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1
Overview
2
Key points
di
Why the i-v relation of an inductor is v L ?
dt
dv
Why the i-v relation of a capacitor is i C ?
dt
3
Section 6.1
The Inductor
1. Physics
2. i-v relation and behaviors
3. Power and energy
4
Fundamentals
di
vL ,
dt
5
Physics of self-inductance (1)
P1 is the permeance.
1 P1 N I . 2
1 1
6
Physics of self-inductance (2)
7
Examples
L = 270 H L = 36 H
L = 351 nH/m.
8
The i-v relation
di
vL
dt
DC-current: inductor behaves as a short circuit.
Current cannot change instantaneously in an
inductor, otherwise, infinite voltage will arise.
Change of inductor current is the integral of
voltage during the same time interval:
1 t
i (t ) i (t0 ) v ( )d .
L t0
10
Inductive effect is everywhere!
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Example 6.1: Inductor driven by a current pulse
0, t 0
i (t ) 5t
10te , t 0
12
Power & energy (1)
13
Power & energy (2)
dw di W I
p Li , dw Li di, dw L idi,
dt dt 0 0
2 I
i 1 2 1 2
W L LI , i.e. w Li
20 2 2
15
Example 6.3: Inductor driven by a voltage pulse
1 t
i (t ) v( )d i (0)
L 0
1. Physics
2. i-v relation and behaviors
3. Power and energy
17
Fundamentals
dv
iC .
dt
18
Physics of capacitance (1)
C = 53 pF/m.
21
The i-v relation
23
Behaviors of capacitors
dv
iC
dt
DC-voltage: capacitor behaves as an open
circuit.
Voltage cannot change instantaneously in an
capacitor, otherwise, infinite current will arise.
Change of capacitor voltage is the integral of
current during the same time interval:
1 t
v(t ) v(t0 ) i ( )d .
C t0
24
Capacitive effect is everywhere!
(info.tuwien.ac.at)
charges
25
Power & energy (1)
26
Power & energy (2)
dw dv W V
p Cv , dw Cv dv, dw C vdv,
dt dt 0 0
2 V
v 1
W C CV 2 , i.e. w 1 Cv 2
2 0
2 2
How the voltage increases with time doesn’t
matter. It’s the final voltage V determining the
final energy.
Capacitor stores electric energy when there is
nonzero voltage.
27
Example 6.4: Capacitor driven by a voltage pulse
Capacitor current
can jump!
28
Section 6.3
Series-Parallel
Combinations
1. Inductors in series-parallel
2. Capacitors in series-parallel
29
Inductors in series
i i1 i2 i3 ,
v v1 v2 v3 ,
di j
v j Lj ,
dt
di di di
v L1 L2 L3
dt dt dt
di
Leq ,
dt
n
Leq L j
j 1
30
Inductors in parallel
1 t
v v1 v2 v3 , i i1 i2 i3 , i j
Lj
t0
v ( )d i j (t0 ),
3 1 t 3 1 t 3
i v ( )d i j (t0 ) v ( )d i j (t0 )
j 1 L t0 j 1
j 1 L j 0
t
j
n
1 t
t v ( )d i (t0 ),
1
1
Leq 0 Leq j 1 L j
31
Capacitors in series
v v1 v2 v3 , i i1 i2 i3 , n
1 1
v 1 t id v (t ), v 1 t
j C t0 j 0
Ceq id v(t ),
0 Ceq j 1 C j
t0
j
32
Capacitors in parallel
v v1 v2 v3 , i i1 i2 i3 ,
n
dv dv Ceq C j
i j C j dt , i Ceq dt , j 1
33
Section 6.4, 6.5
Mutual Inductance
1. Physics
2. i-v relation and dot convention
3. Energy
34
Fundamentals
36
The i-v relation (2)
P21 P21
1 P11 P22 M2
Let 2 1 1, L1 L2 2 , M k L1 L2 .
k P21 P21 k
Mi2 (t )
i2 leaves the dot of L2, the “+” polarity of Mi2 (t )
is referred the terminal of L1 without a dot.
The total voltage across L1 is:
d d
v1 L1 i1 M i2 .
dt dt 39
Dot convention (2)
Mi1(t )
d d
( 4 H ) i1 ( 20 )(i1 i2 ) (5 )(i1 ig ) (8 H ) (ig i2 ) 0
dt dt
Self-inductance, Mutual-inductance,
passive sign convention igi2 enters the dot of
16-H inductor
41
Example 6.6: Steady-state analysis
4A
1 2 1'
60 V
12 A 3A
2'
42
Energy of mutual inductance (1)
2 2
for the two-inductor system.
Wtot only depends on the final currents I1, I2
[independent of the time evolution of i1(t), i2(t)].
45
Key points
di
Why the i-v relation of an inductor is v L ?
dt
dv
Why the i-v relation of a capacitor is i C ?
dt
46