CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

As the consumption of the society grows, more waste are produce- both

from consumers and the manufacturing industries. A large amount of waste is

produce in the mining, paper, steel and foods industries. Metals, chemicals,

plastics and other usable materials are still today considered to be waste and in

fact only slightly more than 10% of all industrial waste is recycled. Solid waste

are man-made and residues from domestic, commercial, industrial and

agricultural activities. If not properly managed and disposed, it can take up

reliable space that could have been used for other important purposes; improper

disposal causes road blocks, poor aesthetic, constitute serious hindrance to free

flow of drainages and can also pollute ground water which can eventually lead to

an outbreak of disease.

Dauda, et al stated that waste is the greatest physical problem that

persistently poses a great challenge to a man on earth. If solid and organic waste

were diverted correctly, there can be reduction to waste sent to landfills. Diverting

organic waste from landfills will result in a reduction of methane gas, a decrease

in the waste being sent to overcrowded landfills and improvements to soil

nutrition. Iles (2018) mentioned that the New Plastics Economy reports have

1
called for a redesign of the plastics system in line with the principles of circular

economy, a shift that will require a change in mindset.

Municipality of Daanbantayan faces a challenge regarding its use of

materials and the consumption of natural resources at an unsustainable rate.

Millions of metric tons of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) are generated in the

municipality from agricultural, residential and industrial sources every year. The

growing industrialization and high population growth rate has led to a rapid

increase in solid waste generation in the municipality which has, in turn, put

increasing pressure on the existing waste management infrastructure. At the

heart of waste and resource management is the conservation of resources and

ultimately prevention of wastage. Waste regulation bring about challenges for the

regulators, waste service providers and waste producers, however, with these

challenges come opportunities for technical innovation for resource re-use,

recovery and resource efficiency to preserve natural capital (Flannery Nagel

Environmental, 2017).

The researchers implement a project management Innovative Products

from Solid Waste Materials through the Use of Modern Technology in the

municipality of Daanbantayan, through this, they can identify possible pollution

risks, reduce waste volume, and make proposals for economic and

environmentally-friendly innovative products. This study aims to recommend the

following possible characteristics; (1) to form a recycling company in the locality,

(2) to develop a business centred around sound business practice, (3) to ensure

that recycling waste materials are sustainable in Daanbantayan, (4) to minimise

2
landfilling, (5) to investigate option for processing and value adding to recycled

products and established job employment. It has been drawn up basis for starting

a process of creating or restructuring a recycling company in the municipality of

Daanbantayan. Potentially a sorting operation on the damp could separate more

than just the current recycled materials as cost of handling and separation would

be much reduced.

3
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This proposed project generally aims to determine the feasibility of waste

innovation plantation through the use of modern technology in the Municipality of

Daanbantayan.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic of the chosen respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Livelihood

1.3 Monthly Income

2. What are their ways of throwing garbage?

2.1 3 R’s (Reduce, Re-use, Recycle)

2.2 Compost pit

3. What are those wastes that commonly people thrown?

3.1 Biodegradable

3.2 Non-biodegradable

3.3 Recyclable

3.4 Hazardous

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4. What are the benefits of the proposed project as perceived by the

respondents?

4.1 Financial Benefits

4.2 Social Benefits

4.3 Environmental Benefits

5. What possible final products the can be made by the waste innovation

plantation?

5.1 toys

5.2 furniture

5.3 home decorations

5.4 accessories

6. What is the level of acceptability of the proposed project?

7. Based on the findings, what recommendation can be proposed?

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is important that a good feasibility could benefit some factors or people

who will use them for some purpose/s such as basis of making decisions on

certain purposes.

Department of Environmental and Natural Resources. This study will help to

promote excellence in presenting reviews that will greatly supplement the

environmental sectors and branches of ecotourism provided by this Department.

Financial Institution. This study would help the financial institutions to

determine whether the project is profitable or not. This would serve as basis for

the financial institutions in decision making process whether they would lend

money or not showed a loan be requested to fund the project.

Entrepreneurs. This study helped comply with their course requirement. It had

been developed their skills in the project study making as well as promotes

teamwork and camaraderie. Their communication skills were enhanced and they

were able to withstand working under pressure. They also developed patience

along the way and proper decision making in the long run.

