14‐Jul‐18

‐ R Pokhrel

Suggested Reference:
2
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING I  Principles, Practice and Design of Highway
Engineering; Dr. S.K. Sharma
LECTURE 15  Highway Engineering; S.K. Khanna and C.E.G. Justo
HIGHWAY MATERIALS  Transportation Engineering Volume I; DK
JUNE 07, 2018.
Shrestha and Anil Marsani
 www.dor.gov.np
HIGHWAY MATERIALS

INSTRUCTOR:
R POKHREL
CIVIL ENGINEER
pokhrelrd@gmail.com

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Classification of Highway Materials Subgrade soil: Desirable properties
3  Mineral materials: 4  Stability
Subgrade soil Resistance to permanent deformation, weathering.
Fine aggregates  Incompressibility
Gravel Should not compress upon application of surcharge.
Slag, brick pebbles, etc.  Strength
 Binding Materials: Higher strength desired. Permanency of strength under varied
Stone dust moisture and weather condition.
Cement, lime …  Change in volume
Bitumen, tar … Minimum change in volume of soil should be ensured.
 Common Building materials:  Drainage
Reinforcing steel To avoid excessive moisture and frost action.
Timber  Ease of compaction
Stone, bricks, etc. Higher dry density with minimum compaction effort for
increased strength.

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Classification of soil Soil Subgrade strength:
5  Soil Classification based on grain size. 6  Factors on which the strength characteristics of soil
 Textural classification depend are:
 Soil type
 Moisture content
 Dry density
 Internal structure of soil
 Type and mode of stress application

 Burmister descriptive classification

 Casagrande soil classification
 Unified soil classification
 FAA Classification

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‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test: Apparatus:
7  The ratio of the force per unit area required to penetrate 8  Mould
a soil mass with standard penetration plunger at a 15 cm internal diameter
uniform rate of 1.25 mm/min., to the corresponding 175 mm height
penetration load of the standard material or crushed
Base plate – 10 mm thick
stone is called CBR.
∗ 100% Collar – 50 mm height
%
 Loading frame
 Significance: Moves at 1.25 mm/min
It is generally used to classify & evaluate the soil subgrade & Plunger – 50 mm dia, 100 mm long
base coarse materials for the flexible pavement.  Dial guage
This test is empirical & the results cannot be accurately
related with any fundamental properties of the material.
 Spacer disc, annular metal weight
 Miscellaneous

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Apparatus: Procedure:
9 10  Take 4.5‐5 kg of soil & mix it thoroughly with required
quantity of water (OMC) or field moisture content.
 The spacer disc is placed at the bottom of the mould over
the base plate & a coarse filter paper is placed over the
spacer disc.
 The moist soil is to be compacted over this in the mould
by adopting either IS light or heavy compaction.
 After compacting the last layer, the collar is removed &
the excess of soil above the top of the mould is evenly
trimmed off.
 The clamps are removed & the mould with the
compacted soil is lifted, leaving below the base plate &
spacer disc is removed.

‐ R Pokhrel
Procedure:
11  A filter paper is placed on the base plate, the mould with
compacted soil is inverted & placed over the base plate&
clamps are tightened.
 Weight of 2.5‐5 kg are placed over the soil in the mould.
Then the whole mould is placed in the water tank to
allow soaking for 4 days.
 A swelling measuring device are placed on the top edge
of the mould & the spindle of the dial gauge is placed
touching the top of the sample.
 Initial dial gauge reading are recorded & the test sample
is kept undisturbed in the water tank.
 After 4 days of soaking, the mould is clamped over the
base plate & the same surcharge weights are placed on
the specimen as the test could be conducted.
‐ R Pokhrel
Procedure:
12  The complete assembly is placed under the loading
machine.
 Penetration plunger is brought in contact with the top
surface of the soil by applying 4 kg of load.
 The dial gauge of proving ring & the penetration dial
gauge is set on 0.
 The load is applied through penetration rate of 1.25
mm/min.
 The load readings are taken at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5,
3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 mm of penetration.
 Finally, the CBR value is calculated from the formulae.
 As per IRC recommendation the min. value of CBR
required for a subgrade should be 8%.

