VDULQ—QLGKHJKDYDQDP—GK—QSDGLSSQLGKHURPEDYKDP—SDGLNNDP—WWQ
Okay, I will study it carefully. I will not study it very quickly.
DGXWKDY—UDPLQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKÀGXHQQLGDPY—QJD
Next week come to me with this book.
DSSRLGKHSDWKLQ—PUH¼GXSUXPSVXYÀP
Then both of us will speak about this.
QDPPÀGXV—SSLGDLQQXP\—UYDU—QJD" Who else is coming to eat with us?
LGKX\—UFK¯WWX"LQGKDFK¯WWÀGX\HQJHSÀULQJD"
Whose chit is this? Where are you going with this chit?
LQGKDFK¯WWHQ—QHÄXWKDOH I did not write this chit.
GKD\DYXVHLWKXLGKHDYDULGDPXGDQNRQGXSÀQJD
Please take this to him at once.
\HQQHLSSRNÌSSLGDY¼—P\HQQDNNXM—VWKLYOHLUXNNXGKX
You need not call me now. I have a lot of work.
DGXWKDP—VDPQ¯QJDHQDNNXNDWW—\DPDQGKDSD¼DPNRGXNND¼XP
You must give me that money next month
Q¯QJDV—NNXVROODNÌGDGKX You should not make (false?) excuses.
Q¯QJDQDOODVDPDFKFK—UDWKWKÀGXYDULQJDLOOH\—
You are coming with good news, is it not?
\HQNDGLGDWKWKÀGXWKDS—O—S¯VXNNXSÀQJD
Go to the post office with my letter.
-------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
Discussing Summer Resorts.
F: Foreigner, I: Indian
)LQGKL\—OHNÀGDLN—ODWKWKXNNXHQJHSÀKDO—P"
Where can one go for the summer in India?
,YDGDLQGKL\—OHVLODLGDPXPWKHQLQGKL\—OHVLODLGDPXPLUXNNXGKX
There are some places in North India and some in South India.
)Q—QWKHQLQGKL\—YXNNXSÀKD¼XPWKHQLQGKL\—OHURPEDDÄDK—QDLGDPHGKX"
I should go to South India. Which is the most beautiful place in South India?
,WKHQLQGKL\—OHQ¯ODJLULPDOH\XPNÀGDLN—QDOPDOH\XPURPEDDÄDK—QDLGDQJD
In South India the Nilgiri Hills and Kodaikanal Hills are very beautiful.
DGKXQJDNÌOLUFKL\—QDLGDQJDNÌGD They are cool places also.
)YDGDLQGKL\—OHURPEDURPEDDÄDK—QDLGDQJDHGKX"
In North India which are the most beautiful places?
,N—VKPLUGK—QYDGDLQGKL\—OHURPEDDÄDK—QDLGDPQ¯QJDN—VKPLUHNDWW—\DPSDUNND¼XP
Kashmir is the most beautiful place in North India. You must see Kashmir.
)Q¯ODJLUL\LOXPNÀGDLN—QDOLOXPULQJDLUXNNXGK—"
Are there lakes in the Nilgiris and Kodaikanal?
,—P—LUXNNXGKXNÀGDLN—QDOULGK—QURPEDDÄDK—QDULDGKXOHSDGDKXQJDLUXNNXGKX
Yes, there are. Kodaikanal lake is indeed a very beautiful lake. There are boats on it.
-------------------------
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 26.
Q¯QJDLQGKDYOH\HQXGDQVHL\DNXG—GKX NRQMDPLUXQJDQ—QRUXYLQ—GLOHY—UQ
Q—QLQQRUXYOHNRGXNND¼XPLQGKDYOH\HV¯NUDPVHLQJD
Q—PXQJDOHSDWKXQLPLVKDWKWKXNNXDSUDPS—UNNDO—P—"
LQGKDYOHVHL\DXQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHQLPLVKDPY¼XP"
HQDNN—KDQ¯QJDLQQR¼¼XNÌGDNDWW—\DPVHL\D¼XP GKD\DYXVHLGKXV—NNXVROO—GKLQJD
µQ—QLGKHVHL\DP—WWQ¶HSSRYXPVRO—GKLQJDQ¯QJDQ—ODNNLNÀYLOXNNX\—UÀGXSÀULQJD"
Q—LNXWWL\ÀGXYLºD\—GDHQDNNXURPEDLVKWDP HOO—UÀGXPHSSRYXPWKDPLÄOHSVXQJD

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Q—QNÌGDHQJOLVKOHDGLNNDGLSVDNÌG—GKX \—UXQJDºÀGXYOHVHLU—QJD"
LQGKDNXÄDQGKH\ÀGXNDGHNNXSÀQJD S—OÀGXSDÄDPXPV—SSLGXQJD
GRFWRUÀGXRUXSH¼URPEDYHKDP—SÀUD LQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKÀGXDYDULGDPSÀQJD
DYDUEDGKLOÀGXWKLUXPEDYDUD¼XPWKHUL\XP—"
VLODVDPD\DPQ—QV—WKDWKWKÀGXFKDSS—WKWKL\XPVDSSLGUQ
PVHPOHSXVWKDKDWKWKÀGXN—LGKDPXPYDLQJD SQ—YÀGXSHQFLOXPNRQGXY—QJD
L¼¼DNNLPDÄH\ÀGXN—WKWKXPURPEDDGLNNXGKXGKD\DYXVHLGKXSÌYÀGXLOH\XPNRQGXYD
XQJDOÀGXWKDPLÄSVDHQDNNXURPEDVDQGKÀVKDP
NXÄDQGKHQJDºÀGXYLºD\—GDHQDNNXHSSRYXPURPEDVDQGKÀVKDP
Q—\ÀGXSÌQH\XPURPEDQUDPYLºD\—GDGKXLQGKDS—GDWKWKÀGXLQQRUXS—GDPSDGLQJD
VXGDWKD¼¼L\ÀGXNRQMDPSDFKFKHWKD¼¼L\XPNRQGXY—QJD
LQJHUH¼GXQ—NN—OL\ÀGXRUXPVH\XPSÀGXQJD DYDUL¼¼DNNLDYDQJDºÀGXSÀKDP—WW—U
XQJDºÀGXXQJDDPP—YXPFKHQQDLNNXYDU—QJDO—"
D¼¼DQÀGXWKDPEL\XPDNN—YÀGXWKDQJDFKFKL\XPUH¼GX—WWÀOHSÀUDQJDO—"
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96
 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 27.
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
ABLATIVE CASE, ‘FROM’,
&
‘CAN’, ‘CANNOT’, ‘COULD’, ‘COULD NOT’.
‘From.
Inanimate Nouns use noun plus ‘ilirundhu’.
SQ—YLOLUXQGKX from the pen kaththiyilirundhu from the knife
As we have seen before:-
Nouns ending in ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘thth’.
Nouns ending in ‘du’ change to ‘tt’.
pusthaham pusthahaththilirundhu from the book
kayiru kayiththilirundhu from the string
Y¯GX Y¯WWLOLUXQGKX from the house
Animate Nouns, and Pronouns.
Animate Nouns, use noun plus ‘idamirundhu’.
U—PDQ U—PDQLGDPLUXQGKX from Raman.
pasu pasuvidamirundhu from the cow.
Pronouns,
use declensional base plus ‘idamirundhu’ similarly, to give ‘from’ – (me, you, them, etc.).
Q—Q ennidamirundhu Q—P namidamirundhu
Q—QJD HQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX
Q¯ unnidamirundhu Q¯QJD XQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX
avan avanidamirundhu avanga DYDQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX
ava DYDºLGDPLUXQGKX
avar avaridamirundhu
adhu adhanidamirundhu adhunga DGKXQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX
Adverbs:- plus ‘irundhu’
ingerundhu from here apdirundhu from that way

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‘Can’, ‘Cannot’, ‘Could’, ‘Could Not’.

Positives. regardless of number, gender, person:-

‘Can’ ‘am able to’ infinitive plus ‘mudiyum’ for present and future.
SÀKDPXGL\XP am able to go, can go

‘Could’ ‘was able to’ infinitive plus ‘mudindhadhu’ for past.

SÀKDPXGLQGKDGKX was able to go, could go.

Negatives. regardless of number, gender, person:-

‘Cannot’. ‘will not be able to’ infinitive plus ‘PXGL\—GKX’ for future.
NXGLNNDPXGL\—GKX will not be able to drink, cannot drink.

‘Cannot’. ‘am not able to’ infinitive plus ‘mudiyale’ for present
kudikkamudiyale am not able to drink, cannot drink.

‘Could not’. ‘was not able to’ infinitive plus ‘mudiyale’ for past.
kudikkamudiyale was not able to drink, could not drink.
Vocabulary
UX climb up, get in irangu climb down, alight.
YD¼GL vehicle parava ille never mind, no matter.
purappadu (w.tt) set out, start YLÄXZQGK fall, drop.
QLFKFKD\DP— certainly
Short Sentences.
XQJDGKVDWKWKLOLUXQGKXXQJDºXNNXNDGLGKDPDGLNNDGLYDUXWK—"
Do you often get letters from your country?
HQDPP—YLGDPLUXQGKXHQDNNXDGLNNDGLNDGLGKDPYDUXGKX
I often get letters from my mother.
LQGKDFK¯WWH\—ULGDPLUXQGKXNRQGXYDULQJD"
From whom are you bringing this chit?

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Q—QWKRPDVLGDPLUXQGKXFK¯WWHNRQGXSÀUQ
I am taking a chit from Thomas.
Q¯QJDLSSRHQJLUXQGKXYDULQJD" Where are you coming from now?
Q—QLSSRQUDHQY¯WWLOLUXQGKXYDUQ I am coming straight from my house.
HYDULGDPLUXQGKXSXVWKDKDQJDNRQGXSÀULQJD"
From whom are you taking the books?
PVH\LOLUXQGKXHQSXVWKDKDQJDºHHGXQJD
Take my books from the table.
Y¯WWHPOHUXQGKXN¯ÄHSDUNN—GKLQJD Do not look down from the house.
QDPY—\LOLUXQGKXHSSRYXPQDOODY—UWKHQJDYDUD¼XP
Always good words should come from our mouth.
LQJHUXQGKXDQJHDGLNNDGLSÀKDNÌG—GKX
You should not often go from here to there.
Q¯QJDLSSRQDOO—WKDPLÄSVDPXGL\XP Now you can talk Tamil well.
—P—Q—QWKDPLÄSVDPXGL\XP—Q—QHWKXQDOODSVDPXGL\DOH
Yes, I can speak Tamil, but yesterday I could not speak well.
SDUY—LOOHPXGKDOHPHGKXY—SVXQJD Never mind, speak slowly at first.
LGKXVXODEDPDQDS—GDPDGKDQ—OHLGKHNDWW—\DPQ¯QJDYDVLNNDPXGL\XP
This is an easy lesson, so you can certainly read this.
Q¯QJDQWKXDQWKDSXWKXY¯GXS—UNNDPXGLQGKDGK—"
Could you see that new house yesterday?
—PDGKHS—UWKQGKD\DYXVHLWKXHQQHPDQQLQJDQ—QXNN—UDPXGL\DOHQ—QSÀKD¼XP
Yes, I saw it. Please forgive me , I cannot sit down, I should go.
Q¯QJDQ—ºDNNLLQJHWKLUXPEDYDUDPXGL\XP—"
Can you come here again tomorrow.
DYDQJDLQJHYHººLNLÄDPHYDUDY¼—P\QLQQ—D¼¼DNNLQ—QLQJHYDUDP—WWQ
They need not come here on Friday, because I will not come here that day.
SDWKWKXQLPLVKDWKOHW¯WKD\—UVHL\DPXGL\XP—"
Can you make tea in ten minutes?

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Q—QDYºDYXV¯NUDP—W¯WKD\—UVHL\DPXGL\DGKX
I cannot make tea that quickly.
W¯WKD\—UVHL\DHQDNNXSDGKLQDQMXQLPLVKDPY¼XP
I need 15 minutes to make tea.
DGXWKWKDYDUXVKDPGHOOL\LOLUXQGKXHQDSS—YDUXY—U
My father will come from Delhi next year.
XQJDºXNNXHSSRUXQGKXP—UOHYDOLNNXGKX"
Since when do you have pain in the chest.
Practical Conversation. - The Traveller’s Bungalow.
T: Traveller, L: Local Man, S: Servant.
7Q—QXGDQHWUDYHOOHUVEDQJDOÀNNXSÀKD¼XPDGKXLQJHUXQGKXHYºDYXGKÌUDP"
I must go to the travellers Bungalow at once. How far is it from here.
/DGKXLQJHUXQGKXRUXNLORPHWHUGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKXF—UOHDQMXQLPLVKDPSLGLNNXP
It is one kilometer from here. In the car it will take five minutes.
7Q—QHQGKDSDNNDPSÀKD¼XP"LSGLSÀKDO—P—"
Which way should I go? May I go this way?
/DQGKDSDNNDPSÀKDY¼—PLQGKDYDÄL\—QUDSÀQJD
You need not go that way. Go straight this way.
7Q¯QJDHQQÀGXYDULQJDº— Are you coming with me?
/LOOHQ—Q\HQJHSÀKDPXGL\—GKXHQLQQ—Q—QLQJHYOHVHL\DLUXNND¼XP
No, I cannot go anywhere, because I should be here to work.

S. indha are; are pathinanju. This room; room fifteen.

7LQGKDDUHHQJDºXNNXSÀWK—WKXYURUXDUHLUXNNXGK—
This room is not enough for us. Is there another room?
6—P—HQQLGDPDGKXNNXV—YLLOOHRUXYLQ—GLOHNRQGXYDUQDGKXNNXººHXNN—UXQJD
Yes, that key is not with me, I will bring it in a second. Meanwhile please be seated.
-------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 27.
LGKXHOO—PLGKHOO—PLQJHUXQGKXXGDQNRQGXSÀQJD
DYDQJDDQJHUXQGKXHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXSXUDSSDGXY—QJD"
HQQLGDPLUXQGKXXQJDSXVWKDKDPHSSRNRQGXSÀULQJD"
LSSRSDUY—LOOH—Q—WKLUXPEDLQGKDP—WKLULVHL\DNÌG—GKX
LQGKDS—GDWKWKHQ¯QJDVXODEDP—SDGLNNDPXGL\XP
\—ULGDPLUXQGKXLQGKDV—P—QNRQGXY—ULQJD" HSSRUXQGKXWKDPLÄSDGLNULQJD"
—S¯VLOLUXQGKXHSSRWKLUXPEDYDUDYLQJD" DYDUND¼¼LOLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LYDUXGKX
YHºL\LOLUXQGKXURPEDVDGKGKDPYDUXGKX HQDUH\LOLUXQGKXXQJDºHNÌSSLGUQ
DQGKDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYLÄXY—Q Q—QXQJDºHSÀODQDOODSVDPXGL\—GKX
Q¯QJDLQJHDQMXQLPLVKDPLUXNNDPXGL\XP—" YDQGLOHPHGKXY—HÄXQJDLSGLHÄXQJD
Q—QXQJDºÀGXYKDP—QDGDNNDPXGL\—GKX Q—QDYDUHL¼¼DNLS—UNNDPXGL\—GKX
YDQGL\LOLUXQGKXV—P—QJDºHV¯NUDPHGXQJD DGXWKDY—UDPQ¯QJDYDUDPXGL\—GK—"
LGKHSDWKLQ¯QJDQLFKFKD\DP—VROODPXGL\XP—" Q—QVXGDWKD¼¼LOHNXºLNNDPXGL\—GKX
HQDNN—KDQ¯QJDLQGKDYOHVHL\DPXGL\XP—" LQGKDUÌEDQNDL\LOLUXQGKXYLÄXGKX"
LQGKDNXÄDQGKHQDOO—QDGDNNXPXGL\XP—" LSSRXQJDY¯WWLOLUXQGKXYDULQJDº—"
LQGKDY—N\DWKWKHQ—QWKDPLÄHVROODPXGL\—GKX WKDPELXQDNNXWKDPLÄWKHUL\XP—"
NÌGH\LOLUXQGXNXGH\HHGXQJD Q¯WKDPLÄHSVDPXGL\XP—"
XQJDºXNNXNDGH\LOLUXQGKXSDÄDQJDNRQGXYDUXYQ
WKDQJDFKFKLPVH\HPOHXNN—U—GKHN¯UHLUDQJX
PDUXSDGL\XPPVHPOHUDNXG—GKX
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 28.
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
LOCATIVE CASE, ‘IN’, ‘AT’
‘In’, ‘At’.
Inanimate Nouns use noun plus ‘le’.
arele in the room PVHOH in the table (drawer).
As seen before:-
Nouns ending in ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘th’.
Nouns ending in ‘du’ change to ‘tt’.
V—GKDP V—GKDWKOH in the rice
—UX —WKOH in the river
Y¯GX Y¯WWOH in the house

Animate Nouns, use noun plus ‘idam’ or ‘idathle’.

U—PDQ U—PDQLGDP in Raman,
Note this is also used for the posessive form:- ‘in Raman’s possession’.
Pronouns,
use declensional base plus ‘idam’ or ‘idathle’ similarly for ‘in’ – (me, you, them, etc.),
as seen here:-
Q—Q ennidathle Q—P namidathle
Q—QJD HQJDºLGDWKOH
Q¯ unnidathle Q¯QJD XQJDºLGDWKOH
avan avanidathle avanga DYDQJDºLGDWKOH
ava DYDºLGDWKOH
avar avaridathle
adhu adhanidathle adhunga DGKXQJDºLGDWKOH
and similarly in the above, using ‘idam’ to give ennidam, namidam, etc.
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 Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary
NÌWWDP meeting, assembly pala-sarakku provisions (grain.etc.)
YDÄDNNDP habit, custom manushar man, woman
railvandi train kudhire horse
ND¼¼—GL glass, mirror PÌNNXND¼¼—GL eye-glasses, spectacles
nalladhu is good, that’s good kettadhu is bad, that’s bad
alladhu or illena if not, otherwise
VXP—UFKXP—U approximately VXP—UDLUX to feel better (in health)
marunthu medicine uyaram height
Short Sentences.
LQGKDÌUOHSHUL\D—VSDWKULHQJHLUXNNXGKX" Where is the big hospital in this place?
DGKXLQJHUXQGKXURPEDGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKX That is far away from here.
DGKXHWKWKDQHNLORPHWHUGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKX" How many kilometers away is it?
LQGKDLGDWKWKLOLUXQGKXVXP—UDQMXNLORPHWHUGKÌUDP
It is about five kilometers away from this place.
HQGKDYDQGLOHSÀULQJDP—WWXYDQGLO—NXGKLUHYDQGLO—"
By which cart are you going, by bullock cart or horse cart?
Q—Q—WROHSÀUHQQLQQ—Q—QDYODYXGKÌUDPQDGDNNDPXGL\—GKX
I am going in an auto, because I can’t walk that distance.
HQQLGDPURPEDSD¼DPLUXNNXGKXDGKDQ—OHQ—QF—UOHSÀYQ
I have a lot of money, so I will go in a car.
YOÌULOLUXQGKXDQJHSÀKDHYºDYXSD¼DPY¼XP"
How much money is needed to go there from Vellore?
WKDPELXQLGDWKOHVLODNHWWDYDÄDNNDQJDLUXNNXGKX
Little brother , you have some bad habits.
QDOODGKXY—"LOOHURPEDNHWWDGKXGK—Q
Is that good? No, indeed it is very bad.
Q¯HSSRYXPQDOO—YDÄDNNDPGK—QNDWKWKXNRººD¼XP
You should always learn only good habits.

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Q—QLGKHSDWKLPDUXSDGL\XPXQQÀGXSVDP—WWQ
I will not speak again about this with you.
XQJDOOXNNXN—SSLOHFKDNNDUHY¼XP—"
Do you want sugar in your coffee?
HQQDNNXN—SSLOHS—OXPFKDNNDUH\XPNDWW—\DPY¼XP
I must have milk and sugar in my coffee.
DQGKDSHWWL\DSGLSÀGDNXG—GKX
You should not throw that box that way.
DGKXOHDQKDND¼¼DGLV—P—QLUXNNXGKX
There are many glass things in it.
DGKHURPEDPHGKXY—NLÄHYDLNND¼XP
You should put that down very gently.
SÀQDUH¼GXY—UDPQLQJDQYOHNNXYDUDOH"
Why did you not come to work for the last two weeks?
Q—QYDUDOHQLQQ—HQDNNXMÀUDP
I did not come because I had fever.
XQJDºXNNXWKDOHYDOLHGXNNXGK—"
Do you have headache?
Q—QGRFWRUDGKDQ—OHHQQLGDWKOHHOO—VDQJKDGL\XPVROOD¼XP
I am a doctor, you shuld tell me everything.
QDOODYDQJDNHWWDGKXVHL\DP—WW—QJD
Good people wil not do bad things.
FKLQQDYDQJDSHUL\DYDQJDY—UWKH\HNNND¼XP
Youngsters should listen to the word of the elders.
HQNDLOHDSSRSD¼DPLOOHDGKDQ—OHQ—QND¼¼DGLY—QJDOH
I had no money then, so I did not buy the mirror.
\—ULGDWKOHHQSXVWKDKDQJDLUXNNXWKXQJD"
Who has my books?
-------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation. - At The Bazaar.
S: Stranger, M: Merchant.
S. kadetheru entha pakkam irukkudhu?
Which way is the bazaar?
0NDGHWKHUXNRQMDGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKXDGKXNLWWDLOOH
The bazaar is some distance. It’s not near.
6F—UDQJHSÀKDPXGL\XP—DOODGKXQDGDNNDY¼XP—"
Can the car go there, or need I walk?
0NDGHWKHUXNNXXººHF—USÀKDPXGL\—GXQLQQ—URPEDMDQQDQJDLUXSS—QJD
The car can’t go inside the bazaar because there will be many people.
6LGKHOO—PHQQDNDGHQJD" What are all these shops?
0LGKHOO—PSDODVDUDNNXNDGHQJD
These are all provision stores.
6SÌNDGHSDÄDNDGHN—LNDULNDGHHQJHLUXNXGKXQJD"
Where are the flower fruit and vegetable shops?
0DGKHOO—PLGKXNNXSLQQ—OHLUXNNXGKXQJDY—QJDXQJDºXNNXN—WUQ
All those are behind this. Come along, I will show you.
6Q—QNRQMDPWKX¼LY—QJD¼XPY—QJDWKX¼LNDGHNNXSÀKDO—P
I want to buy some material. Come, let us go to the cloth shop.
-------------------------
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 28.
XQJDºLGDWKOHDQGKDQDOODYDÄDNNDPLUXNNXGKX
Q—QDYDUÀGXQ—ºDNNLPÌQXNLORPHWHUQDGDSSQ
HQDNNXNRQMDPN—SSLDOODWKXW¯Y¼XP
Q¯QJDYDÄDNNDPSÀODXQJDYOHVHLQJD
DYDUNXGKLUHPOHYDUXY—UQ—QVDLNNDOOHYDUXYQ
YD¼GL\LOLUXQGKXV—P—QHOO—PY¯WWXNNXNRQGXSÀQJD
HQPÌNNXND¼¼DGLNRQGXY—QJDDSSRGK—QQ—QLGKHY—VLNNDPXGL\XP
LQGKDND¼¼DGLY¯WWOH\—ULUXNNU—QJD"

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 Adi’s Book.
LQJH—QXQJDXNN—UDNÌG—GKXSH¼¼XQJDXNN—UXY—QJD
inge —PEDºHQJDXNN—UDNÌG—GKXSRPEDºHQJDXNN—UXY—QJD
(same meaning as previous sentence, but colloquial equivalent words)
QWKXHOO—PHQDNNXURPEDMRUDP
Q—QMRUDWKXNN—KDPDUXQWKXY—QJDSÀUQ
Q—ODNNLXQJDMRUDPVXP—U—LUXNNXP
VXP—UUHQGXP—VDWKWKXNNXDSUDPHQQHSDUXQJD
\—ULGDPLUXQGKXLQGKDNHWWDYDÄDNNDQJDNDWKWKXNRºUH"
Q—QLQQDNNLUH¼GXS—GDWKWKXNNXPOHSDGLNNDP—WWQ
XQJDºLGDWKOHQLFKFKD\DPSD¼DPLUXNNXGKXLOOH\—"
XQJDX\DUDP—QDNXGKLUHPOLUXQGKXLUDQJXQJD
ippo ennidathle andha nalla pusthaham irukkudhu.
HQQDNNXLQGKDV—NNXVROO—GKLQJD
RUXQDOODPÌNNXND¼¼—GLLQGKDÌUOHY—QJDPXGL\XP—"
Q¯QJDV¯NUDPWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRººDPXGL\XPLQQXQ—QVRºUQ
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKOHXQJDOXNNXHQGKDS—GDPQDOODSLGLNNXP"
Q¯QJDLQGKDNDGHOHND¼¼—GLV—P—QY—QJDO—P
Q¯QJDXGDQ—VSDWKULNNXSÀKD¼XPQLQQ—XQJDºXNNXURPEDM—VWKLMRUDP
HQNDGLGKDWKWKXNNXQ¯QJDQDOODEDGKLONRGXNNDOH
DQGKDNÌWWDWKOHFKXPDUHWKWKDQHSULUXNU—QJD"
LQQRUXS—GDWKOHRUXQDOODSDGDPLUXNNXGKX
P—GXNXGKLUH\HSÀODYKDP—ÀGDPXGL\—GKX
XQJDºXNNXDGLNDGLMRUDPYDUXWK—"
FKHQQDLLQJHUXQGKXVXP—UQÌWKXPXSSDWKXNLORPHWDUGKÌUDPLUXNNXGKX
Q¯QJDLQGKDYOH\HHWKWKDQHQLPLVKDWKWKOHVHL\DPXGL\XP"
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 29.
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS – COMPLETE DECLENSIONS.
Nouns.
Regular.
Case Meaning Animate Inanimate
Nominative (x=Subj) U—PDQ petti
Accusative (x=Obj) U—PDQH pettiye
Instrumental (by x) U—PDQ SHWWL\—OH
Instrumental (with x) U—PDQÀGX SHWWL\ÀGX
Dative (to x) U—PDQXNNX pettikku
Dative (for x) U—PDQXNN—KD SHWWLNN—KD
Ablative (from x) U—PDQLGDPLUXQGKX pettiyilirundu
Genitive (x’s) U—PDQ petti
Locative (in x) U—PDQLGDWKOH pettile
Vocative (oh x! ) U—PDQ SHWWL\RER[
(where x = any noun or pronoun)

Irregular, ending in ‘m’ ‘ru’ ‘du’.

Nom (x=Subj) maram —UX P—GX
Acc (x=Obj) maraththe —WKWKH P—WWH
Inst (by x) PDUDWKWK—OH —WKWK—OH P—WW—OH
Inst (with x) PDUDWKWKÀGX —WKWKÀGX P—WWÀGX
Dat (to x) maraththukku —WKWKXNNX P—WWXNNX
Dat (for x) PDUDWKWKXNN—KD —WKWKXNN—KD P—WWXNN—KD
Abl (from x) maraththilirundu —WKWKLOLUXQGX P—WWLGDPLUXQGXDQLPDWH
Gen (x’s) maraththu —WKWKX P—WWX
Loc (in x) maraththule —WKWKule P—WWXOH
Voc (oh x! ) PDUDP —U P—G
-------------------------
Cases in lists below read vertically in the same order as the first nine in lists above.

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Personal Pronouns.
Q—Q Q—P Q—QJD Q¯
enne namme HQJDºH unne
HQQ—OH QDPP—OH engDº—OH XQQ—OH
HQQÀGX QDPPÀGX HQJDºÀGX XQQÀGX
enakku namakku HQJDºXNNX unnakku
HQDNN—KD QDPDNN—KD HQJDºXNN—KD XQQDNN—KD
ennidamirundhu nammidamirundhu HQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX unnidamirundhu
en nam enga un
ennidathle nammidathle HQJDºLGDthle unnidathle
Q¯QJD avan ava avar
XQJDºH avane DYDºH avare
XQJDº—OH DYDQ—OH DYDº—OH DYDU—OH
XQJDºÀGX DYDQÀGX DYDºÀGX DYDUÀGX
XQJDºXNNX avanukku DYDºXNNX avarukku
XQJDºXNN—KD DYDQXNN—KD DYDºXNN—KD DYDUXNN—KD
XQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX avanidamirundhu DYDºLGDPLUXQGKX avaridamirundhu
unga avan ava avar
XQJDºLGDWKOH avanidathle DYDºLGDWKOH avaridathle
avanga adhu adhunga HOO—UXP
DYDQJDºH adhe DGKXQJDºH HOO—U\XP
DYDQJDº—OH DGK—OH DGKXQJDº—OH HOO—U—OXm
DYDQJDºÀGX DGKÀGX DGKXQJDºÀGX HOO—UÀGXP
DYDQJDºXNNX adhukku DGKXQJDºXNNX HOO—UXNNXP
DYDQJDºXNN—KD DGKXNN—KD DGKXQJDºXNN—KD HOO—UXNN—KDYXP
DYDQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX adhanidamirundhu DGKXQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX HOO—ULGDPLUXQGKXP
avanga adhan adhunga, ell—UXGD\DYXP
DYDQJDºLGDWKOH adhanidathle DGKXQJDºLGDWKOH HOO—ULGDWKWKLOXP
DGKXQJDºLOLUXQGKX DOWHUQDWLYH
-------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
Reflexive Pronouns.
To avoid repetition of the pronouns, reflexive pronouns are used inTamil.
µWK—P¶DQGµWK—QJD¶DUHWKHWZRSOXUDOIRUPVIRUµWK—Q¶7KHVHDUHRQO\XVHGIRUrd Person.
WK—QVLQJRQHVHOI WK—PSO WKDQJDºSO
thanne thamme WKDQJDºH
WKDQQ—OH WKDPP—OH WKDQJDº—OH
WKDQQÀGX WKDPPÀGX WKDQJDºÀGX
thanakku thamakku WKDQJDºXNNu
WKDQDNN—KD WKDPDNN—KD WKDQJDºXNN—KD
thannidamirundhu thammidamirundhu WKDQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX
than tham thanga
thannidathle thammidathle WKDQJDºLGDWKOH
Vocabulary
salave wash (n) salave sei (s.thth) wash , do washing
kanji starch (n) kanji podu (w.tt) starch, put starch
WKDYDU—PH without fail.
Practical Conversation. – With a Dhobi.
C: Customer D: Dhobi.
&GKÀEL\Q¯QJD\—UY¯WWOHWKX¼LYHºXNULQJD"'KRELIRUZKRPGR\RXZDVKFORWKHV"
'XQJDSDNNDWKWKXY¯WWOHQ—QGK—QYHºXNUQ I am washing in the adjacent house.
&QÌUXWKX¼LNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPY—QJULQJD" How much do you charge for 100 pieces
'QÌUXWKX¼LNNXSDWKLQDQMXUÌE—Y—QJUQ I charge Rs 15.00 for 100 pieces.
&RUXP—VDWKOHHWKWKDQHVDODYHNRGXNNDPXGL\XP"
How many washes can you give each month?
'RUXPDVDWKOHUH¼GXVDODYHWKDYDU—PHNRGXNNDPXGL\XPWKX¼LNNXNDQMLSÀGD¼XP—"
I can give two washes a month without fail. Do you want starch for your clothes?
&HQWKX¼LQJDOOXNNXNDQMLY¼—P—Q—URPEDVXGKGKDP—VDODYHVHL\D¼XP
I don’t want starch for my clothes, but you should wash them very clean.
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 30.
VERBS, STRONG, PAST TENSE
WITH ‘THTH’ AS MEDIAL..
padi study Y—VL read
kudi drink vai put, place
S—U see, look at, look after edu take, lift, pick up
padu lie down adi hit, strike
kadi bite NXºL bathe
kodu give kaththukodu teach
vil sell manni forgive
udhe kick aru cut (with knife)
LÄX pull XED\ÀJLXED\ÀKL use
thude wipe DYLÄ untie
kide obtain thai sew, stitch
sandhi meet VDPE—GKL earn
dhandi punish thuve wash
nine think pari pluck, snatch
poru bear (suffering) vali feel painful
Y—VDQHS—U smell PÀQGKXS—U smell
—UDPEL begin uchchari pronounce
PL graze gudhi jump
DÄL destroy ghavani listen, pay attention
NLÄL tear kure reduce, decrease
same cook siri laugh
nane wet WKL rub
ude break madi fold
marai hide *pidi (pidi) is liked (catch)
valar grow, rear *pasi feel hungry
mudi finish, close YU perspire
*only neuter present, past and future

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The predicate in the past tense agrees with the number, gender and person of the subject.
(as seen before in the present tense and future tense)
S—UWKQ I saw, S—UWKÀP We saw, S—UWK—QJD They saw,etc.
Vocabulary
niram colour vali pain, ache
YHººH white vali, vali edu feel pain
karuppu black pasi hunger
sivappu red pasi, pasi edu feel hunger
pachche green GK—KDP thirst
PDQMDº yellow GK—KDPHGX feel thirst
paruppu brown mukyam importance
ÌGK— violet vahappu class, standard
Q¯ODP blue VDPH\DON—UDn cook (n)
—UDQMX orange padukke bed
Short Sentences.
QWKXP—UOHM—VWKLYDOLHGXWKWKDGKX Yesterday I had a lot of pain in my chest.
DSGL\—VDULLSSRHQJHYDOLNNXGKX" Is that so? Right, where does it hurt now?
3. enakku ippo romba pasi edukkudhu. I am very hungry now.
QWKXXQJDºXNNXQDOODSDVLHGXWKWKDGK—" Yesterday were you very hungry?
XQJDºXNNXDGLNNDGLGK—KDPHGXNNXGK—" Do you often feel thirsty?
L¼¼DNLPDGK\—QDPHQDNNXURPEDGK—KDPHGXWKWKDGKX
This afternoon I was very thirsty.
LGKXNRQMDPNDVKWDP—QDS—GDPLGKHQDOODJKDYDQLWKWKLQJDº—"
This is a slightly difficult lesson; did you pay good attention?
QWKXQ—QRUXQDOODPDQXVKDUHVDQGKLWWQ Yesterday I met a good man.
Q¯QJDPDUXSDGL\XPDYDUHVDQGKLSSLQJDº—" Will you meet him again?
HQDNN—KDRUXVDPH\DON—UDQHS—UWKWKLQJDO—" Did you look for a cook for me?
LYDUGK—QLQGKDV—SS—WWHVDPHWKWK—UVDPH\DOVHLGK—U
This person himself cooked this food.

