Lucian's Dialogues Interlinear English-Greek

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THE MALAN LIBRARY

PRESENTED
BY THE REV. S. C. MALAN, D.D.,

VICAR OF BROADW1NDSOR,
January, 1885.
without the aid of the book, and define them by using more simple wor^Jp of
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conferring on the learner the invaluable habit of never passing a word
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The Author was guided in making this selection of Prose and Poetry, by the
consideration that if the mind and heart are rightly trained, the utterance of
the voice will unfailingly give the proper emphasis, cadence, and inflection,
and every grace of speech which can add expression and force to sentiments
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Latin. Greek.
1. Phadrus' Fablbs of JEsop. 5. Xbnophox'bMemorabilia. Book I
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1. Lwcian's Dialogues. Selections. Stories from German Writers.
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A
SELECTION
LUCIAN'S DIALOGUES,
WITH A LITERAL
INTERLINEAR TRANSLATION,
THE PLAN RECOMMENDED BY MR. LOCKE :
ACCOMPANIED BY
ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES.
THIRD EDITION.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR TAYLOR AND WALTON,
28, Upper Gower Streit.
1838.
1928 J I
rRlNTED BY STEWART AND MURRAY,

OLD BAILEY.
PREFACE.
Having already furnished an Introduction to

the Latin language in a selection from the Fables
of Phaedrus, we proceed to supply a correspon
dent part of our Greek Series, by a specimen of
the Dialogues of Lucian. The principle and ob
ject of these publications have been so fully ex
plained in the preface to the Latin volume, as well
as in the separate Essay on the system proposed,
that we shall here confine our observations more
closely to the Author immediately before us. Of
the incidents of Lucian's life it is not requisite to
speak at any length, as it does not appear to have
been remarkably eventful ; though the few au
thentic details which have reached us derive con
siderable interest from his literary character.
Lucian was born A.D. 90, at Samosata, a town of
Syria, then a province of the Roman empire -: and
was particularly fortunate in the age in which he
lived, extending through the entire reigns of " the
five good emperors" of Rome. According to his
IV PREFACE.
own narrative (placed first in this selection), he

was designed by his father for the occupation of a
Sculptor; but in consequence of a dream which
he relates, he adopted the profession of the Bar, in
which he appears to have attained some eminence.
At a later period of his life, he devoted himself to
philosophy and general literature, and much in
creased his knowledge and reputation by travelling
into foreign countries. He visited most of the
leading cities of Greece and Italy — particularly
Athens, still famous as a school of literature
and arts, where his style was perfected in the
graces of the Attic dialect. In his old age he was
appointed to a civil office in Egypt by Aurelius
Antoninus ; being probably recommended to that
philosophic Emperor by his character as an author,
whereby he is best known to modern times.
Besides the popular nature of the subjects in
troduced in these Dialogues, which is no small
recommendation of an elementary work, the style
of Lucian seems peculiarly adapted to the pur
pose of conveying a general notion of the Greek
language. Though living in an age less favorable
to Grecian literature, than the times antecedent to
the death of Alexander the Great, this circumstance
by no means invalidates his claim to preference,
with respect to the particular object of this little
publication. The early Attic, as existing about
the time of Pericles, is certainly received as the
PREFACE. V
choice specimen of the Greek language ; whereas

Lucian must rather be classed among writers in the
Kotvij SiaXtKrog or common dialect, which prevailed
at a later period. But this common dialect is
essentially Attic : and the very idioms adopted by
Lucian are in conformity with the models of the
purest writers.
Soon after the death of Alexander, the several
Greek dialects became in great measure blended
into one general language; or rather, the Attic
dialect so far superseded the rest, that it was re
cognized as the universal language of the parts of
Europe comprehended under the Macedonian em
pire. After the subjugation of Perseus by the
Romans, when the several states of Greece were
not only concentrated in one empire, but were ab
solutely reduced to the condition of one conquered
province, the varieties of dialect arising from the
different habits and institutions of each people,
became still more closely amalgamated ; and at the
time when Lucian wrote, the Greek tongue was
considered, not as a fluctuating language diversified
by dialects of numerous Grecian states, but as a
fixed and uniform language chiefly spoken by the
Eastern provinces, in distinction from the Latin
which was cultivated in the West of the Roman
empire.
Although the Attic dialect began to be varied
in different provinces soon after its recognition as
a 3
VI PREFACE.
the common language, yet the authors of these later

times zealously preserved the elegant peculiarities
of the earlier Attic ; and as their field of observa
tion was of wider extent, their compositions ex
hibit perhaps a fairer sample of the Greek lan
guage in general, than those of previous writers of
greater celebrity in one particular dialect.
A further recommendation of the Dialogues of
Lucian, as an elementary book, is the simplicity of
his argument and expression ; the sentences being
free from obscurity of allusion, or harshness of
construction. Not that these compositions are
devoid of that raciness and piquancy, which is
sometimes requisite to stimulate the relish of the
finished scholar : the satire is sufficiently pointed
for the most fastidious taste, and as far as this
selection is concerned, the moral is calculated to
support the cause of reason and of virtue. It has
been objected to Lucian that his ridiculous de
scriptions of the deities acknowledged by his con
temporaries, betray a dangerous levity of principle
with regard to subjects of religion: but however
he might be censured in the days of paganism, for
ridiculing doctrines he could not believe, it will
scarcely be considered a disadvantage to the young
Christian student, on entering the classic regions
of pagan mythology, to find that some portion of
these heathens were sufficiently enlightened to de
spise and abjure its absurdities.
PREFACE. VII
It remains to say a few words respecting the

design and execution of the work, which we here
offer as a vehicle of instruction in the rudiments
of Greek. It is not our intention in this place to
enlarge on the advantages of accurate translation
as auxiliary to the study of the classics. We have
elsewhere shown, that according to the primitive
scheme of scholastic tuition in this country, pre
cisely the same assistance was intended to be given
to the student, as is furnished in these little
volumes. The numerous Latin versions that exist
of every Greek classic, would be sufficient to
prove that it was formerly the principle and prac
tice of scholars, to communicate as widely as pos
sible their own laborious acquirements ; and not
as now to exact from the uninitiated learner a capa
bility of criticism, which can only be attained by
close and prolonged application. Supposing that
the students were acquainted with Latin before
entering on Greek, as used to be the case, sufficient
assistance might be found in such translations,
towards understanding the sense of his author; yet
there is always this disadvantage in the best Latin
versions, that they are not closely adapted to the
words of the original Greek. It is indeed a par
donable fastidiousness in Latin translators, that
they will not condescend to use any phrase incon
sistent with the idiom of pure Latinity, however
expressive of the Greek construction : but we must
Vlll PREFACE.
think that on this account, a translation in a living

language has an infinite advantage, as a medium
of interpretation: inasmuch as the English scholar
will scarcely fear to be suspected of adopting
Grecisms from ignorance, and will therefore have
little hesitation in representing the original by a
less elegant expression.
The difficulty of producing a translation, which
may faithfully reflect both the language and the
sentiments of a classic author, is seldom fairly ap
preciated by those who have not attempted it
themselves. Sometimes a phrase which would
be most desirable, as conveying the peculiar sense
of a word in one passage, must be rejected in order
to preserve its general meaning in most others : or
the novice in the language is perplexed, by first
associating the Greek or Latin with an English
term, which nine times out of ten will not be ap
plicable. Thus the judgment of the translator is
divided between the claims of the language to be
expressed, and of the author to be expounded ;
and he doubts whether to conform the words to
the sense, in order to develope the matter, or to
sacrifice the sense to the words, in order to repre
sent the form- of the sentence.
It must be confessed, when the slight distortion
of a single word in a period translated, would re
concile the discrepancies of the two idioms, there
is a strong temptation to save the credit of the
version, by this method of improving on the original.
PREFACE. IX
In this volume, however, we have endeavoured

to keep constantly in view the primary purpose of
an introduction to the Greek Language. Accord
ingly, our chief object has been, to make the trans
lation so close, that the several Greek and English
words may be taken alternately as representatives
of each other, without any compromise of their
proper sense. Hence, the common question of the
Examiner, " What is the literal interpretation of
the sentence 1" is entirely superseded in the use of
these books : for the English here given is the
literal meaning, and much more literal than is
usually required by classical schoolmen; though
by the sound Scholar it would not be thought too
bald at our public Schools, or even at our Univer
sities.
One of the principal difficulties that occur to
the young Greek student, consists in the alarming
length of compound words, in which this language
remarkably abounds. The beautiful facility with
which the powers and significations of Greek
words are varied by composition, cannot be under
stood by the unpractised tiro. These words must
be dissolved, and presented in small parcels, before
he can fully comprehend their aggregate force and
pertinence. On this consideration, we have se
parated the parts of compounds in the Interlinear
Greek, as well as distinct words contracted in the
Text according to the Attic dialect. With regard
to the latter class, it seems absolutely requisite
X PREFACE.
that such assistance should be given to the student,

