Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 649–655

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Comparison of the properties between high-volume fly ash concrete and

high-volume steel slag concrete under temperature matching curing
condition
Shi Mengxiao, Wang Qiang ⇑, Zhou Zhikai
Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

h i g h l i g h t s

 Steel slag reduces more hydration temperature rise than fly ash.
 Temperature match curing does not promote the early strength of HVSS concrete so much.
 The effect of temperature match curing on the permeability of HVSS concrete is small.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Massive concrete structures tend to have high cracking risk due to early temperature rise. High-volume
Received 10 April 2015 mineral admixture concrete, which has low hydration heat, is suitable for massive concrete structures. In
Received in revised form 15 August 2015 this paper, the properties of high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete and high-volume steel slag (HVSS) con-
Accepted 26 August 2015
crete were compared under two different curing conditions (standard curing condition and temperature
match curing condition). The results show that the promoting effect of temperature match curing on the
early strength of HVFA concrete is more obvious than that on HVSS concrete. Temperature match curing
Keywords:
has negative effect on the late strength and elastic modulus of HVSS concrete. The promotion of temper-
Massive concrete
Fly ash
ature match curing to the elastic modulus development is not so obvious as that to the strength devel-
Steel slag opment. Temperature match curing can significantly decrease the chloride permeability of HVFA
Strength concrete, but its influence on the chloride permeability of HVSS concrete is inconspicuous. Though the
Permeability adiabatic temperature rise of HVSS concrete is lower than that of HVFA concrete, which is beneficial to
Temperature its application to the massive concrete structures, its strength especially the splitting tensile strength
and resistance to chloride ion penetration need to be improved.
Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Massive concrete structures tend to have high internal temperature

With the rapid development of economy and urbanization,
more and more high-rise buildings have been built or are under
construction in China, such as China World Trade Center Tower
(330 m), Tianjin World Financial Center (336.9 m) and PingAn
International Financial Center (660 m). The foundation slabs
of these high-rise buildings, usually having large volume and
thickness, are typical massive concrete structures.
The ACI Committee 116 [1] defines massive concrete as ‘any
volume of concrete with dimensions large enough to require the
measures be taken to cope with generation of heat of hydration from
the cement and attendant volume change to minimize cracking’.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: w-qiang@tsinghua.edu.cn (W. Qiang).
rise due to cement hydration and slow heat dissipation at early
ages [2–4]. In the cooling process, large tensile stresses might be
generated in massive concrete structures, which may lead to the
cracking of concrete. The cracks have obvious negative effects on
the durability and even the safety of concrete structure.
In order to decrease the temperature rise and avoid the cracking
of concrete, some approaches are adopted in the construction of
massive concrete structures, such as embedding internal pipes in
concrete with cooling fluids (usually air [4–7] or water [8–10]),
precooling the materials before mixing operations [11,12] and so
on. But these construction technologies are complex and usually
extend the construction time. An efficient method to control the
temperature rise of massive concrete structures is replacing a large
part of cement by mineral admixtures whose hydration heat is
much smaller than that of cement [13,14].