Proponents. This study helped comply with their course requirement. It had

been developed their skills in the project study making as well as promotes

teamwork and camaraderie. Their communication skills were enhanced and

6
they were able to withstand working under pressure. They also developed

patience along the way and proper decision making in the long run.

Respondents. Through this study, the respondent will be able to know what are

the benefits and cost of innovative waste products. Moreover, this will serve as

reference for those who are planning to use an innovative waste products as an

alternative renewable materials.

Community. Through this study, the municipality will recognize the advantages

of innovative waste products as alternatives renewable materials. By that, they

will be able to know the benefits and cost if ever adapts the use of innovative

waste products.

Academe. This study would help the adviser to measure the capabilities of his or

her students in making a feasibility study. This would serve as a measure as to

how far the students were able to apply the teachings imparted to them. This

would also help them see the development of the students through their

assessments and work results.

Researchers. This project study, the researchers had given an opportunity to

learn as they welcome the challenging but exciting works they had done to

complete this study. This has empowered them to improve their skills, knowledge

and confidence on interacting with different level and places.

Future Researchers. This study would serve as their model for further research

and basis of an existing project or so. Future researcher would be able to gain

necessary information from this study.

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SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The scope of the study focuses on how feasible the project on the

Installation of Solid Waste Manufacturing Plant within the Municipality of

Daanbantayan. According the Philippine Statistic Authority, the municipality

consists of 20 barangay and the researchers only focuses on one barangay of

the municipality. It involved the participation of 50 respondents composed of the

person living in the locality and they were selected through purposive sampling.

This study aims to reduce the number of solid waste materials in the municipality

of Daanbantayan and turn them into innovative products. This study was

conducted on February S.Y. 2018-2019. The proponents choose the descriptive

method for this study. This is where the respondents answer the questions

administered through interviews and survey.

8
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Due to the used vocabulary of the researchers, this part of the study aims

to give the readers further understanding about the proposed project.

Biodegradable. Any substance or object that is capable of being decomposed

by bacteria or other living organism.

Feasibility. The state or degree of being easily or conveniently done.

Innovative Product. The way of introducing new ideas of a product featuring

new methods into advanced and original.

Input. It is something that is put such as an information fed into a data

processing system or conversion of characteristics usually with the intent of

sizable recovery in the form of output.

Modern Technology. The advancement of the old technology with new

additions and modifications.

Machinery. An organization or system by which something is done by machines

of a particular kind or machines in general.

Non-biodegradable. It includes any organic matter in waste which can be

broken down into carbon dioxide, water, methane or simple organic aerobic

digestion, anaerobic or similar process.

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Output. The final stage of the research disseminating the findings to an

appropriate audience.

Process. The series of action or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end.

The action that has been undergone to produce the output.

Profit. The financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned

and the amount spent in buying, operating or producing something.

Recyclable. Any materials or substance that can be recycled. They are either

brought to a collection center or picked up from the curb side, then sorted,

cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials destined for manufacturing.

Waste. Any substance which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless,

defective and of no use. May be generated during the extraction of raw materials,

into intermediate and final products.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELEATED LITERATURE

One of the biggest challenges in urban areas within the country is to

manage its solid waste especially in the areas where industries and housing

estates are developing rapidly as economics grow. Solid waste damps are

seriously spoiling the environmental conditions in developing countries. Negative

environmental impacts from improper solid waste dumping can be easily

observed everywhere in the developing world. Due to a lack of proper planning

and funding, the solid waste management scenario is becoming worse day by

day.

Seng, et al. (2011) conducted a study about municipal solid waste

management for both growth technical and regulatory arrangements in the

municipality of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. According to them, MPP is a small city

with a total area of approximately 374km 2 and urban population of about 1.3

million in 2008. It revealed that for the last 14 years, average annual Municipal

Solid Waste (MSW) generated in MPP was increased rapidly from 0.136 million

tons in 1995 to 0.361 million tons in 2008. At 63.3% of food waste, is the

predominant portion of generated waste, followed by plastics (15.5%) grass and

wood (6.8%) and paper and cardboard (6.4%). The remaining waste, including

metals, glass, rubber with leather, textiles, and ceramic/stone, accounted for less

11
than 3%. Waste recycling through informal sectors is very active; recycled waste

accounted for about 9.3% of all waste generated on 2003. Currently, the overall

technical arrangement, including storage and discharge, collection and transport,

and disposal, is still in poor condition, which leads to environmesntal and health

risks.