before he can make any thing at all of a sentence
where contraction is employed : though according
to the " Dictionary System" of instruction, he is
supposed to be intuitively capable of this analysis.
For instance, a boy is set to look out rovvopa (the
name), which of course is not to be found in any
common Lexicon : how is he to know that it is
contracted from ro ovopa, and therefore should be
looked for in the O's, and not in the T's?—With
regard to the analysis of compound words, the
same necessity is not perhaps so obvious, inasmuch
as they are commonly admitted in school Dic
tionaries in their composite form : But this com
plexity is not only repulsive at first view, but com
paratively useless towards further acquirement of
the language; for though the student finds a
plurality of Latin or English words set down as
equivalent to the single Greek term, he cannot
thereby recognize any part of the same word when
it occurs in a different combination. It is true
that a compound English phrase can seldom be so
adapted to a compound Greek word, as for the
parts to correspond in the same order : yet if these
component parts be visibly separated in every in
stance, it will require but moderate attention to
appropriate their meaning. For example, the
words tv-irptirtg and SouXo-irptirtg being rendered
respectively " well-becoming" and " becoming a
slave," it is deducible not only that irptirtg means
PREFACE. XI
" becoming," but also that some words like tv and

SovXo mean severally " well" and " slave :" which
knowledge will be immediately available when the
same words occur separate, or differently com
bined.— It will be found also, that final vowels of
prepositions elided in composition are, for the sake
of perspicuity, supplied in the Interlinear Greek :
thus, tiraivovvrog, in the single text, is there printed
e7r(i)-atvouvroe, to show the distinct parts of the
compound, as they were originally written by the
Greeks. The same liberty has not been taken
with declinable words in composition, as this would
involve considerations of grammatical construction,
inconsistent with the object of this elementary
volume.
Though much practical knowledge of inflections
must imperceptibly be gained, by constantly com
paring correspondent forms in the two languages,
yet our interlinear translation is designed rather as
a Dictionary than a Grammar ; and it is no more
intended that the reader should pronounce the
Greek compounds as they are there written, than
as they are given in an analytical Lexicon accord
ing to the variations of the radical words. The
single Greek text, appended to the English version,
must alone direct pronunciation.
With regard to the Notes subjoined to the pages
of this volume, it is only requisite to premise that,
like those of our Phaedrus, they are chiefly adapted
for the information of persons unacquainted with
XU PREFACE.
the leading characteristics of the ancient language.

In this respect they will be found to differ from
most commentaries on the classics, which are only
useful to the more advanced scholar : and if they
contribute to supply the deficiency of elementary
instruction so notorious at classical schools, they
will have answered the principal purpose for which
they are designed.
The few pieces of Lucian here selected are
amply sufficient as a specimen of the style of
this author. Without alleging that many of his
Dialogues are comparatively frivolous, it cannot
be denied that the similarity of subject is naturally
tedious to youth. On this account, as well as to
induce a variety of style, we would recommend
the young student not to dwell very long at first on
any single author; but rather to recur to each
hereafter, according to his leisure and inclination.
His primary object should be the attainment of a
general knowledge of the language ; and perhaps
no Greek composition of equal length would fur
nish a larger vocabulary than the present selection.
This knowledge will at once insure him a positive
acquirement, and consequently a positive pleasure ;
and will, in the first stage of his progress, create
an interest in ancient literature, which, according
to the laws of modern school learning, begins
to be felt only by the classical proficient.
LUCIAN'S DIALOGUES.
OF THE DREAM :
OR
THE LIFE OF LUCIAN.
APTI jutv t1ttiraVilriV ij>oltu>V tie rO StSoo--

Larkly indeed I-had-ceased going to the places-
KdXna, av riSri 7rpoo--jjj3oe* rnv riXiKiav.
of-teaching, being already youthful in [the] age.
Ae 6 irarripf taKoirnro fltra rojv ftXwv, 6, ri
But [the] father was-considering with [the] friends, what
* The word " youth" is here used in contradistinction to child

hood, and is intended to denote the period when the human form
begins to exhibit the appearance of maturity . Upotniiioc is derived
from 'H0jj (or Hebe) the goddess of youth, corresponding to Pubes
in Latin. The age of Lucian at the time to which this narrative
refers, was probably about fourteen years.
The Gieek words thus divided by hyphen-signs are not intended
to be pronounced separately, even when expressed by a plurality of
English terms. The intention of this distinction is to facilitate the
comprehension of the simple Greek words when they occur alone,
and to show the peculiar force of each part of the compound word,
when differently combined. The object of this plan is more fully
explained in the Preface.
t It will be observed that the article is often employed in Greel.
where in translation it cannot be admitted without violation of
English idiom. If the Greek 6, r), to, answered exactly to our,
B
2 LUCiAN's DIALOGUES.
Kai StSaâtro* fjlt. Tote irXtuTroig ovv

also he-should-have- me -taught. To- [the] most then
iraiSua fitv tSost SuaSai Kai
a liberal education indeed seemed to-have-need [also]
7roXXov irovov, Kai ftaKpov \povov, Kai ov apiKpag
of-much labor, and long time, and not small
Sa7ravjje, Kai Xa/Mrpae' rvÎC' St ra-jjjutrtpa,T
expence, and of-splendid fortune : but [the] our means,
rt uvai piKpa, Kai tm-airuv rjjv riva
seemed both to-be small, and to-require [the] some
rayuav tiriKovpiav'% St u tx-paôtiu
speedy assistance j but if I -should-have-learned-thoroughly
riva rt^vijv rovrwv rwv fiavavawv, tv^vg
any art of-these [the] mechanical things, that directly
the; it would certainly in many passages appear superfluous, but

in the present instance the expression is rather defective than re
dundant, the pronoun iiov being understood to complete the sense,
" the father of me." The Greeks employ the possessive pronoun
very sparingly compared with modern languages ; but where the
reference would be doubtful, the personal pronoun is expressed, as
below, a irainrog aov "the grandfather of thee." The English
possessive will be hereafter expressed, whenever it is thus implied
in the article.
Sometimes, indeed, the article is used with a less definite mean
ing, as in a general proposition, and cannot be thus reconciled as
implying an ellipsis : but it will commonly be found that the sub
stantive so distinguished refers to something supposed to be familiar
to the reader, either from previous mention, or general notoriety.
* The middle form of the verb often admits this interpretation,
though properly designating an action of the subject on himself.
The doctrine of the Greek verb involves many delicacies of com
position, but it seems better to avoid grammatical dissertation in
this elementary work.
t The expression ra riptripa—"the things ours," (meaning our
property) nearly corresponds to the French idiom, which prefixes
the article to nitre, &cc.
t Meaning—to require assistance somewhat speedily.
LUC1AN 8 DIALOGUES. d
to irpurrov ptv avrog av—t\tlv> irapa Ti|e

at the first indeed I-myself should-have, from the
rt^vije, ro. apicovvra, Kat pri(k)-tri
art practised, the things sufficient for life, and no-longer
tivai oiKo-airog, wv rriXiKovrog' St tte ovk
be a-home-boarder, being of-such-age : and at not
pUKpav ' km tv-ij>pavuv rov-irartpa, airo-
a-long period also should-please my- father, by bringing-
ij>ipi.>v ro au yiyvoptvov.
away the gain always produced.
Atvrtpag itKtiptwg ovv irpo-trtOtl
Of-a-second deliberation therefore it-was-proposed as
apXt>* i"ie fôv rrxywv apiarn-, Kat pqarri
commencement, which of-the arts is best, and easiest
tK-paStiv, km irpnrovaa oXtvStpw
to-have-learned-thoroughly, and becoming to-a-free
avopitf km eôvaa rnv \op-riyiav'^ irpo-\upov, Ktu
man, and having the equipment ready-at-hand, and
* Ap^jj here signifies the " opening" of the debate. It seems

that the party had agreed, on the former occasion, that a mechanical
art was preferable to a learned profession, and the only remaining
question was—" What art is most eligible ?"
t (Atv3toocis here translated in its most common sense, but this
epithet must be understood to denote something more than ex
emption from slavery. The classes of slaves and freemen were so
broadly distinguished in ancient Greece and Rome, that the free-
born citizens appear to hare arrogated not only a different situation
in life, but a different set of ideas, from their less fortunate fellow-,
creatures. Hence i\i vStpog and lateralis nearly corresponded to
our term " gentlemanly."
} x°p-iyla, from x°p°t a choir, and tryw to lead, properly sig
nifies the equipment of a choral hand, the leader of the hand taking
charge of the preparatory expenses ; but the word is here employed
without reference to this derivation.
1 I.UCIAN S DIALOGUES.
rov 7ropov Sia-apKri. AXXov roi-vvv

