GOOD SHEPHERD CATHEDRAL SCHOOL

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The Effect of Human Urine to the Growth Rate of the Chili

( Capsicum Annuum )

Submitted by:

Venegas, Karla Anne Gabriel V.

Esperanzate, John Marlon G.

Quilang, Crystal Jean Issa S.

Guevara, Lovely Angel V.

Pujante, Klyde Yojlen T.

Manubay, Sean Huey E.

Agustin, Marc Jethro P.

Andres, Dharzielynn A.

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 Table Of Contents

Introduction

 Background of the Study ............................................................................................ 3-4

 Statement of the problem/objective ........................................................................... 4

 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................ 4-5

 Significance of the Study .......................................................................................... 5

 Scopes and Limitation .............................................................................................. 5

Review of Related Literature ................................................................................ 6-15

Methodology

 Materials/Equipment .............................................................................................. 15

 Treatment/General Procedure ............................................................................... 16

Results and Discussions ....................................................................................... 17-20

 Summary of Findings ............................................................................................. 20-21

 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 22

 Recommendations .................................................................................................. 22

Appendix .............................................................................................................. 23-25

Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 26-27

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 A. Introduction

A.Background of the Study

The low level of supply in chilli has a big effect in the market and price per kilogram have

been surged. Small farmers in Cagayan valley are continuously struggling to maintain the

productivity of their plants specially on chilli. In order for them to produce more chilli and

improve the health of it they need to use high grade fertilizer, but when it comes in harvesting

they gain no profit. So they need to find an alternative low cost fertilizer.( Mary Grace Padin,

December 7, 2015)

Today, many scientist studied human urine as an alternative fertilizer for farming that even a

households plant can use. Urine is full of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, which are the

nutrients that plants need to survive and also the main ingredients in common fertilizers. “The

nutrients in urine are also in just the right form for plants to drink them up” says Håkan

Jönsson. Human urine is a valuable, yet underestimated and under-utilized, resource for plant

fertilization that has been used in agriculture since ancient times, not least in intensive farming

systems in various parts of Asia (Goldstein, 2012, Netting, 1993).

Human urine is also a potential fertilizer that we can use not only farmers but even people with a

green thumb at home. Urine is a liquid that is produced by the human body (Gensch et al. 2010).

The liquid contains valuable macro-nutrients, which comes from the food humans eat. 80 percent

of the total nitrogen, 66 percent of the total phosphorous and 80 percent of the potassium humans

excrete is contained in urine (Esrey et al. 2001).

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This study is basically about the growing problem of chilli production in Cagayan Valley which

led the farmers not to produce or plant more chilli. Chilli is seasonal plant which have many

benefits for the human. It is useful for herbal medicines and cooking spices. The study will

examine the effect of human urine as a fertilizer to the growth rate of chilli (Capsicum Annum)

compared to the fertilizer using in Cagayan Valley. The study will also examine if the urine will

effect the taste of the chilli.

B. Statement of the Problem/ Objectives

1. Is there a significant difference between the growth rate of the plant treated with human

urine from the plant treated with commercialized fertilizer?

2. Is there a significant difference between the growth of the plant treated with human urine

from the plant treated with commercialized fertilizer?

3. Is there a significant difference between the number of leaves of the chilli plant treated

with human urine from the plant treated with commercialized fertilizer?

C. Hypothesis

1. There is a significant difference between the growth rate of the plant treated with human

urine from the plant treated with commercialized fertilizer.

2. There is a significant difference between the growth of the plant treated with human urine

from the plant treated with commercialized fertilizer.

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 3. There is a significant difference between the number of leaves of the chilli plant treated

with human urine from the pant treated with commercialized fertilizer.

D. Significance of the Study

People that may benefit in this research:

1. Farmers- farmers may benefit this research because they don’t have to waste money to

buy chemical fertilizers to use in their plantIs.