It is investigated that due to rapid growth in population, increments in solid

waste generation rate, management deficiencies, lack of legislative

implementation and funding, the solid waste management systems are not

working effectively. Having an inefficient municipal solid waste management

system may create serious negative environmental impacts like infectious

diseases, land and water pollution, obstruction of drains and loss of biodiversity.

Industry has become an essential part of modern society, and waste

production is an inevitable outcome of the developmental activities. A material

becomes waste when it is discarded without expecting to be compensated for its

inherent value. These wastes may pose a potential hazard to the human health

or the environment (soil, air, water) when improperly treated, stored, transported

or disposed off or managed.

According to Bernando (2008), she mentioned in her study about the

practices of household waste management of people in a village in Manila,

Philippines. Results showed that the households generated an average of 3.2kg

of solid waste per day, 0.50kg/capita/day. The types of wastes commonly

generated are food/kitchen wastes, papers, PET bottles, metals, cans, boxes/

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cartoons, glass bottles , and other waste (mixed wastes). No respondents

perform composting . It is worth nothing however, that burning of waste is not

done by the respondents. The households rely on garbage collection by the

government. However, there are those who dump their garbage in

nondesignated pick up points, usually in a corner of the street. The dumped

garbage becomes a breeding ground for disease-causing organisms. Some

household respondents said that it is possible that the dumping in certain areas

caused the dengue fever suffered by some of their family members. Scavengers

generally look for recyclable items in the dumped garbage. All of them said that it

is their only source of income, which is generally not enough for their meals.

They are also aware that their work affects their health. The results of the study

showed that RA 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management

act of 2000, is not fully implemented in Metro Manila.

The study clearly indicates failure of the existing facilities, high volume of

waste generation, inadequate collection space, and the presence of open-dump

sites which generates serious health risks. The public perception indicated that

most people lack of knowledge of the harmful effects of waste heaps including

that they are breeding grounds for flies, cockroaches, and mosquitoes, rodents

etc. which are responsible for transmission of germs and zoonotic infections to

the people living nearby. It was observed that the people living in this area have

a poor health like allergy, asthma, skin irritation, and other gastro intestinal

diseases.

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 Waste is a subjective notion. Some see waste as a risk to public health

and the environment, some see it as a mere aesthetic inconvenience, and others

see it as a source of income. In the informal recycling sector, there is no question

that waste is perceived as a resource. Recycling has been viewed as a veritable

tool in minimizing the amount of household solid wastes that enter the dump

sites. More so, it has been established that, it is the best, efficient, and effective

method of solid waste system.

The Streams Technology Programme (2001-2004)- Recycling

Technologies and Waste Management- focuses on developing products and

services for waste management and the recycling and reuse of waste materials.

New, more advance technology will needed in order to fulfill new and more

stringent stipulations for waste management, recycling and reuse which now

apply to the entire EU. Finish industrial companies operating in the environmental

sector could benefit from drawing on information and communications technology

(ICT) and biotechnology in their traditional waste management products.

Consequently, the development intelligent products for waste management and

reuse has been made of the main objectives of the streams technology

programme (Genter, 2003). According to Babayemi and KT (2009), the quantity

and generation rate of solid wastes in Nigeria have increased at an alarming rate

over the years with lack of efficient and modern technology for the management

of the wastes. The generation rate, collection and disposal of solid wastes are

functions of several factors which it well considered and appropriated could bring

the desired solution to the solid waste management problems in Nigeria. The

14
quantity and rate of solid waste generation in several cities in Nigeria, factors

influencing the generation, solid waste types and categories, collection, disposal,

reuse and recycling environmental problems were investigated in this study. The

results indicated large generation at high rate without a corresponding efficient

technology to manage the wastes. Of 201 respondents to questionnaire service,

64.2% used other waste disposal options, 16.4% used both 68.7% and 58.7%

were aware of waste collection service and waste management regulations,

respectively while 28.4% separated their solid waste at source.

It emphasizes the concept of waste prevention through utilization of all

wastes as process inputs, leading to the possibility of creating an ecosystem in a

loop of materials. Through this, the utilization of renewable energy and economic

considered to adapt the environmental and economic issues and the aim of eco-

efficiency.