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DL\—XQJDºXNNXHOO—YLGKDP—QDV—SS—GXPVDPHNNDWKHUL\XP—"
Sir, do you know how to cook all kinds of foods?
LGKXHOO—PPXN\DP—QDS—GDQJD These are all important lessons.
LGKHWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDSDGLNND¼XP You should study them again and again.
XQJDºLGDPNRQMDPYHººHN—LGKDPLUXNNXGK—"
Do you have some white (unlined) paper?
LQGKDNDUXSSX—GX\—UXGH\D—GX" Whose goat is this black goat?
LOHSDFKFKHQLUDP—LUXNNXGKXSÌVLYDSS—LUXNNXGKX
The leaf is green, the flower is red.
WKDNN—OLSDÄDPXPVLODDSSLOSDÄDPXPVLYDSS—LUXNNXWKX
Tomatoes and some apples are red.
—UXSDFKFKHYDÄDSDÄDPXP—UXPDQMDºYDÄDSDÄXPXPY—QJXQJD
Buy six green and six yellow plantains.
Q—QJDDQGKDNHWWDSDL\DQHSLGLWKÀP—Q—DYDQHDGLNNDOH
We caught that bad boy, but did not beat him.
\HQGKDQ—LXQJDOHNDGLWKWKDGKX" Which dog bit you?
Q—QHQDUHOHSDGXWKQ—Q—WKÌQJDOH I laid down in my room but did not sleep.
WKÀWWDN—UDQP—WWHQDGLWKWK—Q" Why did the gardener beat the ox.
QLQQ—DQGKDP—GXNL¼DWKWKXWKD¼¼L\HNXGLWKWKDGKX
Because the ox drank the well-water.
HQPÌNNXND¼¼—GL\HQJHYDLWKWKLQJD" Where did you put my spectacles?
ND¼¼—GKLOH\—UPXKDWKWKHS—UWKLQJD" Whose face did you see in the mirror?
QWKXQLQJDHQJHNXºLWKWKLQJD Where did you bathe yesterday?
U—PDQHQDNNXRUXQDOO—SXVWKDKDPNRGXWKWK—Q
Raman gave me a good book.
URWWL\HHQGKDNDWKL\—OHDUXWKWKLQJD" With which knife did you cut the bread?
XQJDºXNNX\—UWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRGXWKWK—QJD" Who taught you Tamil?
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Practical Conversation. – With Your Servant.
M: Master, S: Servant.
0DQGKDV—PDQHOO—PHQF—UXNNXNRQGXSÀ Take all this luggage to my car.
6DQGKDSHWWLNÌGDNRQGXSÀKDQXP—" Should I take that box as well?
0—P—SHWWLSDGXNNHHOO—PNRQGXSÀKDY¼XPLSSRHQDN—KDRUXWLFNHWY—QJX
Yes, trunk, bedding, everything should be taken. Buy a ticket for me now.
6HQGKDÌUXNNXWLFNHWY—QJD¼XP" To which place should I buy a ticket?
0NRONDWKWK—YXNNXPÌQXPXGKDOYDKXSSXWLFNHWY—QJX
Buy three First Class tickets to Calcutta.
6UD\LOYDQGLHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXVWVKDQXNNXY—UXP"
What time will the train come to the station?
0UD\LOYDQGLVWVKDQXNNXVDUL\—SDWKXPD¼LNNXY—UXP
The train will come to the station at 10 o’clock exactly.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 29.
Q—\HHQQDNDGLWKWKDGKX" Q—\H\—UDGLWKWK—QJD"
Q¯QJDQ—\XPDGLNNDOHSÌQH\XPDGLNNDOH Q—LDYDUHNDGLWKWKDGKX
DGKDQ—OHDYDUDWKHDGLWKWK—U Q¯QJDQ—\HQDYLÄWhthinga?
LQGKDS—GDPQ¯QJDSDGLWKWKLQJDº—" LQGKDS—GDPNDWKWKXNRGXWKWK—QJDº—"
LQGKDS—GDPJKDYDQLWKWKLQJDº— L¼¼DNLY—GK\—UHVDQGKLWKWKÀP
LGKXNN—KDHQNXÄDQGKHGKDQGLWKWKQ NXÄDQGKHDQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHNLÄLWKWKDGKX
LQGKDVDQJDGKL\HQPDUDLWKWKLQJD" LQGKDVDQJDGL\HQ¯QJDHQDNNXQVROODOH"
DQGKDVDP—FKFK—UDPHQQDNNXQWKXGK—QNLGDLWKWKDGKX
DQGKDNDGLGDWKWKHSDGLWKWKQ Q—QURPEDURPEDVLULWKWKQ
XQJDºXNNXHQGKDQLUDPSLGLWKWKDGKX" HQDNNXQ¯ODQLUDPURPEDSLGLWKWKDGKX
HQJDQ—LGK—QSDÄXSSXQLUDP DYDQJDºXNNXDQGKDNDUXSSXSÌQHSLGLNNDOH
DQGKDYHººHQLUDQ—LHQDNNXY¼XP SDFKFKHLOHNNXSLQQ—OHVLYDSSXSÌLUXNNXGKX
L¼¼DNNLHQDNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKDGKX L¼¼DNNLN—ODPHHQDNNXURPEDSDVLWKDGKX
HQDNNXGK—KDPNÌGDHGXWKWKDGKX ippo enakku pasiyum dh—KDPXPHGXNNDGKX
HQN—OMDVWKLYDOLWKWKDGKX LQGKDPDUXQGKHN—OOHQDOO—WKLWKQ
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LESSON 31.
VERBS, PAST TENSE
WITH ‘THTH’ AS MEDIAL, CONTINUED.
Vocabulary
WK—PDGLVWKWK delay pidi (s.thth) catch
thaiyal stitch (n) ÄHDGM poor (no money)
WKX¼L cloth kuruhal narrowness
Q¯ODP length ahalam, agalam breadth, width
uyaram height kutte short
—UDP depth nadu, madhdhi centre
sadhuram square vattam circle
NXºLNUDDUH bathroom NDNNÌVX latrine
innu that (Conjunction) vishayam news, matter
Short Sentences.
WKXQL\WKD¼¼LOH\QQDQHWKWKLQJD" Why did you wet this cloth with water?
LGKXURPEDQDOODYLVKD\DPLQQXQ—QQLQHWKWKQ
I thought it was a very good thing.
Q¯QJDDSGLQLQHNNDOHLOOH\—" You did not think so, did you?
HQJDNL¼DUX—UDP—QDNL¼DUX Our well is a deep well.
XQJD—VSDWKULNDWWDGDPX\DUDP—QDNDWWDGDP
Your hospital building is a high building.
DYDUDSS—X\DUDP—LUXNU—U His father is tall.
HQDUHM—VWKLQ¯ODPLOOH My room is not very long.
XQJDYDWWDP—QDWKÀWWDPHQJH" Where is your round garden.
RUXSHUL\DVDGKXUDP—QDSHWWLY¼XP I want a big square box.
Q¯QJDLQGKDDKDODP—QDDUHOHWKÌQJDO—P You may sleep in this wide room.
DYDQJDY¯WWXNNXYDÄLNXUXKDO—LUXNNXGKX The way to their house is narrow.
XQJDNXÄDQGKHHSSRYXPVLULNNXGKX Your child is always laughing.
—P—Q—QNÌGDDSGLGK—QQLQHWKWKQ Yes, I thought so too.

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Q¯QJDNÌGD\QDSGLVLULWKWKLQJD" Why did you also laugh like that?
LQGKDQ—\XQJD\—UYDºDUNU—QJD" Who is rearing these dogs.
QNNULQJDXQJDºHNDGLWKWKDQJDº—" Why d’you ask, did they bite you?
DQGKDPP—ÄHGK—Q—Q—NXÄDQGKHQJDºHQDO—YDºDUWKWK—U
That woman is only poor, but she brought up her children well.
Q—QRUXQDOODSXVWKDKDWKWKHSDGLNND—UDPELWKWKQ I began to study a good book.
XQJDYOH\HHSSRPXGLWKLQJD" When did you finish your work?
GKD\DYXVHLGKXRUXWKD\DON—UDQHNÌSSLGXQJD Please call a tailor.
DL\—XQJDWKDL\DOQDOODLOOHDWKXQLSGLWKDLWKWKLQJD
Sir, your stitching is not good, why did you sew it like this.
WKDL\DON—UDUPXGKDOOHWKX¼L\HNLÄLWKWK—UDSUDPWKDLNND—UDPELWKWK—U
The tailor tore the cloth first, then began to sew.
DGKXRUXPXN\DP—QDNDGLGKDPDGKHNLÄLNN—GKLQJD
That is an important letter, don’t tear it.
HQXGH\DPÌWWH\H\—UDYLÄWKWK—QJDVROOXQJD Tell me, who untied my bundle?
Q—QGK—QDGKHDYLÄWKWKQHQQHQ¯QJDNDWW—\DPPDQQLNND¼XP
I untied it, you must excuse me.
Practical Conversation. – At The Hotel.
T: Traveller, H: Hotel Manager.
7HQDNNXRUXSHUL\DVXGKGKDP—QDDUHY¼XP I want a big clean room.
+QDOODGKXY—QJDXQJDºXNNXRUXSHUL\DDUHNRGXNNUQ
Alright, come along, I will give you a big room.
7LQGKDDUHNNXRUXQ—ºXNNXHYºDYXSD¼DP" How much per day for this room?
+LGKXNNXRUXQ—ºXNNXDLQÌUXUÌE—Y—QJDUQXQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHQ—ºXNNXY¼XP"
We charge Rs 500.00 per day for this. For how many days do you want the room?
7DUHRUXY—UDWKWKXNNXY¼XP I want the room for a week.
+RQVX¯WNXOLNUDDUHLQJHGK—QLUXNNXGKXHSSRYXPVXGXÀGXGKXWKD¼¼LNLGHNNXWKX
Ensuite bathroom is here. Hot running water is always available.
7QDOODGKXW¯HWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXNLGHNNXP" Good. At what time can we get tea?
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Expansion Drill, For Lesson 30.
LYDUHQJHWKDL\DON—UDU" HQJDWKX¼LQJDHOO—PLYDUGK—QWKDLNU—U
DYDUWKX¼LQJDºHPXGKDOOHWKD¼¼LOHQDQHNU—U
LSGL\XPDSGL\XPWKX¼L\HNLÄLNU—U LYDUWKDL\DOHQJDºXNNXURPEDSLGLNNXP
LQGKDYDÄLURPEDNXUXKDO—LUXNNXGKX URPEDQ¯ODP—QDNDGLGKDPHÄXGK—GKLQJD
HQJDWKÀWWDWKOHLGKXGK—QURPEDX\DUDP—QDPDUDP
DQGKDDJDODP—QDYDÄLOHSÀQJD
YDWWDP—QDNL¼DWKOHWKD¼¼LM—VWKLLOOH DGKX—UDP—QDNL¼DUXLOOH
Q¯QJDV¯NUDPWKDPLÄSVXYLQJDLQQXQ—QQLQHNUQ
QLQJDHOO—UXPWKDPLÄQDOO—SVULQJDLQQXDYDUVROU—U
DQGKDWKDL\DON—UDUDÄDK—WKDLNU—ULQQXHQVQKLGKDUVROU—U
HOODPXWWHQJDOXPRUNÌGHOHYDLNN—GKLQJD WKX¼LQJDHOO—PRUXPÌWWH\—NDWWXQJD
PXWWH\HPÌWWHOHYDLNNDNÌG—GKX NXGH\HNÌGHOHYDLNNDO—P
NDGHNNXSÀKDNXGH\XPNÌGH\XPNRQGXY—QJD
Y—QJDLQGKDYOHVHL\DY—QJD QLQJDLQGKDYOHVHL\DOH
LQGKDYOHVHL\—GKLQJD \—ULQGKDYOHVHLU—QJD"
WKLUXPEDLQGKDYOHVHLYLQJDº—" LOOHQ—QDGKHVHL\DP—WWQ
DYDULQGKDYOHNDWW—\DPVHL\D¼XP
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LESSON 32.
VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE
WITH ‘DH’ AS MEDIAL..
sei make, do nei weave
PDÄHSHL rain DÄX cry
PDÄHSHLFRQMXJDWHVRQO\IRU1HXWHUSUHVHQWSDVWDQGIXWXUH
XÄXUXÄX plough WKRÄX worship
Vocabulary
NDGDYXº God PÀVDP evil, badness
RYR¼¼X one of each RYRUXYDU— one by one (person)
ovoru each (adj) RYR¼¼— one by one
R¼¼— together ovoruvarum each person
U plough vayal, nilam field
ÌUDYDQ farmer NXGL\—QDYDQ farmer
QHVDY—ºL weaver QHVDYXYOH weaving
V—\DP colour JHWWLV—\DP fast colour
uduppu clothes QÌO thread
pattu silk melisu thin, fine
SUSÀQDGKX be famous (thing) SUSÀQDYDU be famous (person)
buddi bottle marundhu medicine
mai-buddi ink-bottle mai ink
ÌWKWKXZLQ pour Y—UVWKWK pour
SD¼DSSDL purse
Short Sentences.
LQGKDYOH\HHOO—UXPR¼¼—VHLGKDQJD They all did this work together.
LGKXPÀVDP—QDYOHLGKH\—UVHLGKDGKX" This is a bad job. Who did this.
XQJDÌUOHQDOO—PDÄHSHLGKDGK—" Did it rain hard at your place?
—UDQLSDWWXSXGXYHNNXSUSÀQDGKX Arni is famous for silk sarees.
N—QMLSXUDWKOHNÌGDSDWWXVOHQHLU—QJD At Kanjipuram also they weave silk sarees.
,QGKDDÄDK—QDVOH\HNDL\—OHQHLGK—QJD They wove this beautiful saree by hand.

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DQGKDSDL\DQXNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKWKDGKXDGKDQDOHGK—QDYDQDSGLDÄXGK—Q
That boy was very hungry, that is why he cried like that.
NXGL\—QDYDQYD\DOOHUÌUDU—Q The farmer is ploughing in the field.
NXGL\—QDYDQXNNXµÌUDYDQ¶LQQXLQQRUXSU The farmer has another name, ‘uravan’.
SÀQDQ—LWKWKXNLÄDPHNÀYLOOHWKRÄXGKÀP We worshipped at church last Sunday
RYYRUXPDQXVKDUXPGKLQDQGKÀUXPNDGDYXºHWKÀUD¼XP
Each and every person should worship God daily.
,QGKDV—P—QRYYR¼¼XPHQQDYLOH" What is the price of each of these?
Q¯QJDRYYRUXYDUXPRUXS—WWXS—GD¼XP Everyone of you should sing a song.
XQJDSQ—OHPDLLUXNNXGK— Is there ink in your pen.
LOOHHQSQ—OHNRQMDPPDLÌWKWKXQJD No, pour a little ink in my pen.
16. mai buddile enna mai irukkudhu? What ink is in the ink-bottle?
17. mai-buddile karuppu mai irukkudhu. There is black ink in the ink-bottle.
Q¯QJDRYYRUXWKDPLÄS—GDPXPQDOO—SDGLNND¼XP
You should study each Tamil lesson well.
LGKXPDUXQGKXEXGGLGK—Q" This is a medicine bottle, is it not?
HQDÄDK—QDXGXSSHQ¯QJDS—UWKWKLQJDO—" Did you see my beautiful garment?
Practical Conversation. – At a Cloth Shop.
W: Woman Customer, S: Shopkeeper.
:DL\—XQJDºLGDPQÌOVOHQJDLUXNNXGK—" Sir, do you have cotton sarees?
6—P—QJDPP—HQJDºLGDPPDGKXUDLFÀLPEDWWÌUQÌOSDGDYHQJDLUXNNXGKX
Yes madam, we have Madhurai, Coimbatore, cotton sarees.
:PHOLVXWKX¼LOHVLODPDGXUDLSXGXYHQJDS—UNND¼XP—Q—V—\DPJHWWL\—LUXNNX¼XP
I want to see some Madhurai sarees in fine material, but they should be fast colours.
6VDULQJDLQGKDQ¯ODQLUDVOHY—QJLNROOXQJDJHWWLVD\DPV—\DPHSSRYXPSÀK—GKX
Alright madam, take this blue saree. Fast colour. The colour will never fade.
:DQGKDSDWWXVOHQJDHOO—PHQGKDÌUOHQHLU—QJD"
Where do they weave all those silk sarees?

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6SDWWXVOHQJD—UDQL\LOXPN—QMLSÌUDWKWKLOXPQHLU—QJD
They weave silk sarees in Arni and Kanchipuram.
:LSSRHQDNNXSDWWXVOHY¼—PQÌOVHOHSÀGKXP
I don’t want silk sarees now, cotton will do.
6VDULQJDPP—XQJDLVKWDP Alright madam, as you please.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 32.
LQGKDYOH\—UVHLGKDGKX" Q—QLQGKDYOH\HVHL\DOH
Q¯QJDGK—QLSGLVHLGKLQJDº—" URPEDQ—O—LQJHPDÄHSHL\DOH
SÀQDYDUXVKDPNÌGDM—VWKLPDÄHLOOH SÀQDP—VDPURPEDPDÄHSHLGKDGKX
QDºDNNLNÌGDPDÄHSHL\DO—P XQJDNXÄDQGKHU—WKULDÄXGK—Q—"
NXÄDQGKHNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKWKDGKX DGKDQ—OHDGKXURPEDDÄXGKDGKX
FKLQQDNXÄDQGKHQDOO—DÄX¼XP DSSRGK—QNXÄDQGKHNNXQDOO—SDVLHGXNNXP
YOÌUXNNXNLWWDRUXFKLQQDJU—PDWKOHQÌOVOHQJDQHLU—QJD
LQGKDJU—PDWKOHHOO—UXNNXPQHVDYXYOHQDOODWKHUL\XP
QHVDY—ºLQJDºXNNXLSSRHOO—PNDVKWDPLOOH
DYDQJDRUXQ—ººHHWKWKDQHVOHQHLY—QJD"
ÌUDYDQLGDPULUXNNXGKX U—OHDYDQQLODWKWKHYD\DOHÌUDU—Q
ÌUDYDQÀGXP—GXQJDQ—ºHOO—PYOHVHLGKXQJD
ovvoru paiyanukkum pusthaham irukudhu. RYYRUXYDUXPS—GDWKWKHQDOO—SDGLNND¼XP
RYYRUXYDU—DQGKDDUHNNXSÀQJD LQGKDSDÄDPRYYR¼¼XPHQQDYLOH"
SDÄDQJDºHRYYR¼¼—PVHPOHYDLQJD
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LESSON 33.
VERBS, - PAST TENSE
WITH ‘NDH’ AS MEDIAL.
Strong Verbs with ‘ndh’ as medial in the past tense.
iru be pira to be born
endhiri get up mara forget
kida lie down thira open
kala mix nada walk
para fly DºD measure
kara yield milk PL graze
Weak Verbs with ‘ndh’ as medial in the past tense.
XNN—U sit puhu enter
WK— give kuni bend forward
Y— come V—L lean
NRQGXY— bring ale, thiri wander
SÀLVU reach vandKXVU arrive
ÀL cease nahar move (intr)
YLÄX fall HÄX rise
YDºDU grow (intr) Y—Ä live
QUDPSRUXWKWKXY— be late, come late
The following verbs conjugate only for Neuter; Present, Past and Future.
ude break eri burn
theri know mudi finish (intr)
QÀ ache, pain puri be clear
Short Sentences.
QWKXN—OHOHQ—QVDUL\—Q—OXPD¼LNNXHÄXQGKQ
Yesterday I got up at exactly 4 o’clock in the morning.
LQGKDQ—NN—OLHSGLXGHQGKDGKX"LGKDQPOH\—UXNN—UQGK—QJD"
How did this chair break? Who sat on it?

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HWKWKDQHS—GDQJDºHPDUDQGKLQJD"QLQJDS—GDQJDºHPDUDNNDNÌG—GKX
How many lessons did you forget? You should not forget lessons.
Q¯QJDO—HQSHWWL\HWKLUDQGKLQJD" Did you open my box?
DQGKDPP—YXNNXHQQDNXÄDQGKHSLUDQGKDGKX" What was the child born to that lady?
LQGKDYOHHSSRPXGLndhadhu? When was this work finished? (intr)
Q¯QJDLGKHHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXPXGLththinga? At what time did you finish this work?
L¼¼DNLPDGK\—QDPQ¯QJDWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDQDGDQGKLQJD
You walked again and again this afternoon.
DGKDQDOHGK—QXQJDºXNNXN—OYDOLNNXGKX That is why your legs are aching.
QLQJDYOHN—UDQXNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPWKDQGKLQJD"
How much money did you give to the servant?
XQJDNXÄDQGKH\HNRQGXYDQGKLQJDº—Q—QDGKHSDUNND¼XP
Did you bring your child? I must see it.
L¼¼DNLQ¯QJDQURPEDQUDPSRUXWKWKXYDQGKLQJD"
Why did you come very late today?
HQQÀGXQ¯QJDHSSRYXPWKDPLÄOHSVXYLQJDº—"
Will you always speak with me inTamil?
Q—QQ—NN—OLPOHV—LQGKQDGKDQ—OHDGKXNLÄHYLÄXQGKDGKX
I leaned on the chair, therefore it fell down.
S—ON—UDQS—OHVDUL\—DºDQGK—Q—" Did the milkman measure the milk properly?
QWKXLQGKDN—OQÀQGKDGKXL¼¼DNLLQGKDNDLQÀKXGKX
Yesterday this leg ached. Today this leg is aching.
Q¯QJDM—VWKLS—OXPSDÄDPXPV—SSLGD¼XPSXULQGKDGK—
You should take a lot of fruit and milk, you understand.?
LQGKDPDQXVKDUHQJHSLÄDQGK—UHSGLYDODUQGK—U\—UXNNXPWKHUL\—GKX
Nobody knows where this man was born and how he was brought up.
Q¯QJDNXQLQGKLQJDDSSRXQJDSD¼DSSDLNLÄHYLÄXQGKDGKX
You bent down, then your purse fell down.
DGKXXQJDºXNNXHSGLWKHULQGKDGKX"Q¯QJDDGKHS—UWKWKLQJDº—"
How did you know that? Did you see it?

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Q—QXQJDOHS—UNNDXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDQGKQ I came to your house to see you.
Q—QLSSRGK—QWKÌNNDWKWKLOLULQGKXHÄXQGKQ I woke up just now from sleep.

LQGKDVDQGKÀVKDP—QDVDQJKDGLHQDNNXQWKXGK—QWKHULQGKDGKX
Only yesterday I came to know of this happy news.
XQJDSÌQHHSGLNL¼DWKOHYLÄXQGKDGKX" How did your cat fall into the well?
HQQDOODND¼¼—GLUHQG—XGHQGKDGKX My nice mirror broke into two.
Practical Conversation. – School Caretaker.
S: Schoolmaster, C: Caretaker.
6L¼¼DNNLHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXSDººLNÌGDPWKLUDQGKHSS—"
At what time did you open the school today ‘pa.
&Q—QHWWXPD¼LNNXSDººLNÌGDPWKLUDQGKQ
I opened the school at 8 o’clock.
6NXÄDQGKHQJDHOO—UXPVDUL\—QDQUDWKOHYDKDSSXNNXYDQGK—QJDº—"
Did all of the children come to the class in time?
&—P—QJDHOO—SLººHQJDºXPVDUL\—QDQUDWKOHYDKDSSXNNXYDQGK—QJDºD"
Yes Sir, all the children came to the class on time.
6HQGKDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYLÄXQGK—Q
Which boy fell from the tree?
&U—PDQHQQXPX\DUDP—QDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYLÄXQGK—Q
The tall boycalled Raman fell from the tree.
6DYDQNDLN—OXGHQGKDGK—HQQD" Did he break an arm or leg?
&WKHUL\—GKXQJD—Q—RUXGRFWRUDYDQHS—UWKWK—U
I don’t know Sir, but a doctor saw him.
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LESSON 34.
VERBS, - PAST TENSE
WITH ‘NDH’ AS MEDIAL, CONTINUED.
Vocabulary
pasu cow pul grass
YLWK\—VDP difference LQLPOH henceforth
WKDQL\— alone R¼¼— together
WKD¼¼L\— watery moththam in all, total, on the whole.
kodi flag, vine DE\—VDP exercise (n).
YLºDNNX lamp puthu new
dhadave time, (No. of times) WKÀL wash (clothes)
N—L dry Ira wet
Short Sentences.
QWKWKHOO—PQ¯QJDYH\LOOHWKLULQGKLQJD All of yesterday you wandered in the sun.
DGKDQ—OGK—QL¼¼DNLQ¯QJDVXKDPLOOH That is why you are unwell today.
XQJDºHVDQGKLNNDÌUHOO—PDOHQGKQ I wandered all over the place to meet you.
Q—QURPEDQUDPHQDUHOHLUXQGKQ I was in my room for a very long time.
NÀYLOOHPRWKWKDPHWKWKDQHYLºDNNXQJDHULQGKDGK—"
How many lamps in all were burning in the temple?
U—WKULURPEDPDÄHSHLGKDGKXN—WKWK—OHGK—QÀLQGKDGKX
It rained heavily at night; only in the morning did it cease.
QLQJDXQJDYOHVDUL\—VHL\DOHLQLPOHDSGLVHL\DNÌG—GKX
You are not doing your work properly. Henceforth you should not do that.
Q—QLQJHDQMXYDUXVKDWKWKXNNXPXQQ—OHYOHNNXVUQGKQ
I joined here for work five years ago.
Q¯QJDRUXQDOODSXVWKDKDPHQDNNXDQXSSLQLQJD
You sent me a good book.
DQJHQ¯QJDHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXSÀLVUQGKLQJD"
At what time did you reach there?

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DYDQJDV—LQJ—ODPDQMXPD¼LNNXLQJHYDQGKXVUQGK—QJD
They arrived at here at five o’clock in the evening.

LQGKDPVHNNXPDQGKDPVHNNXP\HQQDYLWK\—VDP"
What is the difference between this table and that table?
LQGKDPVHSXGKL\DGKXSXWKXVXDQGKDPVHSDÄD\DGKXSDUDVX
This table is new, that table is old.
LGKXUH¼GXNNXPDYºDYXGK—QYLWK\—VDP
That’s all the difference between these two.
WKDPLÄSXVWKDKDQJDºHWKDQL\—YDLQJD Put the Tamil books separately.
HOO—SXVWKDKDQJDºXPR¼¼—YDLNN—GKLQJD Don’t put all the books together.
Q¯QJDDQGKDLGDWKWKXNNXWKDQL\—SÀKDNÌGK—GKX
You should not go to that place alone.
L¼¼DNLS—OWKD¼¼L\—LOOHDGKXGK—QQDOODGKX
Today the milk is not watery, that is indeed good.
DYDUQDOODS—ON—UDUDYDUS—OOHWKD¼¼LNDODNNDOH
He is a good milkman. He did not mix water with the milk.
NDWWDGDWKWKXNNXPOHHQJDGKVDWKWKXNRGLSDUDNNXGKX
Our national flag is flying over the building.
SÀQDY—UDWKOHRUXURSOQ—K—\DYLP—QDPURPEDÌ\DUDWKOHSDUDQGKDGKX
Last week an aeroplane flew at a great height.
HQJDSDVXURPEDQDOODS—ONDUDNNXGKX Our cow yields a lot of good milk.
XQJDSDVXHWKWKDQHO¯WDUS—ONDUDQGKDGKX"
How many litres of milk did your cow give?
S—ON—UDUSDVXYHS—ONDUDQGK—U The milkman milked the cow.
Q—QJDSDODYDUXVKDPVDQGKÀVKDP—YDUQGKÀP We lived happily for many years.
LQGKDDE\—VDPÀYYRUXQ—ººHUH¼GXGKDGDYHVHL\DQXP
You should do this exercise twice every day.
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Practical Conversation. – Housework.
H: Housewuife, C: Cleaner.
+LQGKDDUH\HVXGKGKDPVHLGKLQJDO—" Have you cleaned this room?
&LQQXPLOOHQJDNRQMDPQUDWKOHVXGKGKDPVHL\DSÀUQ
Not yet Madam, I am going to clean it in a little while.
+PVHQ—NN—OLHOO—PGKÌVL\—LUXNNXGKXGKÌVLQDOODWKXGHQJD
The tables and chairs are all dusty. Dust them properly.
&VDULQJD¶PDDGKXQJDHOO—PWKX¼L\—OHQDOO—WKXGLSSQ
Alright Madam, I will wipe all of them well with a cloth.
+WKX¼LQJDURPEDDÄXNNDLUXNNXGKXL¼¼DNNLNDWW—\DPWKÀLNND¼XP
The clothes are very dirty. You must wash them today.
&L¼¼DNNLPDGK\—QDPWKX¼LQJDHOO—PWKDYDU—PDWKÀLSSQ
I shall wash all the clothes this afternoon without fail.
+¯UDWKX¼LQJDºHY¯WWXNNXPXQQ—OHN—\DSÀG—GKLQJDWKÀWWDWKOHN—\DSÀGXQJD
Don’t put the wet clothes to dry in front of the house. Put them in the garden to dry.
&VDULQJD¶PDDSGL\VHLUQ Alright Madam, I will do so.
Expansion Drill, For Lessons 33&34.
S—ON—UDQURPEDN—ODPHYDQGK—QV¯NUDPS—ONDUDQGK—QDGKXOHNRQMDPWKD¼¼L\XP
NDODQGK—QLGKHOO—PS—UNNDQ—QDQJHLUXQGKQLQGKDVDQJDGKLXQJDºXNNXVROODQ—Q
PDUDQGKQXQJDYOHHSSRPXGLQGKDGKX"NRQMDQUDWKWKXNNXPXQQ—OHPXGLQGKDGKX
LQJHYDQGKQRUXQLPLVKDPXNN—UQGKQHQY—WK\—ULQGKDSXVWKDKDPNRQGXYDQGK—U
SXVWKDKDPNDL\LOLUXQGKXN¯ÄHYLÄXQGKDGKXDGKHHQDNNXSDGLNNDWKDQG—UQ—QDGKH
HGXNNDNXQLQGKQS—WWXVDGKGKDPU—WKULSDWKWKXPD¼LNNXÀLQGKDGKXGRFWRUHVDQGKLNND
—VSDWKULHOO—PDOHQGKQDYDUVDUL\—SDQQHQGXPD¼LNNXDUHNNXXººHSXKXQGK—UDSSRGK—Q
PDÄH\XPÀLQGKDGKXDQGKDYLVKD\DPHQDNNXLSSRGK—QSXULQGKDGKXQ¯QJDPVHPOH
V—LQGKLQJDXQJDSQDYLÄXQGKDGKXDSSRDGKXUH¼G—XGHQGKDGKXXQJDY¯WWOHU—WKULHOO—P
YLºDNNX\QHULQGKDGKX"U—WKULXQJDºXNNXQDOODWKÌNNDP—"YLºDNNXVDQJDGKLXQJDºXNNX
HSGLWKHULQGKDGKX"U—WKULHQWKDOHURPEDQRQGKDGKXHQDNNXURPEDWKDOHYDOLDGKDQ—OH
Q—QY¯WWLOLUXQGKXQDKDUDOHLGLRPWKDOHYDOLN—ODPHGK—QÀLQGKDGKX
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LESSON 35.
VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE
WITH ‘IN’ OR ‘N’ AS MEDIAL.
Among the following Weak Verbs:-
those ending in ‘u’ drop the’u’ and take ‘in’ as medial.
those not ending in ’u’ take ‘n’ as medial.
——KX become, happen NDÄXYX wash (dishes not clothes)
YLÄXQJXPHO chew, masticate SD¼¼X do, make
madakku fold, bend nadaththu conduct
Q¯WWX stretch niruththu stop (trans)
thodangu begin, start WKDººX push
thattu pat, knock thittu scold
N—Q—P—OSÀ be lost kattu tie, build
WKGX search for P—WKWKX change
VHWKWKXSSÀ die thadavu stroke, smear
ÀWWX drive XQG—NNX create
Q¯QGKX swim virumbu desire
thirudu steal P—UXLQWU change
P—QGKXSÀ be deceived PDUDQGKXSÀ forget
P—WKWKX deceive, cheat WKÀQX appear, seem
P—WWXWU hang thongu hang
WKÌNNX lift pidungu wrench
NDÄDWWX take off, dismantle, strip
Vocabulary
male mountain siharam hill-top
PDLGK—QDP open field, space
kulam tank kutte pond, puddle
samudhram ocean, sea kare shore, bank
ÀWWDO hotel NDFKUL performance
arume excellence avasaram urgency

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thuvarppu tartness SXºLSSX sourness
uppu saltness thithippu, inippu sweetness
kasappu bitterness N—UDP pungence
rusi taste (n) UXVLS—UVWKWK taste (v)
rasam pepper water PLºDKX pepper
Sentences.
LQGKL\—YDNNXYDGDNNURPEDX\DUDP—QDPDOHLUXNNXGKX
There is a very high mountain in the North of India.
WHQVLQJKXPKLODU\XPHYHUHVWVLKDUDWKWKXNNXPXGKDOPXGKDOOHSÀLVUQGK—QJD
Tensingh and Hilary reached the top of Everest first of all.
SDUDWKWKHWKLUXGDDQGKDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKXPOHULQ—Q
That boy climbed up the tree to steal the fruit.
YD¼GL\LOLUXQGKXHSGLLUDQJLQLQJD" How did you get down from the cart?
NDGDOWKD¼¼LURPEDXSS—LUXNNXGKX Sea water is very salty.
QDQJDPDGKXUDLOHRUXQDOODÀWWDOOHWKDQJLQÀP
We stayed in a good hotel in Madhurai.
Q¯QJDU—WKULQDOODWKÌQJLQLQJDº—" Did you sleep well last night?
LQJHGK—QQDPNXÄDQGKHQJDQWKXYLOD\—GLQ—QJD
Our children played only here yesterday.
LGKXYLºD\—WWXPDLGK—QDP This is the playing field.
DYDUS—WWXNDFKFKULDQXPH\—LUXQGKDGKX
His music performance was excellent.
DYDUHOO—S—WWXPQDOODS—GLQ—U He sang all the songs well.
QWKXHQQD—QDWKXHQQ—FKXQ¯QJDHOO—UXPHQÀGLQLQJD"
What happened yesterday, why did all of you run?
DYDUHQDNNXGRFWRUY¯WWHN—WWLQ—U He showed me the doctor’s house.
Q—QHQNXÄDQGKHQJDºXNNXRUXQDOODNDGKHVRQQQ
I told my children a good story.
DQGKDNÌWWDWKOH\—UDUXPH\—SVLQDQJD"
Who spoke excellently at that meeting.

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LGKXNXGLWKD¼¼LNXODPLGKXOH\—UXPQLQGKDNXGK—GKX
This is a drinking water tank. No one should swim in it.
NÀGDLN—QDOULURPEDDÄDK—QDUL The kodaikanal lake is a beautiful one.
Q—QXQJDOXNN—KDNÀYLOXNNXPXQQ—OHURPEDQUDPQLQQ
I waited for you near the temple for a very long time.
DYDQWKLUXGLQ—QDGKDQ—OHDYDQHSÀO¯VN—UDQJDSLGLWKWK—QJD
He stole, therefore the police caught him.
20. yenna sonninga? dhayavuseithu marupadiyum sollunga.
What did you say? Please say it again.
QLQJDXQJDºHSDWKWKLHÄXGKLQLQJD—Q—NXÄDQGKH\HSDWKWKLR¼¼XPHÄXWKDOH
You wrote about yourself, but you did not write anything about the child.
LQGKDPLWW—\HV—SSLGXQJDLGKXURPEDLQLSS—LUXNNXP
Eat these sweets, this will be very sweet.
LGKXURPEDNDVDSSXHQDNNXNDVDSS—QDPDUXQGKXY¼—P
This is very bitter. I don’t want bitter medicine.
ÀWWDOV—SS—GXURPEDN—UDP—Q—URPEDUXVL\—LUXNNXGKXVLODVDPD\DPDGKXVXGXLOOH
Hotel food is very hot (taste), but it is very tasty. Sometimes it is not hot (temp).
SXºLSS—QDUDVDPHQDNNXSLGLNN—GKX I do not like sour pepper water.
QLQGKDSDÄDPWKXYDUSS—LUXNNXGKX" Why is this fruit tart.
XQJDDUDK—QDNXGH\HHQJHY—QJLQLQJD" Where did you buy your beautiful umbrella?
XQSDVXHQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYDQGKDGKX
Your cow came into our garden.
DGKXSXOP—WKUXPLOOHVHGLQJDºXPPLQGKDGKX
It ate not only grass, but plants as well.
LQLPOH—GXP—GXQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYDUDNÌG—GKX
From now on, goats and cows should not come into the garden.
L¼¼DNLQ—QPRWKWKDPDQMXS—GDPSDGLWKWKQ
Today I studied five lessons in total
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Practical Conversation. – At the Tailor’s.
T: Tailor C: Customer.
&DL\—HQDNNXVLODXGXSSXQJDDYDVDUDP—Y¼XPV¯NUDPNRGXNNDPXGL\XP—"
Sir, I want some garments urgently. Can you give them quickly?
7UH¼GXQ—ººHNRGXSSQVDUL\—" I will give them in two days, alright?
&QWKWKXLQGKDWKX¼LY—QJLQQLGKXOHUH¼GXSQWVXPUH¼GXFKRNN—\XPWKDLNND¼XP
I bought this material yesterday. Out of this two pants and two shirts should come.
7HQQDVRQQLQJDLQGKDWKXQLUH¼GXSQWVXPUH¼GXFKRNN—\XPSÀGK—GKX
(Ibeg your pardon), This is not enough cloth for two pants and two shirts.
&Q—QSÀGKXP—QDWKX¼LY—QJDPDUDQGKDSÀQQL¼¼DNLVDLQJ—ODPY—QJXYQ
I forgot to buy enough cloth. I will buy it this evening.
7LQQRUXWKXQLHQDNNXN—WWLQLQJDLOOH\—"DGKH\HQQDVHL\D¼XP"
You showed me some other cloth, didn’t you? What’s to be done with that?
&—P—DGKXEORXVWKX¼LLQGKDDºDYXOHPÌQXEORXVWKDLNND¼XP
Yes, that is blouse cloth. Three blouses are to be made of this size.
7VDULQJDHOO—PYHººLNLÄDPHNDWW—\DPNRGXSSQ
Alright Sir, I will give them on Friday without fail.
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LESSON 36.
VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE
WITH ‘IN’ OR ‘N’ AS MEDIAL, CONTINUED.
Vocabulary
PDOKLDSSÌ jasmine UÀM—SSÌ rose
dazan dozen kadhambam mixed flowers, garland
—LSÀZQ be finished adi foot (length)
P—GKGKLUH pill N—LFKFKDO fever
H¼¼H oil udambu body
Sentences.
Q—QLQGKDWKDS—OOHSÀGDPDUDQGKXSÀQQ I forgot to post this letter.
Q¯QJD\HQQDVHL\DYLUXPELQLQJD" What did you wish to do?
LQGKD—GXGK—QY—ÄHLOH\HPHQQDGKX Only this goat chewed the plantain leaf.
LQGKDP—GKGKLUH\HPHOODNÌG—GKXQ¯QJDLGKHYLÄXQJD¼XP
You should not chew this pill. You should swallow this.
XQJDNDL\XPN—OXPQDOODQ¯WWDPXGL\XP—"
Can you stretch your arms and legs well?
QWKWKXNDLN—ONRQMDPNRQMDP—Q¯WWLQQDSSRQDOO—Q¯WWDPXGLQGKDGKX
Yesterday I stretched hands and legs little by little, then I was able to stretch well.
SÀQDP—VDPGK—QQ—QJDWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNNRººDWKRGDQJLQÀP
Only last month we started to learn Tamil.
DYDUNDGKDYHURPEDPHGKXY—WKDWWLQ—U He knocked at the door very gently.
HQSQDN—¼—PDOSÀQDGKXN—Q—PDOSÀFKXY¯GHOO—PWKGLQQNLGHNNDOH
My pen was lost. I searched for it all over the house; didn’t get it.
PÌQXYDUXVKDWKWKXNNXPXQQ—OHDYDUDSS—VHWKWKXSÀQ—U
His father died three years ago.
DYDUHSGLVHWKWKXSÀQ—U What did he die of?
DYDUXNNXURPEDQ—O—N—LFKFKDO—LUXQGKDGKX
He had fever for a long time.