2. Family- family’s in neighbourhoods may benefit in this research because they can plant

their plants without needing chemical fertilizers.

3. Researchers- the researchers and other researchers may benefit in this research because

they can make further research and experiments on how human urine can be more

useful as an alternative fertilizer

4. Entrepreneurs- entrepreneurs may benefit in this research because they can use human

urine as their product in their business as an alternative fertilizer.

E. Scope and Limitations

The researchers, will use two kinds of fertilizers. Rapid Growth Fertilizer, the fertilizer that

Ilokanos use in Cagayan Valley, and the Diluted Human Urine. The resarchers will only use

Chili for this project. The researchers will observe the growth rate of the plant for 1 month

using Rapid Growth Fertilizer and a diluted human urine.

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 II. Review of Related Literature

Expensive Chilli in the Market ( Manila Philippines)

According to Ralf Rivas of Rappler News (2018), Social media was on fire after reports that the

price of chilli or red chili pepper reportedly soared to as much as P1,000 per kilo in

markets.Agriculture Secretary Emmanuel Piñol offered a practical solution: learn how to

plant sili in flower pots."In these times, when the price of almost every commodity has gone up

in the market because of the increase in fuel prices and electricity rates, it would be wise to be

innovative," Piñol said in a Facebook post on Friday, September 7.

Rappler inspected prices in some groceries and markets in Quezon City last September

7. Sili was sold at P610 per kilo in SM Cubao, while Nepa Q Mart offered it at P800 per kilo.

Kamuning Market reportedly sold sili at P1,000. However, sellers refuted the figure and said that

prices only went up to as high as P800. Prices were now down to P680.

Crisis of Chilli in Cagayan Valley (Price of ‘siling labuyo’ up to P400-P700 a kilo)

According to Padin (2015), the price of siling labuyo (chili peppers) surged to P400 to P700

per kilogram (kg) due to a deficit in production in the Cagayan Valley region and Central

Luzon, according to the price-monitoring unit of the Agribusiness and Marketing Assistance

Service (Amas) in select markets in Metro Manila as of December 7.

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Based on the monitoring of the Agribusiness and Marketing Assistance Division (Amad) in

Cagayan Valley, there is a low level of supply available in Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela. The

report said there were months when farmers were not able to grow siling labuyo due to the

adverse climate situation in the region.

Central Luzon also suffers from a shortfall in the supply of sili. The decrease in production was

due to the series of typhoons that hit the region. The Amad in Central Luzon said the supply of

pepper was only sufficient for the provincial consumption of Nueva Ecija alone.

Meanwhile, a report from the Sentrong Pamilihan in Sariaya, Quezon, said the price of siling

labuyo during its peak season of October to November was at P122 to P150 per kg. However, a

decline in supply was noted starting on November 13.

Data from the price monitoring of Sentrong Pamilihan showed that the price of siling labuyo

jumped to P400 per kg on November 30, compared to P67 per kg recorded in the same period

last year.“[In 2014] madami ang kanilang tanim na siling labuyo, nagkaroon ng pagkalugi dahil

kaunti lang ang demand at mababa ang presyo. Kaya ngayong 2015, hindi sila gaano nagtanim

base sa kanilang experience last 2014,” said Romer Cabral, a staff of Sentrong Pamilihan.

The Amas, an attached office of the Department of Agriculture (DA), did not yet say how long

the price increase will persist. The planting season of siling labuyo is from the month of

September to October and the harvest season is from February to March.

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Meanwhile, price increases for tomato were also noted in several markets in Metro Manila. The

Amad in Cagayan Valley and Central Luzon said the price increase was due to the low supply of

tomatoes brought by typhoon devastation in the planting areas. According to the price

monitoring of the DA Amas, the price of tomato as of December 7 ranged from P100 per kg to

P150 per kg, as compared to P70 per kg to P80 per kg recorded on November 26.

Definition of Fertilizer

Copyright © 2019 MaximumYield Inc.