the earning sufficient. Each different person therefore
tirl-aiVoVVrog aXXriV, u>g tKCKrrog tt\tV
recommending a-different art, according as each had
yvtoprig ri tv-irtipiag, o-irarrip airo-iSu>v tig
aught of-opinion or experience, my father looking to
rov-Stiov, (yap 6 Stiog irpog /znrpoe _ irapriv,
my-xmc\e, (for the imcle by mother's tide was-present,
coKwv tivai apiarog ipfio-yXv<j>og* Km
seeming to-be a-most-excellent statuary, and
Xi$o-!;ooe eu-SoKijuoe tv roig juaXtora)
a-stone-polisher well-approved among the most famous)
tiirtv, Ov Sefiig aXXijv rt\vriv tjri-Kpartiv,
said, It is not right for any other art to-prevail,
aov irapa-ovrog.-]- AXXa aye rovrov, (StiS-
thou being-present. But lead away this boy, (having-
* 'Ej>itoyXv<pog, (or -iptvg,) originally meant a " carver-of Mer

curies," from Hermes, the Greek name of this deity ; but the term
was afterwardsapplied to statuaries in general. The statues ofMer-
cury were commonly figures of rude workmanship set up in streets,
very different from the images of higher divinities worshipped in
temples. Hence, the trade of " Mercury-making" would appear
to have been a low department of the art of sculpture, which is
perfectly consistent with the tone of this narrative.
t It will be observed in this Interlinear Greek, that aletterof the
preposition is sometimes supplied in compound words, as well as be
fore substantives beginning with a vowel, when not in composition.
Also, with a view to exhibit the particle as a separate word, the
final letter of the preposition will sometimes be found to have been
changed, as tv-miriiac, for tp.irtipiac., or a letter both changed and
supplied, as air(o)-iStiriv for aip-tStiriv. Considering that these
prepositions were originally used adverbially, and entirely sepa
rated in writing from the words they qualify, this plan can scarcely
be considered an innovation, but it is not intended that the
supplied or altered letters should be regarded in reading the
single text.
LUCIAN S DIALOGUES. O
ae cjut)7 Kat 7rapa-Xa/3wv, SiSaaia uvai

pointed-to me), and having-taken him, teach him to-be
ayaSov tpyatiiv XtSwv, Kai avv-appoarriv, Kai
a-good worker of-stones, and a-joiner, and
ippo-yXvfta' Kai-yap Svvarai rovro, t^wv-Stsjwe
statuary : For he-can do this, being-dexterous
ij>vatwg* yt, oje oi(2a)o-T0a. At ereKjuatjOe7-o
by-nature indeed, as thou-knowest. But he-conjectured this
raig iraiSiaig tK rov Kripov" yap oirort
by-the play-things from [the] wax ; for whenever
O7rO-tSetjjv tiiro rwv StSao-KaXwi,, cnro-t,Eu>v
I-had-been-dismissed by the teachers, scraping
rov Kripov, ava-nrXarrov ri /3oae, T1 'nrirovg, ri, vjj
[the] wax, I-fashioned either cows, or horses, or, by
Ata, Kai avOpwirovg, uKorwg, oje tSoKovv r^-irarpi'
Jove, even men, properly, as I-seemed to-my-father :
tm oig ' jutv, tXapfiavov irXriyag
on-account-of which things indeed, I-received stripes
irapa rwv SiSarxKaXoiv. Ae rort Kai ravra
from the teachers. But then even these things
jjv tiri-aivog tte njv tv-ij>viav. Kai
were praise with-respect-to [the] fine-genius. And
airx> eKttvije rjje 7rXaartKjje yt, u\ov rag eXiriSag
from that [the] moulding indeed, they-hadthe hopes
^priarag tm tfwt, we paSriaopai rnv rt^yr^v tv
good of me, that I-should-learn the art in
fipa\u-
short time.
* Literally, "having dexterously [or cleverly] of nature:"
which expression, though remote from English idiom, is not unfre-
quent in Greek—the verb t^w being put with the adverb, instead
of the verb a/u with the noun adjective.—The genitive Avatiag niav
be considered to be put parti lively, as "having a good share of
natural talent."
B 3
6 LUCIAN S DIALOGUES.
'Ajua-rt* ovv riptpa too/art" t7rmjSuOff

At-the-same-time therefore a-day seemed proper
tv-ap\taSai rt\VVg, kat tyta 7ra(0a-toeOojujjv rqj
to-commence the art, and I was-delivered to-the
Suoj, ov, pa rov Aia, aij>oSpa a\Soptvog rw
uncle, not, by [the] Jupiter, much grieved by-the
irpayparC aXXa tSoKu poi eXav KtH
matter : but it-seemed to-me to-have in it even
riva iraiSiav ovk a-rtpirri, Kai tiri-cuc,iv irpog
some sport not disagreeable, and an-exhibition towards
rovg riXiKiwrae,% u ij>aivoipriv rt yXvij>wv
the boys-of- equal-age, if I-should-appear both sculpturing
Gtove, Kai Kara-aKtvaZwv riva piKpa ayaXparia §
Gods, and constructing some small images
* The particle rt followed by kcu may commonly be rendered both

and ; but this English sometimes rather injures than improves the
perspicuity of the sentence. The Greek particle is much more fre
quently inserted with this sense , than is consistent with the idiom
ofour language ; though it certainly has the advantage of bespeaking
attention to a subsequent corresponding clause, where the sense is
not completed in one member.—Thus, in the present period, this
form occurs three times : a/ia rt—Kai tyu : Srtovg rt—Kai aya\-
iiaria : ipavrtp rt—Km tkuvoiq.
I cj0Kcl '' literally translated in the text, might be more clearly
rendered "as soon as a proper day was determined," &c. The
Greek verb doKu, like the Latin videtur, often signifies " it seems
fit," and corresponds in sense to our phrase " it is decided."
'Xaa Kai is here equivalent to simvl ac in Latin.
i "HXiKiwrac is derived from riXiKta, which has been before
translated "age" in a general sense. The word does not appear to
have peculiar reference to any definite period of human life, but it
is commonly used to designate the season of youth.
§ AyaKpariov is a variation of oyaXito, according to the usual
termination of neuter diminutives in -iov. The adjective puepov
being attached, precludes the use of a diminutive noun in English :
for even if we hadanoun of correspondent form, it would misrepre-
sentthe Greek, which .is not intended to express a double diminution.
LUCIAN a DIALOGUES. /
re tp-avrq, Kai tKhvoig oig irpo-ypovpriv. Kcu

both for-myself, and for-those whom I- preferred. And
7O76 irpWroV tKUVo Kill OVV-tfitS 7Oty
then first that also customary with-[the]-perw»4-
apxpptvoig eyiyvtro. Tap 6 Stiog Sovg
beginning happened to me. For the uncle having-given
poi tv-Koirta, eKeXeuo-e poi Kara-lKta$Sai riptpa irXaKog
to-me a-chisel, bade me to-touch gently a-slab
KejjUtvije tv peaq* nri-tarwv ro Koivovft
lying in the middle, saying-also the common proverb,
" Ap\ri roi-Se iifiia v iravrog." At Kara-
" 77iff-beginning indeed is half of-all." And /-having-
tveyKovrog OKXijoorapov, v7ro a-irtipiag, 17 7rXas
set-iV-down rather-hard, from inexperience, the slab
ptv Kara-tayri' 6-ce ayavaKrriaag, Xa-
indeed was-broken : and-he having-grown-angry, having-
fiwv riva OKvraXriv Ktiptvriv irXrioiov, ov irpqwg,
taken a-certain whip lying near, not softly,
ovSe irpo-rptirriKwg, Kara-ripâro pov, wore poi
nor persuasively, initiated me, so-that to-me
ra irpo-oipia rije re^vjje SaKpva. Ovv airo-
the preludes of-the art were tears- Therefore having-
Spag eKtiSev, airo-iKvovpai tm rriv oiKiav, avv-
run-away thence, I-arrive at the house, con-
* The phrase tv fitaifi tutptvrn corresponds to tbe Latin expres