According to the study conducted Solid Waste Management study of city

of Warrensburg Missouri State University and Whiteman Air Force Base (2005),

several recycling opportunities currently available within the region. It was noted

that for its drop-off collection services aluminum, corrugated cardboard,

newspapers and magazines on weekdays were collected without charges to

residents. Additionally, Steve Haller Disposal collects the base residential waste

weekly and delivers the materials to the Show- Me Regional Landfill in

Warrensburg. The contract was manage directly by the Air Force and contracted

with a private service provider, Environmental Services, to perform recycling

program services and development. The on-site contractor manages the base

15
recycling center, a re-use store, and manages recycling related program base.

They have bailers and storage area for bailed materials. Many materials are

marketed through recycling brokers or occasionally shipped directly to the mills.

The marketed materials are collected by private contractors for delivery brokers

or mills.

Municipal solid waste management and processing can generate revenue

and economic benefits in a variety of ways, by charging tipping toes for delivery

at the facility and by selling the end products once waste is processed. Potential

revenue from the sale of end products will vary dramatically based on the waste

type and market conditions. Tipping fees are charged by landfills and other solid

waste management facilities for accepting waste brought to the facility for

processing disposal. Although some recycling facilities charge a tipping fee

based on volume and required sorting, it is presumed that there would be no

tipping fee for waste delivery of recycled waste. The end product of the sorted

waste stream can be sold for further processing at commodity price.

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RESEARCH FLOW

The research flow indicates the systematic methods showing specific

details on how the study will be conducted. It includes three major components;

input, process and output.

The input includes the profile of the chosen respondent and the responses

about the project. It overlays feasibility in terms of Market, Technical,

Management, Financial, Social Aspects.

The process involves the activities undertaken by the researcher. It

includes the formulation and distribution of questionnaires. The researchers then

conduct a systematic recording of the respondents responses, tabulation and

interpretation of data.

The output is the foundation for the implementation of the project.

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Figure 1 shows the flowchart of the research.

 Profile of the  Formulation of

respondent questioners
 Aspects of  Distribution and PROJECT
feasibility retrieval of FEASIBILITY
a. Market questioners
b. Technical  Tabulation of FOR
c. Management questioners
IMPLEMENTATION
d. Financial  Analysis and
e. Social interpretation of
data

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

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Technical Aspect

Every plan must be well executed in order to achieve its purpose. This

chapter tackles about the operation and flow of the project discussed. A thorough

analysis and illustrations are conducted to determine the needed resources as to

its implementation.

SERVICE DESCRIPTION

This study is about the implementation and developing of innovative

products from solid waste materials through the use of modern technology. This

project planned to have a large space building but subject to extension if fully

occupied in the future.

The process of SWM includes the following procedures depending on the

selection, where most of them are mechanised barring a few like manual

segregation.

1. Source collection and segregation

2. Transportation

3. Segregation

4. Recycle

5. Composting

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6. Vermi – composting

7. Anaerobic digestion/biomethanation

8. Incineration, gasification and pyrolysis, plasma pyrolysis

9. Production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)

10. Palletisation and

11. Sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery.

There are quite a few options in selecting the technology for the purpose

of managing the solid waste. There are technologies available to segregate in the

dump yard. The waste segregation is a challenge for all the households. Once

the culture of segregation becomes part of our daily life the whole process will

ease out. There is a requirement for a technology for segregation at source. After

the collection it requires to be transported to the waste yards. The responsibility

of the municipal authorities to collect and shift the waste commences from here.

These activities are normally contracted to a contractor. The collection process is

more tedious because the people have varied behavioural patterns. The

inefficiency of the source segregation cascades over to this phase posing more

problems to the authorities. In absence of any mandate for them to behave in a

certain way to segregate the municipal waste, they tend to use their own method

and intelligence, which poses problems to the collecting professionals.

The contractor’s main motive is profit. Because of the contractor’s diverse

interest, their focus on the issue is limited to complete the job. But how best to

20
complete the job is not part of any contract. They need close monitoring by the

persons within the governance mechanism with accountability for the responsible

persons. There are quite advanced waste transportation vehicles, which

municipality of Daanbantayan are yet to procure and use. There are enough

collection centres for the apartments in the cities, but the public waste collection

centres are rare. If there is any, the collection is either, not being done regularly,

or not done leading to public nuisance. The responsibilities of the restaurants and

other eating places are not effectively mandated and monitored.