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YD¼GLNN—UDQYD¼GL\HURPEDYKDP—ÀWWLQ—Q
The cart driver drove the cart very fast.
XQJDNDL\HQDOO—NDÄXYLQLQJDº—" Did you wash your hands well.
\—ULQGKDYOH\HSD¼¼—QJD" Who did this work?
NÌWWDPHQJHQDGDQGKDGKX"NÌWWDWKWKH\—UQDGDWKWKLQ—QJD"
Where was the meeting held? Who conducted the meeting?
DYDUHLQJHQQLUXWKWKLQ¯QJD" Why did you stop him here?
LQGKDSQ—YH\—UNLÄHWKDOOLQ—QJD" Who knocked this pen down?
Q—QDYDQHWKLWWLQQ—Q—DGLNNDOH I scolded him but did not hit him.
DYDUWKDQY¯WWHWK—QNDWWLQ—U He built his house himself.
L¼¼DNNLQDPQ—\HQ¯QJDNXOLSS—WWLQLQJDº— Did you bathe our dog today?
HQPVH\HLQGKDSDNNDPQWKLULSSLQLQJD" Why did you turn my table this way?
23. chennaiyilirundhu eppo thirumbininga? When did you return from Chennai.
XQJDSDÄD\DWKX¼L\HP—WKWKLQLQJDº—" Did you change your old clothes?
LQGKDH¼QH\HXGDPEXHOO—PQDOO—WKDGDYLQLQJDº—"
Did you smear well the whole body with this oil?
Practical Conversation. – At a Flower Stall.
W: Woman, F: Flower Girl.
:LQJHYD¶PDXQQLGDP\HQQDSÌLUXNNXGKX" Come here. What flowers do you have?
)LSSRHQQLGDPPDOOLKDLSÌP—WKUXPLUXNNXGKX I have only jasmine flowers.
:XQNLWWDUÀMDSÌLOOH\— Don’t you have roses?
)HQNLWWDLUXQGKDGKX—Q—HOO—P—LSÀQDGKX—LSÀFKFKX
I had, but they are all gone.
W. kadhambam oru adi enna vile? How much is a foot of mixed flowers?
)LQGKDNDGKDPEDPRUXDGLDQMXUÌE—DGKXHÄXUÌE—DGL
This garland is five Rupees a foot, that one is seven Rupees a foot.
:UÀM—SÌGD]DQHQQDYLOHYLNUH¶P—" For how much do you sell a dozen roses ‘ma?
)QDOO—UÀMDSÌSDQQHQGXUÌE—GD]DQ Good roses, twelve rupees a dozen.
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 Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 30.
HQDNNXPDOHPOHUDURPEDLVKWDPPDOH\LOLUXQGKXQ—QVXODPEDP—LUDQJLQQ
DYDUL¼¼DNNLN—ODPHHWWXPD¼LNNXFKHQQDLOHYD¼GLULQ—UN—WS—GLOHPDGK\—QDPLUDQJLQ—U
ÀWWDOV—SS—GXHQDNNXSLGLNN—GKXHQJDºXNNXNXGLNNDWKD¼¼LUL\LOLUXQGKXYDUXGKX
FKHQQDLNDGDONDUHNDGDUNDUHURPEDDÄDK—QDGKX
PDÄHN—ODWKOHNXºDWKOHNXWWHOHNL¼DWKOHHOO—LGDWKWKLOXPWKD¼¼LS—UNNDO—P
HQJDÌU—WKOHHSSRYXPNRQMDWKD¼¼LGK—QÀGXGKX
LGKXDUDPH\—QDV—SS—GX—Q—NRQMDPN—UDP—LUXNNXGKX
XQJDNL¼DWKWKXWKD¼¼LURPEDXSS—LUXNNXGKXLQGKDSDÄDPQURPEDSXºLSS—LUXNXGKX"
DYDQJDLQGKDURWWL\UXVLS—UWKWK—QJD
DGKXURPEDUXVL\—LUXNNXGKXLQQXVRQQ—QJDL¼¼DNNLV—SS—GXUXVLLOOH
DPP—LQGKDNDVDSSXPDUXQGKHNXGLNNDP—WWQ
DGKXNXGLNNDURPEDURPEDNDVDSS—LUXNNXGKX
UDVDPQWKLWKLSS—LUXNNXGKX"DGXOHFKDNNDUHNDODQGKLQJDº—"
Q—QXQJDºXNNXRUXYLVKD\DPVRQQQQ¯QJDDGKHPDUDQGKDSSÀQLJDº—"
DYDUHQQDXQJDºHNNNDYLUXPELQ—U"
Q—QLSSRGK—QDGKHSDWKWKLSVDWKRGDQJLQQ
HQDNNXXQJDY¯GXWKHUL\—GKXDYDUGK—QDGKHHQDNNXN—WWLQ—U
Q¯QJDXQJDY¯WWHHSSRP—WKWKLQLQJD"
HQF—UV—YLN—¼—PDOSÀFKFKXDGKHURPEDQUDPWKGLQQ
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LESSON 37.
VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE
WITH ‘TT’ AS MEDIAL.
In the following verbs, ‘du’ is dropped when adding the medial ’tt’ and endings.
V—SSLGX eat thodu touch
SÀGX throw vidu leave
padu suffer kashtappadu suffer, worry.
SUD\—VDSSDGX try, endeavour VDQGKÀVKDSSDGX rejoice
ahappadu be found purappadu set out, start (on journey).
kumbidu worship NÌSSLGX call
nadu plant sudu burn, shoot (with gun).
NºYLSSDGX hear
Vocabulary
NOVWW hear NÌFKFKDOSÀGX make a noise
DK—\DPY—QDP sky NDGDYXºGKYDQ God
ulaham world EKÌPL the Earth
FKDQGUDQQLO— moon nakshathram star
DP—YDVH new moon SRZU¼DPL full moon
VÌU\DQ sun veyyil sunshine, sun heat.
PD¼ mud, earth PD¼DO sand, gravel
neruppu fire neruppu petti match box
WKXSS—NNL gun NDLWKXSS—NL handgun
padippu education miruham animal
N—GX forest iruttu dark (n).
singam lion puli tiger
pul grass pudhar bush, thicket
Sentences.
WKÀWWDNNDUDQRUXSHUL\DPDUDWKWKHYHWWLQ—Q The gardener cut a big tree.
DYDQDQGKDPDUDWKWKHWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYHºL\HSÀWW—Q
He threw the wood out of the garden.

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Q—QJHOO—PLSSRGK—QV—SSLWWÀPQ¯QJDV—SSLGDOH\—"
All of us ate just now; are you not eating?
Q—QJDQDOODVDQJDGKL\NºYLSDWWÀPURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSSDWWÀP
We heard the good news, we were very happy.
Q¯QJDHQQHSDODGKDGDYHNÌSSLWWLQJD—Q—Q—QYDUDPXGL\DOH
You invited me several times, but I could not come.
DYDQXNNXSDGLSSXLOOHDGKDQ—OHNDVKWDSSDWW—Q
He was not educated, so he suffered.
HQWKÀWWDWKOHDQKDSÌVHGLQJDQDWWQ
I planted many flowering plants in my garden.
WKDPLÄNDWKWKXNNRººDQ—QURPEDSUD\DVDSSDWWQ
I tried hard to learn Tamil.
—K—\DWKOHHQQHQQDLUXNNXGKX" What (things) are in the sky?
Y—QDWKOHVÌU\DQXPFKDQGKUDQXPQDNVKDWKUDPXPLUXNXGKX
The sun moon and stars are in the sky.
L¼¼DNLSRZU¼DPLDGKDQ—OGK—QQLO—YHS—UNNDDÄDK—LUXNNXGKX
Today is the full moon, so the moon is very beautiful to look at.
DP—Y—VHQ—ºFKDQGKUDQWKHUL\—GKX At the new moon time the moon is unseen.
D¼¼DNLURPEDLUXWW—LUXNNXP It will be very dark then.
Q—PVDQGKÀVKDP—LUXNNDGKLQDQGKÀUXPNDGDYXºHNXPELGD¼XP
We should worship God daily to be happy.
NDGDYXºURPEDURPEDQDOODYDUDYDUQDPXNNXHOO—PVHLY—U
God is very kind, he will do everything for us.
N—WWXPLUXKDQJDºHVXGDWKXSS—NNLY¼XPNDLWKXSS—NNLSÀGK—GKX
A gun is needed for shooting wild animals, a handgun is not enough.
SÀO¯VN—UDQJDWKXS—NNL\—OHSXOL\HVXWW—QJD
The police shot a tiger with a gun.
VLQJDPXPSXOL\XPN—WWXPLUXKDQJD—GXPP—GXPY¯WWXPLUXKDQJD
The lion and tiger are wild animals, the goat and the ox are domestic animals.

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QWKWKXS—GDPXQJDºXNNXQDOO—YLºDQJLQDGK—
Was yesterday’s lesson very clear to you.
8QJDSHWWL\HVDUL\—SÌWWLQLQJDº—" Did you lock your box properly?
21. indha marundhe aththane dhadave thadavininga?
How many times did you apply this medicine?
Q—QDYDULGDSDODGKDGDYHP—QGKXSÀQQ
I was deceived by him several times.
HQQHDYDUDQKDGKDGDYHP—WKWKLQ—U He cheated me many times.
LQGKDLUXWWXLUXWW—QDDUHOHHSGLYOHVHLULQJD
How do you work in this dark room.
$YDUDQGKDYOH\HYLWWXYLWW—U QLQQ—DGKXDYDUXNNXSLGLNNDOH
 LQWHVLILHGµYLWW—U¶ He left (got out of) that job because he disliked it.
Practical Conversation. – At a Rural Hospital.
D: Doctor, P: Patient..
'XQSUHQQD¶P—"XQYD\DVXHQQD"XQÌUHGKX"
What is your name? How old are you? Which is your village?
3HQSUFKLQQDPP—QYD\DVXLUXEDWKWKDQMXHQÌUPOÌU
My name is Chinnamma. I am twenty five years old. My village is Melur
D. unakku enna kashtam? What is your trouble?
P. yenakku joram, irumbal, thale vali. I have fever, cough , headache.
'XQJDºXNNXLQGKDNDVKWDPHWKWKDQHQ—º—LUXNNXGKX"
How long have you had this trouble?
3HQDNNXUH¼GXY—UDP—LQGKDNDVKWDP I have had this trouble for two weeks.
'XQJDºXNNXLQQXPHQQDYUHQQDNDVKWDP"
What other trouble do you have?
3DL\—HQDNNXXGDPEXHOO—PURPEDYDOL Sir, there is pain all over my body.
'VDULµPDDQJHXNN—UQ—QPDUXQGKXNRGXNUQ
Alright ‘ma, sit there, I will give you some medicine.
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Expansion Drill, For Lesson 37.
L¼¼DNNLN—ODPHHQQDV—SSLWWLQJD"HQQHHQQDNWWLQJD"Q—QDGKHSDWKWKLPDUDQGKXSÀQQ
SDUY—LOOHHQQH\QNÌSSLWWLQJD"Q—QDYDQJDºHDSGL\—NÌSSLWWHQ
QDSGLVDGKGKDPSÀWWLQJD"\—ULQJHNÌFKFKDOSÀWWDGKX? (making a noise).
DYDUXNN—UDQ—QQ—NN—OL\HSÀWWQPXGKDOOHNXÄDQGKHQJDºXNNXV—SS—GXSÀWW—QJD
DGKXNNXDSUDPQ—QJDVDSSLWWÀPXQJDOHSDWKWKLQ—QQWKWKXGK—QNOYLSDWWQ
LQGKDSXVWKDKDPHQDNNXYDÄLOHDKDSSDWWDGKXHQNXÄDQGKHDGKHDQJHSÀWWDGKX
SÌVHGLQJDºHNL¼DWKWKXNNXYDODGKXSDNNDPQDWWLQJDº—"
\—U—GXP—GXQJDºHWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXXººHYLWWDGKX"
LQGKDYOH\HPXGLNNDURPEDSUD\DVDSDWWQDGKXNN—KDURPEDNDVKWDSSDWWQ
NDGDVLOHDQGKDYOHPXGLQGKDGKXDGKDQ—OHQ—QURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSDWW¼
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 38.
REVIEW (REVISION) No.III.
Vocabulary
DL\À oh dear! DL\ÀS—YDP poor soul
GKÀ something palahe, palake plank, board
jebam prayer jebam sei pray
visanappadu (w.tt) be sad
Practical Conversation. – Mother and Father.
M: Mother, F: Father.
)ND¼¼DQHQJHSÀQ—Q"HSSRWKLUXPEDYDUXY—Q"
Where did Kannan go? When will he come back?
0ND¼¼DQSDººLNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀQ—QDQMXPD¼LNNXDSUDPWKLUXPEXY—Q
He went to school. He will come back after 5 o’clock.
)DYDQQWKWKXY¯WWXNNXQURPEDSLQGKLYDQGK—Q"
Why did he come back very late yesterday?
0DYDQURPEDSLQGKLYDQGK—QQLQQ—SDººLNÌGDWKOHURPEDQUDPYLOD\—GLQ—Q
He came very late because he played in the school for a very long time.
)L¼¼DNNLPDGK\—QDPHQJHV—SSLWW—Q" Where did he eat this afternoon?
0DYDQL¼¼DNNLWKDQVQKLGKDUÀGXSDººLNÌGDWKOHV—SSLWW—QY¯WWOHV—SSLGDOH
Today he ate with his friends in the school. He didn’t eat at home.
)DQGKDV—SS—GXDYDQXNNXSLGLWKWKDGK—" Did he like that food?
0DYDQVQKLGKDUDYDQXNNXQDOODV—SS—GXNRGXWKWK—QJD
DGKXDYDQXNNXURPEDSLGLWKWKDGKXLQQXVRQQ—Q
His friends gave him good food. He said that he liked it very much.
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 Adi’s Book.
Review No. III
DL\—Q¯QJD\—U"XQJDSUQQD"XQJDÌUHGKX"\HQSUNULVKQDQHQÌUVODP
VODP LQJLUXQGKX URPED GKÌUDP—"  XQJD ÌU GKÌUDP— NLWWDY—"  VODP HYºDYX GKÌUDWKOH
LUXNNXGKX"   \HQ ÌU LQJLUXQGKX URPED GKÌUDP   LQJLUXQGKX DLQÌUX NLORPHWDU GKÌUDWKOH
LUXNNXGKXDGKXSHUL\DSDW¼DPFKLQQDQDKDUDPLOOHDQGKDÌUQDOODÌULOOH\—"
—P—P—URPEDQDOO—ÌUGK—Q
Q—QXGDQHFKHQQDLNNXSÀKD¼XPQ¯QJDºXPHQQÀGXYDULQJDº—HQQÀGXYDUDXQJDºXNNX
VDQGKÀVKDP—"  LQQXP \—U FKHQQDLNNX SÀU—QJD"  HQ PDQDYL\XP NXÄDQGKHQJDºXP NÌGD
YDUXY—QJDURPEDQDOODGKXDSSRQ—QXPXQJDºÀGXYDUQQ—QHWKWKDQHP—QLNNXWKD\—U—
LUXNND¼XP"  Q—ºDNNL N—ODPH —UX PD¼LNNX DQGKD PDUDWKWKXNNXN¯ÄH WKD\—U— LUXQJD  Q—Q
VDUL\——UXPD¼LNNXXQJDºHVDQGKLSSQDGKXNNDSUDPQ—QJHOO—PFKHQQDLNNXSÀKDO—P
 Q¯QJDYOH\H JKDYDQDP— VHL\D¼XP  DYDQJD LQGKDYOH\H VDUL\— VHL\DOH  Q¯QJDLQGKD
YOH\HSDODGKDGDYHVHLGKLQJDDGKDQ—OHLGKHVHL\DXQJDºXNNXVXODEDP—LUXNNXP
L¼¼DNNL NÌWWDP HQJH QDGDNNXP"   QWKX NÌWWDWKOH Q—Q HSGL SVLQQ"   Q¯QJD DUXPH\—
SHVLQLQJDQ—QQDOODSVDOHDQGKDNÌWWDWKOHRUXYDUSVDOH—Q—GKÀSDGLWKWK—U
NÌWWDPDQMXPD¼LNNX—UDPELWKWKDGKXHWWXPD¼LNNXPXGLQGKDGKXDQJHSDODVWKU¯QJDNÌGD
YDQGKDQJDQ—QµMRKQ¶HNÌWWDWKWKXNNXNÌSSLWWQ—Q—DYDUYDUDOH
 LQGKD —UDP—QD NL¼DWKWKX WKD¼¼L QDOO— WKD¼¼L  HQJD DQDODP—QD WKÀWWDWKOH X\DUDP—QD
PDUDQJDLUXNNXGKXQJDQ—QHQWKÀWWDWKWKLOLUXQGKXRUXDÄDK—QDSXNRQGXYDQGKQXQJD
YDWWDP—QDNL¼DWKWKHQ—QNÌGDSDUWKQNXWWH\—QDPDQXVKDUVDGKXUDP—QDSDODNH\HHQJH
NRQGXSÀU—U  HQJD ÌU UL DÄDK—QD HUL  Q—QJD DQGKD ULOH QLQGKD DGLNNDGL SÀYÀP  NXGL
WKD¼¼LNXODWKOHQLQGKDNÌG—GKXNRYLOXNNXPXQQ—OHRUXNXODPLUXNNXGKXHOO—UXPDQGKD
NXODWKLOLUXQGKX NXGLNND WKD¼¼L NRQGXSÀU—QJD    XQJDºXNNX QLQGKD WKHUL\XP—"    Q—Q
XQJDOOXNNXQLQGKDNDWKWKXNRGXNUQVDULURPEDQDQGUL
DYDUXNNXLSSRURPEDSD¼DNDVKWDPDYDULGDPSÀGKXP—QDSD¼DPLOOHDGKDQ—OHDYDU
URPED NDVKWDSSDGU—U   DYDUXNNX DQMX NXUDQGKHQJD LQQX WKÀQDGKX   LGKH SDWKWKL \DU
VRQQDQJD"DYDUDPP—SRQDYDUXVKDPVHWKXSÀQDUDGKXNN—KDDYDUURPEDYLVDQDSDWW—U
Q—Q RUX Q—º DYDU Y¯WWXNNX SÀQQ    Q—QJD UH¼GX SUXP URPED QUDP SDOD YLVKD\DP
SVLQÀPLSSRDYDUXNNXURPEDVDQGKÀVKDPQ—QXPVDQGKÀVKDSDWWQ

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 DQGKD SHUL\D YOH\H PXGLNND RUX YDUXP —QDGKX  QDQJD HOO—P LQGKD YOH\H R¼¼—
—UDPELWKWKÀP      DGKH PÌQX PD¼LOH PXGLNND YLUXPELQÀP     DGKXNN—K— URPED
SUD\DVDSDWWÀP —Q— PXGL\DOH   RUX Q—º YOH QDGDNNDOH QLQQ— D¼¼DNNL M—VWKL PDÄH
SHLGKDGKX    DGKDQ—OH URPED NRQMDPGK—Q YOH VHLGKÀP    LGKX VXODEDP—QD YOH
LOOHNDVKWDP—QDYOHQ¯QJDWKDQL\—VHL\DPXGL\—GKXDL\ÀS—YDPHQ—OHXQJDºXNNXURPED
NDVKWDP XQJD NDVKWDWKWKXNN—K— URPED QDQGUL    LQLPOH Q—QJD LQGKD YLGKDP—QD YOH
VHL\DP—WWÀP
 Q¯QJD HQQH HQ DUHOH VDQGKLNNDO—P   QDºDNNL N—ODPH NDWW—\DP Y—QJD   Q—Q HQ DUHOH
HSSRYXPLUXNUQQDºDNNLNÌGDLUXSSQU—PDQXPUDK¯PXPM—QXPSRQDVDQLNNLÄDPHHQJD
Y¯WWXNNXYDQGK—QJDHQY¯GXHQJHLUXNNXGKXWKHUL\XP—"WKHUL\XPXQJDYLGXNÀYLOXNNX
PXQQ—OHLUXNNXGKXVDULGK—Q—"LSSRXQJDY¯WWOH\—ULUXNU—QJD"DYDQJDOO—PQ—ºD¼¼DNNL
FKHQQDLOLUXQGKXSXUDSSDGU—QJDHQQLGDPYDUDDYDQJDºXNNXVDQGKÀVKDP
 —JDVW P—VDP SDGKLQDQM—P WKGL HQJDºXNNX YOH LOOH QLQQ— D¼¼DNNL VXGKDQGKLUD
GKLQDPLQGHSHQGHQFHGD\DGXWKWKDY—UDPWKLQJDNLÄDPHQ—QJDPDUXSDGL\XPYOHNNX
SÀYÀPQ—QNLÄHQ—O—YDGKXDUHOHYOHVHLUQQ¯QJDHQDNNXURPEDQ—O—NDGLGKDPSÀGDOH
Q—QGK—Q XQJDºXNNX SDOD GKDGDYH HÄXGKLQQ         XQJDOLGDPLUXQGKX HQDNNX RUX
NDGLGKDPNÌGDYDUDOHGKD\DYXVHLGKXXGDQDYDUXNNXHÄXGKXQJDLGKHQLQJDPDUDQGKX
SÀKDNÌG—GKXYLODQJXGK—LOOH\—
DYDU SHUL\D SD¼DNN—UDU  DYDUXNNX DQKD YOHN—UDQJD LUXNUDQJD  DYDUY¯WWOH HSSRYXP
SDGKLQDQMX SU YHOH VHLU—QJD  LQGKD SD¼DNN—UDU HOO—UXNNXP QDOODYDU  DYDU HOO—UXNNXP
QDOODGKXVHLU—U—Q—HOO—SD¼DNN—UDUXPQDOODYDQJDLOOHLYDUHQ¯QJDVDQGKLWWLQJDº—Q—Q
DYDUHRURUXGKDGDYHVDQGKLWWQRURUXRQO\RQFH
Q—PLSSRNDGDYXºHNXPELGDSÀYÀPY—QJDQ—PQ—ºGKÀUXPMHEDPVHL\D¼XP
Q—PQ—OODYDQJDO—LUXNNDNDGDYXºMHEDPYD¼DNNDPURPEDPXN\DPNDGDYXºYD¼DNNDP
SUD\HU WR *RG HQDNNX VDQGKÀVKDWKWKH NRGXNNXGKX   Q¯QJD YDUXWKWKDSSDG—GKLQJD
NDGDYXº XQJDºH N—SS—WKWKXY—U   DYDU HQQH N—SS—WKWKLQ—U   LQGKD QDOOD Y—UWKWKHNN—KD
XQJDºXNNXHQQDQGULXQJDY—UWKWKH\HQ—QNSSQYD¼DNNDPSÀLWXYDUQ
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 39.
PAST PARTICIPLES.
The meaning and use of the Past participles will be seen from the examples given below.
Forming Past Participles.
Verbs, past tense not taking ‘in’ as medial:-
drop the ending, and substitute ‘u’.
Past Tense Past Participle Meaning
YDQGKQ vandhu having come
DGLWKWKQ adiththu having struck
VHLGKQ seidhu having done
Verbs, past tense taking ‘in’ as medial:-
drop the termination.
Y—QJLQQ Y—QJL having bought
N—WWLQQ N—WWL having shown
S—GLQQ S—GL having sung
Irregular Past Participles.
SÀQQ SÀL having gone
—QQ —L having become
VRQQQ solli having said
-------------------------
Negative Past Participles.
These are formed by DGGLQJµ—PH¶WRWKHLQILQLWLYH
vara YDU—PH without coming
adikka DGLNN—PH without hitting
V—SSLGD V—SSLG—PH without eating.

LOO—PHZLWKRXW follows nouns and pronouns:-

SXVWKDKDPLOO—PHY—QJD Come without the book.
Q—QLOO—PHQ¯QJDSÀKDO—P You may go without me.
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 Adi’s Book.
Sentences.
NXÄDQGKHQJDSDºLNNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀLSDGLNÄDQJD
The children go toschool and study.
DQJHHOO—UXPR¼¼DVUQGKXYLºD\—GU—QJD
There they all join together and play.
Q—QRUXFK¯WWXHÄXWKLNRGXNUQDGKHNRQGXSÀLGRFWRULGDPNRGXQJD
I shall write a chit and give it to you. Take it and give it to the doctor.
DYDQV—SSLWWXYHºL\HSÀQ—Q He ate and went out.
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHWKLUDQGKXY—VLQJD Open this book and read.
Q—QQ—OGKÀUXPNDGDYXºHNXPELWWXWKÌQJDSÀUQ
Daily I pray to God and go to sleep.
SD¼DWKWKHPVHPOHYDLWKXNXºLNNDSÀQQ
I went to bathe having kept the money on the table.
GKD\DYXVHLGKXLYDUÀGXSÀLHQY¯WWHDYDUXNNXN—WWLY—QJD
Please go with him, show my house and come.
Q—QXQJDºXNNXSDODGKDGDYHVROOLDQXSSLQQ
I sent word for you several times. (idiom).
SHWWL\HQDOO—PÌGLSÌWWXSÀGXQJD Close the box well and lock it.
NXÄDQGKHDPP—YLGDPÀGLYDQGKDGKX The child came running to the mother.
Q—PV—SS—WWHHSSRYXPQDOO—PH¼¼XV—SSLGD¼XP
We should always chew our food well and eat it.
V¯NUDPV—SSLWWXXGDQHDQJHSÀQJD Eat quickly and go there immediately.
XQJDEDGKLOHS—UWKXGK—QQ—QFKHQQDLNNXSÀYQ
Only after having seen your reply I shall go to Chennai.
Q¯QJDDQJHSRK—PHLQJHLUXNNDPXGL\—GKX
You cannot remain here without going there.
DYDQJDEDGKLOLOO—PHQ—QNDWW—\DPSÀKDP—WWQ
I will certainly not go without their reply.

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LQGKDYOH\HVHLGKXDYDQJDY¯WWXNNXSÀQ—QJD
Having done this work they went home.
FKLQQDSDL\DQJDPDLGK—QDWKOHÀGL—GLYLºD\—GU—QJD
Small boys are playing happily in the open field.
NÀYLOXNNXSÀKDQUDSÀLLGDGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPED¼XP
To go to the temple, go straight and turn right.
DYDQJDHQWKDPLÄS—WWHNWWXYLÄXQGKXYLÄXQGKXVLULWKWK—QJD
Having heard my Tamil song they laughed hilariously. (idiom)(fell about, laughing!)
Q—QJDPDPE—\LOLUXQGKXQWKWKXSXUDSSDWWXL¼¼DNNLYOÌUYDQGKXVUQGKÀP
Setting out from Mumbai yesterday, we reached Vellore today.
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKHV¯NUDPSDGLWKWKXPXGLWKWKXHQQLGDPNRGXQJD
Read and finish this book soon and give it to me.
L¼¼DNNLQ—QVDQGKÀVKDPLOO—PHYOHVHLUQQLQQ—NXºLNN—PHYDQGKQ
I am unhappily working because I came without bathing.
NDGKDYXWKLUDQGXLUXNNXGKXGKD\DYXVHLGKXPÌGXQJD
The door is open, please close it.
L¼¼DNNLHQJDF—UNHWWXSÀQDGKXNHWWXSÀFKXDGKDQ—OHQ—QJDQDGDQGKXYDQGKÀP
Our car broke down today, so we came walking.
Practical Conversation. – At a Furniture Shop.
C: Customer S: Shopkeeper.
&DL\—XQJDOLGDPPVHQ—NN—OLQJDWKD\—U—LUXNNXGK—"
Do you have chairs and tables ready made?
6—P—LUXNNXGKXXQJDºXNNXHQQDHQWKDPDUDWKOHYQXP"
Yes we have, what wood do you want?
&QÌNNDPDUDWKOHYDLWKXLUXNULQJDO—" Do you have them in rosewood?
6PXQQ—OHYDLWKXLUXQGKÀPLSSRWNNXPDUDWKOHGK—QLUXNNXGKX
We had before. Now we have them only in teakwood.
&XQJDNDGHOHYDWWDYDWWDP—QDV—SS—WWXPVHLUXNNXGK—"
Do you have a round dining table in your store?

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6LSSRWKD\—U—LOOHHQJDºXNNX—UGDUNRGXQJDRUXY—UDWKOHVHLWKXNRGXNUÀP
Not ready now. Give us an order. We’ll make it and give it in a week.
&L¼¼DNNL—UGDUNRGXSSÀPHQJDV—P—QHSSRHWKWKDQHQ—ººHHQJDºXNNXNLGDLNNXP
We’ll give an order today. When can we get our things.
6XQJD—UGDUXNN—KDQDQGULXQJDV—P—PXQJDºXNNXRUXY—UDWKOHNDWW—\DPNLGDLNNXP
Thanks for your order. You will get your things without fail in a week.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 39.
Q—QV¯NUDPV—SSLWWXWKÌQJDSÀQQWKÌNNDWKWKLOLUXQGKXHÄXQGKXHQQDVHLGKLQJD"NRQMDP
QUDPWKÌQJLDSUDPNDGLGKDPHÄXGKLQQNDGLGKDPHÄXGKLDYDULGDPNRGXWKWKQDYDU
DGKH Y—QJL WKDS—O —S¯VXNNX NRQGXSÀQ—U   DGKH NRQGXSÀL WKDS—O SHWWLOH SÀWW—U  DQGKD
NDGLGKDP VUQGKX EDGKLOXP YDQGKDGKX  XQJDºXNNX \HQQD VROOL DQXSSLQ—U"  DYDU
XQJDºXNN—KDLQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHNRGXWKWKXDQXSSLQ—U   LGKH V—SSLWWX WKD¼¼L NXGLQJD
LQJHUXQGKX HWWX PD¼LNNX SXUDSSDWWX DQJH HWKWKDQH PD¼LNNX SRLVUQGKLQJD"  Q—Q U—WKUL
UH¼GX PDQLNNX YDQGKX VUQGKQ  DYDQJD NDVKWDSSDWWX LQGKD SXVWKDKDP HÄXGKLQ—QJD
YOÌUH Y¯WWX HSSR SRULQJD"  LQGKD DUXPH\—QD WKX¼L\H WKRWWX S—ULQJD  XQJD S—WWH NNNX
URPED VDQGKÀVKDSSDWWQ  DYDQJD HOO—P NRYLOXNNX SÀL NDGDYXºH NXPELWWX YDU—QJD
NDGH\LOLUXQGKXRUXGD]DQSDÄDPY—QJLYDQGKQQ—QJDVDLQJ—ODPHOO—PYLºD\—GLLSSRGK—Q
SÀUÀP   DYDU RUX PD¼L QUDP SVL XNN—UQGK—U   QLQJD PDUDQGKXSÀL LQGKD YOH\H
VHLGKLQJDº—"XQJDPVH\HNRQMDPWKDOOLYDLQJDQ—QJDLQJHYDQGKXRUXYDUXVKDP—QDGKX
—FKFKXS—ON—UDQJDS—OOHWKD¼¼LNDODQGKXYLNU—QJD   Q¯QJD L¼¼DNNL HQQH S—UNN—PH
SÀKDNÌG—GKX   WKDPEL SDGLNN—PH LQJH HQQD VHLUH   R¼¼XP PDUDNN—PH HOO—
VDQJDGKL\XPVROOD¼XP  Q¯QJD DQGKD WKLUXGDQH SLGLNN—PH YLGDNÌGK—GKX  Q—QJD Y¯WWOH
V—SSLG—PHÀWWDOOHV—SSLWWÀPDGKHHQDUHOHYDLNN—PHLQJHQYDLWKWKLQJD"LGKXNN—KDQ—Q
—Ä—PH HQQD VHLYQ"  Q—Q HQQ—OH VLULNN—PH LUXNND PXGL\—GKX  LQGKD QDOOD Y—GK\—U
NXUDQGKHQJDºHDGLNN—PHNDWKWKXNNRGXNU—UURPEDQ—O—PDÄHSHL\—PHLUXNNXGKXN—SSL
LOO—PHQ—QYOHVHL\DPXGL\—GKXSD¼DPLOO—PHNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDP—WWHQVLODVDPD\DP
Q—Q FKDNNDUH LOO—PH N—SSL NXGLNUQ  YOH LOO—PH DYDUXNNX URPED NDVKWDP— LUXNNXGKX
DQKDSUY¯GXLOO—PHV—SS—GXLOO—PHWKX¼LQJDLOO—PHNDVKWDSDGU—QJDXQJDXGKDYLLOO—PH
Q—QLQGKDYOHVHL\DPXGL\—GKX
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LESSON 40.
PERFECT AND IMPERFECT TENSES.
Perfect Tenses
To form Perfect Tenses for any Verb, use the
Past Participle plus ‘iru’ plus Personal Endings
according to Number, Gender, Person and Tense.
e.g. Q—QYDQGKXLUXNUQ Q—QYDQGKLUXNUQ I have come.
similarly, Q—QYDQGKLUXQGKQ I had come
Q—QYDQGKLUXSSQ I will have come
Note:- Future perfect also expresses ‘would have’
Q—QYDQGKLUXSSQ I would have come.
Imperfect Tenses
To form Imperfect Tenses for any Verb, use the
Past Participle plus ‘kondiru’ plus Personal Endings
according to Number, Gender, Person and Tense.
DYDUYDQGKXNRQGLUXNU—U avar YDQGKXNRQGLUXNU—U He is coming
similarly, DYDUYDQGKXNRQGLUXQGK—U He was coming
DYDUYDQGKXNRQGLUXSS—U He will be coming
Colloquial Corruption.-modifying ‘kond’ to ‘knu’ or ‘kittu’,
NRQGLUXNU—U NQXXUXNU—U NLWWXLUXNU—U
NRQGLUXQGKQ knu irunGKQ NLWWXLUXQGKQ
NRQGLUXSSQ NQXLUXSSQ NLWWXLUXSSQ
Q—QLSSRHÄXGKLNQXLUXNUQHÄXGKLNRQGLUXNUQ I am writing now.
Q—QV—SSLWWXNLWWXLUXQGKQV—SSLWWXNRQGKLUXQGKQ I was eating.
Sentences.
Q—PLQGKDYLGKDP—QDYOHPXQQ—OHVHLGKLUXNUÀP
We have done this kind of work before.
XQJDºHS—UNNDQ—QSDODGKDGDYHYDQGKLUXQGKQ
I had come to see you several times.

