PEGN 419 / GPGN 419

Spring 2017
Lecture 2: Borehole Environment and
Caliper Logs
Instructors:
Manika Prasad
Mansur Ermila

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 1
 QUIZ TIME!

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 2
Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 7
 Borehole Shape

from Plumb and Hickman, 1985

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 8
 Borehole Shape and Breakout

from Plumb and Hickman, 1985

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 9
 Borehole Shape and Breakout

http://www.hydrofrac.com/hfb_home.html from Plumb and Hickman, 1985

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 QUIZ TIME!
Borehole Shape and Key Seat

http://www.drillingformulas.com/key-seat-causes-stuck-pipe/ from Plumb and Hickman, 1985

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 Quiz 3: Lecture 3
A B’ Maximum stress direction is:

1. A – A’
2. C
C 3. Not enough information
4. B – B’

A’

from Plumb and Hickman, 1985

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 Borehole Volume
• Volume of a cylinder?
2
d
V (bbl )  ( h) 0.00010307153164  V previous
4

where: d = caliper (in); h = step size (6 in);

0.00010307153164 is a unit conversion factor
Remember
12 inches = 1 foot
1 bbl = 5.615 ft3

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 Temperature or Thermal Gradient
• Surface (or near surface) temperature
– Depends on location
– ~65 deg F
• Offshore
– Shallow – depends on water depth
– Deep water – near 32 deg F at the mudline
• Thermal gradients
– Range 0.6 to 2.0 deg F / 100 ft

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 Temperature Calculation

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 QUIZ TIME!
Temperature & Pressure Use
• In-situ temperature for environmental corrections
• Fluid entries/exits from the formation
• Identify overpressured zones
• Estimate compaction effects
• Mudweight calculations
• Identify drilling hazards

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 Pressure Calculations
Pressure Pressure calculation from density
0
Pob   b gh; Ph   h gh
100
P   d ( z ) gdz
Fluid P   d ( z ) gz
Depth (m)

pressure z
200
P  P0  Pz 1   ( z ) g ( z  z 1 )
300 Overburden
pressure

400

500

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 Pressure or Pressure Gradient
• Pressure can be calculated from density
– Density * gravitational acceleration * depth
– Increases with depth
• Pressure gradients
– About 1 psi / ft for overburden
– About 0.5 psi / ft for fluid

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 Pressure and Temperature Gradients

Caliper Temperature Pressure GR

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 CALI SP GR RT RHOB

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 QUIZ TIME!
Lab / Homework
• Calculate the mud density in (ppg) and temperature gradient
(oF/100 ft).
(25 points)
• Plot Caliper, Bit Size, GR (0-150 API), Temperature and
Borehole Pressure logs with appropriate units.
(25 points)
• Calculate the borehole volume (in bbl). Identify the zones with
possible washout / mudcake build up on the log tracks.
(25 points)
• Calculate the cement volume (in bbl) required to run a casing
with OD of 7 in. Assume that the mudcake build up was not
removed prior the casing job.
(25 points)

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