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.134
0950-0618/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
650 S. Mengxiao et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 649–655
Fly ash is a by-product of coal-fired power plants, belonging to
pozzolanic materials. Different from cement, the main chemical
components of fly ash are Al2O3, SiO2 and Fe2O3. The mineral
constituents of fly ash include a major vitreous phase and some
minor crystalline phases (quartz, mullite, hematite and magnetite)
[15,16]. During the hydration of cement-fly ash composite binder,
fly ash can react with Ca(OH)2 and produce calcium silicate hydrate
(C-S-H) gel [17,18], namely pozzolanic reaction. But the pozzolanic
reaction of fly ash is quite slow at early ages, so it mainly behaves
as a microaggregate to fill the pore structure of concrete, making a
physical effect [19]. At late ages, fly ash begins to make greater
chemical effects and improve the properties of concrete. Hanehara
et al. [20] reported that the pozzolanic reaction rate of fly ash is
much lower than cement hydration rate and it mainly depends
on the curing temperature. Wang et al. [21] also found that elevat-
ing the curing temperature can effectively promote the pozzolanic
reaction of fly ash at early ages.
Nowadays fly ash is widely used in the concrete industry as a
mineral admixture. A lot of studies are focused on the properties
and development of concretes containing high-volume fly ash
[22–25]. Considering that using fly ash to replace part of cement
can substantially decrease the hydration temperature rise of con-
crete and reduce the cracking risk of concrete [2,13], high-
volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete is increasingly adopted in massive
concrete structures. Through a laboratory investigation Atisß [26]
found that HVFA concrete could be used for road pavements and
large industrial floors due to its high late strength and low shrink-
age properties. Wang et al. [27] designed a HVFA concrete for a
foundation slab of a 597-meter building, and the results of mock-
up experiment and finite-element calculation showed that the
cracking risk of concrete was very low and the strength of concrete
could meet the design requirement.
Steel slag is a by-product from the industrial production of
steel. The chemical components of steel slag, usually varying with
the raw materials and producing process, mainly include CaO, SiO2,
Al2O3, Fe2O3, FeO, MgO, and P2O5 [28,29]. And the common mineral
constituents in steel slag are olivine, merwinite, C3S, C2S, C4AF, C2F,
RO phase and free-CaO [29–31], which are similar to those in
cement. The existence of C3S, C2S, C4AF and C2F endows steel slag
certain cementitious properties, making it a potential mineral
admixture for concrete. However, due to the low cooling rate of
steel slag, the activity of its cementitious minerals is much lower
than that in Portland cement [30,32]. Wang and Yan [32] carried
out a research on the hydration of cement and steel slag and
revealed that the hydration rate of steel slag was much lower than
that of cement, although their hydration processes were quite
similar with each other.
Kourounis et al. [29] found that adding steel slag would slow
down the hydration of the blended cements and decrease the
strength, though the blended cements containing steel slag exhib-
ited satisfactory properties. Wang et al. [33] indicated that using
steel slag as a mineral admixture in concrete had negative effects
on both the strength and durability of concrete, and increasing
the steel slag replacement rate would make the negative effects
stronger. Therefore, the utilization rate of steel slag in the cement
and concrete industries is quite low in China at present. Most part
of the steel slag is discharged as waste, which leads to a serious
environment problem.
But on the other hand, it has been proved that steel slag
could prolong the dormant period of cement-steel slag composite
binder [34]. What’s more, steel slag has an excellent effect on
decreasing the early hydration heat of the binder [31], which is
even better than that of fly ash. These properties of steel slag highly
match the temperature requirements of massive concrete
structures. If steel slag can be applied to massive concrete as a
mineral admixture, it will not only make great economy benefit
but also make a contribution to the sustainable development of
environment.
In this paper, two different temperature curing conditions
(standard curing condition and temperature match curing condi-
tion) were set. The aim is to compare the properties between HVFA
concrete and high-volume steel slag (HVSS) concrete under differ-
ent temperature curing conditions and investigate the feasibility of
using HVSS concrete in massive concrete structures.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
The materials used in this study were Ordinary Portland cement with the
strength grade of 42.5 complying with the Chinese National Standard GB 175-
2007, low-calcium fly ash complying with the Chinese National Standard GB/T
1596-2005, ground basic oxygen furnace steel slag complying with the Chinese
National Standard GB/T 20491-2006, crushed limestone of 5 to 25 mm and natural
river sand smaller than 5 mm. The specific surface areas of cement, fly ash and steel
slag are 376 m2/kg, 358 m2/kg and 461 m2/kg, respectively. Besides, polycarboxylic
superplasticizer was used to adjust the fluidity of concrete. The chemical composi-
tions of the cement, fly ash, and steel slag were shown in Table 1.
2.2. Mix proportions
As shown in Table 2, two mix proportions were prepared with the same amount
of binder (400 kg/m3), water-to-binder ratio (0.42) and mineral admixture substitu-
tion rate (45% by mass). One mix proportion was for the HVFA concrete (denoted by
‘F’), and the other was for the HVSS concrete (denoted by ‘S’).
2.3. Curing conditions and test methods
The concrete specimens were cast with appropriate compaction and demoulded
after about 36 h of initial curing. In order to study the properties of concrete in
actual structures, two different curing conditions were set:
(i) Standard curing condition (SC): Specimens were cured in a room at
20 ± 1 °C and more than 95% relative humidity.
(ii) Temperature match curing condition (TMC): Specimens were cured in a
curing box whose temperature was adjusted according to the adiabatic
temperature rise curve of concrete.
Thus, there are four groups of concrete. Group F-SC represents HVFA concrete
under standard curing condition. Group S-SC represents HVSS concrete under stan-
dard curing condition. Group F-TMC represents HVFA concrete under temperature
match curing condition. Group S-TMC represents HVSS concrete under temperature
match curing condition.
A specific adiabatic temperature measuring instrument with accuracy of ±0.1 °C
was used to measure the adiabatic temperature rise curves of concrete. The slumps
of the steel slag concrete and fly ash concrete were 17.6 and 16.8 cm, respectively.
Specimens of 100  100  100 mm were prepared for the compressive strength and
splitting tensile strength tests. Specimens of 100  100  300 mm were prepared
for the elastic modulus test. And specimens of 100  100  50 mm were cut for
chloride ion penetration test. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength
and elastic modulus of concrete were tested at the ages of 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28, 56
and 90 days according to the Chinese National Standard GB/T 50081-2011. And
the permeability of concrete was measured at the ages of 28, 56 and 90 days
according to ASTM C1202 ‘‘Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Con-
crete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration”.
Steel slag paste was prepared by mixing sodium hydroxide solution (initial
pH = 13.5) and steel slag at the solution/steel slag ratio of 0.42 (mass ratio). One
group was cured under the temperature of 65 °C for the initial 7 days and 20 °C
for the remaining ages (denoted by ‘S-65 °C’), and the other was cured under the
temperature of 20 °C throughout the ages (denoted by ‘S-20 °C’). Non-evaporable
water (wn) content of the steel slag paste was tested at the ages of 3 and 90 days
to evaluate its degree of hydration.
Table 1
Chemical compositions of the cement, fly ash, and steel slag: %.
CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO SO3 MnO
Cement 54.86 21.10 6.33 4.22 2.60 2.66 0
Fly ash 2.86 53.33 27.65 6.04 1.35 0.45 0
Steel slag 45.38 14.38 7.19 20.34 3.46 0.34 5.13
 S. Mengxiao et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 649–655 651