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‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Result: Road Aggregates:
13 14  Desirable Properties:
Strength
Hardness
Toughness
Durability
Shape of Aggregate
Adhesion with bitumen
Cementation
 Tests on Aggregate:
Descriptive tests: define by visual examination

Penetration Standard load Unit std. load

Nondestructive quality tests
(mm) (Kg) (Kg/m2) Destructive tests
2.5 1370 70 Durability tests and specific gravity tests
5.0 2055 105

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Non Destructive quality tests: Destructive tests:
15  Gradation test 16  Crushing test
 Shape test Surface coarse ≤ 30%
Flakiness index (<0.6 times mean dimension) Base course ≤ 45%
Elongation index (>1.8 times mean dimension)  Abrasion test
∗
Angularity Number (0‐10 is good) = 67 For cement concrete ≤ 16%
∗
Bituminous surface coarse ≤ 30%
 Specific gravity and water absorption
Bituminous base course ≤ 50%
 Impact test
20% ‐ 30% = satisfactory for road surface
> 35% = weak for road surface
 Soundness test
≤ 12% loss for sodium sulfide, ≤ 18% loss for Mg
 Bitumen adhesion test ≤ 25%

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Crushing Test: Crushing Test: Apparatus:

17  The aggregate crushing value (ACV) provides relative 18  Steel Cylinder

measure of the resistance of an aggregate to crushing  Sieves (12.5mm, 10mm)
under a gradually applied compressive load.
 Cylindrical metal measure
 Significance:
 Tamping Rod
Gives idea about resistance of aggregate to gradual loading.
 Balance (0‐10kg)
 Oven (3000c)
 Compression testing Machine (2000KN)

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‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Crushing Test: Apparatus: Crushing Test: Procedure:

19 20  Test sample consist of aggregate passing a 12.5mm IS

sieve and retained on a 10mm IS sieve.
 The aggregate to be tested is dried in oven for a period of
not less than 4 hours.
 The cylindrical steel cup is filled with 3 equal layers of
aggregate and each layer is tamped 25 strokes by the
rounded end of tamping rod and the surplus aggregate
struck off, using the tamping rod as a straight edge.
 The net weight of aggregate in the cylindrical steel cup is
determined to the nearest gram (WA).
 The surface is leveled and the plunger is inserted so that
it rests horizontally on the surface. The whole assembly
is then placed between the platens of testing machine
and loaded at a uniform rate so as to reach a load of 40
tones in 10 minutes.

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Crushing Test: Result: Abrasion Test:
21 22  To test the hardness property of aggregates.

 The load is released and all aggregate is removed from
the cup and sieved on 2.36 mm until no further
significant amount passes in one minute.
 The fraction passing the sieve is weighed to an accuracy
of 0.1 g (WB)
 The principle of Los Angeles abrasion test is to find the
percentage wear due to relative rubbing action between
the aggregate and steel balls used as abrasive charge.
 Significance:
 Decide whether aggregate is suitable for different pavement
construction works.

 The ratio of the weight of fines formed to the total sample

weight in each test is to be expressed as a percentage, to
the first decimal place.
 Aggregate crushing Value =(WB/WA) × 100

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Abrasion Test: Apparatus: Abrasion Test: Apparatus:

23  Circular drum 24
Internal diameter 700 mm
Length 520 mm
Mounted on horizontal axis enabling it to be rotated
 Abrasive charge
Cast iron spherical balls of 48 mm diameters
Weight 340‐445 g
 The number of the abrasive spheres varies according to
the grading of the sample.

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‐ R Pokhrel
Abrasion Test: Procedure:
25  The quantity of aggregates to be used depends upon the
gradation and usually ranges from 5‐10 kg.
 The cylinder is then locked and rotated at the speed of
30‐33 rpm for a total of 500 ‐1000 revolutions depending
upon the gradation of aggregates.
 After specified revolutions, the material is sieved through
1.7 mm sieve and passed fraction is expressed as
percentage total weight of the sample. This value is called
Los Angeles abrasion value.
‐ R Pokhrel
Impact Test:
26  The property of a material to resist impact is known as
toughness.
 Due to movement of vehicles on the road, the aggregates
are subjected to impact resulting in their breaking down
into smaller pieces.
 The aggregates should therefore have sufficient
toughness to resist their disintegration due to impact.
 The aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to
sudden impact or shock, which may differ from its
resistance to gradually applied compressive load.
 Significance:
Gives Idea About Toughness Of Aggregate.