sion in media sitir—signifying "ready at hand."
t In Greek, as in Latin, the substantive is frequently suppres
sed, when easily supplied from the context ; the adjective, when
referring to an inanimate object, being put in the neuter gender.
The proverb here quoted, is thus expressed by Horace—Dimidium
facti qui ceepit habet.
8 lucian's dialogues.
têe ava-oXoXv£oji,, Kai rnro-irXtwg SaKpvwv

tinually crying-out, and full of-tears as-to
rovg 0ij>SaXpovg, km Sta-jjyovjuat rjjv itkvroXriv,
the eyes, and I-relate the whip,
km tSukvvov rovg pwXwirag' Km Kara-riyopovv
and I-showed the wales : and I-alleged-against him
riva* ffoXXnv ujporrira, irpoa-Sug ort tSpaat
some great cruelty, having-added that he-did
ravro viro ^>Sovov, pri w7rtjO-j3aXa>juat avrov
these things from envy, lest I-should-surpass him
Kara tijv tC^yriv. At rjje-ftjjrpoe ayai'aKtijo-«-
as-to the art. And my mother having-been-
jutvije, Kai XoiSoipriaaptvrig 7roXXa rty-aSeXtyy,
incensed, and having-upbraided many-things to-Aer-brother,
e7ret vvs e7ri-jjX3't, Kara-toapSov art ei/-oaKjoi>e,
when night came-on, I-lay-down-to-sleep still in-tears,
KOI tV-VowV ttlV 6XljV VwKtO.
and cogitating the" whole night.
Ajj jut^j0j rovrwv ptv, ra upriptva
Truly so-far-as these things indeed, the matters spoken-of
yeXao-tjua Kat juttpaKtwcV Se ra ptra ravra,
are ridiculous and puerile : but those after these,
aKot>o-eo-3,t, w avSptg, ovk m tv-Kara-ij>povrira,
ye-will-hear, O men, no longer contemptible,
* The word riva seems to insinuate that our hero rather enlarged
upon the nature of the punishment, as well as misrepresented the
motive and occasion of its infliction. The whole affair is not parti
cularly creditable to any party : the uncle appears to have been too
violent, the parents too credulous, and the son too careless of truth
as well as of marble slabs. Indeed, his ultimate decision in favour
of learning seems to have proceeded from fear of repeated punish
ment ; but perhaps it is scarcely fair to employ his own candid
confessions to convict him of a want of candour.
lucian's dialogues. i)
aXXa Seoptva Kcu aKpoarwv iravv îA-»jKo&>v.*

but requiring even listeners altogether attentive.
Tap iva tiirw Kara 'Ojuijpov, " 0ejof
For that I-may-speak according-to Homer, "A-divine
ovtipog riXStv p<h tv-virviov Sia apppoairiv
dream came to-me in-sleep during ambrosial
WKra'f— oirwg tvapyrig, wart juijotv a7ro-
night" — sq manifest, as m-nothing to-fall-
XejJTio-Scu rrjc akriStiag. Ert yovv Km ptra
short of-the truth. Still indeed even after
roaovrov xpovov rt ra a\ripara rwv ij>avtVrWi'
so-great time both the forms of-the things shown
pm irapa-ptvti tv roig-otySaXpoig, Kcu ii ij>wvii
to-me remain in my eyes, and the voice
rwv aKovaStvrwv tv-ca>Xoc;'J ovrw cracîj J]V
of-the things heard is sounding : so evident were
Travra.
all.
Avo yvvaiKfg Xafioptvai raiv-\tpoiv,
Two females having-taken-hold-of my hands,
tiXKov pt, tKartpa irpog ttturijv, juaXa [itaiwc
were-dragging me, each towards herself, very forcibly
* The verbs ciKovw and aKpoaio, are evidently related in origin—

the former signifying "to hear," the latter " to wish to hear."
This nearly corresponds to the distinction between our words,
" hear" and "hearken." The adjective <ptXtiKoog is compounded
of iptXtw to love, and aKovia to hear, and hence it signifies "fond
of hearing."
+ The passage quoted is found in the second book of the Iliad,
v. 56—where Agamemnon is relating his dream to the assembled
Greeks : which, by the way, would not be a happy quotation, had
our author wanted an authority for following the suggestions of
dreams.
t tvavXoc is here supposed to be derived from auXoc, as if in
tended to signify the sound of a flute.
10 LUCIAN S DIALOGUES.
Kai Kaprtpwg. QiXo-ripovptvai yovv irpog aXXijXae

and strongly. Vying then with each-other
cia-tairaaavro jUt piKpov.* Kai-yap apri
they-tore-asunder me un'Mtn-a-little. For now
ptv ri trtpa av-\ tiri-tKparti, Kai ti\e fa 6Xov
indeed the one would-have-prevailed, and had me whole
irapa piKpov' St apri avSig av-et\opriv
by a-little : and now again I-should-have-been-held
W7ro rije irtpag. At tfiowv tKartpa irpog aXXij-
by the other. And they-cried-aloud each to one-
Aae° 17 ptv, wg /3ouXotro KeKrno-3-ai
another: this one indeed, as-if she-wished to-possess
/if- ovra awrig' Se ri, wg juarijv avri-
me being hers: but that one, as-if in-vain she-
iroioiro rojv aWorpiwv. Ae ij
claimed the things belonging-to-others. And the-onefemale
ptv riv tpyariK-n, Kat avSpiKri, Kat av\firipa
indeed was fit-for-work, and masculine, and filthy as to
rriv Kopriv,ava-irXtwg rvXwv rw\ttpt,Sia-tZwalJltVri
the hair, full of-wartsaitothehands, girdled
* *PiXorifiovptvai is compounded of <piXtui to love, and ri/x1i

honor, whence it conies to signify ambition, or emulation.—Muepov
is rarely put alone in this sense, and requires something to com
plete the phrase ; but the meaning of the sentence is evidently the
same as if the verb Seiv had been expressed, as it is found in a
subsequent passage. Perhaps the particle youv is merely a cor
rupt substitution for this word.
t The particle av cannot always be rendered in English as a se
parate word, as it is frequently employed rather to give a new force
to a verb, than to express any meaning of its own. This adverb has
a very extensive and important use, often giving a sense offuturity
to the past form of a verb, besides being used as a conjunction with
a conditional signification. These niceties of construction will be
noticed with more advantage hereafter.
lucian's dialogues. . If
rriv taStrira, Kara-ytpovaa riravov, oiog 6-Sejoe

us to the dress, covered-with chalk, such-as my-vmcle
ijv o7rore £(roj rovg XiBovg' Se ij irtpa,
was whenever he-scraped the stones : but the other,
paXa tv-irpooojirog, K<u tij-7rpt7rije ro a\ripa,
very fair-faced, and comely in [the] mien,
Kai Koo-jutoe rijv ava-/3oXijv.* At reXoe ovv,
and elegant in [the] clothing. But at-Me-end then,
tiri-laai poi SiKa&iv oirortpq avrwv /3ou-
they-pennit to-me to-determine which of-them I-should-
Xoifiriv avv-tivai. At irportpa eKejvjj ri o^Xrj-
be-willing to- be-with. And first that one [the] hard-
pa Kai avSptoSije't' eXe£ev.
favoured and man-like spoke.
iI>iXe irai, Eyw ttjui 'Eppo-yXvij>iKri Teî>jj, 17V
O dear boy, I am Sculptural Art, which
%&te -np%,u>X pavSavtiv, rt oiKtia oot,
yesterday thou-begannest to-learn, both familiar to-thee,
* A substantive in Greek is often found in the accusative case

after an adjective, without appearing to be governed by any ex
pressed word. In this case, the preposition Kara may be under
stood, like secundum in Latin poetry, to complete the grammatical
construction.
t Adjectives ending in -mSng generally signify abundance or re
semblance of the subject represented by the cognate substantive ; as
adjectives in -ucoc denote a partaking of its nature, or a fitness for
its attributes. Thus avSpwSng, from avnp, avSpog, a man, sig
nifies "man-like," i.e. having the appearance of a man; avSpiKOg
(above) " manly," i. e. having the capabilities of a man.
i It seems better in this elementary volume to retain the singu
lar pronoun, " thou, thee," &c. as the representative of the Greek,
in order to distinguish the idioms of the languages, though in
English we use the plural " you."
Kai tn>v-ytvri& oiKoSev* Tap re 6 iramrog

