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Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield Modeling with the Hydrologic Modeling System
(HEC-HMS)
Conference Paper · May 2008

DOI: 10.1061/40976(316)362
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World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008 Ahupua'a © 2008 ASCE
Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield Modeling with the Hydrologic

Modeling System (HEC-HMS)
By Jang Pak1, Matt Fleming1, William Scharffenberg1, and Paul Ely2

1
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute For Water Resources, Hydrologic
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by WPC on 12/18/14. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
Engineering Center, 609 Second Street, Davis, CA 95616; PH (530) 756-1104; FAX
(530) 756-8250; respectively, email: Jay.H.Pak@usace.army.mil,
Matthew.J.Fleming@usace.army.mil, William.A.Scharffenberg@usace.army.mil
2
Consultant, 414 Highland Avenue, Trinidad, CA 95570; PH (707) 677-0919; email:
paul@ely.name
Abstract
The effects of surface erosion and stream sediment loading in watersheds have
become increasingly important in water quality best management practices (BMPs),
watershed management, and natural resources conservation planning. Many water
resources studies must now consider the erosion related effects of watershed
activities. Surface erosion models describe the detachment, deposition and transport
of soil particles by the erosive forces of raindrops and surface flow of water from
their point of origin to the watershed outlet. The current version of the Hydrologic
Modeling System (HEC-HMS) contains no capacity to simulate surface erosion
processes; however, the need of erosion and sediment yield modeling exists
throughout the Corps of Engineers, especially as the Corps moves towards watershed
level investigations, including Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) studies.
Therefore, the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) has added existing, developed
new and tested soil erosion and sediment yield methods to include in HEC-HMS.
The goal is to develop tools within HEC-HMS that provide output necessary for
making informed decision about managing soil erosion within the watershed.
This paper discusses the addition of soil detachment, deposition and transport
methodologies to the HEC-HMS program These new sediment modeling tools will
increase the application of HEC-HMS for sediment modeling studies by directly
computing sediment yield. An effort was made to ensure that sediment output from
HEC-HMS could be easily used as boundary conditions in HEC-RAS for more
detailed river mechanics modeling. Two surface erosion methods were included in
the HEC-HMS subbasin element to model sediment erosion/wash-off for both
pervious and impervious areas. In addition, an in-channel sediment routing method
was included in the HEC-HMS reach element. These methods model the translation
and attenuation of the sediment load along with deposition and erosion processes
occurring in the channel.
Copyright ASCE 2008 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008: Ahupua'a
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008
Introduction
The Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) is a

computer program designed to model watershed hydrology. Historically, HEC-HMS
has focused on modeling rainfall-runoff processes; however, a significant effort is
underway to add sediment and water quality modeling capabilities. This paper
provides a description of the surface erosion and in-stream sediment modeling
capabilities that will be available in future versions of HEC-HMS.
The subbasin element is one of seven hydrologic elements that compose a basin
model network in an HEC-HMS model. The subbasin element is used to represent a