A fertilizer is a natural or synthetic, chemical-based substance that is used to enhance plant

growth and fertility. Fertilizers may also enhance water retention and filter any excess liquid,

hence enhancing soil effectiveness. Fertilizers typically offer the three major macro-nutrients

potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen. It may also add secondary nutrients such as sulphur,

magnesium, and calcium to the soil or growing media.

There are different types of fertilizers that can be used on specific plants to promote their growth.

For example, coffee grounds are commonly used for plants that thrive on acidic substances, such

as azaleas, blueberries, roses, and tomatoes. When working with coffee grounds, it is important

to water the soil afterwards to promote absorption. Eggshells are also used as fertilizing agents

for produce like peppers and tomatoes, because they have a high percentage of calcium.

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The calcium can help prevent rot while boosting the plant’s growth. Aged manure and compost

are by far the most popular fertilizers used with just about any type of plant. Depending on your

plant, weeds can also be used as fertilizer. Chickweed, horsetail, burdock, yellow dock, and

nettles are often used because of their high nitrogen content.

Definition of Organic Fertilizer

Copyright © 2019 MaximumYield Inc.

An organic fertilizer is a plant fertilizer that is derived from organic sources that can range

from organic compost to cow manure, but they must be derived from all-organic sources.

Chicken droppings from an organic farm would be considered an organic fertilizer. Additional

examples of organic fertilizer sources include kelp, guano, bone and blood meals, molasses, and

fish emulsions.

Organic fertilizers differ from chemical fertilizers in that they feed your plants while building a

healthy soil. They are considered the more environmentally friendly option. Soils with plenty of

organic material remain loose and light, retain more moisture and nutrients, and foster growth of

soil micro-organisms that promote healthier plants and root development.

The Advantages and Disadvantage of using Organic Fertilizers

Jen-Hshuan Chen, Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences,

National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, R.O.C.- October 2006

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Advantages of Organic Fertilizer

The advantages of organic fertilizer in plants are: the nutrient supply is more balanced,

which helps to keep plants healthy. They enhance soil biological activity, which improves

nutrient mobilization from organic and chemical sources and decomposition of toxic substances.

They enhance the colonization of mycorrhizae, which improves P supply and enhance root

growth due to better soil structure, increase the organic matter content of the soil, therefore

improving the exchange capacity of nutrients, increasing soil water retention, promoting soil

aggregates and buffering the soil against acidity, alkalinity, salinity, pesticides and toxic heavy

metals.

Organic fertilizers also release nutrients slowly and contribute to the residual pool of organic N

and P in the soil, reducing N leaching loss and P fixation; they can also supply micro-nutrient,

release nutrients slowly and contribute to the residual pool of organic N and P in the soil,

reducing N leaching loss and P fixation; they can also supply micro-nutrients and help to

suppress certain plant diseases, soil-borne diseases and parasites.

Disadvantages of Organic Fertilizers

The disadvantages of organic fertilizers in plants are: comparatively low in nutrient content,

so larger volume is needed to provide enough nutrients for crop growth, the nutrient release rate

is too slow to meet crop requirements in a short time, hence some nutrient deficiency may occur.

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The major plant nutrients may not exist in organic fertilizer in sufficient quantity to sustain

maximum crop growth, nutrient composition of compost is highly variable; the cost is high

compared to chemical fertilizers and long-term or heavy application to agricultural soils may

result in salt, nutrient or heavy metal accumulation and may adversely affect plant growth, soil

organisms, water quality and animal and human health

Chilli Pepper Fertilizer: How And When To Fertilize Chilli Pepper

According to Mierzejewski, peppers usually require a longer season than most other plants.

They tend to grow slowly when the temperatures are cooler, and faster when the temperatures are

higher. Because of this, fertilizing Chilli pepper plants is essential to their health. Fertilizing

chilli pepper is usually first done when you first transplant the pepper plants that you purchase

at the garden center or grow indoors. You can fertilize peppers again once you see dime-size

fruits. Be very cautious with this particular application.