Table 2
Mix proportion of concretes: kg/m3.

Cement Fly ash Steel slag Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Water Superplasticizer
F 220 180 0 852.5 1027 168 8.4
S 220 0 180 852.5 1027 168 8.4

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Adiabatic temperature rise

Fig. 1 shows the adiabatic temperature rise curves of HVFA

concrete and HVSS concrete. It is obvious that the two curves are
similar and the growth trends of temperature are nearly the same.
However, the adiabatic temperature rise of HVSS concrete is
relatively low compared with that of HVFA concrete, which means
the effect of steel slag on reducing the hydration temperature rise
is a bit greater than that of fly ash. According to the test data, the
adiabatic temperature rise values of HVFA concrete and HVSS
concrete within 9 days are 41.85 °C and 39.46 °C, respectively.

Fig. 2. Compressive strength of concrete under temperature match curing

3.2. Compressive strength condition.

Fig. 2 presents the compressive strengths of different concretes

under temperature match curing condition. It can be easily
observed that the early compressive strength development of
HVFA concrete is faster than that of HVSS concrete under temper-
ature match curing condition. For example, the compressive
strength of HVFA concrete at 7 days is already higher than that of
HVSS concrete at 56 days. At late ages, although the compressive
strength of HVSS concrete is much lower than that of HVFA
concrete, the compressive strength increasing rates of the two
groups are very close to each other.
Figs. 3 and 4 show the compressive strength under different
curing conditions for HVFA concrete and HVSS concrete, respec-
tively. Two significant results can be got from Figs. 3 and 4. Firstly,
the promoting effect of high temperature curing on the early com-
pressive strength development of HVFA concrete is more obvious
Fig. 3. Compressive strength of HVFA concrete under different temperature curing
than that on HVSS concrete. As the test data shows, the compres- conditions.
sive strength of Group F-TMC at 7 days is 87.41% higher than that
of Group F-SC, while the compressive strength of Group S-TMC at
7 days is only 32.64% higher than that of Group S-SC. On the other
hand, at late ages the compressive strength of Group F-TMC is
superior to that of Group F-SC, while the late compressive strength
of Group S-TMC is lower than that of Group S-SC, indicating that
the effects of high temperature curing on the late strengths of
HVFA concrete and HVSS concrete are different.