drainage basin where precipitation falls, infiltration occurs, and surface runoff may
result. Outflow from the subbasin element is calculated by subtracting precipitation
losses due to interception by the canopy, storage on the land surface and infiltration
into the soil from the total precipitation. Once losses have been computed, the excess
precipitation is treated as surface runoff and transformed to stream flow at the
subbasin outlet, and baseflow is added. Initially, two surface erosion methods will be
included in the subbasin element: the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation
(MUSLE) and the build-up and wash-off methods. The MUSLE method simulates the
sediment yield processes from a pervious land segment and the build-up and wash-off
method simulates sediment yield processes from an impervious land segment. Future
work will eventually include adding additional erosion methods suitable for both
pervious and impervious areas, allowing the engineer to select the best method for a
specific watershed study. Before sediment from the land surface is available to the
reach element, a sediment enrichment ratio is introduced to determine the relationship
between particle size of watershed sediment and fluvial suspended sediments. The
enrichment ratio presents a mechanism to translate the sediment distribution from the
land surface throughout the basin to a sediment distribution representative to that
found at the basin outlet.
The reach element is one of seven hydrologic elements that compose a basin model
network in an HEC-HMS model. The reach element is used to convey stream flow
downstream in the basin model. Inflow into the reach element can come from one or
many upstream hydrologic elements. Outflow from the reach is calculated by
accounting for translation and attenuation of the inflow hydrograph. Multiple
methods for modeling sediment transport and erosion/deposition within the channel
will be added to the reach element. Several sediment transport equations can be used
to route sediment through the stream network in HEC-HMS. The sediment continuity
equation was used in conjunction with a sorting algorithm to solve for the actual
volume of deposition or erosion. Additionally, temporal entrainment and deposition
functions similar to those employed in HEC-RAS have been adapted for use in HEC-
HMS.
Surface Erosion
Modeling sediment from the land surface is important because sediment transports
nutrient and toxic materials from urban, agricultural and forested lands. Many
methods are available for modeling sediment from watershed surface (Wischmeier
and Smith, 1965 and 1978; Renard, 1997; Foster, 2003; Williams, 1975; Leavesley et
al. 1983; Bicknell et al. 2001). The first surface erosion method added to HEC-HMS
was the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) method. William (1975)
developed the MUSLE method to predict sheet and rill erosion from a single rainfall-
runoff event. The rainfall energy factor (R) in the USLE model was replaced with a
runoff energy factor (Rm). The runoff energy factor was designed and validated using
data from 18 watersheds ranging in size from three acres to over 4,000 acres.
Williams (1975) argued that the modified method’s inclusion of a runoff energy
factor produced a more accurate estimate of sediment yield because watershed
characteristics influence runoff rates and sediment yield in a similar manner. This
conclusion was supported by additional research (Kinnell 1998). The runoff energy
factor in the MUSLE method is a good match for the methods and philosophy of
HEC-HMS.
The MUSLE method computes the sediment yield from a pervious land segment
based on Eq. 1 for a storm event (Williams, 1995).
Sed = 11.8 (Qsurf × q peak ) 0.56 × K × LS × C × P (1)
where Sed is the sediment yield for a given event (metric tons), Qsurf is the surface
runoff volume (m3), qpeak is the peak runoff rate (m3/s), K is the soil erodibility factor,
LS is the topographic factor, C is the cover and management factor, and P is the
support practice factor.
The MUSLE method can be used in HEC-HMS to determine sediment yield for one
rainfall-runoff event or from a multi-year simulation. Not all rainfall-runoff events
generate sediment; therefore, additional parameters were added to the MUSLE
method, as calibration factors in HEC-HMS, to allow the engineer to define which
events would be considered ‘sediment generating’ rainfall-runoff events. A sediment
generating rainfall-runoff event is identified using the combination of two criteria,
critical time period and threshold peak runoff rate. The threshold peak runoff rate is
used to determine whether enough a runoff rate resulted from the event to likely
entrain sediment. The critical time period defines the minimum duration based on the
physiographic factors (slope, area, and shape etc.) for which a runoff hydrograph will
generate sediment. Once sediment is entrained, additional energy is needed to move
sediment through the watershed to the outlet without re-deposition. Only storm events
that exceed the critical time period are assumed to have this energy. HEC-HMS
tracks the amount of time the direct runoff hydrograph is greater than the threshold
flow. The direct runoff must exceed the threshold flow for longer than the critical
time period, in order for the event to generate sediment. Figure 1 shows an example
of how the critical time period and threshold flow could be used to define sediment
generating events. For this example a threshold flow of 40 cms and a critical time
period of 2-hour are used. Given this threshold, there are two events where sediment
could be generated; however, only one of these events meets the critical time period
criteria. HEC-HMS would only compute sediment runoff for the 3rd rainfall-runoff
event because this event maintains a flow rate greater than the threshold for duration
longer than the critical time period. This storm event contained enough energy to
move the sediment to the basin outlet.
160
140
120
100
Flow (C M S)
80
60 2-Hour Time Period Flow Threshold