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DYDUQ—ºDNNLVDLQJ—ODP—UN—WWXNNXSÀLLUXSS—U
By tomorrow evening he will have gone to Arcot.
Q¯QJDDYDUHHQJHHSGLVDQGKLWKWKXLUXNULQJD"
Where and how have you met him?
Q—QXQJDºHNDGHWKHUXOHS—UWKWKXLUXNUQ I have seen you in the bazaar.
NXÄDQGKHWKXQJLNLWWXLUXNNXGKX The child is sleeping.
DYDUU—WKULWKÌNNDPLO—WKDLUXQGK—UDGKDQ—OHLSSRQDOO—WKÌQJU—U
He was without sleep last night, so he sleeps soundly now.
Q¯QJDLQQXPNRQMDPQ—ººHQDOO—WKDPLÄSVLNRQGLUXSSLQJD
In a few days you will be speaking Tamil fluently.
QWKWKXY¯WWOHHQQDVHLGKXNRQGLUXQGKLQJD"
What were you doing yesterday at home?
Q—QQWKWKHOO—PNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKLNRQGLUXQGKQ
Yesterday I was writing letters the whole day.
SÌQHS—ONXGLWKWKXNRQGLUXNNXGKX Tlhe cat is drinking milk.
Q—QLQGKDPDUXQGKXNXGLWKWKLUXNUQ I have taken this medicine.
DYDQJDLQJHURPEDVDGKGKDP—SVLNRQGLUXNU—QJD
They are talking here very loudly.
Q—ºDNNLLQQUDPQ—PUHQGXSUXPUD\LOOHSÀLNRQGLUXSSÀP
Tomorrow by this time we will both be going in the train.
Q—QU—WKULXQJDºHS—UNNDYDUDOHQLQQ—DSSRPDÄHSHLGKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKX
I did not come to see you last night because it was raining.
Q¯QJDQWKWKXNÌWWDWKWKXNNXYDQGKLULQGKLQJDº—"
Did you come to the meeting yesterday
Q—QJDLSSRSDWKWKXSUXNNXV—SS—GGXVDPHWKWKXLUXNUÀP
We have cooked food for ten people now.
DYDQDQJHQSÀLNRQGLUXNU—Q" Why is he going there?
VDQLNNLÄDPHV—LQJ—ODPQ—QJDN—WKWKXY—QJDSÀLNRQGLUXNUÀP.
On Saturday evening we were going for a stroll. (lit. getting air, ‘breath of fresh air’)

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DSGL\—"URPEDVDQGKÀVKDPQ—QJDNÌGDL¼¼DNNLSÀKDSÀUÀP
Is that so? very glad, we are also going today.
DYDUQDPDNN—KDUH¼GXPD¼LQUDPN—WKWKXNRQGKLUXQGK—U
He was waiting for us for two hours.
DSS—YXPDPP—YXPQDPPLGDPLUXQGXNDGLGKDPHGKLUS—UWKWKXNRQGLUXSS—QJD.
Mother and father will be expecting letters from us. (looking for).
NXÄDQGKHDGLNNDGLQDÄXGKXNRQGKLUXQGKDGKX"
Why was the child crying frequently?
DGKXNNXWKÌNNDPYDUDOHDGKDQ—OHHQDNNXNDVKWDPNRGXWKWKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKX
It did not get sleep, hence it was giving me trouble.
Q—QJD—UXSUWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRQGLUXNUÀP
We six people are learning Tamil.
Practical Conversation. – Study or Play?
M: Mother, C: Child.
0NULVKQ—SDGLNN—PHLSSRHQQDVHLGKXNRQGLUXNUH"
Krishna, what are you doing now instead of studying.
&YLºD\—GLNRQGLUXNUQNRQMDQUDWKWKXNNXDSUDPSDGLNUQ¶P—
I am playing. I will study after a little while, mum.
0Q—QXQDNNXSDODGKDGDYHVROOLLUXNUQQ¯VDUL\——UXPD¼LNNXSDGLNND—UDPELNND¼XP
I have told you several times. You should start studying at exactly six.
&Q—ºD\LOLUXQGKXDSGL\VHLUQL¼¼DNNLPDWWXPNRQMDQUDPYLºD\—GUQ¶P—
From tomorrow I will do just that. Today only I am playing just a little while.
0VXPP—SVLNRQGLUXNN—GKHQ—ºDNNLYLG\—OD\—P—Q—Q¯LSSRNDWW—\DPSDGLNND¼XP
Don’t keep talking. Tomorrow you may play, but now you must study.
&VDUL¶P—DSS—YDQGK—U—" Alright mum. Has father come?
0LQQXPYDUDOHQ¯V¯NUDPSÀLSDGLLOOQ—DSS—YDQGKXXQQHDGLSS—U
Not come yet. You go and study quick, or father will come and hit you.
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Expansion Drill, For Lesson 40.
HQJD VDPH\DON—UDU L¼¼DNNL QDOOD VDPH\DO VHLGKLUXNU—U   Q—Q DYDUH SDOD GKDGDYH
VDQGKLWKWKXLUXQGKQXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUDQLQHWKWKXLUXQGKQDYDQDQGKDPXN\DP—QD
NDGLGKDWKH NLÄLWKWKX LUXSS—Q  LYºDYX QUDP DYDQJD S—GDP —UDPELWKWKX LUXSS—QJD  Q—Q
LQGKD SXVWKDKDP LYºDYXGK—Q PXGLWKWKX LUXNUQ   DQGKD SDL\DQJD URPED VLULWKWKX
NRQGLUXNU—QJDQ¯QJDHSSRYXPDGKHSDWKWKLQQLQHWKWKXNRQGKLUXQGKLQJD"
LQQXP PDÄH SHLGKXNRQGLUXNNXGK—"   GRNWRU —VSDWKULOH YOH VHLGKX NRQGLUXNU—U
NXÄDQGKHQURPEDDÄXGKXNRQGLUXNU—Q"L¼¼DNNLHWKWKDQHVOHQJDQHLGKLUXSS—QJD"Q¯QJD
HYODYXQUDPXNN—UQGKXNRQGLUXQGK¯QJD"XÄDYDQJDYD\DOOHXÄXGKXNRQGKLUXNU—QJDQ¯QJD
SDÄD\DS—GDQJDºHPDUDQGKXSÀLLUXNULQJDLOOH\—"DYDQJDLQQXP—V—SSLWWXNRQGLUXNU—QJD
LGKXNNXXººHLQGKDVDP—FKFK—UDPHOO—UXNNXPWKHULQGKXLUXNNXP
Q—QXQJDÌUXNNXDGLNNDGLYDQGKXLUXQGKQQ¯QJDDYDUXNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXWKWKX
LUXNULQJD  DGKX YKDP— HQJH SÀLNRQGLUXNNXGKX"   NÌWWDP HWWX PD¼LNNX PXQQ—OH
PXGLQGKXLUXQGKDGKXDYDUXNNXSDODNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKLLUXNUQFKLQQDSDL\DQJSÌQJD
WKLUXGLNRQGLUXQGK—QJD  Q¯QJD S—WWX DÄDK— S—GLNRQGLUXQGKLQJD  Q—Q DGKH JKDYDQDP—
NWWXNRQGLUXQGKQ   LQGKD YH\LOOH Q DOHQGKXNRQGLUXNULQJD"   Q—Q XQJDºHGK—Q
WKGLNRQGLUXQGKQQ¯QJDURPEDQHUDPLQJHLOOHHQJHSÀLLUXQGKLQJD"DQGKDPP—SDWWX
VOHQJDOHPDGLWKWKXNRQGLUXNU—QJDQ—QDUHQJDHOO—PSÌWWLLUXQGKQLSSRDGKXQJDHOO—P
thirandhu irukkudhu.
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LESSON 41.
CONDITIONAL FORMS.
Positive Conditional-‘if’.
Present and Future Conditional is expressed:-
(a) by adding µ—¶WRWKHSDVWmedial,
Past tense Conditional Meaning
YDQGKQ YDQGK— if I come
S—UWKQ S—UWKWK— if I see
VRQQQ VRQQ— if I say
or (b) by adding µQ—¶WRSUHVHQWSDVWDQGIXWXUHWHQVH
Q¯QJDYDULQJDQ— if you come
Q¯QJDYDQGKLQJDQ— if you come
Q¯QJDYDUXYLQJDQ— if you come
to make the present and future conditional forms.
Past Conditional is expressed:-
(a) by adding µ—¶WRWKHSDVWSHUIHFWPHGLDO
QLQJDYDQGKXLUXQGK— if you came
Negative Conditional ‘if not’.
7KLVLVH[SUHVVHGE\DGGLQJµ—YLWW—¶RUµLOOQD¶WRan infinitive,
regardless of number, gender, person or tense.
Q¯QJDYDU—YLWW— or QLQJDYDUDOHQ— meaning:-
if you do not come, or if you did not come, or if you will not come.
Note:-µ—YLWW—¶RUµLOOQD¶IRllows nouns or pronouns.
SHQFLOLOOQ—SQ—NRQGXY—QJDRUSHQFLO—YLWW—SQ—NRQGXY—QJD
Bring a pen if not a pencil.
QLQJDDQJHLOOHQ—Q—QYDUDP—WWQRUQLQJDDQJHLOO—YLWW—Q—QYDUDP—WWQ
I will not come of you are not there.
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Vocabulary for Lesson 41
aththe aunt FKLWKWKDSS— uncle
P¯VH moustache PXºH grow
—ºSU person QUDP—FKX it is time
LQQRUXYURUX another ghanam, ede weight
maththa the other OVX lightness
LQQR¼¼XYUR¼¼X another one RUXYºH perhaps
NXUHNDPPL—KX decrease NXėL tap, pipe, tube
udambu body YUH different, any other
jananga people
Sentences.
Q¯QJDQ—ºGKÀUXPWKDPLÄSDGLWKWK—WKDPLÄQDOODSHVDPXGL\XP
If you study Tamil daily, you can speak Tamil well.
DYDUHQQHNÌSSLWWDGK—QQ—QSÀYQ Only if he calls me I shall go.
DYDUHQQHNÌSSLGDOQ—NÌSSLG—YLWW—Q—QSÀKDP—WWQ
If he does not call me I shall not go.
NXÄDQGKHQJDS—ONXGLWKWK—VXKDP—LUXSS—QJD
If the children drink milk they will be healthy.
JKDQDPNXUH\DNDPPL—KDNRQMDP—V—SSLGD¼XP
You should eat less to lose weight.
JKDQDPNXUHQGK—XGDPEXOVDLUXNNXP If you lose weight the body will be light.
HQQDNNXLQGKDQ—NN—OLY¼—PYUR¼¼XNRQGXYDQGK—QDOO—LUXNNXP
I don’t want this chair, if you bring another one it will be nice.
SDWKWKXSULQGKDYOHVHLWK—DGKHV¯NUDPPXGL\XP
If ten people do this work it will be finished quickly.
NÌWWDWKWKXNNXURPEDMDQDQJDYDQGK—Q—QSÀKDP—WWQ
If a lot of people come to the meeting I will not go.
Q¯QJDU—PDQS—UWKWKW—LQJHYDUDVROOXQJD
If you see Raman, tell him to come here.

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XQJDºXNNXSD¼DPLOO—YLWW—HQDNNXVROOXQJD
Tell me if you don’t have money.
URPEDQDQGULHQDNNXSD¼DPY¼XP—Q—Q—QXQJDOOXNNXVROYQ
Many thanks, if I want money I shall tell you.
PDÄHSHLGK—Q¯QJDYHºL\HSÀKDNÌG—GKX
If it rains you should not go out.
DYDUXNNXVXKDPLOOQ—GRFWRULGDPXGDQHNDWWD\DPSÀKD¼XP
If he is not well he must go to the doctor’s at once.
Q¯QJDPGKXY—SVLQ—HQDNNXVDUL\—YLºDQJXGKX
If you speak slowly I understand properly.
Q—QR¼¼XVR¼¼—DYDUYUR¼¼XVHLU—U If I say one thing, he does another.
DWKWKHNNXP¯VHPXºHWKWK—FKLWWDSS——Y—USURYHUE
If an aunt grows a moustache, she will become an uncle. (Eng. Pigs might fly!)
URPEDGKÌUDPQDGDQGK—XQJDN—OYDOLNNXP
If you walk a long distance your legs will ache.
Q¯QJDS—GLQ—DYDU—GXY—UQ¯QJDSDG—YLWW—DYDU—GDP—WW—U
If you sing she will dance, if you do not sing she will not dance.
DÄXGKDGK—QNXÄDQGKHNNXS—ONLGDLNNXP A child will get milk only if it cries.
Q¯QJDWKD\—U—LUXQGK—Q—PLSSRYHºL\HSÀKDO—P
If you are ready, we may go out now.
XQJDºXNNXRUX—QNXÄDQGKHSLUDQGK—HOO—UXPVDQGKÀVKDSSDGXY—QJD
If a baby boy is born to you, everybody will rejoice.
Q—PYOHOHJKDYDQDP—LUXQGK—GK—QYOH\HQDOODVHL\DPXGL\XP
Only if we are careful in our work can we do the work well.
DYDUHQY¯WWXNNXYDU—YLWW—HQDNNXYDUXWKWKDP—LUXNNXP
If he does not come to my house I shall be sorry.
RUXYOHQ—QYDUDP—WWQ\QLQQ—URPEDQUDP—FKFKX
Perhaps I shall not come, because the time is over.
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Practical Conversation. – Can I Drink This Water?
W: Westerner L: Local Indian.
:DL\—XQJDºXNNXNXGLNNDWKD¼¼LHSGLNLGDLNNXGKX"
Sir, how do you get your drinking water?
/HQJDºXNNXNXėLPÌODP—WKD¼¼LYDUXGKX We get water through pipes.
:NXėLNNX\HQJLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LNLGDLNNXGKX" From where is the water piped?
/—WKWKLOLUXQGKXNXÄDLNNXWKD¼¼LYDUXGKX Water comes to the pipe from the river.
:—WKWKLOHWKD¼¼LLOO—YLWW—\HQQDVHLYLQJD"
If there is no water in the river, what will you do?
,—WKWKLOLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LNLGDLNN—YLWW—Y¯WWXNL¼DWKWKLOLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LNLGDLNNXP
If we don’t get water from the river, we’ll get it from the well of our house.
:—Q—NL¼DWKWKXWKD¼¼LXSS—LUXQGK—\HQQDVHLYLQJD"
But if the well water is salty, what will you do?
,HQQDVHL\DO—P"\HQJDºXNNXYUHWKD¼¼LLOOHWKD¼¼LNNXSD¼DPNRGXWKXY—QJD¼XP
What can we do? We have no other water. We should get water by payingfor it.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 41.
DQGKDSHWWLJKDQDP—LUXQGK—Q—QDGKHWKÌNNDPXGL\—GKXSDWKWKX—OLQGKDYOH\HVHLGK—
V¯NUDP—PXGL\XPLGKHMDQDQJDSDUWKWKXLUXQGK—YLÄXQGKXYLÄXQGKXVLULWKWKXLUXSS—QJD
Q—Q FKHQQDLNNX SÀQ— RUXYºH DYDUH VDQGKLSSQ Q¯QJD QDGDQGKX SÀQ— URPED QUDP
—KXP  WKDPLÄ S—GDQJD OVD VXODEDP— LUXQGK— QDOO— LUXNNXP  XQJD JKDQDP NXUHQGK—
XQJDOXNNXQDOODGKXQDQWKDPLÄOHSHVLQ—Q¯QJDOXPWKDPLÄSHVXYLQJDLOOH\—"DYDUXNNXW¯
SLGLNN—YLWW— N—SSL NXGLNNDO—P   QLQJD VDPH\DO VHL\D PXGL\—YLWW— VXKDP —KDP—WWLQJD
SÌVHGLQJDLOO—YLWW—WKÀWWDPDÄDK—LUXNN—GKXU—WKULOHWKÌNNDPLOO—YLWW—DGXWKWKDQ—OYHOH
VHL\DNDVKWDP—LUXNNXPN—WKWKXDGLNN—YLWW—LQQXPVÌG—LUXNNXP   Q—ºGKÀUDP WKDPLÄ
SDGLNN—YLWW— S—GXQJD PDUDQGKX SÀKXP   LQGKD VDQJKDGL XQJDºXNNX VROO—YLWW— HQDNNX
WKÌNNDPYDU—GKXDYDUNÌWWDWKWKXNNXYDQGKXLUXQGK—HOO—PWKHULQGKXLUXNNXPDYDQJD
SDQDPNRGXWKWKXLUXQGK—Q—QJDDQGKDV—P—QHY—QJLLUXSSÀP
PDÄH SHLGKX LUXQGK— LYºDYX VÌG— LUXNN—GKX    Q¯QJD DYDUH NWWX LUXQGK— DYDU DGKH
XQJDºXNNX NRGXWKWKX LUXSS—U  SDºOLNÌGDP LOOHQ— NXÄDQGKHQJDºXNNX URPED VDQGKÀVKDP
XQJDºXNNXSDVLLOOHQ—V—SSLG—GKLQJDGK—KDPHGXWKWKDGKXQ—M—VWKLWKD¼¼LNXGLNND¼XP

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WKDS—O—S¯VSDNNDPSÀYLQJDQ—DGKHWKDS—OOHSÀGXQJDXQJDYOH\HLSSR—UDPELWKWK—GK—Q
V—LQJ—ODWKWKXNNX XººH PXGL\XP      Y—GK\—U S—GDQJDºH VDUL\— NDWKWKXNNRGXNN—YLWW—
P—QDYDUXNNX NDVKWDP   Y¯WWOH FKDNNDUH LOOHQ— YHOODP XED\ÀJLNNDO—P   NDLOH SD¼DP
LOO—YLWW— URPED NDVKWDP— LUXNNXGKX  DGKX XQJDOXNNX WKHUL\DOHQ— HQQH NOXQJD  PDOH
POHLUXQGKXS—UWKWK—JU—PDPHOO—PQDOO—WKHUL\XGKX
PÌNNXND¼¼—GL LOO—YLWW— QDQ SDGLNND PXGL\DOH  WKLUXGDQH GKDQGLNNDOHQ— PDUXSDGL\XP
WKLUXGXY—Q  QDOODGKX QLQHNN—YLWW— SDUYD LOOH —Q— NHWWDGKX QLQHNNDNÌG—GKX  DQGKD
YLºDNNXHUL\—YLWW—LQGKDYLºDNNXSÀGXQJD
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LESSON 42.
‘EVEN IF’ AND ‘EVEN IF NOT’.
‘even if’:- use conditional form plus ‘lum’
irrespective of number, gender and person.
Conditional ‘even if’
DYDQYDQGK— if he comes DYDQYDQGK—OXP even if he comes
DYDQDGLWKWK— if he strikes DYDQDGLWK—OXP even if he strikes
‘even if not’ and ‘although’:- use negative conditional form plus ‘lum’
irrespective of number, gender and person.
DYDQYDUDOHQ— if he does not come DYDQYDUDOHQ—OXP even if he does not come
DYDQYDU—YLWW— if he does not come DYDQYDU—YLWWDOXP even if he does not come
Vocabulary
VXPP—FKXPP— just, simply, purposeless, costless, free
VXP—UVXP—U— aproximately, not bad, about right
VXPP—LUXVQGK be quiet sumara iru (s.ndh) be better(health)
nadaththu (w.in) conduct (meeting), treat(guest)
LUXQGK—OXP nevertheless —Q—OXP nevertheless
mahan son mahal daughter
VDKÀGKDUDU brother VDKÀGKDUL sister
VQKLGKDUQDQEDU friend (m.) VQKLGKL friend (f)
erume buffalo S—GKL half (measure)
N—OEHIRUH a quarter PXNN—OEHIRUH three quarters
Sentences.
Q¯QJDGKLQDQGKÀUXPHYºDYXS—OY—QJULQJD" How much milk do you buy daily?
Q—QJDGKLQDQGKÀUXPDUHOLWDUHUXPHSDOY—QJUÀP
We buy half a litre of buffalo milk every day.
VLODVDPD\DPV—LQJ—ODWKOHN—OOLWDUSDVXPS—OY—QJUÀP
Sometimes we buy a quarter litre of cow’s milk in the evening.
Q¯QJDSÀK—OXPQ—QSÀKDP—WWQ Even if you go I shall not go.

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DYDUYDU—YLWW—OXPQ—QNDWW—\DPSRKD¼XP
Even if he does not come I must go.
DYDQJDHWWXPD¼LNNXYDQGK—OXPSÀGKXP
It is enough even if they come at eight o’clock
LGKXNNXQ¯QJDSDWKWKXUÌE—NRGXWKWK—OXPSÀGK—GKX
Even if you give ten rupees for this it is not enough.
DYDUSD¼DPNRGXNN—YLWW—OXPSXVWKDKDWKWKHDYDUXNNXNRGXQJD
Give him the book, even if he does not give the money,.
Q—PDYDQJDºHNXSSLG—YLWW—OXPDYDQJDLQJHYDU—QJD
They are coming here even if we do not call them.
Q¯QJDSDQDPNRGXWKWK—OXPDYDUXNNXVDQGKÀVKDPLOOH
He is not happy even if you give him money.
XQJDºXNNXSLGLNN—YLWW—OXPQ¯QJDDYDUÀGXSHVD¼XP
Even if you do not like it you should speak to him.
DYDUXQJDVQKLGKDU—LUXQGK—OXPQ¯QJDDSGLVHL\DNXG—GKX
You should not do that, even if he is your friend.
PDÄHSHLGK—OXPHQPDKDQYHºL\HYLºD\—GXY—Q
Although it is raining my son will play outside.
Q¯QJDVXP—U—LUXQGK—OXPLQGKDPDUXQGKHNXGLNND¼XP
You should take this medicine even if you are better.
Q—QJDDUXPH\—SDGLQ—OXPHQJDS—WWHQ¯QJDNNNDOH
Even if we sing excellently you are not listening to our song.
DYDUHQPDKDOHSDUNN—YLWW—OXPHQPDKDQHS—UNNDO—P
He may see my son even if he did not see my daughter.
DYDQJDLQGKDDUH\HNDÄXYLQ—OXPLGKXVXGKGKDP—LOOH
Even if they wash this room this is not clean.
LQLPOHQ—QPXQGKLYDU—YLWW—OXPQ¯QJDPXQGKLYDUD¼XP
+HQFHIRUWKHYHQLI¯GRQRWFRPHHDUO\\RXVKRXOGFRPHHDUO\

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Q¯QJDWKDPLÄHÄXGK—YLWW—OXPQDOO—SVULQJD
Even if you are not writing Tamil you are speaking well.
LGKXNNXPDGKXNNXPYLWK\—VDPLUXQGK—OXPSDUY—LOOH
Never mind even if there is a difference between this and that.
LQGKDS—GDPHQDNNXYLºDQJ—YLWW—OXPQ—QDGKHQDOODSDGLNNDPXGL\XP
Even if this lesson is not clear to me I can read it well.
DQGKDPP—XQJDVDKÀGKDULGK—QLUXQGK—OXPQ¯QJDDYDUHDSGLQDGDWKWKDNÌG—GKX
Even if she is only your sister you should not treat her like that.
DYDUQDOODY—GK\—UGK—Q—Q—OXPDYDUDGLNNDGLLQJOLVKSVU—U
He is indeed a good teacher, nevertheless he often speaks English.
DYDUHQY¯WWXNNXYDU—YLWW—HQDNNXYDUXWKWKDP—LUXNNXP
I will be sorry if he does not come to my house.
RUXYOHQ—QYDUDP—WWQQLQQDURPEDQUDPDFKFKX
Perhaps I shall not come, because it is very late.
Practical Conversation. – At a Conference.
F: First Member, S: Second member.
)VQHKLGKDUNÌWWDPHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNX—UDPELNNXGKXWKHUL\XP—
Friend, what time does the meeting start, do you know?
6N—ODPHSDWKWKXPD¼LNNXLQQXQLQHNUQ 10 o’clock in the morning, I think.
F. adhu yeppo mudiyum. When will it finish.
6DGKXSDQQHQGXPD¼LNNXPXGL\D¼XPLUXQGK—OXPDGXNNXDSUDPSVLNRQGLUXSS—QJD
It should finish at 12 o’clock, nevertheless they will keep on talking after that.
)QLQJDNÌWWDWKWKXNNXNDWW—\DPYDUXYLQJDº—"
Will you definitely come to the meeting?
6—P—Q¯QJDSÀK—YLWW—OXPQ—QSÀYQ Yes, I will go even if you don’t.
)Q¯QJDNÌWWDWKOHSHVXYLQJDº—"Q¯QJDSVLQ—OXPQ—QSVDP—WWQ
Will you speak at the meeting? Even if you speak I will not.
6XQJDLVKWDP—Q—Q¯QJDSV—YLWW—OXPQ—QSVDSÀUHQ
As you like, but I am going to speak even if you don’t.
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Expansion Drill, For Lesson 42.
DL\—LQJHVXPP—XNN—UXQJDM—VWKLVDGKGKDPVHL\—GKLQJDFKXPP—LUXQJDDYDURUX
Y—UDP—VXKDPLOOHLSSR\HSGLLUXNU—U"DYDULSSRVXP—U—LUXNU—UVXP—U—LUXQGK—OXP
NDVKWDP—QDYOHVHL\DNÌGK—GKXN—OOHRUXFKLQQDNDVKWDPGK—Q—Q—OXPDGKXURPED
YDOLNNXGKXHQJDºXNNXUH¼GDUHN¯ORFKDNNDUHSÀGKXP\HQDNNXLYODYXFKDNNDUHY¼—P
DGKDQ—OHS—GKLQ¯QJDNRQGXSÀKDO—P
L¼¼DNNLHQJDºXNNXPÌQN—OO¯WDUS—OY¼XPUH¼GPXNN—OO¯WDULSSRSÀGK—GKXQ—ºDNNL
VXP—UDQMDUHO¯WDUS—OY—QJXYQHQPDKDQXPPDKDºXPSDOOLNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀLLUXNU—QJD
WKDPELXQVQKLGKLQDOODDÄDK—QDSH¼LQQXWKHUL\DGKXYDVDQWK—XQVQKLGKDUURPED
QDOODYDULQQXWKÀ¼XGKXXQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHVDKÀGKDUDUVDKÀGKDULQJDLUXNU—QJD"MHED
NÌWWDPHQJHQDGDQGKXNRQGLUXNNXGKX"DGKH\—UQDGDWKU—QJD"
DYDUXNN—KDQ¯QJDURPEDQUDPLUXQGK—OXPDYDUYDUDOHDYDUYDU—YLWW—OXPSDUYDLOOHQ—Q
NRQMDPQHUDPLUXSSQHQDNNXLQGKDVDQJDGKLWKHULQGK—OXPQ—QDGKHXQJDºXNNXVROODOH
SDUYDLOOHQ¯QJDVROO—YLWW—OXPHQDNNXDGKXQDOO—WKHUL\XPDYDQJDY—UDPGKÀUDP
YDQGK—OXPHQY¯WWXNNXYDUDP—WWDQJDQ¯QJDHYºDYXSUD\—VDSDWW—OXPDGKXL¼¼DNNL
PXGL\—GKXQ—\HNXºLSDWWLQ—OXPDGKXVXGKGKDP—LUXNN—GKXURPEDYKDP—ÀGLQ—OXP
HWWXPD¼LNNXYD¼GL\HSLGLNNDPXGL\DOHQ¯QJDYLUXPELQ—OXPDQJHLSSRSÀKDPXGL\—GKX
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LESSON 43.
RELATIVE PARTICIPLES.
AND PARTICIPIAL NOUNS.
Relative pronouns in English are words such as in
He who opens.. The gate which shuts.. A dog that barks..
These follow the pronoun or noun.
There are no relative pronouns in Tamil.
There are relative participles attached to a verb.
These go before the pronoun or noun.
RELATIVE PARTICIPLES F326,7,9(
The present and past relative participles are formed by
dropping the ending and substituting ‘a’, regardless of number, gender and person.
Present Tense Pres. Rel. Participle
YDUQ I come vara who comes
DGLNUQ I strike adikra who strikes
Past Tense Past. Rel. Participle
YDQGKQ I came vandha who came
DGLWKWKQ I struck adiththa who struck
The future relative participle is
the same as the neuter future tense form,
Future Tense Future Rel. Participle
varum it will come varum who will come
adikkum it will strike adikkum which will strike
NB: Present and future Positive Relative Participles are interchangeable.
RELATIVE PARTICIPLES F1(*$7,9(
,QILQLWLYHSOXVµ—GKD¶UHJDUGOHVVRIQXPEHUJHQGHUSHUVRQDQGWHQVH
YDU—GKD who does not come, who did not come, who will not come.
SDGLNN—GKD who does not study, who did not study, who will not study.

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PARTICIPIAL NOUNS F326,7,9(
Present. Present positive relative participle plus 3rd person pronouns.
vara + avan = varavan The man who comes, he who comes.
(Also means ‘He who will come’; pres. and fut. forms are interchangeable, see below.)
Note the forms using other pronouns – varava, varavar, varavanga, varadhu, varadhunga.
Past. Past positive relative participle plus 3rd person pronouns.
vandhavan He who came. Similarly:- vandhava, vandhavar, etc.
Future.
For Weak Verbs:-
For persons; Root + ‘b’ + 3rd person pronouns
For neuter; Root + ‘v’ + 3rd person pronouns
varubavan He who will come.. Similarly:- varubava, varubavar, etc.
For Strong Verbs:-
For persons or neuter Root + ‘pp’ + 3rd person pronouns
nadappavan He who will walk.. Similarly:-nadappava, nadappavar, etc.
and also neuter nadappadhu, nadappadhunga.
NB. Present and future Positive Relative Participial nouns are interchangeable.
PARTICIPIAL NOUNS F1(*$7,9(
Negative relative participle plus 3rd person pronouns,
regardless of number, gender person and tense.
YDU—GKDYDQYDU—GKDYDYDU—GKDYDUYDU—GKDYDQJDYDU—GKDGKXYDU—GKDGKXQJD
He who:- did not come does not come will not come.
Vocabulary
PXQGKL\ already V—GK—UDQDP— ordinarily
D¼DL dam YHººDP flood
anbu love, kndness muyal rabbit
YLVVKDP— particularly N¯ÄSDGLZQGK obey
kada (s.ndh) cross HÄXSSXZLQWU wake
vasi (s.thth) live, reside kudi iru (s.ndh) live, reside
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Sentences.
QLQJDLSSRSDGLNUDS—GDPVXODEDP—QDGKX
The lesson which you are now studying is easy.
Q—QQWKWKXVRQQDS—GDPLGKXGK—Q—" Is this the lesson which I said yesterday?
DYDUQ—ºDNNLY—VLNNXPS—GDPHQDNNXWKHUL\—GKX
I don’t know the lesson which he will read tomorrow.
Y—GK\—UNDWKWKXNRGXNN—GKDS—GDWKWKHQ¯QJD\QSDGLNND¼XP"
Why should you read the lesson which your teacher has not taught you?
V—GK—UDQDP—HOO—UXPSVUDWKDPLÄQ—QPXGKDOOHNDWKWKXNNRºYQ
I shall first learn the Tamil which everyone normally speaks.
Q¯QJDS—GLQDS—WWHNWWXQ—QJDURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSSDWWÀP
We enjoyed very much hearing the song which you sang.
GRNWRUQ¯QJDNRGXWKWKDPDUXQGKXURPEDNDVDSSX
Doctor, the medicine which you gave was very bitter.
DYDUVRQQDVDQJDGKLHQDNNXPXQGKL\WKHUL\XP
I know already the news which he said.
D¼DLNDGDQGKDYHººDPDÄXGK—OXPYDU—GKH (No good crying over spilt milk!)
The flood which has crossed the dam will not come back, even if one cries.
DGL\—GKXP—GXSDGL\—GKX (Spare the rod and spoil the child.)
The ox that is not beaten will not obey.
Q—QSLGLWKWKXPX\DOXNNXPÌQXN—O (To swear black is white)
The rabbit which I caught has only three legs.
DGXWKWKDY—UDPQDPY¯WWXNNXYDUXP—ºSU\HQQD"
What is the name of the person coming to our house next week?
QWKWKXNÌWWDWKOHSVLQDYDUXQJDD¼¼DQ—"
Is he your elder brother who spoke in the meeting yesterday?
LQJHVDGKGKDPVHLGKDSÌQHLSSRLOOH
The cat which made the noise is not here now.
Q—QXQJDY¯WWOHV—SSLWWDV—SSDGXDUXPH\—QDV—SS—GX
Th food which I ate inyour house was excellent.

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DGLNNDGLLQJOLVKSHV—GKDWKDPLÄY—GK\—ULGDPWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNNRººXQJD
Learn Tamil from aTamil teacher who does not speak english often.
WKÌQJUDNXÄDQGKH\HGKD\DYXVHLGKXHÄXSS—GKLQJD
Please do not wake up the child who is sleeping.
DÄDUHNXÄDQGKHNNXGK—QS—ONLGHNNXP (the squeaky door gets the oil)
Only the child that cries will get milk.
DėGKDNXÄDQGKHNNX\DUXPS—ONRGXNNDP—WW—QJD
Nobody will give milk to the child that does not cry.
Q¯QJDY—QJLQDSHWWLNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXWKWKLQJD"
How much did you pay for the box that you bought.
Q¯QJDNXGLNNXPWKD¼¼L—WKWKXWKD¼¼L The water which you drink is river water.
LQGKDS—WWXS—GLQDYDHQWKDQJDFKFKL It is my younger sister who sang this song.
RFWREHUUH¼G—PWKGLP—KDWKP—J—QGKLSLUDQGKDQ—O
October 2nd was Mahatma Gandhi’s birthday.
Practical Conversation. – With a Neighbour.
H: Householder, N: Neighbour.
+LSSRXQJDY¯WWOHLUXNUDPDQXVKDUHWKWKDQHSU"
How many are the persons who are in your house?
1LSSRHQJDY¯WWOHLUXNUDYDQJDPRWKWKDPHWWXSU
There are eight persons who are in our house now.
+QWKWKXXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDQGKD—O\—U"
Who was the person who came to your house yesterday?
1QWKWKXHQJDY¯WWXNNXYDQGKDYDUHQVQKLGKDU
The person who came to our house yeaterday is my friend.
H. kaile andha pusthaham enna? What is that book in your hand?
1LGKXQ—QSDGLNNXPSXVWKDKDPQ¯QJDLGKHSDGLWKWKXLUXNULQJDº—"
This is the book which I am reading. Have you read this?
+LOOHQ—QSDGLNN—GKDSXVWKDKDQJDººHLGKXR¼¼X
No, this is one of the books which I have not read.
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LESSON 44.
COMPARISON, AND REFLEXIVE VERBS.
COMPARISON.
There are no degrees of comparison in Tamil, but Comparatives are expressed by adding
µHYLGD¶RUµHNN—WWLOXP¶RUGDWLYHFDVH
to the declensional baseof the nouns and pronouns compared to,
as en pusthaham unga pusthahathevida periyadhu.
or en pusthaham unga pusthahaththukku periyadhu.
My book is bigger than yours.
Superlatives are expressed by adding
µHOO—UDL\XPYLGD¶RU¶HOO—UDLNDWWLOXPRUµHOO—UXNNXP¶IRUSHUVRQV
and µHOO—PYLGD¶RUµHOO—WKWKXNNXP¶IRUWKLQJV to the item compared to.
as in LQGKDSDL\DQÀWWDWKOHSDL\DQJDHOO—UDL\XPYLGDJHWWLNN—UDQ
This boy is the best of all the boys in running.
or in UÀM—SÌSÌHOO—PYLGDDÄDK—QDGKX
or UÀM—HOO—SÌYH\XPYLGDDÄDK—QDGKX
The rose is the most beautiful of all flowers.
REFLEXIVE VERBS.
5HIOH[LYH9HUEVDUHIRUPHGE\DGGLQJµNRº¶WRWKHYHUEDOSDUWLFLSOHV
They take ‘nd’ as medial in the past tense.
edu take HGXWKWKXNRº take for yourself
podu throw SÀWWXNRº put on
Y—QJX buy Y—QJLNNRº buy for yourself
N.B.7KHµº¶LVGURSSHGLQWKHFROORTXLDOIRUPZKLFKLVYHU\ZLGHO\XVHG
Vocabulary
thani thaniya separately adhisayam wonder(n.)
U—M— king DGKLK—UDP power
nijam, unme truth VLUHFKFK—OH jail
thennai maram coconut tree P—PSDÄDP mango
kadal sea, ocean SDO—SDÄDP jack fruit

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NDOOÌUL college YDLGK\DNDOOÌUL medical college
budhdhi wisdom, answer budhdKLV—OL wise person
V—QWKDP peace, forbearance periyavar old person, adult
S—UNNDYQGL\D worth seeing YQGLLUXVQGKGDW to have to
Sentences.
,GKHYLGDRUXQDOODSXVWKDKDPHQDNNXY¼XP
I want a better book than this.
PÌQ—YDGKXS—GDWKWKHYLGDQ—O—YDGKXS—GDPNDVKWDP—QDGKX
The fourth lesson is harder than the third.
DQGKDSH¼WKDQWK—\HYLGDURPEDDÄDK—QDYD
That girl is more beautiful than her mother.
HQDNNXV—GKDWKWKHYLGDFKDSS—WKWKLGK—QM—VWKLSLGLNNXP
I like chappathies much more than rice.
WKDQL\—SÀYDGKHYLGDHOO—UXPVHUQGKXSÀYDGKXQDOODGKX
Going together is better than going alone.
SDVXQDPXNNXQ—\HYLGDXED\ÀKDP—QDGKX
The cow is more useful to us than a dog.
DYDUPÌNNXHQPÌNNHN—WWLOXPQ¯ODP—LUXNNXGKX
His nose is longer than mine.
WKHQQDLPDUDPHOO—PDUDWKWKH\XPYLGDX\DUDP—LUXNNXGKX
The coconut tree is the tallest of all the trees.
DYDUHN—WWLOXPEXGKGKLV—OL\—UXPLOOH No one is wiser than he.
P—PSDÄDPY—ÄDSDÄDWKWKHN—WWLOXPWKLWKWKLSS—LUXNNXP
A mango is sweeter than a plantain.
NXGKLUH\HYLGDQ—LYKDP—ÀGDPXGL\XP—"
Can a dog run faster than a horse?
LYDQXNNXSÀWWXNNRººDSÀGKXP—QDWKX¼LLOOH
This man does not have enough clothes to wear.
Q¯QJDXQJDSQ—YHHGXWKWKXNRQGLQJDº—" Did you pick up your pen?

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WKDS—ON—UDUWKDS—OHGXWKWKXNRQGXSÀU—U
DYDQJDWKDQJDSHWWL\HQPÌGLNRQG—QJD"
HYºDYXQUDP—WKÌQJLNRQGLUXNULQJD"
WKDPLÄQDOO—SDGLWKWKXNRQGLQJDº—"
DQGKDPP—WK—QVDPH\DOVHLGKXNRººDPXGL\DOH
The postman is carrying the post.
Why did they close up their box?
How long have you been sleeping?
Did you learn Tamil well.
That woman cannot cook by herself.
LQGKDNDVKWDPLOO—GKXYOH\HQ¯QJDOQLQJDGK—QVHLGKXNRººD¼XP
You yourself should do this easy work.
PXGKDOOHWKDPLÄQDOODSVDNDWKWKXNRººXQJD First learn to speak Tamil well.
HOO—UXNNXPSHUL\DYDUNDGDYXº God is the greatest of all.
V—QWKDPNDGDOLOXPSHUL\DGKXSURYHUE Forbearance is mightier than an ocean.
QLMDPSVUDGKLOHJ—QGLML\HYLGDX\DUQGKDYDQJD\—U"
Who is greater than Gandhiji in speaking the truth?
Q—ODNNLYDUXPSDO—SDÄDWKWKHYLGDL¼¼DNNLLUXNNXPNDº—SDÄDPHPO—QDGKXSURYHUE
A carissa fruit today is better than a jack fruit tomorrow. (A bird in the hand…)
L¼¼DNLNÌWWDWKOHQ¯QJDSHVDY¼GLLUXNNXP
You will have to speak in today’s meeting.
Q—QLQJOLVKHYLGDWKDPLÄOHQDOODSVDYXP
HÄXGKDYXP
PXGL\XP
I can speak and write Tamil better than English.
* Note the use of ‘-um…-um’ after the infinitves.
Practical Conversation. – Visiting Vellore.
V: Visitor, L: Local Vellorian.
9YOÌUFKHQQD\HYLGDSHUL\DQDKDUDP—" Is Vellore a larger city than Chennai?
/LOOHFKHQQDL\HN—WWLOXPFKLQQDQDKDUDP No, Vellore is smaller than Chennai.
9YOÌUOHS—UNNHY¼GL\DLGDQJDHQQHQQD"
What are the places worth seeing in vellore?
/RUXSHUL\DNÀWWHYDLGK\DNDOOÌUL&0&—VSDWKUL—¼JDºXNNXPSH¼JDOXNNXPWKDQLWKDQL\—
VLUHFKFK—OHQJDLGKHOO—PYOÌUOHS—UNNDYQGL\DLGDQJD
A big fort, Medical College, CMC Hospital, jails separately for men
and women, these are all places worth seeing in Vellore.