Fig. 4. Compressive strength of HVSS concrete under different temperature curing

conditions.

3.3. Splitting tensile strength

The splitting tensile strengths of different concretes under tem-

perature match curing condition are shown in Fig. 5. And the split-
ting tensile strength comparison of HVFA concrete and HVSS
Fig. 1. Adiabatic temperature rise curves of concrete. concrete under different curing conditions is presented in Fig. 6
652 S. Mengxiao et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 649–655

Fig. 5. Splitting tensile strength of concrete under temperature match curing Fig. 7. Splitting tensile strength of HVSS concrete under different temperature
condition. curing conditions.

and Fig. 7, respectively. It can be seen that the trends of splitting

tensile strengths are quite similar to those of compressive
strengths. At early ages, HVFA concrete gains splitting tensile
strength more quickly than HVSS concrete under temperature
match curing condition, while the late splitting tensile strength
increasing rates of the two groups are very close to each other.
The splitting tensile strength of Group S-TMC is lower than that
of Group F-TMC at any age. It is also an indication that the promot-
ing effect of high temperature curing on the early splitting tensile
strength development of HVFA concrete is more obvious than that
on HVSS concrete. It can be seen that the splitting tensile strength
of Group F-TMC at 7 days is 61.18% higher than that of Group F-SC
(Fig. 6), while the splitting tensile strength of Group S-TMC at
7 days is only 24.13% higher than that of Group S-SC (Fig. 7). Fur- Fig. 8. Elastic modulus of concrete under temperature match curing condition.
thermore, the late splitting tensile strength of Group F-TMC is
superior to that of Group F-SC. For Group S-TMC, however, its late
splitting tensile strength is lower than that of Group S-SC.

3.4. Elastic modulus

Figs. 8–10 present the results of elastic modulus. On the whole,

the elastic modulus development trends of concrete are basically
consistent with the development trends of strength. It is notable
that the differences of elastic modulus values among the four
groups are not so significant as those of strength values. Especially
at late ages, the elastic modulus values of these four groups are
quite close.
It is widely known that concrete structure usually has three
phases: hardened paste, aggregates and the ITZ between them.
Among these, the properties of hardened paste and ITZ usually vary
Fig. 9. Elastic modulus of HVFA concrete under different temperature curing
conditions.

