An Experimental Investigation on MPPT Based Two Stage Battery

Charging Scheme for a Solar PV Lighting System with Integrated

Automatic Luminous Control Mechanism towards Energy Conservation
1
A.J. Vijay, 2M.R. Saravanan, 3D. Joy Alex
1,3
U.G. Student, Department of EEE, Stella Mary’s College of Engineering, Nagercoil, Tamilnadu, ajvijay96@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor, Stella Mary’s College of Engineering, Nagercoil, Tamilnadu, saran280380@gmail.com
Abstract MPPT based two generation. The fossil in the environment as
At present the direct stage battery fuels are rapidly shown in Figure 1.
conversion of light charging scheme depleting and reserves This complexity can
into electricity which facilitates the of the fossil fuels are be reduced by some
through photovoltaic battery charging in a gradually coming to additional system
is most popular and most effective way. an end. Because
extensively The street light with of these
increasing, because the capacity of 20W is problems, the
the solar energy is connected with this focus is now
considered as an proposed system and shifting towards
essentially can operate renewable
inexhaustible and efficiently through energy sources.
broadly available Automatic Luminous Solar energy is
energy resource. The Control Mechanism. a renewable
maximum power is The experimental energy source
generated by the results prove that the that can lead us away called Maximum
solar cell at a point proposed system with from our commercial Power Point Trackers
where the product V, I MPPT charger scores energy sources. Solar (MPPT).
is maximum in the an average result of energy is clean,
current-voltage 15 to 20% than a renewable and
characteristics. This system without MPPT sustainable unlike
point is known as the charger. These fossil fuels such as
MPP. The efficiency experimental studies coal, oil and natural Fig. 1 MPPT Vs
of a PV system is also emphasize that gas. Harnessing of Ordinary Solar
affected mainly by the battery back time solar energy by using Charging Method
two factors: the can be increased due efficient technologies The MPPT unit is
efficiency of the PV to the automatic light is expected to play an responsible for
panel and efficiency intensity control. important role in extracting the
of the electronic Keywords serving as clean maximum possible
Charging circuit. Renewable Energy, energy source for power from the
Since the PV panel Solar PV, MPPT, mankind. photovoltaic and feed
efficiency is Energy Conservation PV cell exhibits it to the battery
controlled at the I. Introduction non-linear I-V and P- through the power
manufacturer end, the Energy has V characteristics converter. MPPT is an
enhancement in become an important which depend upon electronic system that
efficiency of the and one of the basic atmospheric operates the
electronic charging infrastructures for temperature and Photovoltaic (PV)
circuit is the only economic sunlight irradiation. In modules in such a
option at our side in development of a order to continuously manner that allows
order to improve the country. Today, harvest maximum the modules to
overall PV system people are more power from the PV produce all the power
efficiency. This Paper concerned about fossil cell, they have to they are capable of.
Presents the New fuel exhaustion and operate at their MPPT is used in
Design; Development environmental Maximum Power photovoltaic (PV)
& Performance problems caused by Point (MPP) despite systems not only to
Evaluation of a conventional power the inevitable changes maximize the PV
output but also Solar charge electrical parameter Fig. 3: A 40W Solar
improves the charging controller consists of such as PV Power, PV PV Panel
process most tracking sensors Voltage, Battery Solar panels collect
efficiently. With the (voltage and current Voltage and duty clean renewable
incorporation of sensors), Boost cycle LCD Display is energy in the form of
MPPT based charging converter, LCD used. Arduino Nano is sunlight and convert
it is possible to display, Lead acid programmed in such a that light into
produce the maximum battery, Battery way that to display electricity which can
output power from the charging circuit. From the above parameters then be used to
PV cell even if the Fig.2, Arduino Nano instantly. provide power for
radiation, temperature plays a vital role in An automatic light electrical loads. Solar
changes. MPPT is not the proposed project. intensity control is to panels are comprised
a mechanical tracking It is programmed to be carried out by a of several individual
system so as to move perform the MPPT controller and the solar cells which are
the PV more directly operation and battery processor would be themselves composed
at the sun. MPPT is a charging operation programmed as per of layers of silicon,
fully electronic also to display the the proposed form of phosphorous (which
system that varies the electrical parameters. light intensity flow provides the negative
electrical operating Power from the PV chart. charge), and boron
point of the modules array is measured (which provides the
so that the modules with the help of Battery charging positive charge).