and kindred from-//<y-house. For both the grandfather
ami (tiirovaa ro ovopa rov prirpo-
of-thee (having-spoken the name of-the maternal-grand-
irarapog) ijv XtSo-ôoe,i- Kai aiiij>ortpw ruj Stiw,
father) was a-stone-polisher, and both the uncles
Kat paXa tv-SoKiptirov Sia ripag. At ct
were, and much they-were-in-repute through us. But if
SeAoje airo-t\taSai Xtjpwv iitv
thou-shouldst-be-willing to-hold-ofF-from drivellings indeed
Kat ij>Xrivaij>wv rwv irapa raurije, (cej-
and trifles [those] proceeding from this woman, (having-
t,aaa rijv trtpav), of tirtaSai Kai avv-oiKtiv
pointed-to the other), and to-foHow and dwell-with
jjuot, irpwra ptv Sptipri ytvviKwg, Kai
me, first indeed thou-wilt-be-kept genteelly, and
*£«e rovg tojuoue Kaprtpovg, Se tay
thou-wilt-have the shoulders strong, and thou-wilt-be
aXXorptoe 7ravroe ifrOovov, Kai ov-irort,
a-stranger-from all envy, and not-at-any-time,
* The distinction intended between mceioc and evyytvris may

be thus marked : oiKtioc signifies a relationship existing between .
members of a family in the same house, and hence applies peculi
arly to relatives in a direct line ; avyytvrig also signifies a relation
ship of blood, but this term maybe applied to various branches of
a family, without reference to habitation in the same house
t Ai£o£oo£ seems to have been used in a more general sense
than our word "stone-polisher," or stone-sci aper, which is the
nearest translation, from the Greek verb £fw. The departments of
the stone-mason and sculptor do not appear to have been separated
so distinctly as in modern times, as being; only different degrees of
the same profession ; and it maybe conjectured that the members
of this worthy family were not exclusively engaged in representing
" the human face divine."
lucian's dialogues. 13
Kara-Xnrwv triv irarpiSa . km rovg oiKuovg,

having-left the native-country and the family-friends,
airo-u tm t7iv aXXo-Sairriv.* Ov-St
wilt-thou-go-away to the foreign-soil. And-not
tm Xoyoig iravrtg nraivtaovrai o-t.'t"
on-account-of mere words all-men will-praise thee.
Ae pri pvira\Syg ro tv-rtXtc rov awparog,
But be- not -disgusted-at the meanness of-the body,
priê ro irivapov rjje taSnqrog' yap bppwptvOg
nor the dirtiness of-the dress : for starting
airo rwv roiovrwv, Kai ouivog tyuSiag
from [the] such beginning's, even that sculptor Phidias
eSttse+ t0V Aia, Kai IIoXvKXttrot,' tipyaaaro
displayed the Jupiter, and Polycletus wrought
rriv 'Hpav, Kai Mvpwv t7rpve$jj, Kai IIpaîreXrig
the Juno, and Myron was-praised, and Praxiteles
tSavpaaSri' yovv ovroi irpoa-Kvvovvrai ptra rwv
was-admired : so these men are-worshipped with the
* It was considered almost indispensable for the literati of

ancient Greece and Rome to travel into foreign countries, in order
to make observations on " men and manners'" From the scarcity
of books, and the limited means of communication between diffe
rent nations, compared with the facilities of modern times, such
personal peregrination appeared to open the only source of
general information and research : and hence we find that most of
the distinguished philosophers, poets, and historians of antiquity
were famous for their travels as well as for their talents. It would
be well if the grand tour were usually made in these days with the
same laudable object ; but tempora mutantur, &c. and the tourist
may now be famous for his travels with very different letters of
recommendation.
t Meaning—they will praise thee for real productions, not for
superficial accomplishments.
t The verb diiKwuv was applied peculiarly to artists who
showed an object as if real, by faithful imitation ; and by no means
answers to our word exhibit with reference to painting and sculpture.
C
StuiV. El Sr) ytvoio fte roVrWV,

goda. If indeed thou-shouldst-become one of-these,
7rwe-jUtv* ytvoio-ov KXtivog irapa iraaiv
how wouldst-thou-not-become celebrated among all
avSpwiroig avrog ; Se airo-Sti^tig Kai rov
men thyself? and thou-wilt-show also the
irartpa ZriXwrov' St cnro-ij>avtig Kai rijv
father enviable; and thou-wilt-make-appear also the
irarpiSa irtpi-fiXtirrov. Tavra Kat tri
native-country respectable. These things and yet
irXtiova rovruiv t) Ttxvrl tiirtv, Sta-
more than-these the sculptural Art said, stam-
irraiovaa Kai (iapjiapiôvaa irap-iroXXa,
mering -through and barbarously-pronouncing very-many
avv-tipovo-a Sri fiuXa oirovSp,+ Kai
icords, tacking-Mi?m-together indeed very zealously, and
irtipwptVri irtlStlV pt. AXXd oVK-trl ptfJ.Vripaf
attempting to-persuade me. But no-longer do-I -remember;
-yap ra irXtierra ijSr/ Sia-tij>vytv rijv pvripriv
. for the most-things already have-escaped the memory
pov. En-tt-St ouv t7rauo-aro, ii trtpa ap\trai
ef-me. When therefore she-ceased, the other begins
7TWe wct.
somehow thus.
* The particle ptv may generally be rendered "indeed," but

this English is sometimes too strong to express the proper force
of the Greek. Mtv will almost always be found to be answered
by Se in the following member of the sentence ; but unless some
opposition is intended between the two clauses, it is better to omit
the translation of the former, as of an expletive particle which
cannot be precisely represented .
t S7rovSy "with zeal"—the dative case of a substantive is
often used adverbially in Greek, to express the wanner in which
an action is performed. The ablative in Latin is used with the
snme sense.
Ae eyw, w rtKvnv, tipi YlatStia,* ijSrj avv-

But I, O son, am Education, already customary-
ijS-rje Keu yvwpipri aoi, a-Kad' priit-iroj irnrtipa-
with and known to-thee, although not-yet hast-thou-
aat juou tig rtXog. 'HXtKa ptv ovv ra
made-trial of-me to the end. How-great indeed tHen the
ayaSa iropiy ytvoptvog XtSo-Eooe,
goods thou-wilt-procure, having-become a-stone-polisher,
aurij irpo-tipriKtv. Tap tari ovStv orl-
she-herself has-said-before. For thou-wilt-be nothing ex-
Pri% tpyarrig, iroviwv ri$ awpari, Kai tv rovrq
cept a-workman, labouring with- the body, and in this
r&tiptvog cnraaav rijv fXmSct rov fiiov, avrog
having-placed all the hope of-[the] life, thyself,
jutw wv a-<j>avrig, Xapjiavwv oXiya Kai a-ytvvri,^
indeed being obscure, receiving few and ignoble
rairtivog riiv yvwpriv, Se tv-rtXr^g rriv
gains, grovelling in [the] sentiment, and cheap in [the]
-7rpoo--o$oi>, ovrt tiri-oiKaaipog ijuXoig, ovre ij>oflt-
emolument, neither fit-to-plead for-friends, nor formi-
pog e\%poig, ovre ZlXwrog roig iroXiraig' aXXa
dable to-enemies, nor enviable to-the citizens : but
* The Greek word llaifaa might here be rendered " Learning,"

but the more common sense of the noun is preserved in the text.
t ti-Kal corresponds to the Latin etium-d, although, which
might be Englished separately, even if. Kyv (for Kai-av) has
also the same signification.
t 'Ori-iiti, that—not, has by construction the sense of "except:"
but it mav be reconciled with the meaning of the single particles,
by understanding an ellipsis,—as "you will be nothing, (granting)
that (you are) not a workman."
§ The Greek a-, like the Latin in-, negatives the signification
of the word to which it is prefixed.
avro povov, tpyarrig, km tig rwv eK row

that only, a-workman, and one of-the men from the
7roXXov Sripov,* au viro-irtrirrawv rov irpo-
much people, always dreading the su-
t\ovra, km Stpairtvwv rov Svvaptvov Xtytiv,'f
perior, and worshipping the man able to-speak,
Z,wv fiiov Xayw, km wv ippaiov% rov
living the life of-a-hare, and being the gain of-the
Kputrovog. At u ytvoio km iPet&ae,
stronger. But if thou-shouldst-become even a-Phidias,
jj IloAvKXuroe, km t^-tpyaaaio 7roXXa Savjuaora,
or Polycletus, and shouldst-work-out many admirable
a-iraVrtg eiraiVtttoVtai ttlV rt\VriV pev, St
things, all men will-praise the art indeed, but
tart ovK rig rwv iSovrwv, 6g, u
there-is not any-one of-the persons seeing them, who, if
I^0i vovv, av-tvâiro ytvtaStai 6/zotoe uoi' yap
he-has sense, would-wish to-become like to-thee : for
o'iog av-t}g, vopiaSriay /3a-
of-vvhatever-quality thou-be, thou-wilt-be-considered me-
* Belonging to the class of ol 7roXXoi or " the many,"—in con