Fig. 6. Splitting tensile strength of HVFA concrete under different temperature Fig. 10. Elastic modulus of HVSS concrete under different temperature curing
curing conditions. conditions.
 S. Mengxiao et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 649–655
with the change of age, temperature and humidity, while those of
the aggregates nearly don’t. As for the strength of normal strength
concrete, the strengths of hardened paste and ITZ are primary,
while the strength of aggregates is secondary. So curing tempera-
ture has obvious effect on the strength of concrete by significantly
influencing the properties of hardened paste and ITZ. However,
aggregates phase plays a more important role in the elastic modu-
lus than the strength, but the hardened paste and ITZ have less
effect on the elastic modulus than the strength. So the elastic
modulus of concrete is not so sensitive to the curing condition as
the strength of concrete.
3.5. Chloride permeability
Figs. 11 and 12 show the charge passed and permeability grade
of concrete under standard curing condition and under tempera-
ture match curing condition, respectively. It is evident that, no
matter under which kind of curing condition, the chloride perme-
ability of HVSS concrete is far higher than that of HVFA concrete at
any age. It can also be observed that the chloride permeability
grade of HVFA concrete at 90 d is ‘low’ under standard curing con-
dition and ‘very low’ under temperature match curing condition.
For HVSS concrete, although the charge passed decreases with
the increase of age, the chloride permeability grade at 90 d is still
‘high’ under standard curing condition and ‘moderate’ under
temperature match curing condition.
3.6. Discussion
3.6.1. Effect of temperature match curing on the properties of different
cementitious systems
According to the results of compressive strength and splitting
tensile strength, temperature match curing can effectively promote
the early strength development of both HVFA concrete and HVSS
concrete. However, it is also evident that at early ages HVFA
concrete gains strength more quickly than HVSS concrete under
temperature match curing condition. The study of Wang et al.
[21] showed that the reaction degrees of fly ash in the composite
binder containing 45% fly ash at the age of 3 days were 0.91%
and 8.62% under the curing temperature of 20 °C and 65 °C, respec-
tively, indicating that elevated temperature curing at early ages
can effectively motivate the activity of fly ash. Besides, Li et al
[35] found that the reaction degree of fly ash in the composite bin-
der containing 35% fly ash at the age of 7 days were 4.83% and
14.78% under the curing temperature of 20 °C and 65 °C, respec-
tively. Fig. 13 shows the non-evaporable water (wn) content of
steel slag paste under different curing temperatures. At the age
of 3 days, the wn content of Group S-65 °C is 61.68% higher than
that of Group S-20 °C, indicating that the reaction degree of steel
Fig. 11. Chloride permeability of concrete under standard curing condition.
653
Fig. 12. Chloride permeability of concrete under temperature match curing
condition.
slag in Group S-65 °C is 61.68% higher than that in Group S-
20 °C. At the age of 7 days, the wn content of Group S-65 °C is
60.51% higher than that of Group S-20 °C. From the results it can
be concluded that elevating the curing temperature at early ages
can promote the early reaction of both fly ash and steel slag, how-
ever, its promoting effect on the early reaction of fly ash is more
significant than that of steel slag. This is a reason why HVFA con-
crete gains early strength much more rapidly than HVSS concrete
under temperature match condition.
It is well known that the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash con-
sumes Ca(OH)2, which improves the microstructure of interfacial
transition zone (ITZ) of concrete. The reaction degree of fly ash
increases significantly by elevating the curing temperature, so it
can be deduced that fly ash makes considerable contribution to
the improvement of ITZ of concrete at early ages under tempera-
ture match curing condition. So the early strength of HVFA con-
crete can be highly promoted under temperature match curing
condition. As for steel slag, its mineral constituents and hydration
process are similar to those of cement [32], merely the activity of
its mineral constituents is much lower. Therefore, steel slag can
be seen as a kind of ‘inferior cement’. The reaction of steel slag
doesn’t consume Ca(OH)2, on the contrary, it produces some Ca
(OH)2. Thus the reaction of steel slag can’t improve the ITZ of
concrete. This is another reason why the promoting effect of tem-
perature match curing on the early strength of HVFA concrete is
more obvious than that on HVSS concrete.
The results of strength also shows an interesting phenomenon:
temperature match curing has negative effect on the late strength
of HVSS concrete but it has positive effect on the late strength of
HVFA concrete. Some researches [36–38] showed that early high
Fig. 13. Non-evaporable water content of steel slag paste under different curing
temperatures.
654 S. Mengxiao et al. / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 649–655
temperature curing tended to decrease the late strength of cement
concrete due to two reasons: (1) early high temperature curing
increased the early hydration rate of cement, producing much den-
ser C-S-H gel layers, which would prevent the late hydration of
cement; (2) early high temperature curing led to the uneven distri-
bution of hydration products, and large holes formed easily in the
hardened cement paste, affecting the late strength development of
concrete.
Fig. 13 shows that at the age of 90 days, the wn content of Group
S-65 °C is very close to that of Group S-20 °C, indicating that the
late reaction degrees of steel slag under the two different curing
conditions are very close to each other. It should be noted that
the test of Fig. 13 was carried out using pure steel slag paste. Dur-