are able to deliver voltage and current process is Solar panels absorb
maximum available sensor and its feed it automatically attained the photons and in
power. to a microcontroller from the Solar PV doing so initiate an
through analog to Panel with the help of electric current. The
digital converter of a the MPPT unit so as equivalent electrical
II. System to maintain the
Description controller. The circuit of an ideal
program dumped into battery bank at its solar cell can be
the processor is based float voltage. treated as a current
on the perturbation source in parallel with
A. Solar PV Panel
and observation a diode as per fig. 4.
algorithm which
varies the duty cycle
based on change in
power from PV array
and to operate the PV
panel at maximum
power point. PWM
pulse required for two
Fig. 4 : Equivalent
stage battery charging
Circuit of PV
is also be generated at
the PWM pins of a
Series resistance is
microcontroller based
Fig. 2: General affording due to the
on the battery
Schematic Block flow of electron from
charging flow chart.
Diagram n-layer to the p-layer.
For displaying the
Shunt is afforded due
to leakage current. Maximum current diverted from The current sensor is
The voltage of a solar Power Voltage the load is small used to measure the
array can be increased = 11.9V enough for voltage current from PV panel
by connecting the Maximum measurement so as to for calculating PV
cells in series and the Power Current be considered Power. In our system
current from a solar = 3.1A negligible value. The ACS712 (20A
array can be increased capacitor (C1=0.1 version) sensor is
by connecting the Open circuit microfarad) will used used to measure DC
cells in parallel. The Voltage as filtering capacitor. Current up to 20A. It
Current equation of =18.1V This is used to is Hall Effect sensor
the PV is given by Short Circuit maintain a smooth the output voltage
[8], Current = 3.5A output voltage and from the sensor varies
I =IL–I[exp (q(V + I B. Sensing Elements also prevent in proportionate to the
RS)/KT))–1]–(V+IRS i. Voltage Sensor : harmonics problems. current flows through
)/ RSH In order to measure The allowable voltage it. When compare to
Where, the voltage supplied range for each ADC resistive current
I: Solar cell current by the solar panel, pin of the sensor it provides an
(A) two resistors, R1 and Microcontroller is 0-5 isolation and it helps
I: Light generated R2 are employed in V. Therefore, the to measure the current
current (A) parallel with the solar voltage across R2 in both direction
ID: Diode saturation panel to act as a should not exceed 5 accurately. In normal
current (A) voltage divider. The V. Based on the condition at zero
q: Electron charge voltage across R2 in chosen value of R2 as current flow output
(1.6×10-19 C) the voltage divider is 22kΩ, the voltage will voltage from the
K: Boltzmann fed into an analog-to- not be greater than 5V sensor is around 2.5V.
constant (1.38×10-23 digital converter even if panel is open When a current flows
J/K) (ADC) of the MPPT circuited. The through positive
T: Cell temperature in controller. Arduino AVR chip direction output
Kelvin (K) has 10 bit A to D voltage from a sensor
V: solar cell output resolution, the analog increases from 2.5V.
voltage (V) Read () function is At negative direction
RS: Solar cell series used to measure the it decreases from
resistance (Ω) voltage as an integer 2.5V. The sensitivity
RSH: Solar cell shunt in between 0 to 1023. of the sensor is
resistance (Ω) PV voltage is 100mV \ A.
While, the solar cell calculated by using
output current: this relation.
I = IL – ID – ISH Vin =
The PV Source for (sol_voltage)*0.0049
this Experiment was Fig. 5 : Voltage *(122/22) Volt.
chosen with a sensing – Principle To monitor the battery
Capacity of 40W. voltage level, the
Specification of solar By choosing the above said same
panel is given below. values of R1 and R2 principle is adopted.
Maximum as 100KΩ and 22KΩ ii. Current sensor:
Power = 36W respectively, the
maximum amount of
Fig. 6 : Current sensor produce maximum old power. If the
The PV current is power is called obtained power is D. Power Converter
read by the controller ‘maximum power greater than old A power converter is
using the below point’. Maximum power it keep on an electronic circuit
comment, power varies with increasing the duty which converts a
sol_amps=(analogRea solar radiation, ratio on next source of direct
d(SOL_AMPS)*SOL ambient temperature iterations. The current from one
_AMPS_SCALE- and solar process continues voltage level to
24.72 ); cell temperature. until it reaches the another. DC chopper
C. MPPT Charger MPPT checks output Maximum Power is used as power
MPPT works on the of PV module, Point of PV curve. converter. It operates
principle of maximum compares it to battery Increasing of duty by storing the input
power transfer voltage then fixes
POWER
theorem. As per this, what is the best power SOLAR
CONVERTER
12V BATTERY

the maximum power that PV module can

is transferred to the produce under V&I V
load if the load particular instant to SENSOR GATE
SENSOR
DRIVER
resistance is equal to charge the battery.