tradistinction to the select and exclusive/etc.
t Ability in speakiiig was considered by the ancients the highest
possible accomplishment, and furnished the surest passport to
political power. Thus, in " the most high and palmy state" of
Athens, the orators were the sole directors of all public measures,
and the sole protectors of all private property. At Rome also,
during the existence of the republic, the same importance was
attached to popular speaking ; and this art still continued to be
held in great repute, though the form of a democracy vanished at
the accession of the Caesars to the empire of the Roman world.
t "EppjjC, or Mercury, was the god of merchandize, and the com
mon noun is derived from this proper name, by the same analogy as
our words martial, bacchanal, Sec. are obtained from the pagan di
vinities, Mars, Bacchus.
vavaog, km yupo-avaS,, km airo-yupo-(iiwroQ.'*

chanical, and clever-of-hand, and living- by- handicraft.
Ae jjv iruSy poi, irpwtov ptv tiri-'
But if thou-be-persuaded by-me, first indeed I-will-
Su^w aot iroXXa epya iraXaiwv avSpwv, kui
display to-thee many works of-ancient men, and
Savf.iaarag irpaûg, Kai airoâyytXXovaa Xoyovg
admirable actions, both reporting words
avruv, Kai airoihaivovaa, i[>? uirtiv, tvmipov
of-them, and making-rtee-appear, as one may say, experienced
iravrwv' Kai triv ipvyriv, oirtp tari Kvpiwxa-
VhtH-thing*. And the soul, which par; is most-mas-
rov am, K.arO-K.oiTpriiTw iroWoig km ayaSotg +
terly to-thee, I-will-adorn with-many and good
Koapriitaai, awif>poavvy, SiKaioavvri, tvatfiua,
ornaments, with-temperance, with-justice, with-holiness,
* The two vowels that coalesce to form the long w in xnoiavaZ

are here dissolved, to show the separate parts ^ttpoc and ava£, king
of hand.—Prepositions compounded with a substantive and verb
seem sometimes to belong exclusively to the former, as airo xt'poc.
from hand, the particle airo not affecting the verbal j3iwroc.
Considering the perfection to which the Art of Sculpture was
advanced in ancient Greece, we can scarcely believe that such
an employment was always considered degrading to a gentleman ;
though we know that it is rash to compute contemporary honours
from posthumous celebrity. In the early days of Greece, it is
probable that all real merit led to worldly distinction, and that it
was thought to be of little consequence, in what profession talent
and industry were displayed, so that it was morally respectable.
But the barbarous spirit of the Romans, who consigned the fine
arts to their slaves was now suffered to prevail over the true liber
ality of sentiment.
t The phrase " many and good" is not intended to distinguish
the ornaments from one another, as it might seem in English. The
expression is only equivalent to "many good ornaments," and might
be rendered with the conjunction,—" many and those good."
c 3
DUCATION FOR THE PEO
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
i {Rev. G. D.) New English Spelling .

6d. sewed.
istinguished from the Spelling Books in common u
m to the lessons required for teaching a child to
'y of the English language, sufficiently ample for
„fi;f„ Ti„™i„„;„i„„f„i,..ifi™ii„„ „„„.i„ i I
Intrtan Institute, (®#fovi
THE MALAN LIBE

PRESENTED
BY THE REV. S. C. MALAN,

VICAR OF BROADIVINDSOR,
January, 1885.
he aid of the book, and define them by using more

This exercise, if judiciously varied by the teaehi
; on the learner the invaluable habit of nevei
laying attention to its spelling and meaning.
otCs Second English Reader. I%no. Is. C(

ior was guided in making this selection of Prose an
tion that if the mind and heart are rightly trained,
will unfailingly give the proper emphasis, ca
grace of speech which can add expression and ford)
igs. u"j " * '"' " ' ' "Mil nil iii _hfljX.|*""" a'
, to pres[
ion and p paints ]
LUCIAN S DIALOGUES. 19
VVVirtVtlG,* o rov-Suvog,
ae person now poor, the son of-some-one un-
j3ovXEWiTajutVOC tl irepi
rson having-consulted [somewhat] concerning
a-ytvvovg), toy fmettt oXiyov ZriXwrog
ignoble), shalt-be after a-little emulated
ivoe avaai, ripwptvoc kcli eiraivovptvog,
to-all, honoured and praised,
t7ri rote apiaroig, Km a7ro-
uted on-account-of the best things, and re-
'f viro tu>v 7rpo-Eôvrwv ytvu km
by the persons surpassing in-birth and
ii-tXOjutvoeJ ftev trx^jjra roiavrjjv
clothed indeed in a-vest such-as this
rriv lavrjje, Ot efopu wavv
n that of-herself, and she-wore one altogether
d thought-worthy of-precedence and front-

t av airo-cripyg irov, ov-St tm
if thou-travellest any-where, not-even on
e joined with an adjective or participle can scarcely

d in English, without supplying some substantive ;
' 1 a demonstrative pronoun, which substitution
able to the Attic dialect.
composition most commonly signifies " from," but it
the sense of "again," like re- in Latin. Thus,
responds to re-spicio (to respect), to look back, or
' though even this sense of a7ro is not entirely
is'ual meaning, as implying that the sight is turned
ons sometimes take an aspirate from the rowel of

rbich they are compounded, so they sometimes
. when the verb begins with a smooth vowel, as
irpaorrrri, tirttiKuq, avvtau,* Kaprtpuf,

with-gentleness, with-equity, with-prudence, with-fortitude,
roJ tpis>ri rwv KoXojv, ry " bppy
with- [the] love of- [the] honorable things, with-[the] zeal
irpog ta atpvorara. Yap ravra tariv
towards the most-important things. For these are
we-aXjjSojei- 6 a-Kriparog Koapog trig ipy^ng.
most-truly the unblemished adornment of-the soul.
Ac ovrt ovS-tv iraXaiov, ovrt vvv ctov ye-
And neither any-thing ancient, nor now requisite to-
vtaSai, Xjjo-et ae, aXXa Kai irpo-oipu
be-done, shall-Ue-hid-from thee, but even thou-shalt-foresee
ptra tpov ra Stovra.^ Kai a-iravra 6Xwg,
with me the things requisite. And all things on-the-whole,
oiroaa rt ra Sua, rt ra avSpwiriva tari, ovK
whatever both the divine, and the human are, not
tig paKpav StSa£,opai at.%
at a-long period I-will-teach thee.
• i."<ji'EiTKj (from ovvitvai, to comprehend) may here be translated

by the general term Prudence, though in strict metaphysical lan
guage, this term is not synonymous with fpovriatg.
Aristotle says in his Ethics—" Svvtoie. is a habit of judging
rightly of the same things with which tppovr1cng (prudence) is
concerned : but ovviaiq applies only to the perception of truth,
ippovnaig extends to the mode of acting upon that perception. The
latter is practical, the former merely judicial."—Hence ovvtoie.
might be translated " penetration," or " intelligence."
t lic aXjjS'wc—bere corresponds to the Latin form quam veris-
sime, " as truly as possible ;" but Greek adverbs, as well as Latin,
are generally used in the superlative, to convey this sense.
} For the common reading ra titovra, Hemsterbuis proposes to
substitute ra iiiXKovra—signifying " not only things past and pre
sent shalt thou know, but even things future thou shalt foresee,"—
which correction appears worthy of adoption.
§ Verbs of teaching,, as in Latin, govern a double accusative
case ; as also many other Greek verbs, which are not so constructed
in the Latin language.
Kai, (6 vvv 7Ttvjje,* 6 rou-Setvoe,