If you fertilize peppers with too much nitrogen, you can kill the plants. Be sure to water

frequently when you fertilize peppers so the ground doesn’t become too concentrated with

fertilizer. Pepper fertilizer applications of 5-10-10 can be used. For every 100 square feet, use

about 3 pounds. When you first plant the pepper plants, use this pepper fertilizer before you put

the plants into the ground, then once fruit appears, you can use it again. You can also use well

rotted manure and compost for fertilizing pepper plants. These organic fertilizers release more

slowly into the soil and give a longer run of nutrients to your pepper plant

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Using Human Urine As A Liquid Fertilizer

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/expert/Julie_Williams/40631

According to Williams (2006), human urine is one of the most excellent source of Nitrogen,

Phosphorous, Potassium. Not only that, but we all have a constant, year round supply of it - and

it's free! There's not a lot of effort involved in creating this wonderful organic liquid fertilizer.

Many toilets use between 50 and 100 litres of water a day to flush around 1.5 litres of pee and

the high levels of nutrients in our effluent systems leads to the growth of algae, which ultimately

causes the death of plants and animals throughout our waterways.

Advantages of using Human Urine as an liquid fertilizer?

The advantages of using human urine as a liquid fertilizer are: it is good for the

environment and your pocket, it reduce the amount of sewerage run off and less nutrients in

our waterways. Urine as a liquid fertilizer is available in an ideal chemical form for plants to

use, gardening costs are less as your liquid fertilizer is free and it is readily available all year

round and there are no transportation costs.

Fresh human urine is sterile (unless there is a urinary tract infection - this urine should not be

used) and so free from bacteria.It is recommend that you dilute urine to 10-15 parts water to

1 part urine for application on plants in the growth stage.

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 Dilute to 30-50 parts water to 1 part urine for use on pot plants as they are much more

sensitive to fertilizers of any kind. Don't use urine older than 24 hours on a plants as the urea

turns into ammonia and will burn the plants. If it's not fresh, add it to compost heap. Adding

undiluted human urine to compost heap will help heat it up quickly as it is an excellent

activator and will add to the final nutrient value.

Human Urine as Fertilizer

http://susancenter.xu.edu.ph

According to Gensch, Miso etc.(2011), In a year there are 365 days (or something). At 6

cups a day, we have accumulation 2,190 cups of pee. There are 16 cups in a gallon, so we have

136.87 gallons of pee per person in a year.

Several experts have made a studies about the environmental impact of urine as fertiliser. Xavier

University – Ateneo de Cagayan, Philippines, Robert Gensch, Analiza Miso and Gina Itchon

conducted a study about Urine as Liquid Fertilizer in Agricultural Production in the

Philippines ,A Practical Field Guide. With the support and guide of Mr. Dan Lapid

President/Executive Director, Center for Advanced Philippine Studies (CAPS) Secretary

General, Philippine Ecosan Network (PEN) National Coordinator, Philippine Knowledge Node

for Sustainable Sanitation, SEI-ESR2 Regional Coordinator, Integrated Support for Sustainable

Urban Environment (ISSUE) 2 Program, WASTE. Mr. Lapid says, The Practical Field Guide on

Urine Reuse in Agriculture in the Philippines is a landmark publication of the Sustainable

Sanitation Center (SUSAN Center) of Xavier University in the field of Ecological Sanitation in

the Philippine Studies come up that Urine can be applied neat or diluted with water.

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There is no standard recommendation for dilution or non-dilution, and the existing

recommendations vary widely. However, if urine is applied at a small scale level where the

transport of the relatively heavy liquid medium is not a constraint, it is recommended to dilute

the urine. Advantages of the dilution are a noticeable odor reduction and a decreased risk of

over-application.