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9Q—PDGKHOO—PS—UNNDSÀKDO—P—" May we go to see all of them?
/VDULQ—PSÀKDO—PLQGKDWDYXQEDVOHXNN—UQGKXNRººXQJD
Alright, let’s go. Sit in this town bus.
9YOÌUHSDWKWKLQ—QÄXDGKLVD\DQJDNOYLSDWWQDGKXQJDOO—PXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—"
I heard about seven wonders of Vellore. Do you know all of them?
L. theriyum, V. Yes I know,
U—M—LOO—GKDNÀWWH a fort without a king,
V—PLLOO—GKXNÀYLO a temple without a deity,
WKD¼¼LLOO—GX—UX a river without water,
PDUDQJDLOO—GKDPDOH a hill without trees,
DGKLK—UDPLOO—GKDSÀO¯V police without power,
DÄDKXLOO—GKDSH¼¼XQJD women without beauty
EXGKGKLLOO—GKXNDOOÌULPDQDYDU college students without sense,
—Q—LGKXOHNDGDVLPÌQXPQLMDP—LUXNNDPXGL\—GKX
but the last three cannot be true!
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 44.
Q¯QJD LQJH PXQGKL\ YDQGKX LUXQGKLQJDº—"   LQGKL\—OH SDOD —UXQJDºXNNX D¼DL
NDWWLNR¼GLUXNU—QJD  SHUL\DYDQJDºXNNX N¯USDGLUD NXÄDQGKHQJD HQDNNX SLGLNNXP  —WKWKX
YHººDWKOH VLOD PDUDQJDºH NÌGD S—UWKQ  DYDU URPED QUDP WKÌQJL NRQGLUXNU—U VLNUDP
HÄXSSXQJDHQDNNXV—GK—UDQDP—QDV—SS—GXSÀGKXPYLVVKDP—QDV—SS—GXY¼—P
WKDPLÄH YLGD KLQGL VXODEDP— LUXNNXGKX LQQX VLOD SHU VROU—QJD   W¯\H N—WWLOXP N—SSL
QDOODGKX LQQX NOYLSDWWQ   HOO— SH¼¼XQJDºHYLGD LQGKD SH¼ QDOO— S—GU—   SH¼¼XQJD
HOO—UH\XPYLGDLYDGK—QQDOODS—GU—P—PEDUDPHOO—SDÄDQJDOH\XPYLGDUXVL\—QDGKX
SDÄDP HOO—PYLGD P—PSDÄDP URPED WKLWKWKLSS— LUXNNXGKX    LQGKD SDL\H NRQMDP
SLGLWKWKXNRººXQJD  WKDL\DON—UDU NRGXWKWKD WKX¼LQJDºH SÀWWXNRQGLQJDº—"  Q—P L¼¼DNNL
SDWKWKX S—GDQJD NDWKWKXNNRºYÀP  YD¼¼—Q WKX¼LQJD HGXWKWKX NRQGXSÀQ—Q—"  DYDU DQJH
WKÌQJL NRQGLUXNU—U—"  LGKH XQJDºXNN—KD YDLWKWKXNRººXQJD  DYDU SDOD GKDGDYH WK—Q
VLULWKWKXNNRQG—U

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Q¯QJD VHLUD SHWWL \—UXNN—KD"   DQGKDPP— VHLGKX YOH HQDNNX SLGLNNDOH   Q—P Q—ODNNL
VHL\XPYOHNDVKWDP—QDGKXLOOHVDUL\—YOHVHL\—GKD—ºXNNXWKLUXPEDYOHNRGXNN—GKH
HQJD Y¯WWOH WKÌQJLQDYDU HQJD DSS— VQKLGKDU  VDUL\— SDGLNN—GKD SDL\DQJDºH Y—WK\—U
GKDQGLWKWK—U  DYDU N—WWLQD Y¯WWXNNX XººH Q—Q SÀQQ  HQDNNX YDUXP FK¯WWH XQJDºXNNX
N—PLSSQXSSXLOODGKDVDSS—GXUXVL\—LUXNN—GKXDQEXLOO—GKDY—UWKHQJDXED\ÀJDPLOOH
NRYLOLOO—GKDÌUOHNXGLLUXNN—GKHNXGLNN—GKHY¼G—GKDNHºYLQJDHQQHNNN—GKLQJD
DPHULF—OHDQHKDSUS—OXPFKDNNDUH\XPLOO—GKDNDUXSSXN—SSLNXGLNU—QJD
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LESSON 45.
INTENSIVE VERBS, AND CAUSAL VERBS.
INTENSIVE VERBS.
9HUEVOLNHµYLGX¶OHDYHµSÀGX¶WKURZµYDL¶SODFHµSÀ¶JRµY—¶FRPHDUHVXIIL[HGWR
the verbal participles of certain other verbs in order to intensify their meaning. These are
FDOOHG,QWHQVLYH9HUEV7KHLGHDRIFRQWLQXLW\LVJLYHQE\µY—¶DQGµYLGX¶JLYHVWKHLGHD
of completeness. Carefully examine the following:-
QWKWKXQ¯QJDHQJHSÀLYLWWLQJD" Where did you go away yesyerday?
LQGKDWKX¼LHOO—PNDWWLSÀGXQJD Tie up all these clothes.
LQJHHYºDYXN—ODP—YOHVHLGKXYDULQJD" How long have you been working here?
Q—QXQJDºXNNXLGKHSDWKWKLPXQGKL\VROOLYDLWKWKQ I told you about this already.
S—ONHWWDSÀQDGKXDGKHNXGLNN—GKH The milk has gone bad, don’t drink it.
CAUSAL VERBS.
Causal verbs are formed by adding ‘vai’ or ‘sei’ to the infinitive.
Verb Causal.
S—GX sing S—GDYDLS—GDVHL cause to sing
nada walk, conduct nadakkavai, nadakkasei cause to walk, conduct
Transitive forms of verbs like the following also serve as Causal Verbs:-
Intransitive. Causal. (transitive)
ÀGX run ÀWWXZLQ cause to run, drive
thirumbu turn thiruppu (w.in) cause to turn
UX climb up, lift WKWKXw.in) cause to climb, lift
irangu climb down irakku (w.in) cause to climb down
S—L flow S—LFKFKXZLQ pour, cause (water) to flow
N—L dry N—LFKFKXZLQ cause to dry, boil
—UX cool —WKWKX(w.in) cause to cool
HÄX rise, get up HÄXppu (w.in) cause to rise,get up
nada walk nadaththu (w.in) cause to walk
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Vocabulary
mayir, mudi hair V¯SSXQ comb
WKDOHY—UXZLQ comb WKDOHY—ULNRºZQGcomb (oneself)
vahidu edu (s.thth) part hair bayappadu (w.tt) fear
bayam fear ED\DQJ—ºL coward
dhairyam courage dhairiyasali courageous one
JX¼DP nature, quality JXQDV—OL good natured one
¯UD wet ÌPH dumb man
YQG—GKDDGM unwanted, unnecessary Y¼GL\DDGM wanted, necessary
PDUDWKWKXSSÀZLQ become numb —UXZLQ cool (become cool)
S—UWKWKXNXOHVWKWK bark at kule (s.thth) bark
Sentences.
Q—QQDOO—WKXQJLYLWWQQ¯QJDQHQQHHÄXSSDOH"
I fell fast asleep, why did you not wake me?
GKDLU\DV—OLNDVKWDP—QDYOHNÌGDVHLGKXYLGXY—Q
The tough person will do even hard work.
Q—QJDDSSRYVROOLYLWWÀPQ¯QJDGK—QNNNDOH
We have already told you but you did not pay heed.
ND¼¼—GLWDPEODUHNLÄHSÀWWXYLWWLQJDº—" Did you drop the glass tumbler?
L¼QDNNLHWKWKDQHNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKLSÀWWLQJD"
How many letters did you write today?
YQGL\DSXVWKDKDQJDºHNDWWLSÀGXQJDY¼G—GKDGKHSÀWWXYLGXQJD
Tie up the books which are wanted, throw away the unwanted ones.
LGKXND¼¼—GLV—P—QSHWWLWKÌNNLSÀG—GKLQJD
This is a box of glassware, don’t throw it!
LUDWKX¼LQJDHOO—PYH\LOOHN—\DYDLQJD Put all the wet clothes in the sun to dry.
,¼¼DNNL\—UVDPHWKWKXYDLWKWK—QJD" Who cooked today?
SDVXYHLQJHNDWWLYDLNN—GKLQJDQLQQ—HQJDQ—LDGKHS—UWKWKXNXODLNNXP
Don’t tie up the cow here, because our dog will bark at it.
URPEDQUDPDSGL\XNN—UQGK—N—OPDUDWKWKXSÀKXP

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If one sits like that for a long time the leg will go numb.
DYDUXNNXYD\DVX—LSÀFKFKXDGKDQ—OHDYDU—OHQDGDNNDPXGL\DOHLGLRP
He has become very old, so he cannot walk.
Q—PXPVLULNND¼XPPDWKWKDYDQJDºH\XPVLULNNDYDLNND¼XP
We must laugh and make others laugh too.
PXGKDOOHDYDUXNNXS—GDLVKWDPLOOH—Q—Q—QJDDYDUHHSGL\ÀS—GDYDLWKÀP
She did not like to sing at first, but we made her sing somehow.
QDPDPP—GK—QQDPPHPXGKDOPXGKDOOHQDGDNNDYDLNU—QJD
Only our mother makes(helps) us walk the first time.
\HQPVH\H\—ULSGLWKLUXSSLQ—QJD" Who turned my table round this way?
WKÀWWDWKWKLOLUXQGKXP—WWHÀWWXQJD Drive the ox from the garden.
NDGDYXºRUXÌPH\HNÌGDSVDYDLNNDPXGL\XP
God can make even a dumb person talk.
WKLUXGDQSÀO¯VN—UDUHS—UWKWK—ÀGLYLGXY—Q
A thief will run away if he sees a policeman.
NXUDQGKH\H\DUDÄXYDLWKWK—QJD" Who made the child cry?
Q—QDYDQHDQGKDVDP—FKFK—UDWKWKHVROODYDLWKWKQ
I made him tell that news.
LQGKDSDL\DQH\DUSDGLNNDYDLWKWK—QJD" Who educated this boy? (made him study)
&KLQQDVHGLNNXM—VWKLWKD¼¼LS—LFK—GKLQJD
Do not pour(flow) too much water on (to) the small plant.
HSSRYXPWKD¼¼L\HN—LFKFKLNXGLNND¼XP
‘You should always boil water to drink’.
Q—QXQJDºHURPEDDOH\DYDLWKWKQ I made you wander (about) too much.
Practical Conversation. – At Railway Station.
S: Sister, B: Brother.
6DGKÀYDUUDYD¼GLQDPYD¼GL\—" That train which is coming, is it ours?
%LOOHDGKXV—P—QNRQGXSÀKXPµJÌGV¶YD¼GL
No, that is a goods train carrying freight.
6Q—PUXPYD¼GLVLNUDPYDUXP—DOODGKXLQQXPQUDP—KXP—"

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Will our train come soon or will it take some more time?
%LQQXPDQMXQLPLVKDWKOHYD¼GLYDQGKXYLGD¼XP—Q—VDUL\—QDQUDWKOHYDUXP—S—UNNDO—P
It should come in five minutes but let us see (whether) it comes in time.
6LQGKDVWVKDQOHHYºDYXQUDPQLNNXP" How long will it stop at this station?
%LQJHYD¼GLPÌQXQLPLVKDPYDUDLNNXPQLNNXP
The train will stop here for three minutes.
6LGKXYDÄLOHHOO—VWVKDQOH\XPQLNNXP—" Will it stop at all stations?
%LOOHLGKXPXN\DP—QDVWVKDQOHP—WKUDPQLNNXPQLQQ—LGKXH[SUHVVYD¼GL
No, it will stop at important stations only, because it is an express train.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 45.
XQJD N—SSL —ULYLGXWKX —ULSÀKXGKX VLNUDP VDSSLGXQJD   Q¯QJD XQJD N—SSL NXGLWKWKX
YLWWLQJDº—DQGKDFKLQQDSH¼V¯SS—OHWK—QYDKLGXHGXWKWKXNRQGDGKXDSUDPWKDQWKDOH\H
URPED DÄDK— Y—ULNRQGDGKX  XQJDOXNNX Y¼GL\D SXVWKDKDQJDºH HGXWKWKXNRººXQJD  Q—\H
SDUWKWKXQURPEDED\DSDWWXYLWWLQJD"Q¯QJDED\DQJ—OLLOOHLOOH\—"LSSRXQJDED\DPSÀL
YLWWDGKX LQQX Q—Q QLQHNUQ   Q¯QJD XQJD S—GDQJD HOO—P SDGLWKWKXYDULQJD¶QX HQDNNX
WKHUL\XP  DYDU LQGKD VDQJDGKL\H HOO—UXNNXP VROOLYLWW—U  S—OOH XSSX YLÄXQGKXYLWWDGKX
DGKDQ—OHNHWWXSÀQDGKXSDL\DQSDQGKHPOHWKÌNNLSÀWW—QDGKXNL¼DWKOHYLÄXQGKXYLWWDGKX
HQV—P—QXQJDHQGKDDUHOHSÀWWXYDLWKWKLQJD"DYDUXQJDºHSDWKWKLHQDNNXVROOLYDLWKWK—U
Q—QHOO—PSDGLWKWKXYDLWKWKQ—Q—Q¯QJDHQQHR¼¼XPNNNDOHDQGKDQ—\HNDWWLSÀGXQJD
QLQQ—HQDNNXURPEDED\DP—LUXNNXGKX
L¼¼DNNLURPEDY\\LOYH\\LOOHHQQHQDGDNNDYDLNNDGKLQJDNXÄDQGKHQJDOHSDGLNNDYDLNND
URPEDNDVKWDP—LUXNNXGKXÌUDYDQJDQLODWKWKXNNXGKLQDQGKÀUXPWKD¼¼LS—LFKFKU—QJD
DYDQURPEDQ—º—P—WWXYD¼GLÀWWLYDU—QXQJDºXNNXF—UÀWWDQDOO—WKHUL\XP—"YD¼GLOHM—VWKL
V—P—QHSSRYXPWKWK—GKLQJDHOO—YLºDNNXQJDºXPWKWKLYLWWLQJDº—"DYDURUXNXUDQGKH
POHVDLNNDOHWKWKLYLWW—ULQGKDV—P—QHHQY¯WOHLUDNNLYLGXQJDNXÄDQGKHNN—K—DPP—S—O
N—LFKFKLNRQGLUXNU—U
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LESSON 46.
COMPOSITE, PARTICIPIAL AND VERBAL NOUNS, .
COMPOSITE NOUNS.
Composite nouns are formed by suffixing 3rd person endings to adjectives.
Thus ‘nalla’ gives:- nallavan, nallava, nallavanga, nalladhu, nalladhunga.
PARTICIPIAL NOUNS.
These are formed by suffixing 3rd person endings to
relative participles for present and past.
Present and future forms are interchangeable.
Present Past Future
varavan vandhavan varubavan
varava vandhava varubava
varavanga vandhavanga varubavanga
varadhu vandhadhu varuvadhu
varadhunga vandhadhunga varuvadhunga
Meanings, such as ‘the one who comes’ ‘…came’,’…’will come’,and ‘they who…’,etc
Neuter participial nouns change for tenses, as in:-
padikradhu padiththadhu padippadhu
meaning studies, or studying(n.).
VERBAL NOUNS.
These are formed from verbs (roots or infinitives).
These cannot be declined for number, gender, person or tense.
Neuter participial nouns are more often used than the verbal nouns,
nevertheless verbal nouns are also given below, for practice and for recognition purposes.
Verb Verbal Noun Meaning Neut.Particip.Noun
padi padippu studies padikradhu
siri sirippu laughter sirikradhu
S—GX S—WWX music S—GUDGKX
ÀGX ÀWWDP running ÀGUDGKX
NÌGXJDWKHU NÌWWDP meeting NÌGUDGKX

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Verb Verbal Noun Meaning Neut.Particip.Noun
S—U S—UYH sight S—UNUDGKX
Nº NOYL question NNNUDGKX

mudi mudivu end mudiradhu

thirudu thiruttu theft thirudradhu
mara maradhi forgetfulness marakradhu
virumbu viruppam desire virumbradhu
YLºD\—GX YLºD\—WWX game, sport YLºD\—GUDGKX
sei seyal deed, action seiradhu
—UDPEL —UDPEDP beginning —UDPELNUDGKX
XED\ÀJL XED\ÀJDP use XED\ÀJLNUDGKX
ghavani ghavanam attention ghavanikradhu
VDPE—GKL VDPE—GKDQH earning/s VDPE—GKLNUDGKX
same sameyal cooking samekradhu
WK—PDGL WK—PDGKDP delay WK—PDGKLNUDGKX
thude thudeppu wiping thudekradhu
thai thaiyal sewing thaikradhu
YU YUYH perspiration YUNUDGKX
DÄDL DÄDLSSX invitation DÄDLNUDGKX
Vocabulary
WKDP—VKYHGLNNDL fun perukku (w.in) sweep
NDLHÄXWKXSÀGXZWW sign NDLHÄXWKX handwriting,signature
Y—Ä live(v.) Y—ÄNH life
PXQQUXPXQXNNXY— come forward kudumbam family
JHWWLN—UDU clever person PXQQWUDP progress
S—PEX snake WKO scorpion
S—PE—WWL snake charmer UH poor(adj), poor man(n.)
WK—LWK—\—U mother thudeppam broom
WKLUDQGDYOL open space nijam truth
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Sentences.
QDOODGKXVHLUDYDQQDOODYDQLOOH\— One who does good is a good man is he not.
WKLUXGUDYDQWKLUXGDQDQKDUXNNXDYDQWKLUXGDQLQQXWKHUL\—GKX
One who steals is a thief. Many do not know he is a thief.
SDODQ—ºWKLUXGDQRUXQ—ºDKDSSDGXY—QSURYHUE
‘Several days a thief, one day the caught one’
HQPDUDGKLNN—KDQ¯QJDHQQHNDWWD\XPPDQLNND¼XP
You must forgive me for my forgetfulness.
PDUDGKLLUXNUDYDQY—ÄNNHOHPXQQXNNXYDUDP—WW—QPXQQUDP—WW—Q
A man with a short memory will not progress in life.
YLUXSSDPLODGKDYDQJDLQGKDYOH\HVHL\DY¼—P
Those who have no desire (don’t want to) need not do this work.
ÀGXYDGKXQDOODYLºD\—WWXÀWWDWKOHQ—QJHWWLN—UDQLOOH
Running is a good sport. I am not good at running.
QWKWKXNÌWWDWKOHDYDUSFKFKXURPEDYHGLNNH\—LUXQGKDGKX
His speech(talk) in yesterdays meeting was very humerous(funny).
SDVLYºHOHV—SSLGUDGKXQDOODYDUDNNDP
Eating when one is hungry(hungry time) is a good habit.
Q¯QJDQLMDPSVUDGKXHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDWKWKHNRGXNNXGKX
Your speaking the truth makes me happy.
'KLQDQGKÀUXPHÄXGKUDYDQJDNDLHUÌGKXDÄDK—LUXNNXP
The handwriting of those who write daily will be beautiful.
Q¯QJDM—VWKLYOHVHLUDWKLOOHDGKDQ—OHXQJDVDPE—GKDQHM—VWKLLOOH
You don’t work hard so your income is not much.
NDVKWDSSDWWXYOHVHLUDYDUXNNXNDGDYXºXGKDYLVHLY—U
God will help those who work hard.
QWKWKXS—ONRQGXYDQGKDYDUL¼¼DNNL\QYDUDOH"
The man who brought milk yesterday, why did he not come today?
15. ivan nalla nadaththe irukra paiyan. This is a well-behaved boy.

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XQJDDÄDLSSXHQDNNXNLGDLWKWKDGKXXQJDDUDLSSXNNXQDQGUL
I got your invitation. Thanks for your invitation.
LQGKDNÌWWDWKWKXNNXPXGLYXHSSR"
When will this meeting end.
LGKX—UDPEDPXPPXGLYXPLOO—GKDNXWWDPLGLRP
This is an endless meeting.
DYDUND¼S—UYHQDOODLOOHQLQQ—DYDUXNNXYD\DVX—LSÀFKFKX
He has bad eyesight because he has got old.
WKLUDQGKDYHºLOHYLºD\—GKUDGKXNXÄDQGKHNNXQDOODGKX
Playing in an open space is good for the child.
PDUDV—P—QWKXGDLNUDWKX¼L\H\HQJHYDLWKWKLQJD
Where did you put the cloth for wiping the furniture.
Q¯QJD WKXGDLWKWKDGKXVDUL\—LOOHVDUL\—OOHWKXGDLSSDWKWK—OHSHUXNNXQJD
Your wiping was not good. Sweep with a broom.
*Note, ‘you wiping’, and not ‘your wiping’ as in English.
LQGKDPP—WKDL\DOHS—UWKWKLQJDº—"LYDUWKDLNUDGKXHQDNNXURPEDSLGLNNXP
Did you see this lady’s stitching? I like her sewing very much.
S—PE—WWLNNXPXQQ—OHS—PEX—GUDGKXDÄDK—LUXNNXGKX
The dancing of the snake before the snake-charmer is beautiful.
JKDYDQDP—S—GDPNNNUDGKXPXN\DP—QDYLVKD\DP
It is an important thing to listen to the lessons.
Practical Conversation. F&RPLQJ)RUD:DON"
B: Boy, F: Friend.
%Q—PUH¼GXSUXPQDGDNNDSÀKDO—P—" Shall we go for a walk?
)VDULSÀYÀPQDGDNUDGKXQDOODDE\—VDP Yes, we’ll go. Walking is good exercise.
%NDGDUNDUHOHQDGDQGKXSÀUDGKXHQDNNXURPEDSLGLNNXP
I very much like walking on the seashore.
)VDULNDGDUNDUHLOO—GKDÌUOHHQQDVHLYLQJD"
Alright, what do you do in a place with no beach?

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%\HQQDVHLUDGKXVHL\DO—P"ULNDUHPOHDOODGKXNXºDNNDUHOHQDGDNNDSÀKDO—P
What to do? One may walk on the bank of a lake or tank.
XQJDÌUOH—UXQDGKLLUXNNXGK—" Is there a river in your place?
)—P—HQJDÌUOHRUXSHUL\D—UXLUXNNXGKX
Yes, there is a big river in our place.
%DSSRQ¯QJD—WKWKXNDUHPOHQDGDNNDO—P Then you may walk on the river bank.
)—P—LSSRHQDNNXNDºHSS—LUXNNXGKXQ—QY¯WWXNNXSÀUQ
Yes. Now I am tired. I’m going home.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 46.
DQGKD WKDP—VK VHLUDYDQ HQ WKDPEL DQJH QLNUDYDQ HQ D¼¼DQ  EXGKGKLV—OLQJD PDWKWK
DYDQJDºHEXGKGKLLOO—GKDYDQJDLQQXQLQHNNDP—WWDQJDDYDUWKDQSDGLSS—OHGK—QY—ÄNNHOH
PXQQXNNX YDQGK—U  LQJH VHGLNRGLQJD M—VWKL DGKDQ—OH LGKX S—PEXQJDY—ÄDQDOOD LGDP
S—PEXNNXSDOOHYLVKDPWKºXNNXNRGXNNOHYLVKDP—Q—RUXNHWWDPDQXVKDUXNNXXGDPEX
HOO—P YLVKDP  GKLQDQGKÀUDP SDGLNN—YLWW— PXQQHWUDP LUXNN—GKX  HQ DUHOH WKXGHSSD
WKWK—OH SHUXNN—GKLQJD  WKLUDQGKDYHºLOH Q—P GKLQDQGKRUXP NRQMD GKÌUDP QDGDNUDGKX
QDOODGKX  XQJD NDGLGKDWKWKOH NDLHÄXGKX SÀGD Q PDUDQGKX SÀQLQJD"  NLºLQJDººH DQHKD
YLGKDPLUXNNXGKXDYDUSVLQDGKXHQDNNXNRQMDPNÌGDSLGLNNDOHXQJDSFKFKXURPED
DUXPH\—LUXQGKDGKXQ¯QJDS—UWKWKDGKXHQVQKLGKDULOOHDYDUXNNXVLODQ—º—S—UYHVDUL\—
LOOH  Q¯QJD QWKWKX HQQH NWWDGKX LSSR HQQLGDP LUXNNXGKX  XQJD NºYLNNX Q—Q DSUDP
EDGKLOVROYQQ—QLQGKDYOH\HPXGLSSDGKXDYDUXNNXLVKWDPLOOHLQGKDNDGKHPXGLYX
HQDNNX URPED SLGLWKWKDGKX  LGKH SDWKWKL XQJD PXGLYX HQQD"  L¼¼DNNL Q¯QJD VDPH\DO
VHLGKDGKXHOO—PURPEDUXVL\—LUXNNXGKXQDPVDPE—GKDQHQDOODYDÄLOHVHODYXVHL\DQXP
DYDQ VDPE—GKDQH DYDQ NXGXPEDWKWKXNNX SÀGK—GKX    LQGKD SXVWKDKDWKWKH Q¯QJD
XED\ÀKLNULQJDº—"  LQGKD SXVWKDKDWKW—OH XQJDºXNNX HQQD XED\ÀKDP"  LSSR YH\LO N—ODP
DGKDQ—OH URPED YUNXGKX  PXKDP HOO—P YUYH\— LUXNNXGKX YUYH\H WKXGHQJD  Q¯QJD
HQQH V—SSLGD DÄDLWKWKDGKX DYDUXNNX SLGLNNDOH  PDUDGKL HOO—UXNNXP LUXNNXGKX PDUDGKL
LOO—GKD PDQXVKDUH Q¯QJD HQDNNX N—WWD PXGL\XP—"  XQJD YLUXSSDP HQQD"  DGKX HQDNNX
WKHULQGK—QDOODLUXNNXPLGKXNN—KDVLULSSDGK—DÄXYDGK—LQQXHQDNNXSXUL\DOHQDPY¯WOH
—GDOXP S—GDOXP QDGDQGKX NRQGLUXNNXGKX  HQ PDKDQXNNX SDGLSSHYLGD YLºD\—WWXGK—Q
romba ishtam.

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LESSON 47.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME.
‘When’, or ‘While’.
µSÀGKX¶LVDGGHGWRWKHUHODWLYHSDUWLFLSOHVSUHVHQWSDVWRUIXWXUHDVVHHQLQ
DYDUV—SSLGUDSÀGKXSHVDP—WW—U He will not speak when(while) he eats. (pres.)
DYDUV—SSLWWDSÀWKXHQQÀGXSHVDOH He did not speak to me when he ate. (past)
DYDUV—SSLGXPSÀGKXQ—PV—SSLGXYÀP We shall eat when he eats. (fut.)
µSÀ¶LVDOVRXVHGLQVWHDGRIµSÀGKX¶µ3UHVHQWDQGIXWXUHIRUPVDUHLQWHUFKDQJHDEOH
The future form is also used for all tenses. The past form is used only for the past.
‘When…not’, or ‘While…not’.
µSÀGKX¶RUµSÀ¶LVDGGHGWRWKHQHJDWLYHUHODWLYHSDUWLFLSOHVDVLQ
DYDQJDXQQHNÌSSLG—GKDSÀGKXQ¯QJDQSÀKD¼XP
Why should you go when they did not call you?
‘After’.
‘pin’ or ‘apram’ is added to the past relative participle:-
Q—QSÀQDSLQQ¯QJDYDQGKLQJD You came after I went.
‘after’ can also be expressed by adding ‘pin’ or ‘apram’
to a neuter past participial noun, dative case: -
Q—QSÀQadhukkuSLQSÀQadhukkDSUDPQ¯QJDYDQGKLQJD You came after I left.
‘Before’.
Similarly, ‘mun’ is added to the future relative participle:-
Q—QYDUDPXQQ¯QJDSÀK—GKLQJD Don’t go before I come.
‘before can also be expressed by adding ‘mun’ to
a neuter participial noun, dative case, present, past or future, as seen in:-
Q—QYDUDGKXNNXPXQSÀKDGKLQJD Don’t go before I come.
Q—QYDQGKDGKXNNXPXQQ¯QJDSÀKDOH You didn’t go before I came.
‘As Soon As’.
µXGDQ¶LVDGGHGWRWKHSDVWUHODWLYHSDUWLFLSOH
or ‘um’ is added to a neuter past participial noun:-
QDQYDQGKDYXGDQHQ—QYDQGKDGKXPQ¯QJDSRKDO—P As soon as I come you may go.

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‘Until’.
‘varailum’,or ‘varaikkum’ is added to the present or future relative participle,
being used for both future and present tenses:-
Q¯QJDYDUXPYDUDLNNXPYDUDYDUDLNNXPQ—QLQJHLUXSSQ
I will be here until you come.
‘varailum’,or ‘varaikkum’ is added to the past relative participle, for past tense only.
Q¯QJDYDQGKDYDUDLOXPQ—QLQJHLUXQGKQ I was here until you came.
Vocabulary
Q¯FKFKDO swimming eli rat
udhavi (n.) help, assistance udhavi sei (w.dh) help (v.)
kottu (w.in) sting, dump rubbish muyarchchi sei (w.dh) try
Sentences.
NXÄDQGKHWKÌQJLQDSSÀGKXQ—QYHºL\HSÀQQ I went out when the child was sleeping.
HQNXÄDQGKHWKÌQJXPEÀGKX Q—QYHºL\HSÀUQ *( ‘p’ after ‘m’ softens to ‘b’ ).
I will go out when my child is asleep.
Q—QS—PEHSDUWKWKDSÀÀGLSÀQQ I ran away when I saw a snake.
SDL\DQJDVDGKGKDPVHLGKDSÀGKXQ—QJKDYDQDP—SDGLNNDPXGL\DOH
When the boys made a noise I could not study attentively.
WKDS—O—SLVXNNXSÀKXPEÀGKXLQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKHNRQGXSÀYLQJDº—"
When you go to the post office will you take this letter?
Y¯WWXNNXSÀQDSLQSÀQDGKXNNXDSUDPDYDQJDºXNNXLQGKDVDQJDGKLWKHULQGKDGKX
They knew about this matter after they went home.
Q¯QJDYDQGKDSLQGK—QYDQGKDGKXNNXDSUDPGK—QQ—QJDOO—PV—SSLGXYÀP
Only after you come all of us will eat.
XQJDSS—YDUXPXQYDUDGKXNNXPXQSÀLS—GDPSDGLQJD
Go and study your lessons before your father comes.
VDSSLGXPEÀWKXM—VWKLWKD¼¼LNXGLNNDNÌGK—GKX
You should not drink much water when eating.

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WKLUXGLQDSÀGKXWKLUXGDQHWKONRWWLYLWWDGKX
While stealing the thief was stung by a scorpion.
DPP—NLWWDLUXNNXPEÀWKXNXÄDQGKHNNXED\DPLOOH
When the mother is near the child is not frightened.
XQJDS—WWHNNNXPEÀWKXHOO—UXNNXPVDQGKÀVKDP
Everybody was happy when they heard your music.
DYDUXNNXMRUDPYDQGKDYXGDQGRFWRULGDPSÀQ—U
As soon as he got fever he went to the doctor.
14. yeliye parthavudane pune adhe pidiththu thinnuvittadhu.
As soon as the cat saw the rat (mouse) it caught it and ate it up.
ÌUXNNXSÀQDYXGDQHQDNNXNDGLGKDPSÀGXQJD
‘Drop us a line’ as soon as you reach your place.
NXUDQGKHWKÌQJLQDYXGDQWK—\XPWKÌQJDSÀQ—
As soon as the child slept the mother also went to bed.
Q¯QJDDQJHLUXQGKDYDUDLNNXPDYDQJDQDOO—YOHVHLGK—QJD
As long as you were there they worked well.
Q—PDYDUSFKFKXPXGL\XPYDUDLNNXPLUXSSÀP
We shall wait until his speech is over.
Q¯QJDYDUXPYDUDLNNXPQ—QJDNÀYLOOHLUXQGKÀP
Until you came we were in the temple.
Q—QSDGLWKWKDYDUDLNNXPSXVWKDKDPQDOODLUXQGKDGKX
The book was nice as far as I read.
Q—PFKHQQDLNNXSÀQDSRGKXNDGDONDUHNNXNDGDUNDUHNNXSÀKDOH
We did not go to the sea shore (beach) when we went to Chennai.
Q¯LQJHYDUDPXQHQJHVHLGKXNRQGLUXQGKHVHLGKXYDQGKH
Where were you working before you came here.
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHPXGLNNXPYDUDLNNXPQ—QWKÌQJDP—WWQ
I will not sleep until I finish this book.