the source resistance. MPPT has a DC to after
By adjusting the duty DC converter which PWM
MICRO
cycle of a power operates by taking DC CONTROLLER
converters load input from PV ADC
resistance can be module, changing it to energy
varied as per the variable DC with the reaching the temporarily and then
source resistance. help of the PWM Maximum Power releasing that energy
pulses Point of PV curve will to the output at a
which is reduce the power different voltage and
generated from the current. This circuit
PV panel. At this helps to change the
instant it decreases input energy into a
the duty in the ratio of different impedance
(1%). Thus the level. There are
process takes place different types of
Fig. 7: MPPT Logical generated by a repetitively. This power converters such
Operation microcontroller. At sequence of operation as
An algorithm is first, it increases the is shown in fig. 7 & 8. Buck converter, Boost
included in the MPPT duty of a DC to DC converter, Buck-boost
charge controllers converter in the range converter. Out of the
used for extracting of (1%) because of above, Boost
maximum available this current from a converters are used to
power from PV solar panel is increase the voltage
module under any increased and voltage level for charging the
environmental drops slightly. Again
battery. In this work
conditions. The microcontroller
boost converter is
voltage and current at calculates the power
and compare with the Fig. 8 : MPPT Unit chosen because in
which PV module can boost converter the
switch is at low side improving of duty through inductor L,
when compared to cycle above the (60%) D, C and load.
other two converters. is violated since duty The inductor current
Switch at low side has cycle above this range decreases from I2 to
two advantages will cause the input I1. Stored energy in
1) Turning ON or voltage to drop down inductor L would be
OFF of low more. Thus by transferred to the load
side switch is intelligently and capacitor.
controlling the Capacitor stores the
easier because
operation of the DC- energy and delivers
it doesn’t
DC converter, the the power required for
require any power output of the the load during the on
external Fig. 9: DC – DC
Converter panel can be time of switching
circuit such as intelligently operation.
Boosting controlled and made To calculate the value
Another one major
capacitor, to output the of inductor:
advantage for
Transformer choosing boost maximum possible at L= (VD + VOUT - VIN)*
Boosting these converter is it avoids any environmental D / (f*DI)
all are using of diode or condition. VD=1V, VOUT=14V,
required for switch to prevent the VIN=9V, D=0.6, f=31
high side back flow of current The sequence of kHz,
switch. from battery to PV working is given by DI=0.9 (30%) of load
2) Since the panel because the two modes of current is chosen as
switch is at diode in a boost operation. ripple current for
converter perform this inductor. By
low side even Mode 1 operation:
operation. This will substituting the above
a switch turns (TON)
save the cost and value we get,
off it doesn’t The switch is turned L=129.03 approx.
isolate the PV improve the
on by applying gate (125 micro henry is
panel from efficiency. Due to this
signal. At t=0, switch chosen)
advantages boost
Converter. T1 comes to ON state
converter is prefer as
Hence Power now the inductor To calculate the value
DC to DC Converter
generated is stores the energy. At of capacitor:
for our system.
high. this state diode is in
Duty cycle D is C= (DI*D) / (f*DV)
reverse bias.
defined as the ratio of
Now, the source
turn ON time to the DV=20mV
current flows through
total time of the PWM
T1 and inductor L.
pulse given to the By substituting the
During this ON
power converter above value we get,
period inductor
switch. If the duty
current increases from
cycle is at the range C=870.96 approx.