After the waste is collected in the waste collection sites, they are again

segregated mostly with mechanical equipment. The automated and intelligent

waste segregation technology using scanning spectroscopy technology is used in

the locality.

Most advanced balers are used to sort the waste and bale all waste paper,

plastics, and other waste materials.

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 After the segregation and recycling the waste at this stage, they are either

sent for composting or incineration or land filling depending on the quality and

type of waste.

Compost is an organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled

as a fertilizer. There are many small and large composting projects in the locality

22
though the exact figure is unknown. The treatment capacity designed for these

facilities in large municipality ranges from composting plant, 100–700 TPD.

Many composting plants have been closed down or are functioning at a lower

capacity. Those functioning are generally being managed by the private sector

through a contractual arrangement with municipal authorities. Most of the plants

are facing a problem of marketing the compost due to an ineffective marketing

mechanism. The capital investment requirement for such projects is typically in

the range of Rs 10 to 20 million per 100 MT per day plant depending on

sophistication.

Another good natural form of composting is Vermi- composting. It is the

process of composting through the utilization of various species of worms, to

create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste

bedding materials , and vermicast. A few vermi composting plants generally of

small size have been set up in some cities and towns in India, the largest plants

being in Bangalore of about 100 MT/day capacity. Normally, vermi composting is

preferred to microbial composting in small towns as it requires less

mechanization and it is easy to operate. There are other problems associated

with this process.

The study conducted by Mr. Ranjith Annepu, has revealed that the

composts’ quality from the mixed waste were stated to be of very low quality,

which is contaminated by heavy metals. The mixed compost samples were below

23
the required stipulated standards for total potassium, total carbon, total

phosphorus, and moisture content and exceeded the limits for heavy metals like

lead, and chromium. It also, goes further to commit that, if all the MSW generated

in India in the next decade were to be composted as mixed waste and used for

agriculture, it would introduce 73,000 tons of heavy metals into agricultural soils

and in turn into the food chain (Ranjith Kharvel Annepu, 2012).

Industrial composting systems are increasingly being installed as a waste

management alternative to landfills. Mechanical sorting of mixed waste streams

combined with anaerobic digestion or in-vessel composting are increasingly

being used in developed countries, due to regulations controlling the amount of

organic matter allowed in landfills.

By processing the biodegradable waste either by anaerobic digestion or

by composting, the existing mechanical technologies help to reduce the

24
contribution of greenhouse gases to global warning. By deploying this

methodology, there are some advantages which are listed below.

1. Renewable fuel (biogas) leading to renewable power

2. Recovered materials through recycling.

3. Digestate - an organic fertiliser and soil improver

4. Carbon credits – additional revenues

5. High calorific fraction refuse derived fuel - Renewable fuel content dependent

upon biological component

6. Residual unusable materials prepared for their final safe treatment

Some of the waste which cannot be composed or which can be better

incinerated are sent for Incineration. This process converts the waste into ash,

flue gas, and heat. Incineration with energy recovery is one of the several wastes

to energy technologies such as gasification, pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion.

While incineration and gasification technologies are similar in principle, the

energy product from incineration is high-temperature heat, whereas combustible

gas is often the main energy product from gasification. Incineration and

gasification may also be implemented without energy and materials recovery.

As a forward integration to the waste management the use of the GHG for

the power generation will add value to the process as well as reduce cost of

managing waste. Gasification is a process that converts organic or fossil based

25
carbonaceous materials into carbon material, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. This

is achieved by reacting the material at high temperatures, without combustion,

with a controlled amount of oxygen or steam. The resulting gas mixture is the

produces gas which is a fuel used for the power generation.

26
 It is also seen that in some places unsegregated waste is put into the pits

and allowed to decay for more than six months and sold after sometime. In some

large cities aerobic compost plants have been installed, but they are not being

utilised effectively. A few towns are practising vermi-composting on a limited

scale.

Rest of the wastes, mostly non-biodegradable wastes, are filled up in the

systematically engineered pits called landfills. The landfilling is one important

method which is required to be used in the disposal of Municipal Waste. To some

extent, the landfills prevent the leachate and any other pollutant polluting the

ground water. There are different types of land filling which are used for different

purposes. The municipal waste landfills should be efficiently engineered to

prevent leachate leaking to the ground. The single layered, multiple layered and

composite layered are the three main types of landfills used to dispose off the

27
municipal waste. The liners are constructed to monitor and prevent the leakage

at different levels.