2-Hour Time Period
40
20
Figure 1. Example of using a threshold flow and hydrograph time-window to

define a sediment event.
Erosion from impervious areas is fundamentally different from pervious areas where
the MUSLE approach may apply. A common approach to modeling impervious
areas is the build-up and wash-off method, similar to SWMM, Storm Water
Management Model (Huber and Dickinson, 1988) and Soil and Water Assessment
Tool (SWAT) 2005 (Neitsch et al. 2005). In this approach, sediment accumulates on
the watershed between storm events. All of the accumulated sediment or possibly
only a portion of it washes off during a storm event. Street cleaning operations may
also be incorporated into the modeling process. The build-up and wash-off method
tracks the time between storm events to accumulate sediment from an impervious
land segment. Build-up of solids is calculated based a Michaelis-Menton formulation
as shown in Eq. 2 (Huber and Dickinson, 1988).
SEDmx td
SED = (2)
(t half + td )
where, SED is the solid build up (kg/curb km) td days after the last occurrence of
SED = 0 kg/curb km, SEDmx is the maximum accumulation of solids possible for the
urban land type (kg/curb km), thalf is the length of time needed for solid build up to
increase from 0 kg/curb km to ½ SEDmx (days), and td is a day with surface runoff
less than 0.1 mm. The build-up and wash-off method computes a time-series of load.
An equivalent time-series of concentration can be computed by dividing the load by

the flow volume for each time interval.
Wash-off is represented by an exponential curve, Eq. 3, that is a function of the
accumulated sediment at the beginning of the storm, and the peak flow rate of the
storm (Huber and Dickinson, 1988). Therefore, it is necessary to know the peak flow
that immediately follows the initiation of direct runoff.
Ysed = SED0 (1 e
urbcoef q peak t
) (3)
where Ysed is the cumulative amount of solids washed off at time t (kg/curb km),
SED0 is the amount of solids built up on the impervious area at the beginning of the
precipitation event (kg/curb km), urbcoef is the wash off coefficient (mm-1) (0.039-
0.390 mm-1), and Qpeak is the peak runoff rate (mm/hr).
Street cleaning operation is performed to control build-up of solids in urban areas.

The sweep process (Huber and Dickinson, 1988) is simulated based on Eq. 4.
SED = SED0 (1 frav reff ) (4)
where SED is the amount of solids remaining after sweeping (kg/curb km), SED0 is
the amount of solids present prior to sweeping (kg/curb km), frav is the fraction of the
curb length available for sweeping, and Reff is the removal efficiency of the
sweeping equipment. The available factor and removal efficiency are specified by the
user.
Whether the simulation run includes one storm event, several events, or many events,
it is necessary to distribute the total sediment yield as a time-series. As a result,
HEC-HMS computes both a concentration time-series and a load time-series. The
MUSLE and build-up and wash-off methods compute only the sediment yield per
event. A procedure was needed to translate this yield to a time distribution of
sediment yield. The concentration time-series is computed using a power function of
water discharge (Haan et al. 1994). An equivalent time-series of loading can be
computed by multiplying the concentration for each time step by the flow rate for that
same time step.
Enrichment Ratio
Significant errors may result if the transportability of sediment is inferred from

dispersed particle size distributions rather than actual or effective sediment sizes
(Slattery, 1996). Knowledge of the changes in the particle size distribution from
source material at the point of erosion to the catchment discharge point is important
to understand the comprehensive sediment transport process at work in the watershed.
The physical relationship between particle size characteristics of eroded material and
source material is complex but simple ratios can be used to update the erosion and
sediment delivery processes operating throughout the watershed (Slattery, 1996). An
enrichment ratio option is provided in the sediment routing features of HEC-HMS

that converts the watershed particle size distribution into an outlet particle-size
distribution that reflects in-stream gradations. The enrichment ratios (ER) for each
particle size are determined from Eq. 5.
% sediemnt in a given size class in outlet