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Impact Test: Apparatus: Impact Test: Apparatus:

27  Testing machine 28
Metal base with 30 cm diameter
 Cylindrical steel cup
Internal diameter 102 mm, Depth 50 mm
Minimum thickness 6.3 mm
 Metal hammer
Weighing 13.5 to 14.0 kg
Free fall of hammer should be within 380±5 mm.
 A cylindrical metal measure
 Tamping rod
10 mm in diameter
230 mm long
 A balance

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Impact Test: Procedure: Impact Test: Procedure:

29  Sieve the material through 12.5 mm and 10.0 mm IS
sieves.
 Pour the aggregates to fill about just 1/3rd depth of
measuring cylinder.
 Compact the material by giving 25 gentle blows with the
rounded end of the tamping rod.
 Add two more layers in similar manner, so that cylinder
is full.
30  Raise the hammer until its lower face is 380 mm above
the surface of aggregate sample in the cup and allow it to
fall freely on the aggregate sample.
 Give 15 such blows at an interval of not less than one
second between successive falls.
 Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it
through 2.36 mm IS sieves until no further significant
amount passes in one minute.

 Strike off the surplus aggregates.
 Determine the net weight of the aggregates to the nearest
gram(W).
 Bring the impact machine to rest without wedging or
packing up on the level plate, block or floor, so that it is
rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical.
 Weigh the fraction passing the sieve to an accuracy of 1
gm. Also, weigh the fraction retained in the sieve.
 And the impact value is measured as percentage of
aggregates passing sieve to the total weight of the
sample.

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‐ R Pokhrel
Soundness Test:
31  This test is intended to study the resistance of coarse and
fine aggregates to weathering action and to judge the
durability of the coarse aggregate.
‐ R Pokhrel
Soundness Test: Procedure:
33  Wash the coarse aggregate and dry the material in an
oven maintained at a temp of 105 to 110 C, till it attains a
constant mass.
 Sieve the dried sample to separate it into different size
fractions using sieves of sizes 80 mm, 63 mm, 40 mm, 20
mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm. should follow recommended mix
proportion.
 Take individual samples in a wire mesh basket and
immerse it in the solution of sodium sulphate or
magnesium sulphate for not less than 16 hours nor more
than 18 hours, in such a manner that the solution covers
them to a depth of at least 15 mm.
 After completion of the immersion period, remove the
samples from solution and allow it to drain for 15
minutes and place it in drying oven.
‐ R Pokhrel
Soundness Test: Result:
35  Weight of each fraction of sample before the test.
 Material from each fraction of the sample passing
through the specified IS sieve, expressed as a percentage
by weight of the fraction.
 In the case of particles coarser than 20 mm size before
the test, the number of particles in each fraction before
the test and the number of particles affected classified as
to the number disintegrating, splitting, crumbling ,
cracking, flaking etc.
14‐Jul‐18
‐ R Pokhrel
Soundness Test: Apparatus:
32
‐ R Pokhrel
Soundness Test: Procedure:
34  Dry the sample until it attains a constant mass and then
remove it from oven and cool it to room temperature.
 After cooling again immerse it in the solution as
described in step‐1.
 After completion of the final cycle and after the sample
has been cooled, wash it to free from sodium sulphate or
magnesium sulphate solution. This may be determined
when there is no reaction of the wash water with barium
chloride.
 Sieve the fine aggregates over the same sieve on which it
was retained before test.
 Sieve the coarse aggregate over the sieve shown below
for the appropriate size of particles.
‐ R Pokhrel
Bitumen adhesion test:
36  Bitumen adheres well to all normal types of road
aggregates provided they are dry and free from dust.
 Static immersion test is one specified by IRC and is quite
simple. The principle of the test is by immersing
aggregate fully coated with binder in water maintained at
40 C temperature for 24 hours. IRC has specified
maximum stripping value of aggregates should not
exceed 5%.
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‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Assignment Bituminous Road Binders
 Prepare test report for following tests: Bituminous
37 38
CBR test road binder

Crushing test
Abrasion test Road tar Road Bitumen

Impact test
Soundness test Distillation of
Natural
crude
Bitumen
Bitumen adhesion test petroleum

 Evaluation weightage: Penetration

Natural rock Liquid
Apparatus – 10% Lake Asphalt grade
asphalt Bitumen
Bitumen
Procedure – 20%
Trinidad lake France/
Neat sketch (use pencil) – 40% asphalt (54% Switzerland
Cutbacks
and road oils
Calculation – 20% bitumen) 100% Bitumen