And thou, (the person now poor, the son of-some-one un
it jiovXtvoaptvog ri irtpi
known, the person having-consulted [somewhat] concerning
rf^vrig ovrw a-ytvvovg), toy ptra oXiyov îjXwroe
an-art so ignoble), shalt-be after a-liule emulated
Kai t7rt-^>S,ovoe airaai, rifnofitvog Kcu tiraivovptvog,
and enviable to-all, honoured and praised,
Kai tv-SoKtpwv evri roig apiaroig, Kai a7ro-
and well-reputed on-account-of the best things, and re-
pXtiropitvocf- viro rwv irpo-t\ovrwv ytvti Kai
spected by the persons surpassing in-birth and
7rXourjj>' aju0i-tX"jutvoeJ ptv taSrira roiavr-nv
wealth : clothed indeed in a-vest such-as this
(StilZaaa rijv iaurije, Se tij>opu iravv
(having-shown that of-herself, and she-wore one altogether
Xapirpav), Se c&iovptvog apxriS Kal Tpo-t-
splendid), and thought-worthy of-precedence and front-
Spiag. Kai av airo-Sriprig irov, ov-St f7rt
sitting. And if thou-travellest any-where, not-even on
* The article joined with an adjective or participle can scarcely

be represented in English, without supplying some substantive ;
unless we consider it a demonstrative pronoun, which substitution
is not conformable to the Attic dialect.
t Ato in composition most commonly signifies " from," but it
has sometimes the sense of " again," like re- in Latin. Thus,
airo-j3Xciria corresponds to re-spicio (to respect), to look back, or
again and again ; though even this sense of airo is not entirely
opposed to its usual meaning, as implying that the sight is turned
from other objects.
t As prepositions sometimes take an aspirate from the vowel of
the verb~ with which they are compounded, so they sometimes
drop the aspirate, when the verb begins with a smooth vowel, as
aftir -ixontvog.
rije aXXo-Sairrig* to-y a-yvwg, ouSe a-ij>avrig.

the foreign-soil wilt-thou-be unknown, nor obscure.
Totavra ra yvwpiapara irtpi-^riaw aoi, wart
Such [the] tokens I-will-put-around thee, that
tKCHrrog rdlV bpuiVrWV, KiVijo-Oe roV-7rXijiTloV,
each of-the persons seeing, having-moved his neighbour,
Cti^ti o-e rip SaKrvXij>, Xtywv, 'OYTOS
shall-point-at thee with-the finger, saying, This is
EKEINOS.f
He.
Ae av ri ij aîov oirovSrig, Kat Kara-
And if any-thing be worthy of-zeal, and have-
\apfiavy rovg-ij>iXovg, ri Kai rijv 6Xijv 7roXiv,
befallen thy friends, or even the whole state,
iravrtg airo-fiXtipovrai tig oe' icai av irov
all men will-look towards thee : and if any-where
rvxyg XeywvX ri, ol 7roXXot
thou-hast-happened speaking any-thing, the many
* AWoScnrng (compounded of aWov other, and Sa-:rtSov soil,)

is properly an adjective, and must here be taken as agreeing with
the substantive y7;e understood.
t The luxury of being pointed at with the finger appears to have
been highly appreciated by the ancient Greeks and Romans.—
Persius glances at this vanity, (Sai. J.) in words of similar import,
At pulchrum est digito monstrari, et dicier Hie est !
To raise the admiration, or even the envy of fellow citizens, was
an object of universal ambition ; and no one appears to have felt
happy, unless he was called happy by others. Hence the frequent
use of the word tvSaifiovt&aSai (from ev well, and Scuiiwv
fortune)—which means, bond fide, rather to be envied than to be
bletsed.
t The verb rvyxavio, from which the form rv\tiq is obtained,
is frequently put with the participle of an active verb, of which it
KtXyvortg* aKovaovrai, SavpaZovrtg, Kai

gaping in wonder will-hear, admiring, and
tv-SaipoviZovrtg o-e rrig Svva/itwg-f rojv
blessing thee on account of-the power of- [the]
Xoyojv, Kai rov-irartpa rije tv-irorpiag. Ae
words, and thy father on account of-the good-fortune. And
6 Xeyovaiv, wg rivtg apa yiyvovrai a-Savaroi
what they-say, that some indeed become immortal
tl; avOpwirwv, rovro irtpi-irouiato aoi' Kai-yap
from, men, this I-will-procure for-thee : for
riv avrog era-o-tXS^je .eK rov fiiov,
if thou-thyself shalt-have-departed from [the] life,
ou-7Tort iravay aVV-WV roig ireiraiStvptvoig,
never wilt-thou-cease being-with [the] educated persons,
KCtt irpoa-ofitXwv roig apiaroig, 'Opqg
and keeping-company-with the best. Thou-seest
eKmvov rov ArifioaStvriv, rivog ovra viov,
that man [the] Demosthenes, of-what person being son,
riXiKov tyw nroiriaa' opqg rov A.itj)(ivriv ,
how-great I made him ! thou-seest [the] Êschines,
6e riv vlog rvpiraviarpiag' aXXa 6pu>g
who was son of-a-timbrel-player : but nevertheless
seems only to qualify the signification. It may generally be ren

dered adverbially, and the participle construed as the finite verb,
thus ; *' if thou hast spoken anything perchance," i. e. whatever
thou speakest.
* The participle cexyvortc simply signifies the act of gaping,
but of course this word refers in sense to " gaping wonderment,"
involving the cause in the effect.—The verb atovu, which means
commonly to hear, is often used with the force of to obey or be
persuaded.
t The preposition ivata, on account of, is frequently suppressed
before a substantive in the genitive case.
22 LUC1AN S DIALOGUES.
^tMirirog t^tpairtv<nv avrov Sia tfit. Ae 6

Philip courted him on-account-of me. And [the]
2fc>Kparije* Kai avrog rpaij>tig viro
Socrates even himself having-been-brought-up by
ravrjj rrf EppoyXv<j>acy, tvti-Sri~ra\ia7a o-uv-ijke
this [the] Sculptural-Art, as-soon as he-understood
rou Kptirrovog, Kiu (Spairtrtvaag irapa aimje)
the better course, and (having-run-avvay from her)
riVro-poXriatv ijjg epit, aKovtic d>e aSt-
came-of-himself to me, thou-hearest how he-is-cele-
rai irapa iravrwv.-Y
brated by all men.
* Socrates was the son of Sopbroniscus, a statuary, and the same

profession was followed in early youth by the great philosopher
himself. The famous Demosthenes was son of a rich sword-
cutler, .^schines was a famous Athenian orator, engaged by
Philip of Macedon, to counteract the effect produced on the Athe
nians by the eloquence of Demosthenes. The tirades of Demos
thenes against Philip have become proverbial for severity and
force ; and hence the term Philippic is synonymous with a violent
and eloquent invective. The speeches of the Roman Cicero
against Antony are of a similar character, and divide the palm of
ancient eloquence with those of the Athenian demagogue.
t Prepositions have a variety of significations in Greek, not

only when joined with different cases, but even when used with
the same case. Their peculiar sense, therefore, mustofteo be de
termined by the context alone, and where it is not clearly pointed
out by other words, some doubt will always remain. Thus, irapa
avrrig in this sentence, unquestionably signifies " from her;" but
-xapa iravrwv may signify either " by all," or " above all," or
" amongst all ," for there is classical authority for each meaning,
and all are equally conformable to the context.
The dative case is used with irapa (p. 14) in the same general
sense—KKtivoq xapa iraaiv avSpwiroic.
-,
ltjcian's dialogues. 23
At afug* avrovg, rriXiK-qvrovg Kai roi-ovrovg

But having-left [them, being] so-great and such
avcpag, Kai Xapjrpag irpaûg, Kai Mpvovg Xoyovg,
men, and splendid actions, and weighty words,
Kai tv-irptirtg ayripa, Kai ripriv, km So£aij,
and well-becoming mien, and honour, and reputation,
Kai nraivov, km irpo-tSpiag, Kai Svvapiv, Kai
and praise, and first-seats, and power, and
apâg, Kai ro tv-SoKipuvf tirl Xoyoig,
commands, and [the] to-be-renowned on-account-of words,
Kai ro tv-SaipoviZtarSai tm avvtau,—
and [the] to-be-called-blessed on-account-of intelligence,—
tv-Svern rt mvapov îtwviov, Kai ava-
thou-wilt-be-clothed both in-a-shabby garment, and thou-
Xrfjsi) a\ripa ' covXo-irptirtg, Kai tl£-
wilt-assume a-demeanour becoming-a-slave, and thou-wilt-
aig tv raiv ^tpoiv po\Xia, Kai yXvij>ua.+ Kai
have in the hands levers, and gravers, and
* The Greek participle often expresses a supposition—heremean-

ing, " If you abandon these advantages,—you will be clothed
shabbily," &c. v
t EvdoKtiinv means " to be thought well of" " or have good re
putation"— in a neuter sense. Both forifioc and doâ are derived
from the same verb i«hu, to think or seem.
The coustruction of the article with the infinitive mood con
scarcely be reconciled with our own idiom ; but the form is com
mon in Greek. The expression must be considered elliptical,
some substantive being understood with the article, as " the thing,
viz. to be renowned :" or, more simply, the verb may be consider
ed as a substantive, " good-repute," regularly connected with the
preceding nouns.
{ It is difficult to adjust with precision the English names
of these instruments, but the difference between y\vtptiov and
icoirtvr seems to be—that the former was used for hollowing, the
latter for chipping the stone.
Koirtag, Km KoXairrripag, vtvtvKwg Karw tig ro