The level of experimentation can range from simple demonstration trials to scientifically

rigorous research. Demonstration trials should be started in places that are easily accessible to

farmers and household owners.

In addition to the use of urine solely as a liquid mineral fertilizer that is substituting commonly

used synthetic fertilizers, there are several alternatives how urine can be used in a productive

way. 1. Storage of urine in the soil,Urine use for biomass production,Comfrey production and

Urine Composting

Urine - Chemical Composition and Fertilizer use Efficiency

According to Pettersson(1995) ,the question whether the use of human urine on agricultural

land is suitable is one of the key questions in a system. Different aspects related to the use of

human urine on agricultural fields, such as hygienical and toxicological as well as the agronomic

value. Stored human urine had pH values of 8.9 and was composed of eight main ionic species

(> 0.1 meq L- 2), the cations Na, K, NH4, Ca and the anions, C1, SO4, PO4 and HCO3.

Nitrogen was mainly (> 90%) present as ammoniac al N, with ammonium bicarbonate being the

dominant compound. Urea and urate decomposed during storage.

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Heavy metal concentrations in urine samples were low compared with other organic fertilizers,

but copper, mercury, nickel and zinc were 10-500 times higher in urine than in precipitation and

surface waters. In a pot experiment with 15N labelled human urine, higher gaseous losses and

lower crop uptake (barley) of urine N than of labelled ammonium nitrate were found.

Phosphorus present in urine was utilized at a higher rate than soluble phosphate, showing that

urine P is at least as available to crops as soluble P fertilizers.

III. Methodology

A. Material/ Equipment

 2 pounds of diluted human urine

 2 pounds of Rapid Growth Fertilizer

 1 liter water

 2 kg of soil

 2 medium pot ( 5,75 x 6.5 )

 2 Chilli pepper seedling

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B. Treatment/ General Procedure

I. In a two medium plant pot ( 5.75 H X 6.5 ) put 3/4 of soil and the Chilli pepper seedling.

II. Dissolved 1.25ml (1/4 tsp ) of Rapid Growth Fertilizer into 4 cups of water.

III. On the first pot, watered the chilli with Rapid Growth Fertilizer once a week.

IV. Dilute 1 cup of human urine into 4 cups of water.

V. On the second pot, watered the chilli with the diluted human urine once a week.

VI. Watered both Chilli pot with regular water daily.

VII. Observe the Chilli pepper plant for 4 weeks.

VIII. The fresh human urine collected should not come from someone taking medications.

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 IV. Results and Discussion

The purposes of the study were to know if there would be any significant difference between

the growth rate, growth and numbers of chilli of the plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer

and the plant treated with Human Urine. This chapter presents the analyses of the 3 questions of

this study.

The Growth of the Chilli Plant Treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer and Human Urine

Table 1 shows the results of the test of the growth of the Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth

Fertilizer and the Chili plant treated with Human Urine. The test were used to know if there is a

significant diffrence in the growth of the Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer and

the growth of the Chilli plant treated with Human Urine.

Table 1.

WEEKS The Growth of the Chilli The Growth of the Chilli

plant treated with Rapid plant treated with Human

Growth Fertilizer Urine

1st week ½ inch ½ inch

2nd week 1 1/2 inches 1 inch

3rd week 2 ½ inches 1 ½ inches

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 Table 1 shows, that the Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer’s growth is more

effective than the Chilli plant treated with human urine. Thus, it implies that our null hypothesis

was rejected. Therefore, our alternate hypothesis is accepted, which tells us that there is a

significant difference in both Chilli plant. Between the Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth

Fertilizer and the Chilli plant treated with Human Urine. Thus, it implies that the Chilli plant

treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer have greater effectiveness in growth.