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RUXDÄDK—QDNXÄDQGKHHQQHS—UWKDYXGDQHQDNNXYD¼DNNDPVRQQDGKX
A beautiful child greeted me as soon as she saw me.
Q¯QJDHQQHNXSSLGUDSÀGKXQ—QYDUDWKD\—U—LUXSSQ
I shall be ready to come when you call me.
Practical Conversation. F$W7KH6ZLPPLQJ3RRO
E: Elder, Y: Youngster.
(WKDPELXQQDNNXQLFKFKDOWKHUL\XP—" Youngster, do you know how to swim?
<HQDNNXQLQGKDWKHUL\—GKXHQDNNXWKD¼¼L\HS—UWKWK—URPEDED\DP—LUXNNXGKX
I don’t know how to swim. I am very frightened of water.
(RKDSGL\—"Q¯QLQGKDNDWKWKXNRººDY¼XP—"
Oh is that it? Do you want to learn to swim?
Q¯NDWKWKXNRººXPEÀGKXQ—QXQQÀGXLUXSSQED\DSSDG—GKH
While you learn I will be with you. Don’t be frightened.
<VDULQJDQ—QNDWKWKXNRººDPX\DUFKFKLVHLYQ
Alright sir, I shall try to learn.
WKD¼¼LOHQ—QLUDQJLQDYXGDQHQQHGKD\DYXVHLGKXSLGLWKWKXNRººXQJD
As soon as I get into the water please catch hold of me.
(PXGKDOOHDQGKDNDUHYDUDLNNXPQLQGKXDQJHSÀQDGKXNNXDSUDPWKLUXPEDY—
First swim upto that side. After you reach there come back.
<Q—QDQJHSÀKXPXQHSGLQLQGKD¼XPHQDNNXN—WWXQJD
Before I go there, show me how to swim.
(Q—QQLQGKXPSÀGKXQ¯\XPDGKHSÀODVHLNDVKWDP—LUXQGK—Q—QXQDNNXXGKDYLVHLYQ
When I swim, you do the same. If it is difficult I shall help you.
<LSGL\—¶QJD"LSSRQ—QNRQMDPQLQGKDPXGL\XP
Like this, sir? Now I can swim a little.
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Expansion Drill, For Lesson 47.
Q¯SDººLNÌGDPSÀUDSSÀGKXQ—QXPY—UQQ¯SDººLNÌGDPSÀKXPEÀGKXHQQHNÌSSLGD
PDUDNN—GKHQ—QSDººLNÌGDPSÀQDSSÀGKXXQY—GK\—UHVDQGKLWKWKQQ—QJDSDººLNÌGDP
SÀK—GKDSÀGKXHQJDQ—\ÀGKXYLOD\—GDYÀPY—GK\—UYDQGKDSLQP—¼DYDQJDSDGLNND
—UDPELWKWK—QJDY—WK\—UXNN—UXGKDGKXNNXDSUDPP—QDYDQJDXNN—UQGK—QJDYOÌUXNNX
YDUDPXQQ¯QJDHQJHYOHVHLGKLQJD"
YOÌUXNNX YDUXYDGKXNNXPXQ HQJH LUXQGKLQJD"  DYDU WKDQ VQKLGKDU YDQGKDGKXP
DYDUÀGXV—SSLWW—UQ—\HSDUWKDYXGDQSÌQHÀGLSÀLYLWWDGKXQ¯QJDVDSSLGUDYDUDLNNXPQ—Q
SDGLWKWKXNRQGXLUXNNDO—P—"Q—QYDUXPYDUDLNNXPQ¯QJDDQJH\XPSÀKDNXGK—GKX
SXUXVKDU YDQGKDYDUDLNNXP PDQDYL NDGLGKDP HÄXGKLQ—U  Q—Q YDUXPXQ DYDU HQJH
SÀLYLWW—U"
Q¯QJDYDUDGKXNNXPXQDYDQJDYOH\HPXGLWKWKXYLWW—QJD DYDUHQQHNÌSSLGD
YDQGKDSÀGKXQ—QYHºL\HLUXQGKQQ—QVXKDP—LUXNUDSÀHQYOH\HQDOODVHLGKDPXGL\XP
S—OY—QJXPERWKXS—ON—UDQXNNXSD¼DPNRGXNNDPDUDQGKXSÀQQ Q—PYOH
VHL\—GKDSÀGKXNDGDYXºHQLQHWKWKXNRQGLUXNND¼XPXQJDÌUSÀLVUQGKDYXGDQNDGLGKDP
SÀGXQJD
ND\LWKWKH DYLÄWKWKDYXGDQH P—GX URPED YKDP— ÀGLSÀQDGKX    Q—P LQGKD XODKDWKOH
LUXNNXPYDUDLNNXP QDOODGKX VHL\D¼XP    QLQJD SHV—GKDYDULNNXP WKDPLÄ HSGL Y—UXP"
VXODEDP— LUXQGKDYDUDLNNXP WKDPLÄ SDGLNND QDOOD LUXQGKDGKX  MRUDP YDUDGKXNNXPXQ
LQGKDPDUXQGKHV—SSLGXQJDWKLUXGDQHOO—PSÀQDSLQQ—LNXUDLNND—UDPELWKWKDGKX
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LESSON 48.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES, (CONTINUED).
‘In Order To’ or ‘So That’. (adverb of purpose)
‘In order to’ is expressed by Future Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’).
An infinitive is also used to express this.
Q—QJDLQGKDVDQJDGKL\HsollumbadhiYDQGKÀP:HFDPHKHUHin order to tell this news.
Q—QLQJHLQGKDVDQJDGKL\HsollaYDQGKQ I came here in order to tell this news.
‘In Order To...Not’ or ‘So That…Not’.
‘In order to…not’ is expressed by Negative Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’),
regardless of number, gender, person and tense.
YDºLHGXNN—GKDpadiHQDNNXÌVLSÀGXQJD
Please give the injection so that (in such a way that) it will not hurt.
‘As’.(adverb of manner)
‘as’ is expressed by Present Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’), for present and future,
and by Past Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’), for past tense only.
Q¯QJDVROUDSDGLQ—QVHLUQ I will do as you say
Q—QVRQQDSDGLDYDQYHOHVHLGK—Q He did the work as I said.
‘Because’ or ‘Since’. (adverb of reason)
‘because’ is expressed by
VXIIL[LQJµSDGL\—OH¶RUµSDGL\LQ—OH¶RUµDGK—OH¶RUµDGKDQ—OH¶WR
Present Relative Participle, for present. and future,
and to Past Relative Participle for past tense only.
The negative form ‘Because…Not’LVH[SUHVVHGE\DGGLQJµ—GKD¶WRDQLQILQLWLYH
SOXVµSDGL\—OH¶HWFUHJDUGOHVVRIQXPEHUJHQGHUSHUVRQDQGWHQVH
PDÄHSHLUDGK—OHQ—QYHºL\HSÀKDP—WWQ Because it is raining I will not go out.
PDÄHSHLGKDSDGL\—OHQ—QYHºL\HSÀKDOH Because it rained I did not go out.
Q¯QJDNÌSSLG—GKDSDGL\—OHQ—QYDUDOH Because you did not call I did not come.
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Vocabulary
NDºHSSX tiredness QÀ\—OL sick person
NDºHSS—LUXVQGK be tired QÀLY\—GKL disease
kadan debt YLºDNNDP clarity
NDGDQNºVWW borrow P¯Q fish
kadan kodu (s.thth) lend GK—YDGKX something
NÌWWDP meeting nada, madhdhi centre, middle
NÌWWDPQDGDWKWKXZLQ conduct meeting NÌWWDPQDGDVWKWK meeting (going on)
Sentences.
QÀLSÀKXPEDGLQ—PPDUXQGKXV—SSLGD¼XP
So that the disease is cured we should take medicine.
GKÌVLSRKXPEDGKLHOO—PQDOO—VXGKGKDPVHLQJD
Clean everything properly so that the dust goes.
SDQDPNDGDQNNNXPEDGL\—UXQQLGDPYDQGK—QJD"
Who came to you in order to borrow money?
HOO—UXNNXPWKHUL\XPEDGKLYLºDNNDP—HÄXGKXQJD
Write clearly so that everybody can understand.
NXÄDQGKHSXVWKDKDWKWKHNLÄLNN—GKDSDGLS—UWKWKXNRººXQJD
Take care so that the child does not tear the book.
DYDULQJHDGLNNDGLYDU—GKDSDGLQ¯QJDHGK—YDGKXVHL\D¼XP
You should do something so that he does not come here often.
Q—QVROUDSDGLQ¯QJDVHLGK—WKDPLÄV¯NUDP—SVDPXGL\XP
If you do as I say you will be able to speak Tamil fluently.
Q¯QJDS—GUDSDGLQ—QDÄDK—HSSRYXPS—GDPXGL\—GKX
I can never sing as nicely as you do.
DYDUNDVKWDSDWWDSDGLYUH\—UXPNDVKWDSSDGDOH
No one has suffered as much as he did.
Q—QVXKDPLOO—GKDGK—OHQWKWKXLQJHYDUDOH
I did not come yesterday because I was sick.

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YLºDNNXHULUDSDGL\—OHQ¯QJDED\DPLOO—PHYOHVHL\DO—P
As the light is on you may work without fear.
DGLNNDGLWKDPLÄOHSVUDSDGL\—OHDYDQJDWKDPLÄQDOO—SVDPXGL\XP
Since they are talking Tamil often they can talk Tamil well.
DYDUHQQHNÌSSLG—GKDSDGL\—OHQ—QDQJHSÀKDOH
I did not go there because he did not call me.
NDGHPÌGLLUXQGKDSDGL\—OHQ—QR¼¼XPY—QJDOH
I did not buy anything as the shop was closed.
SD¼DNN—UDQÄHNNXSD¼DPNRGXWKWKDGK—OHÄHVDQGKÀVKDP—LUXNU—Q
Because the rich man gave him money the poor man is happy.
Q—QURPEDGKXUDPQDGDQGKDSDGL\—OHHQDNNXURPEDNDºHSS—LUXNNXGKX
As I walked very far I am very tired.
NÌWWDPHQY¯WWXNNXNLWWDQDGDNNDSÀUDSDGL\—OHQ—QNDWW—\DPSÀYQ
As the meeting is going to be held near my house, I must go.
Q¯QJDNDGLGKDPHÄXGK—GKDSDGL\—OHQ—QXPXQJDºXNNXHÄXGKDOH
As you did not write a letter to me, I (also) did not write to you.
XQJDºHVDQGKLNNXPEDGLGK—QVDQGKLNNDGK—QQ—QLQGKDÌUXNNXYDQGKQ
I came to this place only in order to meet you.
P¯QSLGLNNXPEDGLQ—QULNNXSÀYQ I will go to the lake to catch fish.
WK—QJDVROUDSDGLQDGDNUDYDQJDVHLUDYDQJDQDOODYDQJD
They who practice what they preach are good people.
YDÄDNNDSSDGLQ—QJDSDWKWKXPD¼LNNXWKÌQJDSÀQÀP
As usual we went to bed at ten o’clock.
XQJDLVKWDSSDGL\HOO—PQDGDNNXPLGLRP
Everything will be done according to your wish.
HQDNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKWKDSDGL\—OHV¯NUDPV—SLWWQ
I ate earlier because I was very hungry.
SÀGKXP—QDSD¼DPLOO—GKDSDGL\—OHHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDPLOOH
Because I do not have enough money I am not happy.
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Practical Conversation. F$7DQN5HVHUYRLU
V: Visitor, L: Local Man.
9NXGLWKD¼¼LNXºDPHQJHLUXNNXGKX" Where is the drinking water tank?
/DGKXJU—PDWKWKXNNXPDGKLOHLUXNNXGKX It is in the middle of the village.
9LQGKDNXºDWKWKXWKD¼¼L\QURPEDDÄXNN—LUXNNXGKX
Why is this tank water very dirty.
/LQGKDNXºDWKOH—GXP—GXQJDºHVXGKGKDPVHLUDSDGL\—OHDÄXNN—LUXNNXGKX
Because cattle are washed in this tank it is dirty.
9NXºDWKWKXWKD¼¼LDVXGKGKDPDÄXNNX—K—GKDSDGLJU—PDMDQDQJDSDUWKWKXNRººD¼XP
The villagers should see that the tank water does not become dirty.
/DGKXQLMDP—Q—JU—PDMDQQDQJDºHGK—QNXºDWKOHNXºLNU—QJDWKX¼LQJDWKÀLNU—QJDDSUDP
DGKWKD¼¼LNXGLNU—QJD7KDWLVWUXHEXWWKHYLOODJHUVWKHPVHOYHVEDWKHZDVK
clothes, then they drink the same water.
9JU—PDMDQDQJDNXGLNNDNXGLNNXPEDGLWKD¼QLYUHHQJLUXQGKXNRQGXYDU—QJD"
From where else do the villagers bring water to drink?
/Q—QVRQQDSDGLLQGKDDÄXNNXWKD¼¼L\GK—QNXGLNNDNRQGXSÀU—QJD
As I said, they are taking only this dirty water to drink.
9DL\ÀLGKXPÀVDPLOOH\—" Oh dear, it is a shame, is it not?
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 48.
Q—QXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUDSXUDSDWWQQ¯QJDHQQHLQJHYDUXPEDGLVRQQLQJDLOOH\—
NXÄDQGKH YHºL\H SÀK—GKDSDGL NDGKDYH PÌGLYLWWQ      DYDU Q—P VRQQDSDGL VHLGK—U
DGKXGK—QQDOODGKXWKDPLÄS—GDPNDVKWDP—LUXQGKDSDGL\—OHQ—QDGKHSDGLNNDOHQ¯QJD
HQJDºXNNX V—SS—GX NRGXWKWKDSDGL\—OH DYDQJDºXNNX VDQGKÀVKDP   U—WKUL HOO—P YLºDNNX
HUL\—GKDSDGL\—OHLUXWW—LUXQGKDGKX
DYDQJD VLULNNXPEDGL Q—Q LGKH DYDQJDºXNNX VROODOH   JU—PD MDQDQJD VDPE—GKLNNXPEDGL
QDKDUDQJDºXNNX SÀU—QJD    Q—P NNN—GKDSDGL DYDQJD URPED PHGKXY— SHVLNR¼G—QJD
Y—ÄNNHOHQ—PQLQHNUDSDGLQDGDQGK—HYºDYXQDOODLUXNNXP"SXVWKDKDQJDºHPVHPHOHQ—Q
YDLWKWKDSDGL\ YDLQJD         S—GDQJDºH Q¯QJD VDUL\— JKDYDQLNN—GKDSDGL\—OH DGKXQJD
XQJDºXNNXYLºDQJDOHQ—QJDHOO—PNDGDUNDUHNNXQDGDNNDSÀQÀP
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 49.
SUFFIX ‘UM’ AND ITS USES.
([SUHVVHVµ$QG¶ðwhen it follows nouns and pronouns.
U—PXPUDKLPXPVQKLGKDU Ram and rahim are friends.
([SUHVVHVµ(YHQ¶RUµ$OVR¶ð when it follows a single noun or pronoun.
LQJHRUXPVH\XPLOOH There is not even a table here.
Q—PXPDGLNNDGLWKDPLÄOHSHVXYÀP We also will speak in Tamil often.
,QWHUURJDWLRQSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHV8QLYHUVDOLW\ð
\—UXPVXODEDP—WKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRººDO—P Anyone may learn Tamil easily.
9HUEDO3DUWLFLSOHSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHVµ$OWKRXJK¶ð
PDÄHSHLGKXPLQQXPVÌGXDGDQJDOH although it rained the heat has not subsided.
&RQGLWLRQDOSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHVµHYHQLI¶ð
Q¯QJDGKLQDQGKÀUXPRUXPD¼LQUDPGK—QSDGLWKWK—OXPSÀGKXP
It will be enough even if you study only one hour daily.
1HXWHU3DVW3DUWLFLSLDO1RXQSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHVµDVVRRQDV¶ð
ÌUXNNXSÀQDGKXPHQDNNXNDGLGKDPSÀGXQJD
Drop me a line as soon as you reach home.
$1XPHUDOSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHV&RPSOHWHQHVVZLWKRXWH[FHSWLRQð
Q¯QJDQ—OXSUXPL¼¼DNNLS—GD¼XP All four of you should sing today.
µ,QQXP«LQQXP¶&RQQHFWV6WDWHPHQWVð
WKDPEL Q—Q XQJDSS—YH S—UNND YDQGKQ LQQXP PDUXSDGL\XP Q—Q DYDUH VDQGKLNND
YDUXYQLQQXPY—UXPEÀGKXUH¼GXQDOODSXVWKDKDPNRQGXYDUXYQLQQXPXQDSS—YXNNX
sollu. Child, tell your father that I came to see him and I shall come again to
meet him and will bring two nice books when I come.
Vocabulary
pirar other people V—OH road
ÀUDP edge NXUXNNXYDÄL short cut
XEDGKVDP preaching N—KDPN—NN— crow
XEDGKVDPVHLZGK preach SDQDPSDÄXP palmyra fruit
XEDGKVLVWKWK preach niraya full, overflowing

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pichche alms nadu, madhdhi centre, middle
SLFKFKHN—UDQ beggar RÄXQJX neatness
pichche edu (s.thth) beg NDWWD\DP— certainly
pichche kodu (s.thth) give alms QLFKFKD\DP— certainly
tholle nuisance thondaravu nuisance
tholle kodu (s.thth) be a nuisance QVDPQ love
thondaravu sei (w.dh) be a nuisance QVLVWKWK love
Sentences.
DYDUHQQHS—UWKWKXPHQQÀGXSV—PHSÀLYLWW—U
Although he saw me he left without speaking to me.
N—WKWKXDGLWKWKDGKXPDGLWKWKDYXGDQHPDÄHSHLGKDGKX
It rained as soon as the wind blew.
Q¯QJDNÌSSLWW—OXPDYDUYDUDP—WW—U He won’t come even if you call him.
HOO—V—P—QXNNXPQ—QHYºDYXNRGXNND¼XP"
How much should I pay for all the things
DYDQJDLQGKDYOH\HHSGL\XPVHL\DPXGL\XP
They can do this work somehow or other.
LQJHHOO—PLUXNNXGKXQ¯QJDDGKH\XPV—SSLGDO—P
Everything is here, you may eat anything.
HSSRYXPX¼PHQLMDPSHVD¼XPLQQXPQ—PQDPPHQVLNUDGKHSÀODYHSLUDUH\XP
QHVLNND¼XPLQQXPHVXQ—GKDUXEDGKVDPVHLGK—U The Lord Jesus preached that we
should always speak the truth and love others as we love ourselves.
Q¯QJDSDWKWKXSUXPLQJHV—SSLGDY—QJD All ten of you come here to eat.
Q—PHSSRYXPV—OH\ÀUDP—QDGDNND¼XP
We should always walk on the edge of the road.
SLFKFKHNDUDQJDQDPDNNXHOO—PLGDWKWKLOXPWKROOHNRGXNU—QJD
The beggars are a nuisance to us everywhere.
Q—QLSSRWKÌQJDSÀUQ\—UXPHQQHWKRQGDUDYXVHL\DNÌG—GKX
I am going to sleep now, no one should disturb me.

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LGKXNÀYLOOXNNXSÀKDNXUXNNXYDÄL This is a short cut to the temple.
QDGXU—WKULGK—QWKLUXGDQXNNXURPEDQDOODQUDP
Midnight is a very good time for a thief.
LQGKDS—GDPSDODGKDGDYHSDGLWKWK—OXPHQDNNXYLºDQJDOH
Although I studied this lesson several times, it is not clear to me.
M—VWKLWKD¼¼LNXGLWKWKXPHQGK—KDPSRKDOHDGDQJDOH
Although I drank a lot of water my thirst is not quenched.
—WKWKXOHSÀWW—OXPDºDQGKXSRGX
Even if you throw something in the river, measure and throw it.
(Keep account of all you do, even that of little value).
\—UXPLQLPHOHLGKHSDWKWKLSVDNÌG—GKX Nobody should talk about this hereafter
N—KXPXNN—UQGKDGKXPSDQDPSDÄXPYLÄXQGKDGKX
As soon as the crow sat the palmyra fruit fell. (The last straw on the camel’s back)
LGKXLQQXPDGKXLQQXPQSVLNRQGLUXNUH" Why keep saying this and that?
Q—PHSSRYXPHQGKDYOH\XPRÄXQJ—VHL\D¼XP
We should always do any work neatly.
DYDUXGXSSXPSFKFKXPS—UWKWK—SHUL\DPDQXVKDUHSÀODLUXNNXGKX
He looks like a great man by his dress and speech.
LQJH\XPDQJH\XPVXPP—QDGDQGKXNRQGLUXNN—GKLQJD
Don’t just keep walking here and there.
Q¯QJDHQQDGK—QVRQQ—OXPDYDURUXQDOODPDQXVKDUGK—Q
Whatever you say, he is definitely a good man.
—WKWKXOHQLUD\DYHººDPYDQGK—OXPQ—LQ—NNLGKDQNXGLNND¼XP
Even if the river floods the dog has to lick to drink. (There is a limit to one’s capacity).
XQJDYOHPXGLQGKDGKXPHQQHYDQGKXS—UXQJD
Come and see me as soon as your work is finished.
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 50.
68)),;(6µ–¶µœ¶µ¿¶$1'µ–9$'+8¶
µ—¶([SUHVVHV$4XHVWLRQ
QWKWKXDYDUYDQGK—U—? Did he come yesterday?
µ¶([SUHVVHV(PSKDVLV
LQGKDSHWWLOH\SD¼DPSRWWXYDL Keep the money in this box.
DYDUQWKWKXLQJHYDQGK—U He did come here yesterday.
µÀ¶([SUHVVHV$4XHVWLRQ:LWK$Q(PSKDVLV
QWKWKXQ¯QJDOÀ vandhinga? Was it you who came yesterday?
µÀ¶$OVR([SUHVVHVµHLWKHU«RU¶
Q¯QJDLSGL\ÀDSGL\ÀSRKDO—P You may go this way or that way.
,QWHUURJDWLRQµÀ¶ LQGHILQLWHQHVV
avar HQJH\ÀSÀQ—U He went somewhere.
µÀ¶$OVR([SUHVVHVµEXW¶
DYDQSD¼DNN—UDQGK—QDYDQÀQDOODV—SSLGDPXGL\—GKX
He is indeed a rich man, but he cannot eat well.
&DUGLQDO1XPEHUµ—YDGKX¶ 2UGLQDO1XPEHU,QWHUFKDQJHDEOHZLWKµ—P¶
Q—O—YDGKX (Q—O—PS—GDPYDVLQJD Read the fourth lesson.
6LQJOH:RUGµ—YDGKX¶ µ$W/HDVW¶
Q¯QJDLGKXNNXSDWKWKXUÌE—Y—YDGKXNRGXNND¼XP
You should give at least ten rupees for this.
µ—YDGKX«—YDGKX¶$OVR([SUHVVHVµHLWKHU«RU¶
L¼¼DNNLNÌWWDWKOHQ¯QJDº—YDGKXQ—Q—YDGKXSVD¼XP
In today’s meeting either you or I should speak.
Vocabulary
NÀEDPNÀYDP anger NXUXNN across (dat.)
NÀEDPY—ZQG be angry QUYDÄL straight way
vahuppu class, standard, grade P—PVDP meat
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Sentences.
Q—QLYDUHHQJH\ÀS—UWKWKXLUXNUQ
LYºDYXV—SS—GHHQDNNXSÀGKXP
Q—QDGKHHQND¼¼—OH\S—UWKWKQ
I have seen him somewhere.
This much food is enough for me.
I saw that with my own eyes.
Q¯QJDHQQHHSSRYXPS—UNNDOH\ÀS—UWKWKDGKXLOOH\À"
You have never seen me have you?
Q—ODNNLXQJDYOHN—UDQNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀY—Q—"
Will your servant go to the market tomorrow?
HQDNNXLSSRSQ—YÀSHQFLOÀY¼XP I want a pen or pencil now.
DYDUSD¼DNN—UDUQ¯QJDOÀÄHQ¯QJDHSGLLGKHVHL\DPXGL\XP"
He is a rich man but you are poor. How can you do this?
Q¯QJDLQGKDFKLQQDYOH\—YDGKXVHL\D¼XP You should at least do this small job.
HQDNNXXGDQHNRQMDPN—SSL\—YDGKXW¯\—YDGKXNRQGXY—QJD
Bring me some coffee or tea at once.
XQJDPDKDQLSSRHWKWKDQH\—YDGKXYDKXSSXOHSDGLNU—Q
In which class (standard) is your son studying now?
Q¯QJDLSGL\VHLGKXYDQGK—HQDNNXNÀEDPYDUXP
If you keep doing this, I will get angry.
DQGKDNDVKWDP—QDYOH\HHSGL\ÀVHLGKXPXGLWKWKQ
I have finished doing that difficult job somehow.
DYDUQDOODYDUÀNHWWDYDUÀHQDNNXSDUY—OOH
I don’t care if he is a good man or a bad man.
Q—Q—YDGKXHQVQKLGKDU—YDGKXQ—QÀHQVQKLGKDUÀXQJDºHVDQGKLSSÀP
Either I or my friend will meet you.
LQGKDÀWWDOOHHWKWKDQH\—YDGKXDUHOHWKDQJLLUXNULQJD
In this hotel in what room number are you staying.
ÄHMDQDQJDºXNNXQ—PLQGKDXGKDYL\—YDGKXVHL\D¼XP
We should give at least this help to the poor people.
¼LQJDXQJDNDGLGKDWKOHNDLHÄXWKXSÀWWLQJDº—" Did you sign your letter?

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DYDUMDQDQJDºXNNXLSGLXEDGKVLNNDO—P—" Can he preach to the people like this?
HQVQKLGKDUHQDNNXNDGLGKDPSÀWW—UQ—QÀLQQXPEDGKLOSÀGKDOH
My friend has written a letter to me, but I have not yet sent a reply.
HQDNNXHYºDYÀNDVKWDPLUXNNXGKXDGKH\—UXNNXPVROODP—WWQ
I have such a lot of trouble, but I will not tell anyone.
XEDGKVDPVHLUDGKÀVXODEDPDGKDQSDGLQDGDSSDGKÀNDVKWDP
It is indeed easy to preach, but difficult to act accordingly.
W¯\ÀN—SSL\ÀHGKÀV¯NUDPNRGXQJD Give me tea or coffee or something quickly.
LQGKDYDÄLNXUXNNXYDÄL\—QUYDÄL\—" Is this a short cut or a straight route?
Q¯QJDWKLQJDNLÄDPH\—YDGKXVHYY—NLÄDPH\—YDGKXYDUDPXGL\XP—"
Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
DYDUNXÄDQGKHNNXNRQMDPPLWW—\—YDGKXY—QJD¼XP
I must buy at least some sweets for his child.
Practical Conversation. F7DPLOLDQ)RRG
F: Foreigner, T: Tamilian.
)WKDPLÄQ—WOHN—ODLOHV—GK—UD¼DP—HQQDV—SSLGDY—QJD"
In Tamil Nadu what do they usually eat in the morning.
7WKDPLÄDUXNNXGKÀVDL\ÀLGOL\ÀXSSXP—YÀGK—QN—ODPHV—SS—GX
Dhosai or idli or uppuma is the common breakfast for Tamilians.
)7KDPLÄDUGKÀVDLLGOL\ÀGXN—SSL\—YDGKXW¯\—YDGKXV—SSLGDP—WW—QJDº—"
Don’t the Tamilians take coffee or tea with idli or dhosai?
7—P——Q—DYDQJDV—GK—UDQDP—W¯\HYLGDNDSSLMDVWKLV—SSLGDY—QJD
Yes, but they would usually take more coffee than tea.
V—SSLGDHGKXLUXQGK—OXPVDULLOO—YLWW—OXPVDULDYDQJDºXNNXN—SSLNDWW—\DPLUXNND¼XP
Whether there is something to eat or not, there must be coffee.
)DYDQJDPDGK\—QDV—SS—WWXNNXPU—WKULV—SS—WWXNNXPHQQDV—SSLGXYDGKXYDÄDNNXP"
What are they used to eating for lunch and supper.
7PDGK\—QDPV—SS—WWXNNXV—GKDPXPN—LNDUL\XPVLODVDPD\DPPXWWH\XPP—PVDPXP
For lunch, rice and vegetables, sometimes eggs and meat.

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7U—WKULV—SS—WWXNNXV—GKDPXPUDVDPXPDSSDºDPV—SSLGXYDGKXYDÄDNNXP
For supper, rice rasam and appalum are usually eaten.
)HOO—WKDPLÄDUXPP—PVDPV—SSLGDY—QJDº—" Do all Tamilians eat meat?
7LOOHHOO—UXPLOOHDQKDSUV—SSLGXYDGKXLOOH No, not all. Many people do not eat it.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 48, 49, 50.
Q—PGKLQDQGKÀUXPWKDPLÄSVUDSDGL\—OHDGKXVXODEDP—YDUXGKXLQGKDYOHL¼¼DNNL
PXGL\—GKDGK—OH Q—ºDNNL NDWW—\DP LGKH PXGLNND¼XP     PDPE—\LOLUXQGKX FKHQQDLNNX
V¯NUDPYDQGKXVUXPEDGLUÀSOQOHSXUDSDWWÀPDQKDSUNÌWWDWKWKXNNXYDU—GKDSDGL\—OH
NÌWWDPQDGDNNDOHPDÄHÀL\—GKDGK—OHQ—QJDNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDPXGL\DOH
Q¯QJDYLUXPELQDSDGLHOO—PQDOO—PXGLQGKDGKX
Q—P QDP Y—\XNNX YDQGKDSDGL SVDNÌGDGKX LGLRP       DYDU Q—NN—OL\H WKDºOLQD
SDGL\—OH DGKX N¯ÄH YLÄXQGKX XGHQGKDGKX   V—SS—GX URPED UÌVL\— LUXQGKDGK—OH DYDQJD
M—VWKL V—SSLWW—QJD   —GXQJD SXO P\XPEDGL POHNNX SÀQDGKXQJD   LQGKD VHGLQJDºH
QDGXPEDGLWKÀWWDN—UDQNRQGXYDQGK—QQ¯QJDVXKDP—KXPEDGLQ—QJDGKYDQHWKRUDUÀP
LYDUXNNX WKDPLÄ HÄXGKDYXP SDGLNNDYXP URPED QDOOD WKHUL\XP   LSSRO—P DQKD
SH¼¼XQJDºXP —S¯VOH YOH VHLGKXYDU—QJD   HQ SH¼¼XNNXP SÌ URPED LVKWDP LQQX Q—Q
XQJDºXNNXVRQQQ\—UXPLQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHVXODEDP—SDGLNNDO—PDYDUHSGL\XPHWWX
PD¼LNNXººHYDQGKXYLGXY—UQ—QDGKHSDWKWKLHGKXYXPVROODPXGL\—GKXLQQXQLQHNUQ
Q¯QJDHSSRYXPLQGKDSXVWKDKDPHQQLGDPLUXQGKXYDQJLNRººDO—PLGKXXQJDY¯WWHSÀOD
Q¯QJDLQGKDY¯WWOHHQJH\XPSDGXWKWKXNRºODO—PDYDUNÌSSLWWXPQ—QSÀKDOHQLQQ—HQDNNX
YOH M—VWKL LUXQGKDGKX    Q—P HYºDYX SD¼DP NRGXWKWK—OXP DYDQXNNX VDQGKÀVKDP
LUXNN—GKXNXÄDQGKHNNXYDÄDSDÄDPNRGXWKWKDGKXPDGKXDÄDUDGKHQLUXWKWKLYLWWDGKXV—OH
PDGKGLOHQDGDNUDGKXDE—\DP—Q—V—OHÀUDP—QDGDNND¼XPLQQXDQKDSUXNNXWKHUL\DOH
L¼¼DNNL LUXEDWKX SUXP YOH VHL\D YDQGKX LUXNU—QJDº—"    DQGKD SXVWKDKDQJD HWWXP
XQJDºXNNXGK—Q NRQGXSÀKD PDUDNN—GKLQJD  Q—ºDNNL NDWW—\DP HQ Y¯WWXNNX YDUXYLQJDº—
LOOH\—"Q—QQLFKFKD\DP—VROODYPXGL\—GKX—Q—S—UNNDO—PQ—QNDWW—\DPXQJDY¯WWXNNX
YDUXYQ LQQX VRQQLQJDº  DYDU LQJH\XP WKDYDU—PH ZLWKRXW IDLO YDUXY—U—"  Q—P YDÄLOH
N—SSL\ÀW¯\ÀV—SSLGDO—P—"Q—PSÀUDYDÄLOHÀWWDOLUXNNXGK—"VDULXQJDLVKWDPSÀODHGKXYÀ
HGKÀVDSSLGDO—P

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Q—PL¼¼DNNL—VSDWKULSÀKDQXPQDPXNNXM—VWKLYOHLUXNNXGKXQ¯QJDHGKXYXPVHL\DO—P
Q¯QJD SD¼DNN—UDUQ—QÀ ÄH  N—SSLLOO—YLWW— SDUY—LOOH WKD¼¼L\—YDGKX NRGXQJD  XQJD SH¼
HWKWKDQH\—YDGKX YDKXSOH SDGLNU—"  HQ SH¼ DQM—P YDKXSOH SDGLNU— SDL\DQ RPEDGK—P
YDKXSOH SDGLNU—Q    URWWL\—YDGKX V—GKDP—YDGKX NRQGXY—QJD    HÄXGKD SQ—Y—YDGKX
SHQVLO—YDGKXNRQGXY—QJD
DYDUXPDSGLPÀVDP—SVDNÌG—GKXLGKXYXPHQJDY¯GXGK—QDGKXYXPHQJDY¯GXGK—Q
LQGKD PDQXVKDU \—UXNNXP SLGLNNDOH    HQGKD GKVDWKWKLOXP QDOODYDQJD NHWWDYDQJD
LUXNU—QJDHQPÌNNXND¼¼—GL\HQ—QNLÄHSÀWWXPDGKXXGH\DOHHQDNNXDGKXY¼—PLQQX
Q—Q VRQQ—OXP DYDU DGK DQXSSLYDLWKWK—U  —S¯VOH YOH PXGLQGKDGKXP Q—Q QUD Y¯WWXNNX
SÀQQ  GKLQDQGKÀUXP S—GDQJDºH HÄXGKD¼XP LQQXP WKLUXPED WKLUXPED DGKXQJDºH
SDGLNND¼XPLQQXPHQJDY—GK\—UHQJDºXNNXDGLNNDGLVROU—U
SDVL YDQGK— SDWKWKXP SDUDQGKX SÀKXP ROG VD\LQJ  LGKXY— DQGKD NDWWDGDWKWKXNNX
SÀKXPYDVDO"Q—QLQGKDYOHOHVHLGKXPXGLSSQQWKWKXQDOO—PDÄHSHLGKDGKLQQXP
QVÌG—LUXNNXGKX"EHQJDOÌUDNNXSÀKXPQUYDÄLLGKXY—"Q¯QJDNÌWWDWKWKXNNXPXQGKL\À
SLQGKL\À HSSRY YDUDO—P  Q—Q DYDUH NÌSSLWWQ DYDUÀ µQ—Q YDUDP—WWQ¶ LQQX VROODYLWW—U
LQGKD NºYLNNX Q¯QJDº—YDGKX EDGKLO VROODPXGL\XP—"  DYDU DSS— FKHQQDL\LOLUXQGKX
L¼¼DNNL\ÀQ—ºDNNL\ÀYDUXY—ULSSRHQDNNXURPEDGK—KDPNXGLNNDHGK—YDGKXNRGXQJD
Q—Q LQJH RUX S—PEH S—UWKQ \—UH\—YDGKX V¯NUDP NÌSSLGXQJD  XQJD WKDPEL\—YDGKX
D¼¼DQ—YDGKX HQQÀGX DQXSSXQJD     Q—Q VDLNLOH\—YDGKX EDVOH\—YDGKX SÀYQ
HSGL\—YDGKXSÀLDQGKDYOH\HPXGLNNDS—UXQJD
DYDU QDOODYDUÀ NHWWDYDUÀ S—UYD LOOH DYDUH YDUD VROOXQJD      Q¯QJD HQJH\—YDGKX SÀL
HGK—YDGKX VHLGKX \—UH\—YDGKX S—UWKWKX LQGKD YOH\H HSGL\—YDGKX PXGLQJD  Q—Q HQJH
SÀQ—OXP\—UH\XPS—UNNDPXGL\—GKXN—WKWKXDGLWKWKDGKXP PDÄHSHLGKDGK—DOODGKX
PDÄH SHLGKDGKXP N—WKWKX DGLWKWKDGK—"  DYDU SD¼DNN—UDU— LUXQGKXP HQQD XED\ÀKDP
SUD\ÀMDQDP  DYDU \—UXNNXP XGKDYL VHLUD YDÄDNNXP LOOH  Q—Q V—SS—GX UXVL\—
VDPHWKWKXP Q¯QJDºº—P Q VDUL\— V—SSLGDOH  LQGKD SDQQHQGX SUH\XP NÌWWLNRQGXSÀL
YOH\H—UDPELQJDQ—QYDUDOHQ—OXPYDUDYLWW—OXPQ¯QJDYOHVHLGKXNRQGLUXQJD
\—UNÌSSLWW—OXPDQGKDQ—LNXWWLVDQGKÀVKDP—ÀGLYDUXP
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LESSON 51.
GREETING AND MEETING PEOPLE.
Vocabulary
R¼¼XPLOOH nothing YLVVKDP— particular, special
\DU—YDGKX anyone \—UXPLOOH no one, nobody
avasaram urgency, hurry (n.) WKDYDU—PH without fail
eppovum always, any time HSSRY¼XP—Q—OXP anytime
N—WKWKLUX wait (v.)
Conversation, Doctor’s Reception Desk..
P: Patient, R: Receptionist.
5Q¯QJDO—"XººHY—QJDQ—NN—OLOHXNN—UXQJD Is that you? Come in. ‘Take a seat’.
P. nandri, romba nandri. Thank you, many thanks.
5\HSGLLUXNULQJDVXKDP—" How are you, are you well?
Q—QQDOO—LUXNUQ I am well
Q¯QJDOXPVXKDP—" Are you well too?
3LOOHQ—QVXKDPLOOHHQDNNXXGDPEXVDUL\LOOH No, I am not well.
5Q¯QJDVRZN\DPLOOH\—" Are you unwell?
3—P—Q—QNRQMDPVRZN\DPLOOH Yes, I am a bit unwell.
5QLQJDHYºDYXQ—º—VXKDPLOOH" How long are you ( have you been) sick.
3Q—QRUXY—UDP—VXKDPLOOH I have been unwell for one week.
5XQJDNXGDPEDPVXKDP—" Is your family well?
XQJDY¯WOHHOO—UXPVXKDP—" (Is your household well?)
3—P—HQY¯WOHHOO—UXPVXKDPGK—QQDQGUL Yes, everyone in my family is well, thanks.
5Q¯QJDHQJHLUXNULQJD"XQJDY¯GXHQJH" Where do you live? Where is your house?
3\HQY¯GXNÀYLOXNNXSLQQ—OHLUXNNXGKX My house is behind the temple.
R. yedhu unga theru? Which is your street?
3DQGKDQ¯ODP—QDWKHUXGK—QHQJDWKHUX That long street is our street.
R. enna sangadhi? What news?
3YLVVKDP—R¼¼LOOH Nothing special. (nothing in particular)

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5Q¯QJDHQQHS—UWKWKXURPEDQ—OLOOH\—" It is a long time since you saw me, is it not?
3—P—Q—QXQJDºHVDQGKLWKWKXURPEDN—ODP—FKFKX
Yes, it is a long time since I met you.
5Q¯QJDQYDQGKLQJD" Why did you come?
3Q—QGRFWRUHS—UNND¼XPXººHLUXNU—U—" I want to see the doctor. Is he in?
5LOOHDYDUYHºL\HSÀLLUXNU—USÀL¶NU—U No, he has gone out.
3DYDUHSSRWKLUXPEDYDUXY—U" When will he return?
5DYDUV¯NUDPWKLUXPEDYDUXY—U He will return soon.
3Q—QDYDUXNN—KDNRQMDQUDPN—WKWKLUXNNDO—P—"
May I wait for him for a little while?
5ÀGK—U—ODP—N—WKWKLUXNNDO—P Oh, by all means you my wait.
-------------------------
Sentences.
1. enna sonninga? What did you say? (‘I beg your pardon’)
XQJDºHS—UNNDHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDP I am glad to see you.
Q—QXQJDºXNNXHQQDVHL\D¼XP" What can I do for you.
HQQDNNXQ¯QJDRUXFKLQQDXGKDYLVHL\D¼XP You can do a small favour for me.
Q—QDYDUVQKLGKDU I am his friend.
Q¯QJDHQQHGKD\DYXVHLGKXPDQQLSSLQJDº—" Will you please forgive me?
VDULLQGKDGKDGDYHPDWWXPPDQQLNUQ Alright, I will forgive you only this time.
QUDPLUXQGK—HQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUDPXGL\XP—"
Can you come to our house if you have time
VDULDSGL\VHLYQ Alright, I shall do so.
Q¯QJDHYºDYXQUDPLUXNNDPXGL\XP" How long can you stay.
Q—QURPEDQUDPLUXNNDPXGL\—GKXNRQMDQUDPGK—QLUXNNDPXGL\XP
I cannot stay long. I can stay only a little while
Q—QHSSRYDUDO—P" When may I come?
Q¯QJDQ—ºDNNLYDUDO—P You may come tomorrow.
XQJDºXNNXURPEDDYDVDUDP—" Are you in a great hurry?