Marketing Feasibility

Marketing is a process that helps the business to introduce and promote its

product or services to its potential customers. It is vital part of every business

organization because most aspects of the business depend on a successful

marketing.

Marketing analyzes the supply and demand of a certain product or

service. A good marketing study should not be only focusing on the internal

environment of a business, but also to its external environment. It should

consider the business competitors, so that, the business organization could

28
develop a strategy to excel over its competitors and to sustain its share in the

market. The prices of the competitors’ products or services would affect the

price of the organization’s product, for it would be a factor to determine the

acceptability of the price of the business’ product or service to the existing

market.

On the other hand, every business wants to minimize cost and maximize

profit by getting the most out of the available resource, without compromising the

quality of the products or services. Marketing helps the business to make this

desire happen and to market its products or services to the customers and

potential customers of the business.

The marketing aspect should be carefully studied, so that, the business

organization would properly meet the demand of its customers. It would help to

the business owner and potential investors to reduce the risk, about whether the

proposed project is acceptable to the market or not, because this will show

whether there is a demand for such proposal or none.

DEMAND

In determining the viability of the proposed project, a study on the demand of the

service must be made. Demand is simply the willingness of the people to buy or

avail the said service of a certain business.

SUPPLY

Along with the demand, supply is one of the factors in determining the

market price. Supply is defined as the volume or amount of goods that are

available for usage and consumption of the public. It also refers to services

29
needed to meet the demand of the target market. By knowing the number of

supply in the market, an efficient and effective calculation is made to estimate the

market share.

Management Feasibility

Management is very important on every business since it helps them to attain

what they want to achieve in the long run, and it administrates the work that the

workers do to meet their objectives. This is a crucial stage in business, therefore,

must be taken seriously.

There are different factors that must be taken into consideration to achieve

the desired outcome of the proposed project. Such factors include: the

organizational structure that shall be used to address the internal needs of the

customers and clients, and how they deal with risks regarding adjustments and

advertisements to make it known to the public.

MANAGEMENT DURING THE PRE-OPERATING PERIOD

Planning plays a vital role in management. It projects what to be done in the

business to achieve success whatever they aimed to gain. In this section,

preparations are set to before the start of the execution of the business to know

the things that should be done when doing the business proper.

General Project Planning

This is the crucial part of the project that must be done properly. This part

shall be used to know how the project works and the ways to attain the goal of

the organization. The planned set of action will then be the basis of the

implementation. It will take one month of planning.

30
Sourcing of Funds

All businesses and institutions need funds to finance its operations.

Regarding the proposed innovative products from solid waste materials the

sources of funds would come from donations of local government from the

municipality of Daanbantayan and own funds of the owners. The funds are from

donations and a loan from BPI which will take 2 weeks after transaction.

Securing of Permits and Licenses

For the business to operate legally, they need to have permits and secure

the legal requirements. In this manner, they need to have a building permit for

the structure which will be complied and be filed to the local government of

Municipality of Daanbantayan which will be processed for over a month.

Canvassing of Materials for the Construction of Building

Canvassing the materials needed for the construction of solid waste

plantation to minimize the cost without sacrificing its quality. With the quality

materials that will be used, the building is expected to withstand for longer years

of use. Canvassing of materials will take one month.

Purchasing of Materials

If the canvassing comes to an end, it is better off to purchase the materials

immediately to start the construction of building. Purchasing of materials will be

over 2 weeks after canvassing.

Advertisement and Promotion

The organization must be able to introduce the ossuary to the public

through promotions and other means. This could be done through

31
announcements, tarpaulins and etc. Advertising of the Ossuary will be one month

before the normal operation.

Recruitment, Hiring and Training

In this area, they should be able to identify who are those suitable for the

specified task. Hardworking individuals are what the organization needs to

achieve its goals. This will take two weeks.

MANAGEMENT DURING OPERATING PERIOD

Success of the business could be certain if well managed during the

operating period. The management must utilize properly the resources they

acquired as well as plan the necessary strategies to continue the business and

find suitable person to oversee its operations.