The Growth Rate of the Chilli Plant Treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer and Human

Urine

Table 2 shows the results of the test of the growth rate of the Chilli plant treated with Rapid

Growth Fertilizer and the Chili plant treated with Human Urine. The test were used to know if

there is a significant diffrence in the growth rate of the Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth

Fertilizer and the growth of the Chilli plant treated with Human Urine.

Table 2.

WEEKS Growth Rate of the Chilli Growth Rate of the Chilli

Plant Treated with Rapid Plant Treated with Human

Growth Fertilizer Urine

1st week 0.18 centimeters /day 0.18 centimeters /day

2nd Week 0.36 centimeters /day 0.18 centimeters /day

3rd week 0.28 centimeters /day 0.36 centimeters /day

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 Table 2 shows, that the Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer’s growth rate is

faster than the Chilli plant treated with Human Urine. Thus, it implies that our null hypothesis

was rejected. Therefore, our alternate hypothesis is accepted, which tells us that there is a

significant difference in both Chilli plant, between the growth rate of the Chilli plant treated with

Rapid Growth fertilizer and Chilli plant treated with Human Urine. Thus, it implies that the

Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer have greater growth rate.

The Number of Leaves of the Chilli Plant Treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer and

Human Urine

Table 3 shows the results of the test of the number of leaves of the Chilli plant treated with Rapid

Growth Fertilizer and the Chili plant treated with Human Urine. The test were used to know if

there is a significant diffrence in the number of leaves of the Chilli plant treated with Rapid

Growth Fertilizer and the growth of the Chilli plant treated with Human Urine.

Table 3.

WEEKS The Number of Leaves of The Number of Leaves of

the Chilli Plant Treated the Chilli Plant Treated

with Rapid Growth with Human Urine

Fertilizer

1st week 2 leaves 1 leaf

2nd week 3 leaves 2 leaves

3rd week 3 leaves 2 leaves

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 Table 3 shows, that the Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer have the greater

number of leaves than the Chilli plant treated with Human Urine. Thus, it implies that are null

hypothesis was rejected. Therefore our alternate hypothesis is accepted, which tells us that there

is significant difference in both Chilli plant, between the number of leaves of the Chilli plant

treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer and Chilli plant treated with Human urine. Thus, it implies

that the Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer have the greater number of leaves.

V. Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter discusses the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations based from the

results and outcome of the study.

A. Summary of Findings

The findings of this present study are enumerated as follows:

1. The result of the study showed that the plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer has a

growth of 2 ½ inches on the last week of the observation. The Chilli plant treated with

Human Urine has a result of 2 ½ inches on the last week of the observation. Thus, it

implies that our null hypothesis was rejected, therefore our alternate hypothesis is accepted,

which tells us that there is a significant difference in both Chilli plant.

20
Between the Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer and the Chilli plant treated with

Human Urine. Thus, it implies that the Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer have

greater effectiveness in growth.

2. The result of the study shows that the plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer has a

growth rate of 0.28 centimeters per day on the last week of observation. The Chilli plant

treated with Human Urine has a result of 0.36 centimeters per day on the last day of

observation. . Thus, it implies that our null hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, our alternate

hypothesis is accepted, which tells us that there is a significant difference in both Chilli plant,

between the growth rate of the Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth fertilizer and Chilli plant

treated with Human Urine. Thus, it implies that the Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth

Fertilizer have greater growth rate.

3. The result of the study shows that the plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer has 3 leaves

on the last week of observation. The Chilli plant treated with Human Urine has 2 leaves on the

last week of observation. Thus, it implies that are null hypothesis was rejected. Therefore our

alternate hypothesis is accepted, which tells us that there is significant difference in both Chilli

plant, between the number of leaves of the Chilli plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer

and Chilli plant treated with Human urine. Thus, it implies that the Chilli plant treated with

Rapid Growth Fertilizer have the greater number of leaves.

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B. Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. There is a significant difference in the growth of a plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer.

2. The growth rate of a plant treated with Rapid Growth Fertilizer has a significant difference.

3. There is a significant difference in the number of leaves of a plant treated with Rapid Growth

Fertilizer.