I1 to I2.
of 50% then the (940 micro farad is
Mode 2 operation:
converter will doubles chosen)
(TOFF)
the output voltage
At t=t1, the transistor Were,
from input voltage. In
T1 switched off. Now
our proposed system
the current flows
VD= Drop due to based on the values used in our to DC converter
diode, F= Switching ATmega328 is used. It system are accordingly to
frequency has 14 digital (float achieve maximum
input/output pins. sol_volt_scale=0.022 power point. Different
VOUT= Output voltage, Among all the output 393022;) methods of MPPT are
VIN= Input voltage pins, 6 pins can be (float available such as
used as PWM Output bat_volt_scale=0.022 Perturb-and-observe
To reduce the current and it has 6 analog 393022;) (P&O) method,
ripple, large rating of inputs, a 16 MHz (float Incremental
inductor is used and Ceramic resonator, a sol_amp_scale=0.040 conductance (INC)
to reduce the output Universal Serial Bus 380859;). method, and Constant
voltage ripple large Connection, a power The measured PV voltage method. For
rating of capacitor is jack, an ICSP header Power, PV voltage, this system
used. By adjusting and a PV Current, Battery Perturbation and
the duty cycle, the Reset button. It is Voltage are used to observation algorithm
output voltage is programmed to perform the MPPT is used.
varied. The output DC perform the MPPT operation as well as
voltage and current A. Perturb and
operation in order to the Battery charging
from the power achieve the two stage procedure as per the Observe
converter is always battery charging algorithm shown in
remains at maximum Algorithm :
scheme. Also an methodology. The
power point of solar Automatic light tracking speed of This method is most
panel. intensity control 0.4ms is proposed in common and simple.
mechanism to be our system so that an The operating power
E. Arduino Nano performed as a future oscillation on the is sampled and the
Processor: scope of our work. Maximum Power P&O algorithm
This controller also point is reduced. By changes the operating
Arduino Nano is the used to display the configuring the bits of power towards the
heart of our whole data in LCD Display. timer1 register in the maximum power
system. It is chosen At first the controller processor, frequency point by periodically
for our system gets the analog of pulse generated can increasing or
because it easy to voltage and current be varied as per our decreasing the duty
program, low cost, it from sensors at ADC requirement. In our cycle of power
does not require any pins. It has 10 bit system PWM gets out converter. This is
additional hardware to analog to digital from the controller is done by comparing
dump the program in converter to convert in the range of 5V, 31 power quantities
to controller. The the sensors voltage kHz for Power between the present
Arduino uses a simple into integer value in converter. For float and past instants. If
programming between the range of charging it’s in the the power in the
language which is 0 to 1023. This range of 490 Hz. present instant is
derived from C. This integer value is increased than the
language has limited multiplied with the III. Methodology past value, the
instructions sets and scale value to MPPT algorithm is perturbation is
thus becomes more measure the actual embedded in Arduino continued in the same
users friendly. Here, voltage. The scale Nano which adjusts direction in the next
Arduino Nano board the duty cycle of DC perturbation cycle,
otherwise the main advantage of up to 80% until it
perturbation direction this algorithm but it is reaches the set point
is reversed. This way, not best suitable for voltage. During this
the operating point of the rapid change in period duty cycle is in
the system gradually environmental the range of 100%.
moves towards the conditions. This mode is said to
MPP. The flow chart be as bulk mode and
B. Algorithm for
of P&O method is often called stage I
shown below fig.10. Charging charging. In stage II,
In this algorithm both PWM to the
Scheme :
voltage and current MOSFET is reduced
from PV is sensed in The lead acid automatically as per
order to find a power. batteries are charged the programme in step
The Sequence of by trickle charging, by step in
Procedure adopted in bulk charging, over proportionate to
this algorithm is given charging, and float increase in battery
below. In our system charging methods in voltage. By means of Fig. 11: Two Stage
algorithm is operated order to increase its this remaining 20% Charging Scheme
when PV power is life time. gets charges and it
C. Hardware
greater than 3W. Out of the above, in took long duration
compared to the stage Development :
I. When the battery
As per the designed
reaches it full charge
circuit the proto type
voltage the PWMSTAR is
T is developed to
tends to zero that
investigate the
means power
READ V , V =13.1V,
B performance
bf of the
converter does V not=14.1V
B Max
MPPT charger. The
work after this stage.
major hardware
The flow chart for this
components in the
algorithm is presented
YES V present
NO work are
in fig. 11. B
< Arduino Nano
V bfProcessor,
Error =
Boost
PWM=100 Converter,
V -V V &
B Max B
I
% Sensors, Solar PV,
STAGE I
Battery Unit and LED
LightE Fixture.