Forms of Business Organization

One of the first decisions to start a business is how the business should

be structured. All businesses must adopt some legal configuration that defines

the rights and liabilities of participants in the business’s ownership, control,

personal liability, life span, and financial structure. This decision will have long-

term implications, so an accountant and attorney to help select the form of

ownership that is right for the business. The proponents recommend that the

existing set-up of the Solid Waste Management Plantation will oversee the

operation of this project.

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Organizational Structure

In every business it is very important to properly distribute and assign the

task of its workers. The efficiency and effectiveness of its workers depends on

the chain of command which would serve as their guide on the order of authority

that they must follow. Thus, it is essential for an organization to create and

properly organize their organizational structure for them to achieve the goals of

its business.

The system approach is based on the closed loop management of the

process of SWM. Generally, the loop of this SWM, is open after the dumping of

the waste. Following is a simple chart which describes the system management

approach, which has been successfully implemented.

PLANNING

Define Policy and Directives

Legislations Roles and
Responsibilities Control
Procedures

ASSESS DOING-EXECUTION

Review Tendering
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Revise Selecting
PDCA CYCLE

CHECK

Monitor the implementation

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Financial Aspect

Money is very essential when it comes to business. Without the money the

business could not be established and sustain the operations and achieve its

goals and purposes. Financing a business needs to be properly studied and

evaluated in order to come up with the correct capital amount and funds needed.

Since the primary goal of most business organizations is to earn profit, financial

aspect plays a vital role in determining the financial viability of the proposed

project. Moreover, the financial aspect of a business also reflects any economic

conditions that would affect the business’ operations.

This aspect focuses more on quantitative presentation based on the

results on the marketing, technical, management, legal and taxation aspect down

to the financing aspect of the proposed project.

In this section, all the necessary costs in order to implement this

proposed project are presented. Every amount used were properly evaluated and

researched by the researchers.

Source of funding

In a project it is important to identify the source of its funds. In this study,

the funds can be from the donations that would receive. This can be made

possible after by promoting the project to the community. The funds can be

established also by loaning money from the banks.

Initial capital requirement

The researchers estimated project cost is Php 1, 870, 891.00 to start its

operation. It includes the pre-operating cost, property and equipment and

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working capital of the business. The details in allocating this cost are presented

on the next page.

Social Aspects

The feasibility study about the “Innovative Products from Solid Waste

Materials through the use of Modern Technology ”, would give positive effects not

only to the society, but also to the economy. If this study would be implemented

the different sectors specified by the proponents would be greatly benefited.

For further development in a profit organization or non-profit

organization, it is very important to consider the different benefits of every sector

of the society out of the business decided by an entrepreneur or organization

since whatever the result of the business, it is them who would be greatly

affected by it whether it fails or succeed.

Through this section, the different beneficial sectors would be identified

once this proposal will be implemented.

Target Market

The formation of this project was due to the concern of the researcher to

the environment within the community. Majority of the researchers observed that

the rate of solid waste materials have been increasing within a short span of

time. In the implementation of this study most solid waste will be turned into

innovative products that will improve the betterment of the community. The study

doesn’t just focuses on the manifestation of solid waste but also to the better job

opportunities it can give to the people of the municipality.

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Implementer

The organization that is managing the Solid Waste Management Plant,

where the researcher wished to build a structure is the Non-Government

Organization with partnership of the Local Government Unit of the municipality of

Daanbantayan. In the implementation of this project whatever money they can

collect out of it will be beneficial for them. Those collections would serve as

additional funds of both organizations and work for the salary of the employees.

As a result it would help them implement projects once realized.

Competitors

They would be able to get ideas from the said project that will be helpful in

improving in their own space or business. This would help to realize better profit

if well planned and made

Community

If this study would be implemented by the organization managing the Solid

Waste Management Plant, it would increase the demand of workers during the

operation of the structure. It could be a good opportunity for those who struggle

finding a job.

Other Related Industries

Materials are needed for the implementation of the project, thus it is

essential for the implementers to find a suitable company to partner with in the

structure making.

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1. HARDWARE

-which sells the necessary materials and the building/construction companies

that would help them realize the structure. It would increase their own sales of

materials and more revenue shall be realized.

2. UTILITIES PROVIDER

-which render service to the need of the structure such as electricity. Thus, would

help the businesses related to gain more income from the said project.