ER = (5)
% sediement in a given size class in watershed
An ER value greater than 1 represents an enrichment condition: a given size class

forms a greater percentage of the transported load at the outlet than at the source. An
ER value less than 1 represents a depletion condition: a given size class forms a
greater percentage at the source than in the transported load at outlet.
In-Stream Sediment Routing
Multiple in-stream sediment modeling methods were selected and tested for HEC-
HMS. The hypothetical sediment reservoir method was selected among them as the
first method because it provides a better representation of the physical processes as
described below. In-stream sediment routing consists of calculating transport capacity,
modification of the hypothetical channel bottom to reflect deposition or erosion, and
routing of the sediment load from upstream to downstream. For each flow in the
runoff time-series, a water surface profile and the resulting hydraulic parameters were
calculated based on fixed channel geometry. The model calculates sediment transport
capacity by a number of available methodologies. The sediment continuity equation
is solved in conjunction with sorting algorithms to solve for the actual volume of
deposition or erosion. Additionally, temporal entrainment and deposition functions
similar to those employed in HEC-RAS (Gibson et al. 2006; Bruner and Gibson,
2005) have been adapted to control how much deposition and erosion can occur
during one time-step. Finally, a sediment routing method was used to route sediment
from upstream to downstream.
Transport Calculations Seven different transport functions will be available in

HEC-HMS and include the Ackers and White (1973), Englund-Hansen (1967),
Laursen (1958), Myer-Peter-Muller (1948), Toffaleti (1968), Yang (1972), and
Wilcock (2003) functions. The engineer will have the option to divide the sediment
gradation curve into discrete size classes. The program will compute the sediment
transport potential independently using one of seven transport functions for each
grain size class in the bed. The transport potential is multiplied by the fraction of each
size class present in the bed a model time step to yield the transport capacity for that
size class (USACE 1993). Based on the sediment transport capacity, the sediment
continuity equation is solved for the reach segment to update the depth of the active
layer.
Physical Constraints to Erosion and Deposition: Without physical constraints,

surplus or deficit sediment computed by the sediment continuity equation would go
directly into deposition or erosion within one time step. HEC-HMS implements
methodologies similar to those in HEC-RAS for applying temporal erosion and
deposition modifiers to enhance the sediment continuity calculations. Deposition can
be limited using Toffaleti’s concentration relationships (Vanoni, 1975). Using fall
velocity and the expected center of mass of the material in the water column, the
deposition rate can be calculated for each grain size using Eq. 6.
Vs (i ) t
Deposition Rate = (6)
De (i )
where Vs (i ) is the settling velocity for particle size i, De (i ) is the effective depth for
sediment size i (e.g. the midpoint of the depth zone in which transport is expected for
the grain class), and t is the duration of the computational time step (USACE
(1993) and Thomas (1994)).
The temporal modifier for erosion uses the “characteristic length” approach found in
HEC-6. This approach follows the assumption that erosion takes a distance of
approximately 30 times the effective depth to fully develop. Therefore, in cases
where capacity exceeds supply, the amount of discrepancy is multiplied by an
entrainment coefficient which limits the amount of erosion.
L
30 D
Entrainment Coefficient = 1.368 e (7)
where L is the length of the control volume and D is the effective depth (USACE,
1993) and (Thomas, 1994).
Sorting: The other major constraint in the computation of sediment continuity is the
potential supply limitation based on the amount of materials in the active layer as a
result of bed mixing processes. Currently HEC-HMS is expected to employ a “two-
layer” algorithm similar to that used by HEC-RAS (Gibson and Piper, 2007) to
compute bed sorting mechanisms as shown in Figure 2. The active layer approach
divides the hypothetical sediment bed into two layers (active and inactive). Initially,
sediment is removed from or added to the active layer. During each time step, the
composition of this active layer is evaluated based on the deposition/erosion and
updated according to the d90 of the active layer with sediment from the inactive layer.
The amount of material available to satisfy excess capacity can be limited by the
amount of material in the active layer for each time step.
Figure 2. Schematic of 2-layers used in the Active Layer Sorting Method
Transporting: A sediment routing method is included to route sediment from

upstream to downstream. The amount of sediment transported from the reach is
calculated from Eq. 8 (Neitsch et al. 2005).
Vout
sed out = sed ch (8)
Vch
where sedout is the amount of sediment transported from the reach, sedch is the amount
of suspended sediment in the reach, Vout is the volume of outflow during the time
step, and Vch is the volume of water in the reach segment.
Summary and Conclusions