= Error X
Out of
the P
100 various
components, The
Boost converter is the
YES NO
one which E is designed
Fig. 10: P & O our present work the P

and developed
<0 as per
Algorithm Flow chart trickle charging
the other components
method is not E =0
ratings. YES
P

realized. With the E

The simplicity and The major elements P
help of the MPPT unit >
efficiency are the of boost converter10are,
the battery is charged
Inductor L, Capacitor 0 NO
EP =100

PWM =
(EP X
255) / 100
STAGE II
RETURN
C, Switch (MOSFET) core consequently
and Diode. The rating stray magnetic fields
of Inductor L & will have very little
MOSFET selection effect on a toroid Number of turns
plays an important core. Hence toroid required for our
role in the design core is chosen for our system is 40.
since it determines the work. Before Another important
overall efficiency of wounding number of factor to improve the
the whole system. turns, the Al value of efficiency of boost
core needs to be converter is on state
resistance of
MOSFET. Drain Fig. 13: MPPT Based
Source resistance of Solar Charger
the MOSFET should
kept at as minimum as IV. Experimental
possible else I2R loss study
become high. By
keeping this factor on The Experimental
Fig. 12: Design of L our mind a MOSFET setup was developed
Rating of the inductor identified. These of model IRFZ44N is for the performance
is based on switching value changes from chosen as a switching analysis of MPPT
frequency of core to core. The device for our system. charger. The resistive
MOSFET. By easiest method to Since it has on state load is connected with
increasing the determine the Al resistance of 17.5milli the system in order to
switching frequency, value is identifying ohms and it can able prove that whatever
rating of the inductor color of an inductor. to handle 49A, 55V the load impedance
can be reduced but In our system yellow respectively.FR307 changes through
increasing of white color core is Fast Recovery diode MPPT system
frequency will have used by measuring the is used as a diode for maximum power
certain limitation O.D, I.D and Height our Boost converter. point is achieved on
since it increase the of the core. Al value The Capacitor of every instant. In this
switching loss of the for the inductor is 940micro farad is system RL=8, 6, 5
device. Keeping the identified for 100 taken with the voltage ohm is applied as a
both factor in our turns our core is rating of 60V. With load because it easy to
mind inductor chosen named as T-106 in these values of C, L, identify weather
for our system is inductance chart. By Diode and MOSFET, system is operating at
125microhenry and using the below the DC – DC Boost maximum power
switching frequency relation the number of converter is point when compared
is 31 kHz. Toroid turns required with efficiently designed. with battery. Based on
cores are the most desired inductance is
efficient than other identified.
core configuration. N = number of turns,
They are highly self L =125 inductance
shielding since most (uh), Al =900
of the flux lines are inductance index
contained within the value for 100 turns change in
environment R analysis of R load in
parameters such as L =6 ohm the range of 8, 6, 5
temperature, ohms used since it’s
irradiance it’s possible the most suitable load
to achieve the MPP of used in practically as
the Curve by per our PV panel
adjusting the load rating. It has been
resistance manually. proven that overall
In our study it does system efficiency is
not vary the load improved by (10-
resistance manually, it 15%). Two stage
matches the source battery charging
resistance to as same scheme along with the
as load resistance by MPPT will make
varying the duty cycle battery to charge up to
of a power converter. 100% in clear sky
The whole study is condition and also
done& verified in our helps to operate a
Electrical Machines MPP of PV panel.
Lab of our college. Fig. 14: MPPT
The following Charger Testing VI. Conclusion
experimental results Using R Load
are shown below. It can be summarized
from the analysis that
MPPT based
photovoltaic power
TIME WITH WITHOUT
TIME WITH WITHOUT system could play a
MPPT MPPT (W) MPPT MPPT (W) vital role to mitigate
(W) (W) power shortage
9:00 20.7 20 9:00 20.1 20 problem of the region
11:00 29 22.7 11:00 33 25.6 Fig. 15: MPPT and can enhance
1:00 34.8 24.1 1:00 37.1 28 Charger Battery reliability of quality
3:00 24.84 20.85 3:00 25.2 24.8 Testing for offgris
R Performance of a two
L =8 ohm RL=5 ohm V. Performance stage battery charging
Analysis PV system is
Based on our completely studied to
experimental study it prove its efficiency.
TIME WITH WITHOUT EFFICIENCY has been proven that Satisfactory steady
MPPT MPPT (W) (%) MPPT based charging state performance
(W) will improve the experienced from the
9:00 18.6 18.5 0.5 efficiency in higher system in terms of
11:00 28 24 8 percentage if load energy conservation
1:00 37.5 25.9 23 resistance is so higher indicates that the
than source MPPT based PV
3:00 19.9 19.4 1.2
resistance. From our system is
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