Correlation with specification – 10%

Emulsion
 Study gradation analysis – prepare summary

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Cutback Bitumen: Bitumen Emulsion:
39  Bitumen with low viscosity achieved by addition of 40  Bitumen is emulsified by dispersing its ions into a
volatile diluents. emulsifier.
 Petroleum oil mixed to reduce the viscosity.  Advantages:
 Advantages: Eliminates the need to heat aggregates and binder.
Substitute of heating. Reduces pollution
Suitable for direct application. Used in cold weather
Liquefying effect last over long period of time. Patching and repair works
Good manual mixing. Sealing cracks.
Can be transported to long distance/time without setting.  Types:
 Types: Rapid setting
Slow curing Medium setting
Medium curing Slow setting
Rapid curing

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Tar: Penetration test:
41  Viscous liquid obtained when organic materials are 42  Measurement of hardness or consistency of bitumen.
distilled in absence of air.  Suitability of bitumen for its use at different climate.
 Coal tar, wood tar
 Grades of Tar:
RT‐1: low viscosity
RT‐2: surface painting
RT‐3: premixing of chips for top course
RT‐4: Premixing macadam in base course
RT‐5: Grouting – high viscosity

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‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Penetration Test: Ductility test:
43  Depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard 44  Measurement of adhesive property of bitumen
loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds.
 The penetrometer consists of a needle assembly with a
total weight of 100g.
 The bitumen is softened to a pouring consistency, stirred
thoroughly and poured into containers at a depth at least
15 mm in excess of the expected penetration.
 The test should be conducted at a specified temperature
of 25 C.
 A grade of 40/50 bitumen means the penetration value is
in the range 40 to 50 at standard test conditions.
 In hot climates, a lower penetration grade is preferred.

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Ductility Test: Viscosity test:
45  Ductility is defined as the distance in cm, to which a 46  Viscosity affects the binder’s ability to spread, and fill
standard sample or briquette of the material will be voids between aggregates.
elongated without breaking.
 Dimension of the briquette thus formed is exactly 1 cm
square.
 The bitumen sample is heated and poured in the mould
assembly placed on a plate. These samples with mould
are cooled in the air and then in water bath at 27C.
 The excess bitumen is cut and the surface is leveled using
a hot knife. Then the mould with assembly containing
sample is kept in water bath of the ductility machine for
about 90 minutes.
 A minimum ductility value of 75 cm has been specified by
the BIS.

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Viscosity Test: Softening Point test:
47  Viscosity denotes the fluid property of bituminous 48  Helps to find up to which temperature, bitumen be
material and it is a measure of resistance to flow. heated for application.
 At the application temperature, this characteristic greatly
influences the strength of resulting paving mixes.
 Low or high viscosity during compaction or mixing has
been observed to result in lower stability values.
 The viscosity expressed in seconds is the time taken by
the 50 ml bitumen material to pass through the orifice of
a cup, under standard test conditions and specified
temperature.
 Viscosity of a cutback can be measured with either 4 mm
orifice at 25 C or 10 mm orifice at 25 or 40 C.

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‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Softening point Test: Flash and fire Point test:
49  Softening point denotes the temperature at which the 50  Helps to find temperature upto which bitumen can be
bitumen attains a particular degree of softening under safely heated.
the specifications of test.
 The test is conducted by using Ring and Ball apparatus.
 A brass ring containing test sample of bitumen is
suspended in liquid like water or glycerin at a given
temperature.
 A steel ball is placed upon the bitumen sample and the
liquid medium is heated at a rate of 5 C per minute.
Temperature is noted when the softened bitumen
touches the metal plate which is at a specified distance
below.
 Generally, higher softening point indicates lower
temperature susceptibility and is preferred in hot
climates.

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Flash and fire point Test: Float test:
51  At high temperatures depending upon the grades of 52  At certain range of consistency, neither penetration nor
bitumen materials leave out volatiles. viscometer defines viscosity. In such case float test is
 These volatiles catches fire which is very hazardous and used.
therefore it is essential to qualify this temperature for
each bitumen grade.
 BIS defined the flash point as the temperature at which
the vapour of bitumen momentarily catches fire in the
form of flash under specified test conditions.
 The fire point is defined as the lowest temperature under
specified test conditions at which the bituminous
material gets ignited and burns.

‐ R Pokhrel ‐ R Pokhrel
Other test: Assignment:
53  Specific gravity test 54  Marshall Mix design
 Solubility test (carbin disulphide)  Gradation analysis
 Spot test
 Loss on heating test
 Water content test

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55

Thank you

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