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Chapter 4 (Laplace transforms): Solutions

(The table of Laplace transforms is used throughout.)

Ÿ Solution 4.1(a)

À Hsin H4 tL cos H2 tLL = À i y


j €€€€ sin H4 tLz
j z
1
k2 {

= €€€€ À H sin H4 tLL


1
2
1 4
= €€€€ €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
2 s + 16
2

2
= €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ .
s + 16
2

Ÿ Solution 4.1(b)

ii1 -t y y
À H cosh 2 HtL L = À j
j
j j
j
j 2 H Lz
z z
z
z
z
2

kk { {
€€€€ ãt
- ã

i ã2 t ã-2 t y
=Àj
j €€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€ z
j z
z
1
k 4 2 4 {

1 1 1 1 1 1
= €€€€ × €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€ × €€€€ + €€€€ × €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
4 s - 2 2 s 4 s + 2

s2 - 2
s Hs2 - 4L
= €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€ .

Ÿ Solution 4.1(c)

À Hcos Ha tL sinh Ha tLL = À i y


j €€€€ Hãa t - ã-a t L cos Ha tLz
j z
1
k2 {

= €€€€ À Hãa t cos Ha tL - ã-a t cos Ha tL L


1
2

1 i y
= €€€€ j
j €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ z
z
z
2 j
s-a s+a
k Hs Hs {
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€
2
- aL + a 2 + aL2 + a2

a s2 - 2 a3
= €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€ .
s4 + 4 a4

Ÿ Solution 4.1(d)

À Ht2 ã-3 t L = À Hã-3 t t2 L = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€


2
Hs + 3L3
€€€€€ .
Ÿ Solution 4.2(a)

Use partial fractions, i.e. set

s = A Hs + 5L + B Hs + 3L
Hs + 3L Hs + 5L Hs + 3L Hs + 5L
s A B
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ –

Using the cover−up method for example we see that

3 5
A = - €€€€ , B = €€€€ .
2 2

Hence

Hs + 3L Hs + 5L Hs + 3L Hs + 5L
s 3 1 5 1
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€ = - €€€€ × €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€ × €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
2 2

=Ài
j - €€€€ ã-3 t z
j y+Ài
z j y.
j €€€€ ã-5 t z
z
3 5
k 2 { k 2 {

And so the inverse Laplace transform

i y
À-1 j
j €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ z
z = - €€€€ ã-3 t + €€€€ ã-5 t .
k Hs + 3L Hs + 5L
s 3 5
{
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
2 2

Ÿ Solution 4.2(b)

Use partial fractions, set

Bs+C
s Hs + k L
1 A
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€ = €€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
2 2 s s2 + k2

– 1 = A Hs2 + k2 L + HB s + CL s

– 1 = A s2 + A k2 + B s2 + C s

– 1 = HA + BL s2 + C s + A k2

Equating coefficients of

s2 : ” A+B=0

s1 : ” C=0

1
s0 : ” A = €€€€€€€€
k2
1
Using the first equation we see that B = - €€€€€€
k2 , and hence

s Hs + k L Hs + k2 L
1 1 1 1 s
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€ = €€€€€€€ × €€€€ - €€€€€€€ × €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€
2 2 k 2 s k 2 2

1 i1 y
= €€€€€€€€ j €€€€€€€€ z
j €€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ z
Hs + k2 L {
s
k ks
2 2

= €€€€€€€€ À H1 - cos Hk tLL.


1
k2
And so the inverse Laplace transform

i y
À-1 j €€€€€€€€€€€€€ z
j €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ z = €€€€€€€€ H1 - cos Hk tLL.
k s Hs + k L {
1 1
2 2 k2

Ÿ Solution 4.2(c)

Hs + 3L2
1
To find the inverse Laplace transform of €€€€€€€€ €€€€€€€€ , note that from the table of
1
Laplace transforms, the Laplace transform of t is €€€€€€ s 2 , and so if we apply the
Hs + 3L2
shift theorem, the Laplace transform of ã -3 t t must be €€€€€€€€ 1
€€€€€€€€ . Hence

i
j y
À-1 j €€€€€€€ z
j €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ z
z=tã
1
k Hs + 3L {
-3 t
.
2

Ÿ Solution 4.3

To solve the initial value problem

y ’’ + y = t, y H0L = 0, y ’ H0L = 2;

we take the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential equation

” À Hy ’’ HtL + y HtLL = À HtL

– À Hy ’’ HtLL + À Hy HtLL = À HtL

y HsL - s y H0L - y ’ H0L + 


y HsL = €€€€€€€
1
– s2 
s2

y HsL - 2 + 
y HsL = €€€€€€€
1
– s2 
s2

y HsL + 
y HsL = €€€€€€€ + 2
1
– s2 
s2

– Hs2 + 1L 
y HsL = €€€€€€€ + 2
1
s2

y HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
s2 H s2 + 1L H s2 + 1L
1 2
–  €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€ .