ing the hydration of cement-steel slag composite binder under
temperature match curing condition, the steel slag particles would
be rapidly wrapped by the hydration products of steel slag as well
as cement. So the late reaction degree of steel slag under temper-
ature match curing condition might be lower than that under stan-
dard curing condition. Li et al [35] found that the reaction degree of
fly ash in the composite binder containing 35% fly ash at the age of
90 days were 11.26% and 19.27% under the curing temperature of
20 °C and 65 °C, respectively. Wang et al. [21] also found that
although high temperature curing affected the late hydration of
cement, it wouldn’t obstruct the late reaction of fly ash. At late ages
fly ash can react sustainably, not only producing C-S-H gel to fill
the holes, but also consuming Ca(OH)2 and improving the ITZ of
concrete. Therefore, the effects of elevating temperature curing at
early ages on the late strengths of HVFA concrete and HVSS
concrete are different.
Many researches showed that fly ash tended to decrease the
chloride permeability of concrete at late ages mainly due to two
reasons: the C-S-H gel produced by fly ash blocked the channels
among pores; the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash improved the
microstructure of ITZ of concrete [39–41]. The reaction degree of
fly ash is very crucial to the chloride permeability of concrete.
The permeability grade of HVFA at the age of 28 days under
standard curing condition is ‘moderate’ (Fig. 11), but that under
temperature match curing condition is ‘very low’ due to the high
reaction degree of fly ash (Fig. 12). So temperature match curing
tends to decrease the permeability of HVFA concrete obviously
by promoting the reaction of fly ash. Figs. 11 and 12 indicate that
temperature match curing also tends to decrease the permeability
of HVSS concrete, but its influence degree is very small. It is
believed that the contribution of steel slag to the improvement
of pore structure and ITZ of concrete is much less than that of fly
ash.
3.6.2. Feasibility of using HVSS concrete in massive concrete structures
Low hydration heat is an important reason why HVFA concrete
is widely used in massive concrete structures. Fig. 1 shows that the
adiabatic temperature rise of HVSS concrete is even lower than
that of HVFA concrete. This property of HVSS concrete is beneficial
to its application to the massive concrete structures.
In the case of the same constraint condition and shrinkage
value, the tensile stress is directly proportional to the elastic
modulus. Fig. 8 shows that the elastic modulus of HVSS concrete
is smaller than that of HVFA concrete under temperature match
curing condition, which is beneficial to its application to massive
concrete structures. However, the strength especially the splitting
tensile strength of HVSS concrete is lower than that of HVFA
concrete. What’s more, it should be noted that the gap of splitting
tensile strength between HVFA concrete and HVSS concrete is
much larger than that of elastic modulus. Therefore, the mechani-
cal properties of HVSS concrete are worse than those of HVFA
concrete considering the relationship between tensile stress and
tensile strength.
Fig. 12 shows that the chloride permeability of HVFA concrete
at 90 d reaches ‘very low’ grade, which can meet the design
requirement easily. However, the chloride permeability of HVFA
concrete at 90 d only reaches ‘moderate’ grade, which can’t meet
the design requirement in some cases.
In general, there are some problems when HVSS concrete is
used to replace HVFA concrete in the massive concrete structure.
However, it should be noted that the comparison of the properties
between HVFA concrete and HVSS concrete is made under the con-
dition of the same W/B. The research of Wang et al. [33] showed
that the negative influence of steel slag on the properties of
concrete would get weaker in the case of lower W/B. In theory,
HVSS concrete with satisfactory late strength and durability can
be obtained by lowering the W/B, and in the meanwhile, the
hydration heat becomes a little smaller. Therefore, it may be feasi-
ble to use HVSS concrete in massive concrete structures if proper
W/B is adopted.
4. Conclusions
(1) Temperature match curing can effectively promote the early
strength development of both HVFA concrete and HVSS con-
crete. But the promoting effect of temperature match curing
on the early strength of HVFA concrete is more obvious than
that on HVSS concrete.
(2) At late ages, the strength of HVFA concrete under tempera-
ture match curing condition is superior to that under stan-
dard curing condition, while the late strength of HVSS
concrete under temperature match curing condition is lower
than that under standard curing condition.
(3) No matter for HVFA concrete or HVSS concrete, the elastic
modulus development trends under different temperature
curing conditions are basically consistent with the develop-
ment trends of strength. But the promotion of temperature
match curing to the elastic modulus development is not so
obvious as that to the strength development.
(4) Temperature match curing can significantly decrease the
chloride permeability of HVFA concrete. However, the influ-
ence of temperature match curing on the chloride perme-
ability of HVSS concrete is inconspicuous.
(5) The low adiabatic temperature rise of HVSS concrete is ben-
eficial to its application to the massive concrete structures,
however, its strength especially the splitting tensile strength
and resistance to chloride ion penetration need to be
improved. In the region which has much steel slag but little
fly ash, the HVSS concrete with proper mix proportion has
the better potential to be used in massive concrete
structures.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to acknowledge the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (No. 51278277) and Tsinghua
University Initiative Scientific Research Program (20131089239).
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