C. Recommendations

For the future researchers that will take interest in the effect of Human Urine to a Chilli

plant, the researchers may do the following based on the present limitations:

1. Have longer time for the experiment. This is to have a consistent data based on their

performance within the given data.

2. Increase the number of plants to increase the validity and accuracy of the results.

3. Change the type of plant to check if it will have the same results/effects.

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D. Appendix

Chilli Seeds Rapid Growth Fertilizer

Rapid Growth Fertilizer and Human Urine

Human Urine Diluted Human Urine

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Pot with Chilli Seeds

24
Chilli Plants after 3 weeks of observation

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E. Bibliography

H. Kirchman, and S. Pettersson Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Department of

soil Science “Urine – Chemical Composition and Fertlizer use Efficiency” September 1994

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00750100

Jen Hshuan Chen, “Advantages and disadvantages of organic soil” Department of Soil and

Environment Sciences, National Chung Hsung University, Taiwan R.O.C. October 2006

Retrieved from http://www.agnet.org/htmlarea_file/activities/20110719102200/7.pdf

Julie Wiliams “human urine as a liquid fertilizer” December 20, 2006 using Retrieved from

http://ezinearticles.com/?Using-Human-Urine-As-A-Liquid-Fertilizer&id=392596

Kathee Miezejewski “Chill pepper Fertilizer: How and when to fertilize chill pepper” last

updated on 03/12/19 Retrieved from

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/pepper/growing-chili-pepper-

plants.htm

Mary Grace Padin December 7, 2015 “Crisis of chili in Cagayan” Retrieved from

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siling-labuyo-up-to-p400-p700-a-

kilo%2F&h=AT3xitIMTey67yj5Zk8aTr2WMdHvFDTNJmY5UH5vrXtUL2jvi9ammvZFFX

O hdgFm8p11dFd5zJTpxeNQlnkhMmSKs5tXNV0DYZHEbRf2iYJo8aSpEBv0Mv-

M0zDAQztH9LWzaXqCMW0

MaximumYield inc. “Definition of fertilizer” Retrieved from

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A%2F%2Fwww.maximumyield.com%2Fdefinition%2F202%2Ffertilizer&h=AT3xitIMTey6

26
 7yj5Zk8aTr2WMdHvFDTNJmY5UH5vrXtUL2jvi9ammvZFFXOhdgFm8p11dFd5zJTpxeN

QlnkhMcmSKs5tXNV0DYZHEbRf2iYJo8aSpEBv0Mv-M0zDAQztH9LWzaXqCMW0

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https://www.maximumyield.com /definition/1727/organic-fertilizer

Ralf Rivas of Rappler News “Expensive chili in the market” published 9:37 AM September

10,2018 Retrieved from

https://l.messenger.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fbusiness%2F2115

85-pinol suggestion-high-sili-red-chili-pepper-

pricemarkets&h=AT3xitIMTey67yj5Zk8aTr2WMdHvFDTNJmY5UH5vrX

tUL2jvi9ammvZFFXOhdgFm8p11dFd5zJTpxeNQlnkhMmSKs5tXNV0DYZHEbRf2iYJo8a

SpEBv0Mv-M0zDAQztH9LWzaXqCMW0

Robert Gensch, Analiza Miso Gina Itchon Xavier University Press 2011 “Human Urine as a

Fertilizer Retrieved from

http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/UrineLiquidFertilizerAgricultural

ProductionPhilippinesFieldGuide2011.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652614000948#bbib19

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/human-urine-is-an-effective-fertilizer/

http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1204657/FULLTEXT01.pdf

https://businessmirror.com.ph/price-of-siling-labuyo-up-to-p400-p700-a-kilo/

http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1204657/FULLTEXT01.pdf

https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project-ideas/PlantBio_p046/plant

biology/human-urine-fertilizer

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