GIS Data Models

Kunal Kumar Das

American Standard Code for Information Interchange is the most common

2 format
for text files in computers and on the Internet In an ASCII file

Building
Topography
GIS has 4 essential functions Land use
Utility
Soil Type
• Visualization Roads
District
Land Parcels

• Data management

• Spatial Analysis

• Dissemination
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Nature of Geography Objects

DATA INPUT SOURCES

• Existing data
Maps and
Plans – digital
Digital data Paper files
– map and plan
– paper files
Data
• low cost
GIS • acquisition
i iti
Photogrammetry Interviews – remote sensing
– photogrammetry
– field survey
Data • high cost

Remote Sensing Field survey

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GIS Data Sources

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 NATURE OF SPATIAL DATA SPATIAL DATA
(GEOGRAPHIC OBJECTS)
• spatial component SPATIAL NON-SPATIAL
– relative position between objects
– coordinate system
• attribute component
ADDRESS NAME
– explains
l i spatial
ti l objects
bj t characteristics
h t i ti
• spatial relationship 9, JALAN JAYA HAMID
JALAN JAYA
– relationship between objects 9 10, JALAN JAYA LUKE
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• time component
MAP DATABASE
– temporal element

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SPATIAL DATA CRITERIA ATTRIBUTES/ NON

NON--SPATIAL DATA:

• Explains about spatial data

• X-Y Coordinate System
• Relevant non-spatial data
• Shape
• Words or Numbers
• Area/Size • Qualitative methods
• Perimeter • Quantitative methods
• Distance
• Neighborhood

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SPATIAL DATA MODELS

ATTRIBUTE COMPONENT
GIS data represents real world
• Retyped from maps, plans or hardcopy files objects. Real world objects can
• Copied from existing digital data be divided into two
• Composed of tables of rows and columns abstractions:

 Discrete (forests, landuse,

A ib
Attribute d
data fifield
ld types cities)
 Continuous (elevation,
• Text temperature)
• Integer A number which is not a fraction; a whole number.
• Float A type of numeric field for storing real numbers with a Traditionally, there are two
decimal point.
broad methods used to store
• Date
data in a GIS for both
• Blob (binary large object) a binary large object ( BLOB ) to a database as either abstractions: Raster &Vector
binary or character data, depending on the type of field
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 Spatial Data Models
RASTER & VECTOR

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Raster data structure

 Cell or “pixel” is the basic spatial unit for a Raster / Grid data
 Pixels are generally square in shape
 Pixels are organized into an array of Rows and Columns called
a Grid/Raster
 Rows and columns are numbered from 0 hence, origin for raster
data is upper left corner
 Pixel locations are referenced by their row and column position
 Every pixel can be uniquely identified by its row and column
position
 Pixels are assigned an integer, floating point, or NO DATA value
 Each pixel represent some kind of geographic phenomenon
 Number of rows and columns does not have to be the same

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Raster data structure Raster resolution

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 Raster data types

Thematic raster Continuous raster

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• Grids can also store continuous

Thematic and continuous raster data information like elevation.
• These are called Digital
Elevation Models (DEM)

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Advantages Disadvantages Vector data structure

 Simple data structure  Not all phenomena related Primitive objects: Points, lines and polygons
 Resolution is set by cell directly with raster
size representation
 Display/output good for  Requires large storage
images  Errors in perimeter, and
 Faster and very efficient for shape
overlay operation  Displays
p y jjagged
gg edgesg at
 Raster data mainly is large scale
obtained from satellite  Implementing Topology is
images and scanning
difficult
 Raster is utilized when
 Difficult network analysis
data change continuously
across a region (High
spatial variability is
efficiently represented)
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 Vector data structure
Advantages
 In vector data layers, the feature layer is linked to  more efficient data storage (Compact data structure)
an attribute table.  topological encoding more efficient
 Every individual feature corresponds to one record  suitable for most usage and compatible with data
 good graphic presentation
(row) in the attribute table.  Efficient projection transformation
 y
Efficient for network analysis
 Accurate map output

Disadvantages
 overlay operation not efficient
 complex data structure
 High spatial variability is inefficiently represented

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Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)

Vector data Raster data

• Features with discrete • Continuous surfaces
p and boundaries
shapes with fuzzyy
• Database management boundaries or with
• Database query and qualities that change
reporting gradually over space
• Network analysis • Spatial analysis and
modeling
• High quality maps
*FUZZY- is a concept of which the boundaries of application can vary considerably
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according to context or conditions, instead of being fixed once and for all.

Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)

• 3-d data structure to Advantages
represent surfaces  Slope and Aspect calculated for each triangle and
stored as attributes of the facet
• TIN is a vector data
 For areas of complex relief, TIN works better than raster
structure that partitions
 More detailed representation for higher density of data
geographic space into
points
contiguous, non-
non
overlapping triangles.
• The vertices of each Disadvantages
triangle are sample data  Significantly more processing required to generate the
points with x, y and z TIN file to start (but then more efficient representation)
values.  Errors along edges often need correction
• These points are connected
by lines to form Delaunay
triangles. 29 30

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 Three ways of representing elevation:

RASTER VECTOR TIN

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Kunal Kumar Das

drkkdas@gmail.com

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