This paper presents a brief description of the new sediment modeling methods that
will be available in future versions of HEC-HMS. The new features will make it
possible to use HEC-HMS to estimate background and anthropogenic nonpoint
source sediment loads that can be used in the TMDL studies for watersheds
containing significant nonpoint sources of pollution. These new sediment capabilities
of HEC-HMS focus on runoff volume, and sediment loading to streams, rivers and
lakes. HEC-HMS will be able to model the amount of sediment from pervious and
impervious areas in a watershed and route it to the stream. In addition, HEC-HMS
utilizes hydraulic parameters calculated based on the fixed channel geometry and one
of seven transport capacity equations to solve the sediment continuity equation in the
stream for sediment processes. Future versions of the program will include a
convenient user interface to specify the necessary data for a sediment analysis and a
wide range of available outputs for analyzing results.
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Reservoirs: HEC-6 User’s Manual.” Hydrologic Engineering center, Davis, CA.
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Engineering Practice-No. 54, 745 p.
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Size Sediment”, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 129, No. 2, pgs 120-128.
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10
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Conference Paper · May 2008

Jang Hyuk Pak Matthew Fleming

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

HEC Project Work View project

HEC-RAS Sediment Transport View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield Modeling with the Hydrologic

By Jang Pak1, Matt Fleming1, William Scharffenberg1, and Paul Ely2

The Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) is a

model network in an HEC-HMS model. The subbasin element is used to represent a

Sed = 11.8 (Qsurf × q peak ) 0.56 × K × LS × C × P (1)

60 2-Hour Time Period Flow Threshold

Figure 1. Example of using a threshold flow and hydrograph time-window to

An equivalent time-series of concentration can be computed by dividing the load by

Street cleaning operation is performed to control build-up of solids in urban areas.

SED = SED0 (1 frav reff ) (4)

Significant errors may result if the transportability of sediment is inferred from

enrichment ratio option is provided in the sediment routing features of HEC-HMS

% sediemnt in a given size class in outlet

An ER value greater than 1 represents an enrichment condition: a given size class

In-Stream Sediment Routing

Transport Calculations Seven different transport functions will be available in

Physical Constraints to Erosion and Deposition: Without physical constraints,

Figure 2. Schematic of 2-layers used in the Active Layer Sorting Method

Transporting: A sediment routing method is included to route sediment from

step, and Vch is the volume of water in the reach segment.

Summary and Conclusions

Bicknell, B, Imhoff, J, Kittle, J, Jobes, T, and Donigian, A (2001) “Hydrological

Bruner, G., and Gibson, S. (2005) “Sediment Transport Modeling in HEC-RAS”

Englund, F. and Hansen, E. (1967) A Monograph on Sediment Transport in Alluvial

Gibson, S. and Piper, S. (2007) “Sensitivity and Applicability of Bed Mixing

Laursen, E. M. (1958) “Total Sediment Load of Streams,” Journal of Hydraulics

Thomas, W. A. (1994) Sedimentation in Stream Networks, HEC-6T User’s Manual,

Toffaleti, F. B. (1968) “Technical Report No. 5. A Procedure for Computation of

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (1993) “Scour and Deposition in Rivers and

Vanoni, V.A, (1975) Sedimentation Engineering, ASCE Manuals and Reports on

Wilcock, P. R. and Crowe, J. C. (2003) “Surfaced-based Transport Model for Mixed-

Yang, C. T. (1972) “Unit Stream Power and Sediment Transport,” Journal of

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