Tigbauan National High School

Senior High Schoool

Earth Science

Reporter :Romnick Solacito Gregorio

Teacher: Mr. Randy Tumesa Ayuyon

I.Activity

As a presentor/Reporter I will start the discussion with a video containing some

discussion about universe,After that I will ask some of my classmates for some ideas about
how the Universe was formed.

II.Analysis

 How the universe was formed?

 How many theories are found?
 Evidences

III.Abstraction

The Big Bang

Since the early part of the 1900s, one explanation of the origin and fate of the universe, the
Big Bang theory, has dominated the discussion. Proponents of the Big Bang maintain
that,between 13 billion and 15 billion years ago, all the matter and energy in the known
cosmos was crammed into a tiny, compact point. In fact, according to this theory, matter
and energy back then were the same thing, and it was impossible to distinguish one from
the other.

Adherents of the Big Bang believe that this small but incredibly dense point of primitive
matter/energy exploded. Within seconds the fireball ejected matter/energy at velocities
approaching the speed of light. At some later time—maybe seconds later, maybe years
later—energy and matter began to split apart and become separate entities. All of the
different elements in the universe today developed from what spewed out of this original
explosion.

Big Bang theorists claim that all of the galaxies, stars, and planets still retain the explosive
motion of the moment of creation and are moving away from each other at great speed.
This supposition came from an unusual finding about our neighboring galaxies. In 1929
astronomer Edwin Hubble, working at the Mount Wilson Observatory in California,
announced that all of the galaxies he had observed were receding from us, and from each
other, at speeds of up to several thousand miles per second.
 Tigbauan National High School
Senior High Schoool
The Redshift

To clock the speeds of these galaxies, Hubble took advantage of the Doppler effect. This
phenomenon occurs when a source of waves, such as light or sound, is moving with respect
to an observer or listener. If the source of sound or light is moving toward you, you
perceive the waves as rising in frequency: sound becomes higher in pitch, whereas light
becomes shifted toward the blue end of the visible spectrum. If the source is moving away
from you, the waves drop in frequency: sound becomes lower in pitch, and light tends to
shift toward the red end of the spectrum. You may have noticed the Doppler effect when
you listen to an ambulance siren: the sound rises in pitch as the vehicle approaches, and
falls in pitch as the vehicle races away.

To examine the light from the galaxies, Hubble used a spectroscope, a device that analyzes
the different frequencies present in light. He discovered that the light from galaxies far off
in space was shifted down toward the red end of the spectrum. Where in the sky each
galaxy lay didn't matter—all were redshifted. Hubble explained this shift by concluding
that the galaxies were in motion, whizzing away from Earth. The greater the redshift,
Hubble assumed, the greater the galaxy's speed.

Some galaxies showed just a slight redshift. But light from others was shifted far past red
into the infrared, even down into microwaves. Fainter, more distant galaxies seemed to
have the greatest red shifts, meaning they were traveling fastest of all.

An Expanding Universe

So if all the galaxies are moving away from Earth, does that mean Earth is at the center of
the universe? The very vortex of the Big Bang? At first glance, it would seem so. But
astrophysicists use a clever analogy to explain why it isn't.

In 1965 two scientists made a blockbuster discovery that solidified the Big Bang theory.
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson of Bell Telephone Laboratories detected faint microwave
radiation that came from all points of the sky. They and other physicists theorized that they
were seeing the afterglow from the Big Bang's explosion. Since the Big Bang affected the
entire universe at the same moment in time, the afterglow should permeate the entire
universe and could be detected no matter what direction you looked. This afterglow is
called the cosmic background radiation. Its wavelength and uniformity fit nicely with other
astronomers' mathematical calculations about the Big Bang.

The Steady State Theory

But the Big Bang is not the only proposed theory concerning our universe's origin. In the
1940s a competing hypothesis arose, called the Steady State theory. Some astronomers
turned to this idea simply because, at the time, there wasn't enough information to test the
 Tigbauan National High School
Senior High Schoool
Big Bang. British astrophysicist Fred Hoyle and others argued that the universe was not
only uniform in space—an idea called the cosmological principle—but also unchanging in
time, a concept called the perfect cosmological principle. This theory didn't depend on a
specific event like the Big Bang. Under the Steady State theory, stars and galaxies may
change, but on the whole the universe has always looked the way it does now, and it always
will.
The Big Bang predicts that as galaxies recede from one another, space becomes
progressively emptier. The Steady State theorists admit that the universe is expanding, but
predict that new matter continually comes to life in the spaces between the receding
galaxies. Astronomers propose that this new material is made up of atoms of hydrogen,
which slowly coalesce in open space to form new stars.
Naturally, continuous creation of matter from empty space has met with criticism. How can
you get something from nothing? The idea violates a fundamental law of physics: the
conservation of matter. According to this law, matter can neither be created nor destroyed,
but only converted into other forms of matter, or into energy. But skeptical astronomers
have found it hard to directly disprove the continuous creation of matter, because the
amount of matter formed under the Steady State theory is so very tiny: about one atom
every billion years for every several cubic feet of space.
The Steady State theory fails, however, in one important way. If matter is continuously
created everywhere, then the average age of stars in any section of the universe should be
the same. But astronomers have found that not to be true.
Astronomers can figure out how old a galaxy or star is by measuring its distance from
Earth. The farther away from Earth an object is, the longer it has taken light from the object
to travel across space and reach Earth. That means that the most distant objects we can see
are also the oldest.
For example, take quasars, the small points of light that give off enormous amounts of radio
energy. Because the light from quasars is shifted so far to the red end of the spectrum,
astronomers use Hubble's law to calculate that these powerhouses lie at a great distance
from Earth, and hence are very old. But quasars exist only at these great distances—none
are found nearer. If the Steady State theory were true, there ought to be both young and old
quasars. Since astronomers haven't found quasars that formed recently, they conclude the
universe must have changed over time. The discovery of quasars has put the Steady State
theory on unsteady ground.
 Tigbauan National High School
Senior High Schoool

IV. Application
Multiple Choice: In ¼ sheet of pad paper answer the given questions by giving the letter of
your correct answer.Write your answers in CAPITAL letters.
1.The theory that most likely correct about the origin of our universe is _____________________.
A.The Dynamic State C.The Big Crunch
B.The Steady State D.The Big Bang
2.Hubbles Observed that galaxies are?
A.Moving towards us C,Standing Still
BMoving away from us D.Expanding
3.Doppler Effect can be seen in?
A.Electromagnetic(light) waves C.Sound Waves
B,Water Waves D.All of Them
4.The Steady State Theory States that the Universe?
A.Started dense a Hot point C.The Universe is not Expanding
B.Always is,Always as,And always will be D.Moves in Cycle and Expanding
5.Hubble’s law states that galaxies moves away from us, they move?
A.They move erratically C.Slowly
B.Faster D.In Circles
KEY ANSWERS
1.D
2.B
3.D
4.B
5.B