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study is a feasibility on Innovative Products from Solid Waste

Materials through the use of Modern Technology. This study used a quantitative

method since it dealt with numerous people that specifically dealt with their

opinions towards a certain innovative products. It includes any gathering of data,

information, and facts for the advancement of knowledge. Research design is the

methods and procedures used in collecting and analysing measures of the

variables specified in the research problem.

DESIGN

The researchers applied descriptive research wherein this design serves

as the path for the study to work on. This type of research design affects the

outcome or the process of the study so it’s better to choose and come up what

suitable for the project. The questionnaires were distributed, collected, tabulated,

analysed and interpreted based on extracted information from respondents. The

data gathered from the questionnaires and interviews where used as basis for

conclusions and recommendations.

ENVIRONMENT

The project is specifically located at Malingin which is a part barangay of

the said municipality. Whereas the location should be away from the residential

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areas and coastal areas and it should be located in a secluded area to minimize

risks that can affect the community. The mission of this research is to develop

and innovate products from solid waste materials, to promote health and well

being for all section of the population, to build efficient and safe environment and

to reduce waste materials within the community.

RESPONDENTS

The participants of this study came from the households of barangay

Poblacion. The proponents first gathered the latest records of the total number of

households in barangay Poblacion from Daanbantayan Presidencia Municipal

Hall, Daanbantayan Cebu, Philippines. After such data was collected, the

researchers used purposive non-random selection to get the sample size

population, which survey questionnaires were distributed. A ratio for the number

of respondents per barangay was then computed out from the computed sample

size.

INSTRUMENTS

The researchers used structured questionnaires as the primary source of

information. This is when the respondents answers the questions administered

through interviews or surveys. These survey questions were then answered by a

number of households in the whole area. The questionnaires included measures

to provide socio-demographic characteristics. This instrument was applied

accordingly on the respondents’ location and availability.

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Data Gathering

Before conducting the study, the researchers asked permission from the

school principal and explained the objectives of the study. In conducting the

survey for the installation of Solid Waste Management Plant, the respondents

were oriented by the researchers to have a further insight regarding the study.

Later on, the researchers let the respondents answers the given questionnaires

prepared by the researchers. The researchers attentively guided the participants

in answering the survey questionnaires. After gathering all the data regarding the

installation of Solid Waste Management Plant, the researchers then collected the

questionnaires from the respondents. The researchers ensured that valid data

would be collected from the respondents through tabulated and analysed the

data, and interpreted the result.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

The researchers must make decisions as to which variables will be

incorporated into formula calculation. The gathered data of this study was

analysed by using the following statistical treatments.

In order to know the over-all level of acceptability of the proposed project

Solid Waste Management Plantation for the respondents the statistical tool that

was employed was percentage.

Percentage. Was used to determine the percentage of the level of acceptability

of the respondents from the households of barangay Poblacion in the

Municipality of Daanbantayan.

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 P=(f/N) 50

Where,

P= Percentage

f=frequency of responses

N= total number of responses

50= constant

In the questionnaire, the statistical tools that were employed were weighted

mean and average weighted mean.

Weighted Mean (WM). The weighted mean was used to determine the extent of

the respondents rated the variables on the rating scale. The formula in getting

the weighted mean is as follows:

WM=∑fw
N

Where,

WM = Weighted Mean

f = frequency

w = weight of each degree in the scale

N = number of respondents

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Average Weighted Mean. This was used in determining the general description

of the given variables or factors. The formula in getting the average weighted

mean is as follows:

AWM=∑WM
N

Where,

AWM = average weighted mean

WM = weighted mean

N = total number of variables

Scoring. The scoring employed in this study spelled-out hereunder. The different

variables that might be effective strategies in assessing the level of acceptability

of the respondents were categorized into areas and sub-factors with

corresponding weight as indicated in the following table.

Table 1. The Scoring System on the Proposed Project of Solid Waste

Management Plantation Level of Acceptability of Respondents

Weight Category/Scale Verbal Description

4 3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree

3 2.51-3.25 Agree

2 1.76-2.50 Disagree

1 1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree

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TABLE 2. The Scoring System on the Effectiveness of the Proposed Project

of Solid Waste Management in the Municipality of Daanbantayan

Weight Category/Scale Verbal Description

4 3.26-4.00 Very Effective

3 2.51-3.25 Effective

2 1.76-2.50 Not Effective

1 1.00-1.75 Very Not Effective

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