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—P—HQDNNXURPEDDYDVDUDP Yes, I am in a great hurry.
Q¯QJDYDUDPXGL\—GK—" Can you not come?
LOOHQJDHQDNNXDYDVDUDP—QDYOHLUXNNXGKX No, I have urgent work.
Q¯QJDLQGKDVDQJDGKLNºYLSSDWWLQJDº—" Did you hear this news?
LOOHQDQLQGKDVDQJDGKLNºYLSSDGDOH No, I did not hear this news.
Q—QSÀLYDUDWWXP—"Q—QSÀLYDUDO—P—" May I take leave? (May I go?).
SÀLWWXY—QJDYD¼DNNDP Goodbye.
Q—QPDUXSDGL\XPXQJDºHHSSRVDQGKLNNDO—P" When can I meet you again?
Q¯QJDHQQHHSSRYXPVDQGKLNNDO—P You may meet me anytime.
XQJDGKVDPHGKX" Which is your country?
HQGKVDPLQGKL\— My country is India.
DGKX\—UY¯GX" Whose house is that?
DGKXHQVQKLGKDUY¯GX That is my friend’s house.
DYDUXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—" Do you know him?
—P—DYDUHHQDNNXWKHUL\XP Yes, I know him.
DQJH\—U—YDGKXLUXNU—QJDº—" Is there anyone there.
$QJH\—UXPLOOH No one is there.
LYDUXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—" Do you know this person?
LOOHLYDUHQDNNXWKHUL\DYWKHUL\—GKX No, I don’t know this person at all.
Q—QVROUDGKXXQJDOXNNXWKHUL\XGK—" Do you understand what I say?
Q¯QJDVROUDGKXHQDNNXQDOO—WKHUL\XGKX I understand well what you say.
Q¯QJDHSSRYDQGKLQJD" When did you come.
Q—QLSSRGK—QYDQGKQ I came just now.
XQJDOHWKLUXPEDHSSRS—UNNDO—P" When can I see you again.
Q¯QJDHQQHHSSRYXPHSSRY¼XP—Q—OXPSDUNNDO—P
You may see me any time you like.
Q¯QJDHQQHQ—ºDNNLNDWWD\DPS—UXQJD Definitely see me tomorrow.
VDULQ—QXQJDºHQ—ºDNNLWKDYDU—PDS—USSQ
Alright, I will see you tomorrow without fail.
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LESSON 52.
CONVERSATION ABOUT WORK.
Vocabulary
JU—PDMDQDQJD villagers SD\LUWKRÄLO agriculture
JU—PDWKWK—U villagers YLYDV—\DP agriculture
NXGL\—QDYDU farmer VDPXV—UL farmer
QHVDY—ºL weaver NDLWKRÄLO hand craft industry
YD¼¼—Q dhobi QHLUDWKRÄLO weaving
JXPDVWK— clerk thachchar carpenter
WKRÄLOXGK\ÀKDP profession NRWKWKXYOH masonry
Y\—E—UL merchant Y\—E—UDP trade, business
YUH other, different seruppu sandal
DGLKDP— in large numbers surusuruppu activeness
uraippu diligence XUDLSS—OL hard worker, diligent one
VÀPEDO laziness VÀPEUL lazy fellow
PXGLYHWWXNRºZQG have a haircut kshavara-kade barber’s shop
NVKDYDUDPVHLGKXNRºZQG have a shave kshavaram shaving (n.)
Conversation.
XQJDOXNNXHQQDYOH" What is your occupation.
Q—QJXPDVWK—YOHVHLUQ I am a clerk.
JU—PDWKOHHGKXPXN\DP—QDYOH" What is the main occupation in the village?
YLYDV—\DPSD\LUWKRÄLOPXN\DP—QDYOH Agriculture is the main occupation.
JUDPDWKWK—UYUHHQQDWKRULOVHLU—QJD" What other industry do the villagers do?
JU—PDMDQDQJDS—LQHLUDWKRÄLOVHLU—QJD The villagers do mat-weaving.
LYDUHQQDYOHVHLU—U" What is his work?
XQJDSXUXVKDUXNNXHQQDYOH What is your husband’s work?
HQSXUXVKDUWKDFKFKDYOHVHLU—U My husband is a carpenter.
Q¯\—UY¯WOHWKÀWWDYOHVHLUH" With whom are you working as a gardener?
Q—QRUXGRFWRUY¯WOHWKÀWWDYOHVHLUQ I am a gardener at a doctor’s house.

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XQJDºXNNXYOHN—UDQLUXNNDY¼XP—" Do you want to be a (house) servant?
LOOHHQDNNXDQGKDYOHLVKWDPLOOH No, I don’t like that work.
Q¯QJDP—GXYD¼GLNN—UDU—" Are you a bullock cart driver?
—P—Q—QYD¼GLNN—UDUGK—Q Yes I am a cart driver.
HYODYXQ—º—YD¼GLÀWULQJD" How long have you been driving a cart.
SDWKWKXSDGKLQDQMXYDUXVKDP—ÀWUQ I have been driving for 10-15 years.
8QJDYD¼¼DQHSSRYDUXY—Q" When will your dhobi come?
HQJDYD¼¼DQDGXWKWKDY—UDPYDUXY—Q Our dhobi will come next week.
LGKXHQQDNDGHNVKDYDUHNDGH\—" What shop is this, a barber’s shop?
Q—QPXGLYHWWLNRººD¼XPDSSRQ—QNVKDYDUDPVHLGKXNRººD¼XP
I want to have a shave then a haircut.
1LQJDQHVDYXYOHWKHUL\XP—"PDGKXUDLOHQHVDY—OLQJDDGKLKDP—LUXNUDQJDº—"
Do you know how to weave? In Madhurai are there many weavers?
HQDNNXQHVDYXYOHWKHUL\—GKX—Q—PDGKXUDLOHDQKDQHVDY—OLQJDLUXNU—QJD
I don’t know how to weave, but in Madhurai there are many weavers.
DQGKDNDWWDGDWKOHDYDUHQQDYOHVHLU—U What work is he doing in that building?
DYDUDQJHNRWKWKXYOHVHLU—U He is working as a mason there.
DYDUWKRÄLOHQQDWKHUL\XP—"DYDUVHUXSSXWKDLNUDYDU
Do you know what his work is? He is a cobbler.
HQJDSS—RUXY\—E—ULDYDUDULVLY\—E—UDPVHLU—U
Our father is a merchant, he is doing rice business.
XQJDºXNNXYOHLOOH\—"LSSRHQJHYDQGKLQJD"
Don’t you have work? What brought you here now?
HQDNNXYOHLOOHLSSRYOHWKGLYDQGKQ
I have no work. I came in search of a job.
LYDQYOHR¼¼XPVHL\DOH\—" Is he not doing any work?
DYDQRUXSLFKFKHNN—UDQSLFKFKHHGXNUDGKXDYDQWKRÄLO
He is a beggar. Begging is his profession.
LQGKD—OSHUL\DVÀPEUL This man is a very lazy one.
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LESSON 53.
CONVERSATION WITH A SERVANT.
Vocabulary
mei truth poi lie
thuppu (w.in) spit VHLGKLWK—º newspaper
YLVLULSÀGX switch on (fan) visiri niruththu switch off (fan)
YLOODNNXSÀGX switch on (light) YLOODNNXD¼H switch off (light)
sarakku iru be slippery YDÄDYDÄDQQXLUX be slippery
MDJUHGKH\—LUX be careful EDGKUDP—LUX be careful
S—UWKWKXY—QJD watch out! YOH\—LUX be busy
Conversation.
L¼¼DNNLVHLGKLWK—ºHQJH"HQDUHNNXV—YLHQJH"
Where is today’s newspaper? Where’s my room key?
LGKÀLUXNNXGKXQJDV—YLNÌGDNR¼GXYDUQ¶JD
Here it is sir. I am bringing the key as well sir.
NDGKDYHPÌGX¶S—PÌGLYLWWH\—" Close the door man. Have you closed it?
Q—QPXQGKL\PÌGLYLWWQ¶JD I have alredy closed it sir.
NDGKDYHWKLUD¶P—QURPEDQUDPVHLUH"
Open the door ‘ma. Why do you take such a long time?
LGKÀWKLUDQGXYLWWQ¶P—YOH\—LUXQGKQDGKDQ—OHQUDP—FKFKX
Look, I am opening it ‘ma. I was busy, so it took time.
EDGKUDP—LUXM—JUDGKH\—LUX Be careful. (Take care of yourself)
Q—QVRQQDGKHPDUDQGKXSÀK—GKHWKHULQGKDGK—"
Don’t forget what I said, d’you understand?
WKHULQGKDGKXQ—QPDUDNNDP—WWQ Understood, I won’t forget.
YLºDNNXPYLVLUL\XPSÀGX Put on the light and the fan.
YLVLULYKDP—Y¼XP—PHGKXY—Y¼XP—" Do you want the fan fast or slow?
YLºDNNHD¼HQJD7KDWWL\HN¯ÄHYLGXQJD Turn off the light. Pull down the thatties
WKDWWL\HS—GKLYLWW—SÀGKXP—" If I pull the thatties half way is it enough?

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VDGKGKDPNÌFKFKLVHL\—GKHSÀG—GKH Do not make a noise.
Q—QVDGKGKDPVHL\DOHQ—QPHGKXY—SVUQ
I am not making a noise, I am speaking quietly.
DSGL\QLOOXDQJHSÀK—GKHQ—QXQQÀGXXQNLWWDSVD¼XPHQDUH\HVXGKGKDPVHL
Stand still. Do not go there. I must speak with you. Clean my room.
LGKHQ\—EDWKOHYDLWKWKXNNNRºYDLFKFKXNNÀ Bear this in mind.
Q¯XQYOH\HS—UDYDUHXººHYDUDVROOXDYDUHHQQHS—UNNDVROOX
Mind your own business. Tell him to come in. Tell him to see me.
VDULQJDHSSRXQJDºHS—UNNDVROOD¼XP"
Alright sir, when should I tell him to see you?
SRLVROO—GKHQLMDPPHLSVX Do not lie, tell the truth.
LGKXSRLLOOHQLMDPGK—QPHLGK—Q This is not a lie, it is indeed the truth.
DQJHWKXSS—GKHJDGLK—UDWKWKXNNXVDYLNRGXHQDNNXNDVKWDPNRGXNN—GKH
Don’t spit there. Wind up the clock. Don’t give me trouble.`
HQQHWKRQGDUDYXVHL\—GKHYDÄDNNDPSÀODY—VDUL\—QDQUDWKOHY—
Do not worry me. Come as usual. Come on time.
QUDPSRUXWKWKXNDÄLWKWKXYDU—GKHSLQGKLYDU—GKH Do not come late.
HQQDVRQQH"Q—QR¼¼XPVROODOHQ¯HQGKDSDNNDPSÀUH"
What did you say? I did not say anything. Which way are you going?
HQDNNXHOO—PR¼¼XGK—QHQQDNWWH" It is all the same to me. What did you ask?
DGKHHGXLGKHOO—PHGXWKWKXYLGXLQGKDFK¯WWHDYDULGDPNRQGXSÀ
Take that. (Pick it up) (Pass it on). Take all these away. Take this chit to him.
VDULQJDLGKXNNXEDGKLOY¼XP—" Alright sir, do you want a reply for this?
Q—QQUDSRUQLQGKDSDNNDPSÀDQGKDSDNNDPSÀK—GKHLQJHURPEDDÄXNN—µNGKX
I am going straight. go this way, don’t go that way. It is very dirty here.
DQJHGKÌV—GKÌVX\—LUXNNXGKXGKÌVL\HQDOO—WKXGHQJDDQGKDNXSSH\H\HGX
It is dusty there. Wipe the dust well. Take away that rubbish.
N—OVDUXNNXPS—UWKWKXY—QJD ‘Your feet will slip, watch out!’
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LESSON 54.
CONVERSATION REGARDING TIME.
QUDP—FKFKX it is time LQQXPQUDP—KDOH it is not yet time
DGKLN—ODLOH early in the morning N—WKWKXY—QJDSÀ go for a walk
V—GK—UDQDP— usually, ordinarily vidumure holiday, leave
SDÄDNNDP custom YDÄDNNDP habit
Conversation.
,SSRPD¼LHQQD"LSSRVDUL\DHWWXPD¼LXQJDºXNNXNDLJDGLK—UDPLUXNNXGK—
What is the time now? Now it is exactly 8 o’clock. Do you have a watch?
—P—HQDNNXRUXQDOO—NDLJDGLK—UDPLUXNNXGKXLSSRGK—QSDWKWKXPD¼LDGLWKWKDGKX
Yes, I have a good watch. It has just struck ten!
XQJDJDGLK—UDWKOHHQQDPD¼LHQJDGLK—UDWKOHUH¼GPXNN—OPD¼L
What is the time by your watch? It is 2.45 by my watch.
DGKXQSDWKWKXDGLWKWKDGKX"HQDNNXWKHUL\—GKXQ—ºDNNLNDODPHHWWXPD¼LNNXY—QJD
Why did it strike ten? I don’t know. Come tomorrow morning at 8 o’clock.
Q¯QJDL¼¼DNNLV—LQJ—ODPDQMXPDQLNNXYDUDPXGL\XP—"Q—OXVDPÀV—NRQGXY—QJD
Can you come at 5 o’clock this evening? Bring four samosas.
LOOHYDUDPXGL\DGKX—Q—Q—ºDNNLYDUDPXGL\XPQ—OXLGOLQJDNRQGXYDUD¼XP—"
No, I cannot come, but I can come tomorrow. Shall I bring four idlis?
PÌQXDGLWKWKXSDWKWKXQLPLVKDP—FKFKXXQJDºXNNXRUXSXWKXJDGLK—UDPY¼XP
It is ten past three. You need a new watch.
XQJDJDGLK—UDPVDUL\—SÀKXGK—" Is your watch correct? ( does it keep good time?)
HQJDGLK—UDPDQMXQLPLVKDPPXQGKLV¯NUDPSÀKXGKXDGKXQWKWKXXGHQGKDGKX
My watch is five minutes fast. It broke yesterday.
DYDUJDGLK—UDPHWWXQLPLVKDPSLQGKLPHGKXY—SÀKXGKXDGKXNNXND¼¼—GLLOOH
His watch is eight minutes slow. That has no glass.
LSSR—UXSDWKWKX—FKFKXLOOHHWWXDGLNNDLUXEDGKXQLPLVKDPLUXNNXGKX
It is six ten. (Ten past six). No, it is twenty to eight.
Q¯QJDHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXYDULQJD" What time are you coming?

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QDQSDGKLQRUXPD¼LNNXYDUDO—P—" Can I come at ten o’clock?
LQQXPQUDP—KDOH\—"LOOHLQQXPQUDP—KDOH
Is it time yet? No, it is not yet time.
DL\ÀQUDP—LSÀFKFKXQ—QXGDQHSÀKD¼XP Oh dear, it is time, I must go at once.
Q¯QJDQURPEDSLQGKLYDQGKLQJD" Why were you very late.
HQQHPDQQLFKFKXNÀQJDHQDNNXYDÄLOHNRQMDPYOHLUXQGKDGKX
Forgive me , I had some work on the way.
LQJH\—UPXQGKLYDQGK—QJD"YDQGKDGKX" Who came here early?
Q—QGK—QLQJHPXQGKLYDQGKQ I was the one who came here early.
L¼¼DNNLHQQDNLÄDPHWKLQJDNLÄDPH\— What is today, is it Monday.
—P—QDºDNNLVHYY—NLÄDPHQ—ºD¼¼DNNLEXGKDQNLÄDPHLUXNNXP
Yes, tomorrow is Tuesday, the day after tomorrow will be Wednesday.
DSSRQWKWKXQ—LWKWKXNNLÄDPHLUXQGKDGKXLOOH\—"
So yesterday was Sunday, wasn’t it?
—P—DSGLGKDQLUXNNXNXPY—UDPGKÀUXPPXQGK—Q—ºVDQLNNLÄDPHLUXQGKDGKX
Yes, it’s like that every week. The day before yesterday was Saturday.
Q¯QJDPDGKXUDLNNXQ—ºDNNLSÀYLQJDº—" Will you go to Madhurai tomorrow?
LOOHQDQDQJHDGXWKWKDY—UDPSÀYQ No, I will go there next week.
N—ODLOHHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXYHºL\HSÀYLQJD" When will you go out in the morning?
Q—QDGKLNDODLOHYHºL\HSÀUQ I am going out early in the morning.
Q—OD¼¼DNNLQ—QHSSRYDUD¼XP" When shall I come the day after tomorrow?
Q¯QJDPDGK\—QDPSD¼¼HQGXPD¼LNNXWKDYDU—PHY—QJD
Come at 12 o’clock without fail.
SD¼¼HQGXPD¼LNNXHQDNNXQUDPLOOH I have no time at noon.
Q¯QJDYDÄDNNDPDU—WKULOHHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXV—SSLGDYLQJD"
At what time do you usually eat at night?
Q—QGKLQDQGKÀUXPV—GK—UD¼DPDHWWXPD¼LNNXV—SSLGDYQ
I usually eat at eight o’clock daily.
SDKDOQUDWKOHSDKDOOHWKÌQJXYLQJDº— Do you sleep during the day time?

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LOOHHQDNNXSDKDOOHWKÌQJDUDSDÄDNNDPLOOH
No, I am not in the habit of sleeping in the day-time.
Q¯QJDLQJHHYODYXHWKWKDQHQ—º—LUXNULQJD" How long have you been here?
Q—QSDODYDUXVKDP—LQJHLUXNUQ I have been here for several years.
GKD\DYXVHLGKXHQDNNXUH¼GXY—UDPYLGXPXUHNRGXQJD
Please give me leave for two weeks.
LSSRYOHDGLKDP—LUXNNXGKXDGKDQ—OHRUXY—UDPGK—QYLGXPXUHNRGXNNDPXGL\XP
There is a lot of work now, so only one week’s leave can be given.
DGXWKWKDY—UDP\—UYDU—QJD" Who is coming next week.
DGXWKWKDY—UDP\—UXPYDUDOH Nobody is coming next week.
SÀQDY—UDPHQJHSÀLLUXQGKLQJD" Where had you been last week?
Q—QSÀQDY—UDPPDPEDLNNXSÀLLUXQGKQ I had been to Mumbai last week.
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LESSON 55.
CONVERSATION ABOUT WEATHER.
Vocabulary
YDVDQWKDN—ODP spring NXºLUNDODP winter
idi thunder (n.) idi-idikkudhu (s.thth) thunder (v.)
minal lightning (n.) minnudhu(w.in) be lightning flash
SXÄXNNDP—LUX be sultry NXºLUFKFKL\—LUX be cool
paruva nile weather NXºLU—LUX be cold
Conversation.
L¼¼DNNLSDUXYDQLOHHSGLLUXNNXGKX" How is the weather today?
L¼¼DNNLSDUXYDQLOHURPEDQDOODLUXNNXGKX Today the weather is very good.
NRQMDQUDWKOHPDÄHSHL\XP—" Will it rain in a short while?
—P—PDÄHSHL\XPSÀODLUXNNXGKX Yes, it seems like it will rain.
L¼QDNNLURPEDYH\\LOLOOH\—" It is very hot today, is it not?
—P—L¼QDNNLURPEDVÌG—LUXNNXGKX Yes, it is very hot today.
N—ODPHHSGLLUXQGKDGKX" How was it in the morning?
N—OHOHURPEDNXºLU—LUXQGKDGKX It was very cold in the morning.
QWKWKXU—WKULNXºLUFKFKL\—LUXQGKDGK—" Was it cool last night?
LOOHQWKWKXU—WKULSXÄXNNDP—LUXQGKDGKX No, yesterday night was sultry.
XQJDXUOHQDOODPDÄHSHLGKDGK—" Have you had heavy rain in your town?
M—VWKLPDÄHLOOHOVDSHLGKDGKX Not much rain, it rained lightly.
13. veyyil epdi irukkudhu? How is the heat? (sun)
YH\\LOM—VWKLDGLNNDGKX The sun (It) is very hot.
QWKWKXN—WKWKXDGLWKDGKX Yesterday it was windy.
16. adhu enna velichcham? adhu enna sadhdham? What is that light? What’s that noise?
DQGKDYHºLFKFKDPPLQQDOLUXNNXP That light is lightning.
18. andha sadhdham idi. idi idikkudhu. That noise is thunder. It is thundering.
XQJDºXNNXNXºLUN—ODP—YDVDQWKDN—ODP—LVKWDP" Do you like winter or spring?
YDVDQWKDN—ODWKOHWKÀWWDPDÄDK—LUXNNXP In the spring the plants are beautiful.
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LESSON 56.
CONVERSATION WITH A TAILOR.
Vocabulary
chatte, chokka shirt P—GKLULWKX¼L pattern
uduppu dress (n.) (clothing) thrupti satisfaction
WKDºDUWKWKL\—LUX be loose thaiyal tailoring
XUXNNXP—LUX be tight NÌOL charge (n.)
pidi be tight thiruppi kodu return (v.)(tr.)
Conversation.
GKD\DYXVHLGKXRUXWKDL\DON—UDUHNÌWWLNRQGXYDULQJDº—" Will you please bring a tailor?
VDULQJDNÌWWLNRQGXY—UQ Yes sir, I will bring one.
LYDUXNNXRUXFKDWWHY¼XPWKDLNNDPXGL\XP—" He needs a shirt, can you stitch it?
PXGL\X¶QJDWKDLWKWKXWKDUQ I can, I will stitch it and give it.
FKRNNDLNNXHYºDYXWKX¼LY¼ÌP" How much material is needed for a shirt?
RUXFKRNNDLNNXUH¼GDUHP¯WDUWKXQL For a shirt 2½ metres of cloth.
HQDºDYXHGXNULQJDº—" Will you take my measurements?
—P—NRQM¶RUXQLPLVKDP Yes, just a minute.
SQWVNÌGDWKDLNNDQXPSQWVXNNXHYODYDWKXQL"
Pants are also to be made. How much cloth for pants?
RUXYLQ—GLLUXQJDDºDYXHGXWKWKXS—UNUQ Just a second, I will measure and see.
LQGKDWKX¼L\LOLUXQGKXUH¼GDUHP¯WDUHGXWKWKXNÀ¶QJDE—NNLWKLUXSSLNRGXQJD
Take 2½ metres from this cloth. Give back the remainder.
VDULQJDVHLUQP—GKLULWKX¼LLUXNNXGK— Okay, will do. Is there a pattern?
XQJDFK—WWHPÌQXQ—ººHWKD\—U—LUXNNXP Your shirt will be ready in three days.
RUXFKDWWHNNXWKDL\DONÌOLHYºDYX" How much do you charge for a shirt?
RUXFKDWWHNNXWKRQQÌUXUÌE—YDQJUQ I charge Rs 90 per shirt.
8QJDNÌOLM—VWKLNRQMDPNDPPLSD¼¼XQJD Your charges are high, reduce it a bit.
HQNXOLURPEDLOOH—Q—XQJDOXNN—KDDQMXUÌE—NDPPLSD¼UQ
My charges are not too much, but I will reduce it Rs 5 for you.

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DºDYHOO—PVDUL\—LUXNND¼XPWKHULQGKDGK— Everything should fit well, understand?
ED\DSSDG—GKLQJDDL\—XQJDºXNNXWKUXSWL\—WKDLWKWKXNRGXNUQ
Never fear sir. I will make it to your satisfaction.
HQJDXGXSSXWKD\—U—LYLWWDGK—" Is our clothing ready?
—P—QJDXQJDXGXSSXWKD\—U—LYLWWDGKXLSSRQLQJDSÀWWXS—UNNDO—P
Yes sir, your clothes are ready. Now you can try them on and see.
HSGLLUXNNXGKX"DºDYXHOO—PVDUL\—LUXNNXGK—" How is it? Does it fit well.
WKÀºNLWWDYXPDNNXºNLWWDYXPNRQMDPSLGLNNXGKX
It is a bit tight near the shoulder and the armpit.
RUXFKÀºLWKDLNND¼XP—Q—DWKHUH¼GXSDNNDPXPNRQMDWKDºDUWKWKL\—LUXNND¼XP
A choli is to be stitched, but it should be a little loose on both sides.
LGKDºDYXLUXNND¼XPL¼¼DNNLWKX¼LNRGLWKWK—H¼¼DNNLWKDLWKWKXNRGXNULQJD"
It should be this size. If I give the cloth today, when will you stitch and give it?
Q—ºD¼¼DNNLNDWW—\DPWKDLWKWKXNRGXSSQ
I will make it and give it the day after tomorrow.
Q¯QJDVRQQDQ—ºQLFKFKD\DP—NRGXNND¼XP You must give it on the promised day.
WKDYDU—PHNRGXSSQ¶JD I shall give it without fail ma’am.
Q¯QJDQDOO—WKDLNULQJDHQDNNXURPEDWKUXSWL
You tailor well. I am very satisfied.
URPEDQDQGULQJDXQJDWKUXSWLGK—QHQVDQGKÀVKDP
Thank you very much, your satisfaction is my happiness.
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LESSON 57.
CONVERSATION WITH A CLOTH MERCHANT.
Vocabulary
puduve, sele saree pattu silk
PDWWDP—QD inferior. QÌO cotton
NÀGXSÀWWD striped NDWWDPSÀWWD chequered
NDPEDºLWKXQL woollen cloth tharchchamayam at present
Conversation.
XQJDºXNNXVOHQJDSXGDYHQJDLUXNNXGK—" Do you have sarees?
LUXNNXGKXHQQDYLGKDP—QDVOHY¼XP" Yes, what kind of sarees do you want?
SDWWXSXGDYHY¼XP—QÌOSXGDYHY¼XP—" Do you want silk or cotton sarees?
VLOD—UDQLSXGDYHQJDN—WWXQJDN—QMLSÌUDPSDWWXVOHQJDXQJDºLGDPLOOH\—"
Show me some Arni sarees. Don’t you have Kanchipuram silk sarees?
LUXQGKDGKX—Q——LSÀFKFKXWKLUXPEDRUXY—UDWKOHYDUXP
We had, but they are all sold out. They will come in again in a week.
—UXP¯WDUOHVLODQDOO—QÌOVHOHQJDN—WWXQJD Show me some good six metre sarees.
LGKXQJDHQGKDÌUQÌOSDGDYHQJD" From which place do these cotton sarees come?
LGKXQJDPDGXUDL\XPNÀLPEDWÌUXPVOHQJD
These are Madurai and Coimbatore sarees
LQGKDSXGDYHNNXV—\DPSÀLYLGXP—" Will the colour of this saree fade?
LOOHQJDV—\DPSÀKDYSÀK—GKX No, the colour will never ever fade.
LQGKDSXGDYHNNXJHWWLV—\DP This saree has fast colour.
Q¯QJDV—\DWKWKHSDWKWKLQLFKFKD\DP—VROODPXGL\XP—"
Can you say for certain about the colour?
Q—QJDURPEDQLFKFKD\DP—VROODPXGL\XP We can certainly guarantee it.
LQGKDVOHNNXV—\DPJHWWLLOOH¶PDNRQMDQ—ººHV—\DPSRLYLGXP
The colour of this saree is not fast. It will fade after a few days.
YLOHX\DUQGKDM—VWKLYLOHOHQDOODFKRNN—WKX¼LN—WWXQJD
Show me the more expensive ( superior quality) shirting cloth.

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LGKÀFKRNN—WKX¼LS—UXQJD Here is the shirting cloth, have a look.
LGKHYLGDPHOLVXWKX¼LLOOH\—" Don’t you have finer material than this?
LOOHQJDLGKHYLGDPHOLVXWKX¼LHQJDOLGDPLOOH
No madam, we don’t have finer material than this.
LQGKDWKX¼LPRGKGK—LUXNNXGKXHQDNNXPDWWDP—QDWKX¼LY¼—P
This is coarse material. I don’t want inferior cloth.
VDULQJDPPDXQJDLVKWDP—Q—LWKXPDWWDWKX¼LLOOH
Alright madam, as you wish, but this is not coarse material.
NÀGDSÀWWDFKRNN—WKX¼LLUXNNXGK—" Do you have striped shirting?
LUXNNXGKXQJDHQJDºLGDPNDWWDPSÀWWDWKX¼LNÌGDLUXNNXGKX
We have, we have chequered shirting too.
ODLWNDODUGK—QHQDNNXSLGLNNXPJK—GL\—Y¼—P
I only like light colours, I don’t want dark.
LGKXURPEDDUXPH\—QDWKX¼LURPEDN—ODWKWKXNNXQDOO—XÄDLNNXP
This is very excellent material. It will serve well for a long time.
QDOODNDPEDºLWKX¼LLUXNNXGK—" Do you have any nice woollen material?
LOOHQJDPPDWKDUFKFKDPH\DPLOOHUHQGRUXY—UDWKOHYDUXP
No madam, not at present, it will come in a week or two.
S—UYDLOOHQ—QDGXWKWKDY—UDPYDUQ Never mind, I shall come next week.
VDULQJDPPDDSGL\VHLQJDYD¼DNNDP
Alright madam, please do come, goodbye.
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LESSON 58.
CONVERSATION WITH A FRUIT MERCHANT.
Vocabulary
P—PEDÄDP mango GU—NVKHSDÄDP grapes
SDSS—OLSDÄDP pappaya DSSLOSDÄDP apple
DQ—VLSDÄDP pineapple Y—ÄDSDÄDP banana, plantain
JR\\—SDÄDP guava SDO—SDÄDP jack friut
N—\— unripe SDÄXWKWK—SDÄDP— ripe
YLOHPDOLY— cheap price YLOHM—VWKL expensive
DÄXKLSÀ decay YUHQQD what other
HOXPDFKDPEDÄDP lime SDÄDP fruit
—UDQMX orange (tangerine) V—WKWKXNNRGL sweet lime, (orange)
1RWHð DORFDOO\DQµRUDQJH¶—UDQMXis also known by some as a ‘loose jacket’.
This is what would be known in U.K. as a ‘tangerine’.
EORFDOO\DµVZHHWOLPH¶V—WKXNNRGLOLWµVKXWFRDW¶ZKLFKLVFRORXUHGLQ
various mixtures of green and orange, would be known in U.K. as an ‘orange’.
FDOLPHHOXPDFKDPEDÄDPVHHPVWREHDOLPHHYHU\ZKHUHIRUWXQDWHO\
Conversation.
HQQD¶S—XQNDGHOHYDÄDSDÄDPLUXNNXGK—" Sir, do you have bananas (plantains)
LUXNNXGKXQJDHQQDYDÄDSDÄDPY¼XP" I have, what bananas do you want?
SDFKFKHYDÄDSDÄDPY¼XPGD]DQHQQDYLOH"
I want green bananas. How much are they a dozen.
RUXGD]DQSDWKWKXUÌE—XQJDºXNNXHYODYXY¼XP"
Ten Rupees a dozen. How many do you want?
SDÄDQJDFKLQQDGK—LUXNNXGKX—Q—YLOHM—VWKL\—LUXNNXGKX
The fruits are small, but the price is high.
DGKXM—VWKLYLOHLOOHQJDHQJH\XPRUYLOHGK—Q
The price is not high, everywhere’s the same price.
UH¼GXGD]DQSDGKLQHWWXNNXY—QJDO—P—" Can I have two dozen for Rs 18 ?

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LQGKDSDÄDQJDºHV¯NUDP—V—SSLGD¼XP We should eat this fruit quickly.
\QDSGLVROULQJD" Why do you say that?
QLQQ—DGKXQJDQ—ºD¼¼DNNLLUXQGK—DÄXKLSÀLGXP
Because by the day after tomorrow they will go bad. (decay).
XQJDºLGDPYUHQQDSDÄDPLUXNNXGKX" What other fruit do you have?
—UDQMXV—WKWKXNRGLGKU—NVKHDQ—VLPDPEDUDPJR\\—DSSLOHOO—PLUXNNXGKX
Oranges, sweet limes, grapes, pineapples, mangoes, guavas, apples, everything!
NDUXSSXGKU—NVKHN¯ORHQQDYLOH" How much a kilo of black grapes?
RUXN¯ORQ—SDWKWKXUÌE—LUXNNXP—Q—XQJDºXNNXGK—QPXSSDWKWKDQMXNNXNRGXNUQ
One kilo is Rs 40, but to you only, I will give them for Rs 35.
PDOJÀY—P—PEDÄDPRUXGD]DQYQXPHSGLNRGXNUH"
I want a dozen Malgova mangoes, how do you sell them?
Q—PPXNNXLQGKDQ—ODQJDPDOJÀY—P—PEDUDPYDUDOHYLOHURPEDMDVWKLLUXNNXP
We are not getting Malgovas these days, the price is too high.
DGKX\QDSGLLUXNNXGKXHQQD—FKFKX" Why is that? What has happened.
LSSRDWKXHOO—PJXOSXNNXSRKDGKXPDPEDL\LO—UXQÌUXUXE—GD]DQLUXNNXP
Now they are all going to the Gulf. In Mumbai the price is Rs 600 per dozen!
SDO—SDÄDPXQJDºXNNXSLGLNN—GK—" Don’t you like jack fruit?
SDO—SDÄDPQ—QJDV—SSLGDYDGKXLOOH We don’t eat jack fruit.
DYºDYXGK—QHOO—SDÄDPXPLQGKDNÌGHOHSÀWWXNDWWLWKDUDPXGL\XP—"
That’s all, can you put all the fruit in this basket and tie them up?
DSGL\VHLUQHQQLGDPURPEDQDOO—SDSS—ºLSDÄDQJDLUXNNXGKXQJDY¼XP—"
I will do that. I have very good papayas, do you want some?
LQGKDSDSS—OLURPEDSDÄXWKWKXYLWWDGKXLGKXY¼—P
This papaya is overripe, I don’t want this one.
LGKÀLGKXM—VWKLSDÄXNN—GKDSDÄDP,GKXNRQMDPN—\—XUXNNXGKX
Here you are, this is not overripe, this a bit unripe (green).
VDULSDÄXWKWKXYLWWDGKXSDÄDPRUXQ—ºXNN¶XººHDÄXKLSÀLGXP
Okay. Overripe fruit will go bad (rotten ) within one day.
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LESSON 59.
CONVERSATION WITH A GARDENER.
Vocabulary
YQGKDGKD unwanted NXSSHN̺DQJD weeds, rubbish
PXº thorn YOL fence
pasumpul thare lawn, grassy area PXºYOL thorn hedge
vidhe seed vidhe (s.thth) sow, seed (v.)
Y—GLSSÀZLQ wither samappaduththu level (v.)
Conversation.
YO—QWKWKXVHGLQJDºXNNXWKD¼¼LÌWKWKHQH\—"
Vela, did you water the plants yesterday?
LOOHQJDQLQQ—QWKWKXPDUHSHLGKDGKX No sir, because it rained yesterday.
LQGKDVHGLNNXM—VWKLWKD¼¼LÌWKWK—GKH Don’t water this plant too much.
VDULQJDLWKXNNXM—VWKLÌWKWKDP—WWQ Alright sir, I won’t water it too much.
WKÀWWDWKOHY¼G—GKDNXSSHN̺HQJDLUXNNXGKXPXGKDOOHDGKHHGXNNDO—P—"
There are unwanted weeds in the garden. May I clear them first.
—P—PXGKDOOHDGKHOO—PHGXWKWKXSRGXDSUDPVXGKGKDPVHL
Yes, clear them first, then clean up.
LQGKDVHGLQY—GLSÀQDGKX"Y—GLSÀFKFKX" Why has this plant withered away?
QLQQ—LGKXNNXSÀGKXP—QDHUXLOOH Because not enough manure has been put on
QDOO—HUXSÀWW—VHGLQDOODYDºDUXP Properly manured the plant will grow well.
SDSS—OLPDUDWKWKXNNXNLÄHYLGKHYLGKHNN—GKH Do not sow under the papaya tree.
LOOHQJDQ—QDQJHYLGKHNNDP—WWQ No sir, I will not sow seeds there.
—GXP—GXYDU—PHS—UWKWKXNNÀ See that the cattle do not come here.
YOLSÀWW——GXP—GXQJDYDU—GKXQJD If we put a fence cattle will not come.
WKÀWWDWKWKHVXWKWKLPXºYOLSÀGD¼XP—" Should we hedge the garden with thorn?
—P—DSGLGK—QVHL\D¼XPDSSRGK—Q—GXP—WWXQJDXººHYDUDPXGL\—GKX
Yes, that’s it, then the cattle can’t get inside.