Using partial fractions, we set

s H s + 1L H s + 1L
1 A B
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ = €€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€
2 2 s 2 2

Using the cover−up method (first set s=0 and then s2 =−1) we find that A = 1,
B = -1. Hence

y HsL = €€€€€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€


Hs2 + 1L Hs2 + 1L
 1 1 2
€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€
s2

y HsL = €€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€


Hs + 1L
 1 1
– €€€€€
s 2 2

– y HtL = t + sin HtL.


Ÿ Solution 4.4

To solve the initial value problem

y ’’ + 2 y ’ + y = 3 t e- t , y H0L = 4, y ’ H0L = 2;

we take the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential equation

” À Hy ’’ HtL + 2 y ’ HtL + y HtLL = À H3 t e- t L

– À Hy ’’ HtLL + 2 À Hy ’ HtLL + À Hy HtLL = 3 À Ht e- t L

y HsL - s y H0L - y ’ H0L + 2 Hs 


y HsL - y H0LL + 
y HsL = 3 €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
1
– s2 
Hs + 1L2
€€€€€

y HsL - 4 s - 2 + 2 Hs 
y HsL - 4L + 
y HsL = 3 €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
1
– s2 
Hs + 1L2
€€€€€

y HsL + 2 s 
y HsL + 
y HsL = 3 €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
1
– s2 
Hs + 1L2
€€€€€ + 10 + 4 s

– Hs2 + 2 s + 1L 
y HsL = 3 €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
1
Hs + 1L2
€€€€€ + 10 + 4 s

– Hs + 1L2 
y HsL = 3 €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
1
Hs + 1L2
€€€€€ + 10 + 4 s

y HsL = 3 €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
1 10 + 4 s
– 
Hs + 1L Hs + 1L2
€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€ .
4

Now notice that

10 + 4 s 4s+4+6 4 Hs + 1L + 6
Hs
4 6
Hs + 1L Hs + 1L Hs + 1L Hs + 1L2
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€ = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€ = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€
2 2 2 + 1L

Hence

y HsL = 3 €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
Hs
 1 1 1
Hs + 1L Hs + 1L2
” €€€€€ + 4 €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ + 6 €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€
4 + 1L

y HtL = €€€€ ã-t t3 + 4 ã- t + 6 ã- t t.


1
–
2

Ÿ Solution 4.5

To solve the initial value problem

y ’’ + 16 y = 32 t, y H0L = 3, y ’ H0L = -2;

we take the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential equation

” À Hy ’’ HtL + y HtLL = À H32 tL

– À Hy ’’ HtLL + À Hy HtLL = 32 À HtL


y HsL - s y H0L - y ’ H0L + 16 
y HsL = 32 €€€€€€€
1
– s2 
s2

y HsL - 3 s + 2 + 16 
y HsL = 32 €€€€€€€
1
– s2 
s2

– Hs2 + 16L 
y HsL = €€€€€€€ - 2 + 3 s
32
s2

y HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
s2 Hs2 + 16L Hs2 + 16L Hs2 + 16 L
32 2 3s
–  €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€

y HsL = €€€€€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€


Hs + 16 L Hs + 16L Hs + 16 L
2 2 2 3s
–  €€€€€€€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€
s 2 2 2 2

y HsL = €€€€€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€


Hs + 16L Hs + 16 L
2 4 3s
–  €€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€
s 2 2 2

– y HtL = 2 t - sin H4 tL + 3 cos H4 tL.

s2 Hs2 +16L
32
Note that we used partial fractions to split the term €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€ .

Ÿ Solution 4.6

To solve the initial value problem

y ’’ - 3 y ’ + 2 y = 4, y H0L = 1, y ’ H0L = 0;

we take the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential equation

” À Hy ’’ - 3 y ’ + 2 yL = À H4L

– À Hy ’’ HtLL - 3 À Hy ’ HtLL + 2 À Hy HtLL = À H4L

y HsL - s y H0L - y ’ H0L - 3 Hs 


y HsL - y H0LL + 2 
y HsL = €€€€
4
– s2 
s

y HsL - s - 0 - 3 Hs 
y HsL - 1L + 2 
y HsL = €€€€
4
– s2 
s

– Hs2 - 3 s + 2L 
y HsL = €€€€ + s - 3
4
s

– Hs - 1L Hs - 2L 
y HsL = €€€€ + s - 3
4
s

y HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
s-3
s Hs - 1L Hs - 2L Hs - 1L Hs - 2L
 4
– €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ .

Using partial fractions, set

s Hs - 1L Hs - 2L Hs - 1L Hs - 2L
4 A B C
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€ = €€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
s

– 4 = A Hs - 1L Hs - 2L + B s Hs - 2L + C s Hs - 1L.

Using the cover−up method we soon see that

A = 2, B = -4, C = 2.
Also using partial fractions, set

s-3
Hs - 1L Hs - 2L Hs - 1L Hs - 2L
D E
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€

– s - 3 = D Hs - 2L + E Hs - 1L.

Using the cover−up method we soon see that

D = 2, E = -1.

Hence

y HsL = €€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€


Hs - 1L Hs - 2L Hs - 1L Hs - 2L
 2 4 2 2 1
s

y HsL = €€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€


Hs - 1L Hs - 2L
 2 2 1
–
s

– y HtL = 2 - 2 ãt + ã2 t .

Ÿ Solution 4.7

To solve the initial value problem

y ’’ + 4 y ’ + 4 y = 6 ã-2 t , y H0L = -2, y ’ H0L = 8;

we take the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential equation

” À Hy ’’ + 4 y ’ + 4 yL = À H6 ã-2 t L

– À Hy ’’ HtLL + 4 À Hy ’ HtLL + 4 À Hy HtLL = 6 À Hã-2 t L

y HsL - s y H0L - y ’ H0L + 4 Hs 


y HsL - y H0LL + 4 
y HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€
6
– s2 
s+2

y HsL + 2 s - 8 + 4 Hs 
y HsL + 2L + 4 
y HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€
6
– s2 
s+2

– Hs2 + 4 s + 4L 
y HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€ - 2 s
6
s+2

– Hs + 2L2 
y HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€ - 2 s
6
s+2

y HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
 6 2s
Hs + 2L Hs + 2L2
– €€€€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€
3

2 Hs + 2L - 4
y HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
 6
Hs + 2L Hs + 2L2
– €€€€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
3

i 2 y
€€€€€€ - j
y HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ j
j €€€€€€€€ €€€€€€ z
z
z
 6 4
Hs + 2L3 k Hs {
– €€€€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
s + 2 + 2L 2

y HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
 6 2 4
Hs + 2L Hs + 2L2
– €€€€€€ - €€€€€€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€
3 s+2

– y HtL = ã-2 t × 3 t2 - ã-2 t × 2 + ã-2 t × 4 t


– y HtL = ã-2 t H3 t2 + 4 t - 2L.

Ÿ Solution 4.8

To solve the initial value problem

y ’’ + 4 y ’ + 5 y = ∆ Ht - 4 ΠL, y H0L = 0, y ’ H0L = 3;

we take the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential equation

” À Hy ’’ HtL + 4 y ’ HtL + 5 y HtLL = À H∆ Ht - 4 ΠLL

– À Hy ’’ HtLL + 4 À Hy ’ HtLL + 5 À Hy HtLL = À H∆ Ht - 4 ΠLL

y HsL - s y H0L - y ’ H0L + 4 Hs 


– s2  y HsL - y H0LL + 5 
y HsL = ã-4 Π s

y HsL - 0 - 3 + 4 Hs 
– s2  y HsL - 0L + 5 
y HsL = ã-4 Π s

– Hs2 + 4 s + 5L 
y HsL = ã-4 Π s + 3

y HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
ã-4 Π s 3
–  €€€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€
s +4s+5
2 s +4s+5
2

y HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
ã-4 Π s 3
– 
Hs + 2L + 1 Hs + 2L2 + 1
€€€€€€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€
2

i y
y HsL = ã-4 Π s j
j €€€€€€€€€€€€€ z
j €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ z
z + 3 × €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
1 1
– 
k Hs + 2L + 1 { Hs + 2L2 + 1
€€€€€€€€€€€€€
2

y HsL = ã-4 Π s 
–  g HsL + 3 × 
g HsL

where

g HsL = €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€ = À Hã-2 t sin HtLL
 1
Hs + 2L2 + 1

and

g HsL = À Hã-2 Ht-4 ΠL sin Ht - 4 ΠLL.


ã-4 Π s 

Hence

ã-2 Ht-4 ΠL sin Ht - 4 ΠL + 3 ã-2 t sin HtL,


y HtL = 9
t > 4 Π,
3 ã-2 t sin HtL, t £ 4 Π.
Plot@UnitStep@t - 4 ΠD Hã-2 Ht-4 ΠL Sin@t - 4 ΠDL + 3 ã-2 t Sin@tD, 8t, 0, 8 Π<, PlotRange ® AllD

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

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