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LQJHUXQGKXUH¼GXSDNNDPXPNDOQDWWXQDGDNNDYDÄLVHL
Make a path from here by fixing stones on both sides.
LQJHURPEDVU—LUXNNXGKXVLODPD¼DOLQJHNR¼GXYDQGKXSÀGX
It is very muddy here, bring some gravel and throw it here.
Y—ÄDPDUDPHQGKDLGDWKOHQDGD¼XP" Where should we plant the banana tree?
SÌVHGLNNXNLWWDYDÄDPDUDPQDGXQJD Plant the banana tree near the flowers.
LQGKDLGDWKOHPD¼SÀWWXQLODWKWKHVDPDSSDGDWKWKX
Put earth (dry mud) here and level up the ground.
DQJHSDVXPSXOWKDUHWKD\—UVHL\D¼XP Prepare the ground there for a lawn.
LGKX\—U—GX"QDPWKÀWWDWKWKXVHGLQJDºHWKLQQDGKX
Whose goat is this? It eats our garden plants.
DQGKD—WWHNDWWLSÀGDVROOX Tell them to keep the goat tied.
\WKDPELLQLPOHLQJHYDQGKXSXS—ULNNDNÌG—GKX
You, youngster, from now on don’t come here to pluck flowers.
VDULQJDHQQHPDQQLFKFKXNNÀQJDDGKHWKLUXPEDVHL\DP—WWQ
Alright sir, please forgive me, I won’t do it again.
LQGKDWKÀWWDWKOHM—VWKLYOHLOOHXQDNNXHYºDYXVDPEDºDPY¼XP"
There is not much work in this garden. How much salary do you want?
DL\—P—VDPDLQÌUXUÌE—NRGXWKWK—YOHVHLYQ
Sir, if you pay me five hundred Rupees a month I will work.
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LESSON 60.
CONVERSATION WITH A DHOBI.
Vocabulary
vilasam address PXQSD¼DP advance
DGKXNNXWKDKXQGK—SÀOD accordingly RÄXQJ— regularly
salave wash (n.) salave sei (w.dh) wash
RWKWKXNRºZQGK agree tholai (s.thth) lose (v.)
Conversation.
Q¯\—UY¯WOHWKX¼LQJDYHºXNUH"VDODYHVHLUH Whose clothes do you wash?
XQJDVQKLGKDUY¯WOHDÄXNNXHGXNUQ I am taking washing for your friend.
P—VDWKOHHWKWKDQHVDODYHNRQGXYDUDYH" In a month how many washes do you do?
P—VDWKOHQ—OXVDODYHNRQGXYDUDYQ In a month I will give four washes.
VDULQÌUXWKX¼LNNXHYODYXNNUH" Okay, how much do you ask for 100 clothes?
QÌWKWKXNNXPÌQÌUXUÌE—Y—QJUQ I charge Rs 300 per 100 pieces.
VDUL¶SDDGXWKWKDY—UDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYDUDO—P Alright, you can come from next week.
VDULQJDDGXWKWKDY—UDPNDWW—\DPY—UQ Yes, I will definitely come next week.
HQJDYLWWXYLO—VDPXQDNNXWKHUL\XP—" Do you know our house address?
WKHUL\XPDGKHPXQGKL\WKHUL\XP I know, I knew it before.
Q—QXQDNNXRUXYLVKD\DPVROOD¼XP I must tell you one thing.
Q¯HQJDºLGDPPXQSD¼DPNNNDNÌG—GKX You should not ask advance from us.
LQQR¼¼XHQJDºXNNXP—VDPGKÀUXPRUXQJ—Q—OXVDODYHY¼XP
Another thing, we want the wash regularly four times a month.
LGKHURPEDYLOHX\DUQGKDWKXQLM—JUHGK\—VDODYHVHL\D¼XPDSGLVHLYH\—"
This is very high cost material. you should wash it carefully. Will you do so?
VDULQJDDGKHM—JUHGK\—VDODYHVHLYQ Yes madam, I will wash it carefully.
DQGKDWKX¼LNNXNDQMLSÀG—GKH Don’t put starch in that cloth.
LOOHQJDDGKXNNXNDQMLSÀGDP—WWQ No madam, I will not put starch in it.
WKXQLQJDºHNDOPOHEDODP—DGLNNDNÌG—GKX
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XGXSSHOO—PURPEDEDGKUDP—VDODYHVHL\D¼XP
You should wash the clothing very carefully.
WKXQLQJDNLÄL\—PHS—UWKWKKXNROOD¼XP See that the clothes are not torn.
WKX¼LQJDWKRODLNNDNÌG—GKX You should not lose the clothes.
,QGKDWKX¼LOHDÄDNXVDUL\—SÀKDOHDGKXVDUL\—VXGKGKDPLOOH
The dirt has not gone from this clothing. That is not cleaned properly.
VDODYHWKUXSWL\—LOO—YLWW—DGKXNNXWKDKXQGK—SÀODSD¼DPNRGXSSQ
If the wash is not satisfactory, I will pay you accordingly.
DSGL\VHLQJDPP——Q—Q—QQDOO—VDODYHVHLYQ
Please do, but I will do the wash properly.
LGKHOO—PRWKWKXNNRQG—Q¯DGXWKWKDY—UDPYDUDO—PHQQDVROUH"
If you agree to all this you may come next week. What do you say?
VDULQJDPP—HOO—PXQJDLVKWDSSDGL\VHLYQ
Alright madam, I will do everything just as you wish.
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LESSON 61.
CONVERSATION ABOUT FOOD.
Vocabulary
NDGDODNN—L peanut, groundnut NDWKWKDULNN—L brinjal
WKDNN—OL tomato SÌVD¼LNN—L pumpkin
NXUP— meat curry N¯UDNN—L cucumber
NXÄDPEX vegetable curry WKQJ—L coconut
poriyal fried veg or meat NRGKLWKWKDWKD¼¼L boiled water
rasam pepper water NRGKLNNDYDLWKWKDWKD¼¼L boiled water
masiyal mashed veg, cereal veththale betel leaf
NDLP—YDGDL cutlet S—NNX betel nut
VDLYDV—SS—GX vegetarian food YDUXWKWKDP¯Q fried fish
N—UDP— hot (pepper, spices) PLOLWDULV—SS—GX non-veg food
WK—\LU curds VÌG— hot, (temp)
paruppu dhal PÀU buttermilk
DºDYÀGX measure MÀU— excellent
QDPDWKXSÀ become soft GKLWWDP— proper
—ULSSÀ become cold vikkal hiccups
PRUDPRUD¼¼X crisp kuchchappadu be shy, bashful
XUXºDLNNLÄDQJX potato NÌWWX curry
Conversation.
Y¯WOHVDPD\DOXNNXYQGL\DHOO—V—P—QXPLUXNNXGK—"
Do you have in the house all the things needed for cooking?
—P—QJDPP—HOO—PV—P—QXPLUXNNXGKX Yes yes madam, we have everything.
L¼¼DNNLHQQDVDPD\DOVHLGKLQJD" What did you cook today?
L¼¼DNNLNDWKWKDULNN—LV—PE—UXUXºDLNNLÄDQJXSRUL\DO
Today, brinjal curry and fried potatoes.
N¯UDNNDLSDFKFKDGLQVHL\DOH" Why didn’t you make cucumber pachadi?

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L¼¼DNLQUDPLOOHPP—Q—ºDNNLNDWW—\DPVHLUQ
There wasn’t time today maam, I will certainly make it tomorrow.
—Q—LSSRNDGDODNN—LFKDWQLVHLGKLUXNUQ But I have made peanut chutney.
PLºDKXUDVDPNÌGDLUXNNXGK—" Do we have pepper water also?
LOOHQJDL¼¼DNNLWKDNN—ºLUDVDPGK—QLUXNNXGKX
No maam, we have only tomato rasam today.
FKDSS—WKWKL\XPSDUXSSXPDVL\DOXPURPEDMÀU—LUXNNXGKX
The chappatties and dhal curry are excellent.
VDQGKÀVKDPXQJDLQQXPFKDSS—WKWKLY¼XP—"
I am glad maam, do you want more chappatties?
LOOHHQDNNXWKD\LUGK—QURPEDSLGLNNXPPÀUY¼—P
I very much like curds, I don’t want buttermilk.
VLODSRULWKWKDDSSDºDPNRQGXY— Bring some fried appalums.
DSSDºDPQQDPDWKWKXSÀFKFKXPRUDPRUD¼¼XLUXNNDY¼—P—"
Why have the appalams become soft, shoudn’t they be crisp?
HQJDºXNNXHSSRYXPNRGKLNNDYDLWKWKDWKD¼¼LGK—QNRGXNND¼XP
You should only give us boiled water.
,QQXPNRQMDPV—GKDPY¼XPV¯NUDPNRQGXY—QJD
I want some more rice, bring it quickly.
LGKX—ULSÀFKFKXVÌG—LUXNND¼XP This is cold, it should be hot.
UDVDPURPEDN—UDP—LUXNNXGKX The pepper water is very hot.
VDULQJDPPDQ—ºDLOLUXQGKXN—UDPGKLWWDP—SÀGUHQ
Alright ‘ma, from tomorrow I will put the proper ‘karam’.
NXÄDPEXHSGLLUXNNXGKX" How is the curry?
NXÄDPEXNRQMDPSXºLSS—LUXNNXGKX The curry is a bit sour.
Y¯WOHSÀGKXP—QDURWWLLUXNNXGK—" Do you have enough bread here?
LOOHQJDURWWL—LSÀFKFKXQ—ºDNNLY—QJD¼XP
No, the bread is finished, we must buy some tomorrow.

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Y—QJDY—QJDXNNDUXQJDV—SSLWWLQJDº— Come in , sit down, have you eaten?
NXÄDQGKHNNXRUXNRSSHS—ONRGX Give a cup of milk to the child.
XQJDºXNNXHQQDY¼XPÀNWWXV—SSLGXQJD
Whatever you want to eat just ask.
Q—PY¯WOHQ¯QJDNÌFKFKDSSDGDNÌG—GKX Don’t feel shy in our house.
HQDNNXNÌFKFKDPLOOHHQDNNXY¼GL\DGKXV—SSLGUQ
I don’t feel shy, I will eat whatever I want.
8QJDºXNNXPLOLWDULV—SS—GXY—VDLYDV—SS—GXY—YQXP"
Do you want non-veg. or vegetarian food?
HQDNNXUH¼GXPSLGLNNXPLQGKDYDUXWKWKDP¯QURPEDUXVL\—LUXNNXGKX
I like both. This fried fish is very tasty.
LGKX—WWXN—ULNDLP—YDGH\—" Are these mutton cutlets?
L¼¼DNLNÀÄLNDULNXUP—NÌGDNLGDLNNXP Today you will get chicken kurma also.
NDULVÌSSXNRQMDPXSS—LUXNNXGKX The meat soup is rather salty.
V—SS—GXN—UDP—LUXQGK—HQDNNXYLNNDOYDUXP
If the food is spicy hot, I will get hiccups.
DGKXSDUXSSXWKQJDWKXYDL\DOLGKXSÌVD¼LNN—LSDUXSSXNÌWWX
That is dhal coconut chutney, this is pumpkin dhal curry.
SDSS—OLSDÄDPWKXQGXWKXQG—DUXWKWKXLQJHNRQGXY—QJD
Cut the papaya into pieces and bring them here.
WKDPLÄQ—WOHVLODMDQQDQJDV—SS—WWXNNXDSUDPYHWKDOHS—NNXSÀWWXNRºY—QJDY¼XP—"
In Tamil Nadu some people take betel nut and leaf after meals, want some?
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 Adi’s Book.
LESSON 62.
CONVERSATION AT A RAILWAY STATION.
Vocabulary
Q¯U—YLSDKDGX steam boat pahadu boat, (rowing)
—K—\DYLP—QDP aeroplane kappal ship
V—P—QSHWWLSDGXNH luggage thangu stay, halt
HGHSÀGXPLGDP luggage office thangumidam waiting room
HGHS—UNNXPLGDP luggage office HGHSÀGXHGHS—U weigh
VDV¯GX receipt sellum validity
anumadhi permission WKDOOLNÀ move up
anumadhi (s.thth) permit (v.) QDKDQGKXNNÀ move up
vasadhi, sowharyam comfort, convenience nirandhu full
UDLOYD¼GL train QUYDQGL through train
SUD\—¼L traveller VXWKWKXSUD\—¼XP tour (n.)
SUD\—¼XPVHLZGK travel SUD\—¼XP travel(n.)
Conversation.
Q,QJDHQGKDÌUXNNXSÀULQJD" To which place are you going?
Q—QGHOOLNNXSÀUQ I am going to Delhi.
LQJHUXQGKXGHOOLNNXSÀKDHYºDYXQUDPSLGLNNXGKX"
How long does it take to go to Delhi from here?
GHOOLNNXSÀKDPXSSDWKWK—UXPD¼LQUDPSLGLNNXGKX
It takes 36 hours to go to Delhi.
GHOOLOHHQJHWKDQJDSÀULQJD" Where are you going to stay in Delhi?
Q—QGHOOLOHRUXVQKLGKDUY¯WOHWKDQJDSRUQ
I am going to stay at afriend’s house in Delhi.
µRQODLQWLNHW¶Y—QJL—LFKFK—" Did you get an on-line ticket?
LOOHWLNHWNRGXNNXPLGDPHQJH¶S— No, where is the booking office please.
WLNHW—S¯VDGKÀLUXNNXGKX The ticket office is there, look.
XQJDºXNNXHQQDWLNHWY¼XP" What ticket do you want?

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HQDNNXUH¼G—YDGKXYDKXSSXVO¯SSDUY¼XP I want a second class sleeper.
12. adhu sila samayam niraindhu irukkum. That may possibly be full.
DSSRQ—QPXGKDOYDKDSSXOHSÀKD¼XP Then I’ll have to go first class.
LQGKDWLNHWUH¼GXQ—ºXNNXGK—QVHOOXP This ticket is only valid for two days
LSSRQ—QJDDYºDYXV—P—QHGXWKXSÀKDP—WWÀPDGKDQ—OHLGKXVXODEDP—LUXNNXGKX
Now we do not take all that much luggage, so it is is easy.
DQGKDQUDWKOHQ—QJDHGHSÀWWDNRGXNND¼XPLQQXPSD¼DPLUXNNXPNDVKWDP—QDGKX
In those days we had to get it weighed, give more money; troublesome!
—P—µRUXWKDOHNNXPXSSDWKWKXSDYXQGGK—QNRQGXSÀKDO—P¶LQQXVRQQDQJD
Yes, ‘you can take only thirty pounds per head’ they said.
18. vandi eppo purappadum? When will the train start?
QUDP—FKFKXV¯NUDPUXQJD It is time, climb in quickly.
LGKXHQQDEÀJLLQJHLGDPLOOH What carriage is this, there is no room.
LGKXVWKULQJDUXPYDQGLQ—QJDDGXWKWKDYDQGLPXODP—QDGDNND¼XP
This is a ladies carriage, we have to walk through the next carriage.
LGKXGHOOLNNXQUQUDSÀKXPYDQGL\—" Is this a through train to Delhi?
—P—LQGKDYDQGLNÌGDQLUDLGKXSÀQDGKXNRQMDPWKDOOLNÀQJDQDKDQGKXNÀQJD
Yes. This carriage is full too. Please move up a bit. (please adjust!).
HQYDQGLWKDYDULSÀFKFKXQ—QHQJH\—YDGKXYDÄLOHYDQGLP—WKWKD¼XP—"
I missed my train. Do I need to change trains on the way?
—P—Q¯QJDQDJSÌUOHP—WKD¼XP Yes, you must change at Nagpur.
YDQGLLQJHHYºDYXQUDPQLNNXGKX",QJHSDWKWKXQLPLVKDPQLNNXP
How long will the train stop here? Here it will stop for ten minutes.
NÌOL\ÀLGKHOO—PNRQGXSÀKDHYºDYXNNUH",UXEDGKXUÌE—NRGXQJD
Coolie, to take all these how much do you ask? Give me twenty rupees.
LQGKDÌUOHS—UNNDWKDKXQGKDLGDQJDHQQHQQDLUXNNXGKX"
What are the places worth seeing in this town?
Q—QXQJDºXNNXDQGKDLGDPHOO—PVXWKWKLN—WWXYQ
I will take you round and show you all these places.
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 Adi’s Book.
STORY No 1.
9–7+803210877(<80
pon gold SU—VH greed
nashtam loss peru big , great
\ÀVDQH idea WKÀQLQDGKX occurred
mutte vai (s.thth) lay egg YLSDU¯GKD perverse, strange
mutte idu (w.tt) lay egg RURUX only one
VROODPXGL\—GKXVDQGKÀVKDP unspeakable joy, (limitless)
RUXXUOHRUXNXGL\—QDYDQLUXQGK—QDYDQURPEDUHDYDQLGDPNRQMDPGK—QSD¼DP
LUXQGKDGKX  DYDQ DQGKD SD¼DWKWKHNRQGX RUX Y—WKWKX Y—QJLQ—Q  DQGKD Y—WKWKX GKLQDQ
GKÀUXP RUX SRQ PXWWH LWWX YDQGKDGKX  NXGL\—QDYDQXNNX VROODPXGL\—GKX VDQGKÀVKDP
DYDQSRQPXWWHQJDºHYLWKWKXSD¼DNN—UDQ—Q—Q
RUXQ—ºRUXYLSDU¯GKD\ÀVDQHWKÀQLQDGKX³LQGKDY—WKWKXQ—OGKÀUXPRUXSRQPXWWH
YDLNNXGKX  —Q— DGKDQ YD\LWKWKXNNX XººH DQKD SRQ PXWWHQJD LUXNNXP  DGKH HOO—P RU
Q—ººHHGXWKWKXNRQG—LQQXPSHUL\DSD¼DNN—UDQ—LYLGDO—P´LQQXQLQHWKWK—Q
DYDQ SU—VH\—OH RUX NDWKWKL\H NRQGXYDQGKX DGKDQ YD\LWKWKH NLÄLWKWKX S—UWKWK—Q
—Q—Y—WKWKXYD\LWKWKXNNXººHRURUX SRQ PXWWHGK—Q LUXQGKDGKX  NXGL\—QDYDQXNNX DSSR
VROODPXGL\—GKX YLVDQDP  QLQQ— SRQ PXWWH SÀQDGKXP LOO—PH SRQ PXWWH LWWXNRQGX
LUXQGKDY—WKWKXPSRLYLWWDGKXHQQDVHL\DO—P"SU—VHSHUXQDVKWDPWKDUXP
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 Adi’s Book.
STORY No 2.
3$»$..–5$1801$0%,..$,8¹¹$1$<80
PXQRUXN—ODWKOH once upon a time SÀKDYQGKLLUXQGKDGKX had to go
LºDLSS—UXZLQ rest (v.) —ODPDUDP banyan tree
À\—PH without stopping Q\—EDKDP memory
suttu vittu having shot WKXSS—NNL gun
—WKWKLUDP hasty temper GKLG¯UQX sudden
N—UD¼DP cause, reason Q\—EDWKWKXNNXY— remember
S—YDP poor thing QDPELNNDLXººD faithful
pirahu then, afterwards N—UL\XP deed
mattu less, limited seththu kidandhadhu lay dead
enbadhe* the thing which *Neuter participial noun, used as conjunction
PXQ RUX N—ODWKOH RUX SD¼DNN—UDQ LUXQGK—Q   DYDQXNNX RUX DÄDK—QD Q—\XP QDOOD
NXGKLUH R¼¼XP LUXQGKDGKX   DYDQ WKDQ Q—\H NÌWWLNNRQGX NXGKLUHPOH ULNNRQGX DQGKD
ÌUXNNXSXUDSSDWW—Q
D¼¼DNL URPED YH\\LO DGLWKWKX NRQGLUXQGKDGKX   YH\LOOH URPED GKÌUDP SUD\—¼XP
VHLGKDSDGL\—OH DYDQXNNX URPED NDOHSS— LUXQGKDGKX   YDÄLOH RUX NXºDP LUXQGKDGKX
DQGKD NXºDNNDUHPOH LUXQGKD RUX —ODPDUDWKWKXNNX N¯ÄH XNN—UQGKX LºDLSS—ULQ—Q  SLUDKX
NXGKLUHPOH UL PDUXSDGL\XP SXUDSSDWWXSÀGKX DYDQ Q—L DYDQH S—UWKWKX NXODLWKWKDGKX
Q—L À\—PH NLODLNN—YH NXODLWKWKDGK—OH DYDQXNNX URPED NÀEDP YDQGKDGKX  DYDQ
—WKWKLUDWKWK—OHQ—\HWKDQWKXSS—NNL\—OHVXWWXYLWWXDQJLUXQGKXSÀLYLWW—Q
URPEDGKÌUDPSÀQDSLQDYDQXNNXWKDQSD¼DSSDL\HPDUDWKWKXNNXN¯ÄHYLWWXYLWWDGKX
GKLG¯UQX Q\—EDWKWKXNNX YDQGKDGKX    Q—L NXODLWKWKD N—UD¼DP LSSRGK—Q DYDQXNNX
YLºDQJLQDGKX  XGDQ URPED YKDP— NXºDNNDUHNNX WKLUXPED YDQGK—Q  DYDQ DQJH
S—UWKWKDGKXHQQDS—YDPQDPELNNDLXººDQ—LDYDQSD¼DSSDLPOH\VHWKXNLGDQGKDGKX
WK—QEXGKLLOO—PHVHLGKDN—UL\DWKWKXNN—K—URPEDYLVDQDSSDWW—Q
D¼DL NDGDQGKD YHººDP DÄXGK—ºXP YDUXP—"  —WKWKLUDNN—UDQXNNX EXGKGKL PDWWX
HQEDGKHDSSRGK—QWKHULQGKXNRQG—Q
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 Adi’s Book.
STORY No 3.
7+233,9<–%–5,<80.85$1*$¹80
thoppi cap, hat QLÄDO shade
XUXU— place to place YLÄLWKWKXNNRºZQG wake up
NÌFKFKDO shout, yell (n.) NÌFKFKDOSÀGX shout, yell (v.)
\ÀVDQHVHL ponder, think about VUWKWKX having collected
DQKD YDUXVKDQJDºXNNX PXQQ—OH RUX Y\—E—UL LUXQGK—Q  DYDQ XU XU— SÀL WKRSSL
Y\—E—UDP VHLGKX YDQGK—Q  RUX Q—O DYDQ WKRSSLQJDºH YLNNXPEDGL RUX ÌUXNNX SÀL
NRQGLUXQGK—QYH\\LOURPEDM—VWKL\—LUXQGKDGKXDGKDQ—OHDYDQV—OHÀUDP—LUXQGKDRUX
PDUDWKWKX QLÄDOOH XNN—UQGK—Q  DYDQXNNX URPED NDOHSS— LUXQGKDGK—OH WKRSSLPÌWWH POH
WKDOHYDLWKWKXNNRQGXV¯NUDP—WKÌQJLYLWW—Q
DQGKDPDUDWKOHDQKDNXUDQJXQJDLUXQGKDGKXDGKXQJDN¯ÄHWKRSSLPÌWWH\HS—UWK
WKDYXGDQH RUX NXUDQJX V—SS—WWXPÌWWH LQQX QLQHWKWKX LUDQJL YDQGKX DQGKD PÌWWH\H
DYLÄWKWKXS—UWKWKDGKX—Q—DGKXOHV—SS—GXLOOHWKRSSLQJDGK—QLUXQGKDGKXDGKXXGDQH
WKXQJLNRQGLUXQGKD Y\—E—UL WKDOH POH RUX WKRSSL\H SDUWKWKDGKX  DGKX PÌWWH\LOLUXQGKX
RUX WKRSSL\H HGXWKWKX WK—QXP WKDQ WKDOH POH DGKH SÀWWXNRQGKDGKX  LGKH S—UWKWKD
PDWKWKD NXUDQJXQJDºXP NLÄH YDQGKX DSGL\ VHLGKDGKX  DGKXNNX DSUDP HOO—
NXUDQJXQJDºXP PDUDWKWKXPOH ULNNRQGX VDQGKÀVKDP— NÌFKFKDO SÀGD —UDPELWKWK
DGKXQJDDGKXQJDSÀWWDVDGKGKDWKWKHNWWXY\—E—ULYLÄLWKWKXNNRQG—Q
DSSR DYDQ POH S—UWKWKDSSÀGKX RYYRUX NXUDQJXNNXP WKDOH POH RUX WKRSSL
LUXQGKDGKX  LSSR DYDQ PÌWWHOH UH¼GX WKRSSLQJD P—WKUXP LUXQGKDGKX  DGKXQJDºLGDP
LUXQGKX HSGL\—YDGKX WKRSSLQJDOH Y—QJD Y¼XP LQQX NRQMD QUDP \ÀVDQH VHLGK—Q  VLOD
nimishangalukku apram avan than thaleyilirundha thoppiye eduththu kurangunga
S—UNNXPEDGL NLÄH SRWW—Q  LGKH SDUWKWKD NXUDQJDºXNNX NÀEDP YDQGKDGKX  DGKXQJDOXP
DSGL\WKDQJDWKDOHPOLUXQGKDWKRSSL\HHGXWKWKDN¯ÄHSÀWWDGKXQJD
Y\—E—ULNNX URPED VDQGKÀVKDP   XGDQH DYDQ URPED V¯NUDP— HOO— WKRSSLQJDºXP
VUWKWKXPXWWH\—NDWWLNNRQGXDQJLUXQGKXYKDP—ÀGLSÀLYLWW—Q
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220
 Adi’s Book.
STORY No 4.
27+7+80('+–1%$/$0
singam lion QÀNNL towards
oththume unity balam strength
GKÀ some N—UDQDP reason, cause
US—GXZWW occur RWKWKXPH\—LUX be united
S—LZQGK leap muyarchchi sei try
VQKDP—LUX be friendly NRÄXWKWKXLUX well developed, fat
RUXN—WWXNNXNLWWDRUXÌULUXQGKDGKXDQGKDÌUOHQDOXP—GXQJDLUXQGKDGKXQ—OX
PDGXP URPED VQKLGDP— LUXQGKDGKX  SXO P\D SÀQ—OXP VDUL DOODGKX WKD¼¼L NXGLNND
SÀQ—QXPVDULQ—OXPR¼¼—SÀKXPÀ¼¼—YDUXPN—WWXNNXSDNDWKOHSXOYDºDUQGKXLUXQGKD
SDGL\—OH Q—OX P—GXP WKUXSWL\— SXO WKLQQX NRÄXWKWKX LUXQGKDGKXQJD  DGK N—WWLOH RUX
VLQJDPXPLUXQGKDGKXVLQJDPLQGKDNDÄXWKWKDP—GXQJDºHS—UWKWKDGKLOLUXQGKXDGKXQJDºH
HSGL\—YDGKXDGLWKXNR¼¼XWKLQQD¼XPLQQXQLQHWKWKXNNRQGKDGKX
RUXQ—ºDQGKDVLQJDPSXOPLQGKXNRQGLUXQGKDRUXP—WWXPOHS—LQGKDGKXLGKH
S—UWKWKD PDWKWKD PÌQX PDGXQJDºXP VLQJDWKWKH QÀNNL S—LQGKDGKX   VLQJDP Q—OX
PDGXQJDºXNNXP QLNND PXGL\—PH ÀGLSÀLYLWWDGKX   VLQJDP LGKHSÀOD SDOD GKDGDYH
P—GXQJDºH DGLWKWKX PX\DUFKFKL VHLGKDGKX  —Q— Q—OX P—GXQJDºXP URPED RWKXPH\—
LUXQGKDSDGL\—OHVLQJDWKWK—OHR¼¼XPVHL\DPXGL\DOHLSGLNRQMDN—ODP—QDGKX
RUXVDPD\DPHGKÀRUXN—UD¼DWKWK—OHQ—OXP—GXQJDºXNNXPYLUÀGKDPUSDWWDGKX
YLUÀGKDWKWK—OHRUXQ—ºQ—OXP—GXPR¼¼DLOO—PHWKDQWKDQL\—GKÌUDGKÌUDP—SXOP\D
WKRGDQJLQDGKXQJDLGKHS—UWKWKDYXGDQHVLQJDPURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSSDWWDGKXDGKX
P—GXQJDºHRYR¼¼DDGLWKXWKUXSWL\—WKLQQDGKXRWKWKXPHLUXQGKXLUXQGK—VLQJDP
P—GXQJDºHNR¼¼XLUXNNDPXGL\XP—"RWKWKXPHGK—QEDODP

221
 Adi’s Book.
STORY No 5.
7+$,<$/.–5$180<–1(<80
\—QH elephant thumbikkai trunk
YGLNNHWKDP—VK fun YGLNNH\—QD funny
H¼¼DP thought, idea NHGXY—Q one who perishes
WKHQJ—L coconut WKÀ¼LQDGKX idea struck
ÌVL needle NXWKWKLNRºZQGLQWU stick in, stab, pierce
V—NNDGH gutter SRUXNNDPXGL\—GKD unbearable
urinju (w.in) suck SÀYDGKXYDÄDNNXP usually went
NGX evil, ill URPEDX¼PH very true
RUXSDWWD¼DWKOHRUXWKD\DONDUDQLUXQGK—QDQGKDWKD\DONDGHLUXQGKDWKHUXYDÄL\D
RUX\—QHGKLQDQGKÀUXPNXºLNND—WKWKXNNXSÀYDGKXYDÄDNNDPYDÄDNNDPSÀODRUXGKLQDP
DQGKD\—QHDGKWKHUXYDÄL\—YDQGKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKXLGKHS—UWKWKDWKDL\DON—UDQXNNXRUX
YGLNNH\—QDH¼¼DPWKÀQLQDGKX\—QHWKDQNDGHNNXPXQQ—OHYDQGKDGKXPRUXWKQJ—LNNX
XººHRUXÌVL\HYDLWKWKXDQGKD\—QHWKLQQDNRGXWKWK—Q\—QHWKQJ—\HWKLQQXPEÀGKXÌVL
DGKDQYDLNNXXººHNXWKWKLNNRQGKDGKX\—QHNNXSRUXNNDPXGL\—GKXYDOLHGXWKWKDGKX
—Q—DGKXDQJLULQGKXVXPP—SÀLYLWWDGKXLGKHS—UNNDWKDL\DON—UDQXNNXURPEDWKDP—VK—
irundhadhu.
\—QH—WKWKLOHYDÄDNNXPSÀODNXºLWKWKXYLWWXVXP—UUH¼GXPD¼LQUDWKWKXNNXDSUDP
DGKWKHUXYDÄL\—YDQGKXDGKWKD\DON—UDQNDGHNNXPXQQ—OHQLQQDGKXNDGHNNXNLWWD
LUXQGKDDÄXNNXV—NNDGHWKD¼¼L\HWKDQWKXPELNNDL\—OHXULQMLWKDL\DON—UDQPXKDWKWKXPOH
DGLWKWKDGKXWKDL\DON—UDQDQJHQLNNDPXGL\—PHNDGH\HYLWWXYLWWXÀGLSÀLYLWW—Q
RUXNHWWDPDQXVKDQGK—QLQQRUXPDQXVKDUXNNXNGXQLQHSS—QNHGXY—QNGX
QLQHSS—QHQEDGKXURPEDX¼PHLOOH\—"
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222
 Adi’s Book.
STORY No 6.
2:$,<–5<(118038/$9$5
yennum so named, called pulavar poet, poetess
QÌO classic, thread arasar king, kings
PDUL\—GKH respect kadume severity
Q—YDOPDUDP jamoon plum tree, Q—YDOSDÄDP jamoon plum
VXG—GKD not hot sutta hot
DULY—OL wise person PDUDNLºH tree branch
POHVRQQD above mentioned —KDL\—OH therefore
EDODP— with great strength WKHUL\—GKDGKX the not knowing
S—WWL grandmother WKHUL\—PHSÀQDGKX the not knowing
kurumbu mischief, naughtiness vekkam shame
RWWLNRºZGKLQWU stick, adhere vekkappadu (w.tt) feel ashamed
pariththu pluck ÌGKXZLQ blow
NWWXNRº request WKLUWKWKXNRºZQGLQWU quench ones thirst

DQKDYDUXVKDQJDºXNNXPXQQ—OHWKDPLÄQ—WOHRUXSH¼SXODYDULUXQGK—U
DQGKDPP—SURZDL\—ULYDUSDODQDOODWKDP¯UQÌOXQJDºHHÄXGKLLUXNU—UDQGKDN—ODWKOH
LUXQGKDDUDVDUXPMDQDQJDºXPHOO—UXPDYDUHURPEDPDUL\—GKH\ÀGXQDGDWKWKLQ—QJD
RZDL\—URUXQ—ºRUXÌUXNNXSÀLNRQGLUXQGK—UYH\\LOURPEDNDGXPH\—LUXQGKDGKX
DYDUXNNX URPED GK—KDP—YXP SDVL\—YXP LUXQGKDGKX  DGKDQ—OH DYDU NDºHSS— LUXQGK—U
YDÄLOHRUXQ—YDOPDUDPLUXQGKDGKXDQGKDPDUDWKOHRUXSDL\DQLUXQGK—QRZDL\—UWKDQ
GK—KDWKWKH WK¯UWKWKXNNRººD VLOD Q—YDO SDÄDQJDºH SÀGXPEDGL DQGKD SDL\DQH NWWXNNRQG—U
DQGKDSDL\DQ³S—WWLXQJDºXNNXVXWWDSDÄDPY¼XP—VXWW—GKDSDÄDPY¼XP—´LQQXNWW—Q
RZDL\—U URPED DULY—ºLGK—Q —Q—OXP DQGKD SDL\DQ VRQQDGKX DYDUXNNX R¼¼XP YLºDQJDOH
—KDL\—OHDYDUDYDQHS—UWKWKX³WKDPELQ¯VRQQDGKXHQDNNXSXUL\DOH—QDHQDNNXVLODQ—YDO
SDÄDQJDGK—QY¼XP´LQQXNWW—U

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 Adi’s Book.
SDL\DQ LGKH NWWX VLULWKWKXNRQG PDUD N¯ÄH\H EDODP— —WWLQ—Q  DQKD Q—YDO SDÄDP
N¯ÄHYLÄXQGKDGKXQLODWKWKOHPD¼DOLUXQGKDGK—OHQ—YDOSDÄDQJDººHPD¼DORWWLNRQGKDGKX

RZDL\—UPD¼DOÀGXLUXQGKDVLODSDÄDQJDºHHGXWKWKXDGXQJDºHV—SSLGDPXQWKDQY—\—OHµSKÌ
SK̶ LQQD ÌGKLQ—U  LGKH S—UWKWKX ³ S—WWL SDÄDP URPED VÌG— LUXNNXGK—"  URPED VÌG—
LUXQGK— DGKH SÀWWXYLGXQJD  XQJDººXNNX VÌG—GKD SDÄDP WKDUXYQ´ LQQX VROOL VLOD SXGKX
SDUDQJDºH PDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKX SDULWKWKX N¯ÄH SÀG—PH DQGKDPP— NDLOH NRGXWKWK—Q
DSSRGK—Q RZDL\—UXNNX VXWWD SDÄDWKWKXNNXP VXG—GKD SDÄDWKWKXNNXP YLGK\—VDP
WKHULQGKDGKX  DYDU DQGKD SDÄDQJDºH VDQGKÀVKDP— WKLQQXYLWWX SDL\DQXNNX URPED QDQGUL
VRQQ—USDL\DQPDUXSDGL\XPVLULWKWKXNNRQGDQJLUXQGKXSÀLYLWW—Q
RZDL\—UXNNX POH VRQQD Y—UWKWKHQJDººXNNX DUWKDP WKHUL\—PH SÀQDGKX YHNNDP—
LUXQGKDGKX  DYDU DQGKD PDUDWKWKXNNX N¯ÄH NRQMD QUDP WKDQJLYLWWX DSUDP WKDQ YDÄL\
SÀLYLWW—U
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 Adi’s Book.
GRAMMAR AT A GLANCE.
Where To Find A Spoken Tamil Grammar Principle.
Item Page Item Page

ablative, from 97 may, potentialt 75

able to, not able to, 97 medials (see past tense below) 23
accusative (object) 30 must…must not 87
address 10 need…need not 92
adjectives 58 negative (past,present.) 75
adverbs 58 negative, future 82
after, before 175 numbers, cardinal 19, 50
although), even if…not 153 numbers, ordinal 70
as soon as, until, up to 175 À—YDGKX— 187
as, according to 180 object (acc.) 30
at, in, locative 64, 102 participial nouns 170
—YDGKX—À 187 participles, pres, past, fut 157
be, to be 17 past participles 140
because, because…not 180 past tense (s.thth) 110, 114
before, after 175 past tense (w.dh) 117
by means of, with 87 past tense (w.in) 126, 130
can, cannot, 97 past tense (w.s.ndh) 120, 123
causal verbs 166 past tense (w.tt) 133
comparison 161 perfect, imperfect 144
composite nouns 170 personal pronouns 15
continuous, imperfect, 144 plural nouns 28
dative 43 posessive (gen.) 34
declensions, n.& pron. 107 post-positions 61 67
defective verbs 43, 47 potential, may 75
demonstrative 12 present positive 54
demonstrative pron. 12 pronouns 12, 15
À—YDGKX— 187 reflexive verbs 161
even if, even if not 153 relative participles 157
from, ablative 97 should…should not. 87
future neg. 82 so that, so that…not, 180
future positive 70 strong verbs 23
genitive (posessive) 34 um 184
greetings 10 unless), if not, (cond.) 148
if, if not, (unless)(cond.) 148 until, up to, as soon as, 175
imperatives negative 23 verbal nouns 170
imperatives positive 21 verbal participles 140, 157
imperfect, perfect 144 verbs-introduction 19
implied--‘to be’ 17 weak verbs 23
in order to, in order not 180 when, while, …not 175
in, at, locative 64, 102 with, by means of 87
infinitives 40
instrumental, with 87
intensive verbs 166
interrogative pronoun 12
locative, at, in 64,102

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