chisels, and mallets, bent down to the
tpyov, \apai-irtrrig* Km âjuai-îjXoe,
work, fallen-on-the-ground, and earnest-on-the-ground,
Km iravra rpoirov rairnvog' Se ouSe-7rort ava-
and in every manner abject : and never un-
Kvirruiv, ovSt tiri-vowv ovSev avSpwStg
bending from work nor reflecting-upon any-thing manly
ovSe eXtvStpiov, aXXa 7roo-vowv oiriwg ra tpya
or liberal, but premeditating how the works
ptv tarai aoi tv-pvSpa Km tv-a\ripova'
indeed shall-be for-thee well-proportioned and well-formed :
OS TiKiara irttypovriKwg oirwg avrog tniff re
and least having-considered how thyself shalt-be both
tv-pvSpog Km Koapiog, aXXa iroicov at-avrov
well-proportioned and adorned, but making thyself
a-riportpov XtSvov.J
more -dishonourable than-stones.
Avrrig art Xeyovarig ravra, tyoa ov irtpi-
{ She still speaking these things, I not having-
* These words compounded with xauai> on tne ground, are not

very easy to translate literally ; but the former seems to refer to
the grovelling position of the body, the latter to the lowly object
of ambition adopted by the mind.
t The future tense indicative is sometimes used in Greek after
conjunctions signifying the final cause, where in Latin the subjunc
tive mood would be employed.
t The genitive case is used after adjectives in the comparative
degree, where the conjunction ti, than,- is suppressed,—in the
same sense as the ablative case in Latin where 9uam is omitted.
The genitive also takes the place of the Latin ablative, when a
substantive and participle are put absolutely ; as in the commence
ment of the next paragraph, avrnc, Xtyovanc,.
ptivag ro reXoe rwv Xoywv, ava-arat;

waited-for the end of-the words, having-stood-up
airo-tfyvapriv, Kai a7ro-Xt7roJv tKttvjjv rriv a-poptyov
declared-myself, and having-left that [the] ill-favored
Km tpyariKriv, juera-t/3aivov juaXa yeyriSwg,
and drudging woman, I-went-over much rejoicing,
irpog rriv TlaiStiav' Kai paXiara, tirti
to [the] Education : and most so, forasmuch-as
Kai 17 aKVraXri ijXSav tig vovv poi, Km ori
also the whip came into mind to-me, and that '
Xê tv-trpciparo* owe oXtyae irXriyag poi,
yesterday, it-had-inflicted not few stripes on-me,
tv&vg apxpfitvq. At r) airo-
immediately when beginning. But the [Sculpture] having-
AtitySaaa, ro irpt»rov\ jUev riyavaKrti, Kai avv-
been-left, at the first indeed was-enraged, and she-
tKporH rw \tiPt> Kal tv-tirpie rovg oSovrae'
beat-together the hands, and grated the teeth :
Se reXoe, wairtp aKovoptv rijv Ntoj3jjv,J e7re-
and at the end, as we-hear-of [the] Niobe, she-
?rriyti, * Kai jutra-tj3t/3X>jro tig XiSov. At 1i
had-stiffened, and had-been-changed into stone. But if
* Ev-trpiâro.—This divided form is not so elegant in English,

as if it had been written in one clause—" I remember that the whip
had inflicted," &c. but it certainly represents the separate ideas
in their natural order of succession.
t The neuter form of adjectives is often used adverbially, either
with or without the article.
J: It is not so usual in Greek to combine the article with a
proper name, unless the person has been mentioned before ; but the
story of Niobe is supposed to be so well known, that the same
reference is made as if the name had been already introduced.
See note on the article in page 1.
D
26 lttcian's dialogues.
nra&E ffapa-Soû,* pri-a-matriarite'

she-suffered things beyond-conception, do- not -disbelieve it :
yap ol ovupoi Savparo-iroiot. At j7 trtpa
for [the] dreams are wonder-workers. But the other
awo-iSovaa irpog jut, tij>ri, Toi-yap-ovv aiiu-
looking towards me, said, Therefore-indeed I-will-
ipopai o-t rjjo-St tjje SiKatoo-vvije, ori
recompense thee for this [the] justice, because
tSmaaag rriv SiKjjv KoXwe. Kat tX$t jjSjj,
thou-hast-adjudged the judgment well. And come now,
airi-firiSi rovrov rov o^jjjuaroe, (Se&aaa
mount-on this [the] chariot, (having-pointed-to
rv\- o\ripa rivwv Viro-irrtpwv lirirwv
some chariot of-some winged horses
eoiKorwv rty Uriyaui^), oirwg iSyg
like to- [the] Pegasus), that thou-mayst-see
ola Kat i)XiKa tpaXXtg a-yvori-
what-sort-of and how-great things thou-wast-about to-be-
iruv, jujj aieoXovSjjo-ae tpoi. Ae t7rti ava-
ignorant-of, not having-followed me. And whenl-had-
jjXSov, j7 ptv tXovvt Koi Viro-r)vio\u. At tyw
come-up, she indeed drove and held-the-reins. And I
• Ilapa, in composition, often signifies "beyond," and £o£oc is

the adjectival form of oo£a " opinion." Hence our own word
paradox is immediately derived.
t The pronoun adjective rig, corresponding to aliquis in Latin,
is here used to convey an indefinite sense, as if the chariot and
horses were too remote from terrestrial notions to be described in
precise terms.
The same expression is used again in this narrative, with a
similar meaning of indistinctness, referring however below, not to
the grandeur, but to the insignificance of the object intended.
LUCIAN's DIALOGUES. 27
apStig tig vipog, apâptvog airo - rijC

having-been-lifted to a-height, having-begun from the
iw o^pj "T3Oe tairtpav, tiri-toKoirovv iroXtig, Kcu
east even to Me west, I-contemplated statesy and
&vri, Kai Sripovg, Kara-a-irep* 6 Tpi7rroXejUoe,i-
nations, and peoples, as [the] Triptolemus did,
airo-inrttpwv ri te rriv yriv- OvK-vri ptv-roi
sprinkling something on the earth. No-longer indeed
ptpvripai 6, ri eKetvo ro inrtipoptvov iji>'
do-I-remember what that [the] thing sprinkled was :
jTXijv rovro juovov, 6ri ot avSpunroi inro-6pwvrtQ
but this only, that the men beholding
KariwStv tiryvovv, Kai Kara oue
from-below praised me, and those to whom soever
ytvoipriv rp 7rrijortt, irapa-tirtpirov ptra tv-
I-came in-the flight, accompanied me with ap-
ij>ripiag.
plause.
Ae Se&a&a ra roaavra poi, Kai
And having-shown [the] so-great things to-rae, and having
tpe tKttvotc roig nraivovaiv, tiri-ava-
shown me to-those [the] men praising, she-brought-
riyaytv avSig, ovK-tri ev-SeSuKora jKhvijv rijv
me-back again, no-longer clothed-in that [the]
* KaSairtp compounded of the preposition Kara and the relative

pronoun ia-irip in the plural neuter, might be more literally ren
dered " according to what modes" being something like qvem-ad-
modum in Latin,
t Triptolemus, sou of Celeus, king of Attica, was fabled to have
been taught agriculture by Ceres, and wafted through the air in
the chariot of the goddess, to distribute corn over the world.
28 ltjcian's dialogues.
avriiv e<r$tt)ra, riv ti\ov <nro-'iirraptvog' aXXa

same dress, which I -had when flying-away : but
tSoKovv tpot tiri-ava-riKtiv* rig tu-7rapuôe.
I-seemed to-me to-have-returned as one well-embroidered.
Kara-Xa/3ouo-a ovv Kot rov-Tartpa torwra,
Having-taken therefore also my-father standing,
Kot irtpi-ptvovra, eSejKvvev aurij> eKetvijv rnv
and waiting-for me, she-showed to-him that [the]
to-S'jjra, Kot tpt olor; riKotpi' Kot ri
dress, and me of-what-quality I-was-come : and somewhat
Kot viro-tpvnatv ola tj3ovXeu-
also she-reminded him what-sort-of things he-had-deter-
aaro Stiv-piKpov^ irtpi ejuou. Tavra
mined within- a-little concerning me. These things
fitfivripai iSoov, uiv tri avri-iraig, eK-
I-remember having-seen, being yet a-youth, having-
rapa^tig, SoKtt tpoi, irpog rov ij>o(3ov toiv
being-disturbed, as it-seems to-me, by the fear of-the
irXriywv.
stripes.
Ae ptra^v Xtyovrog, rig *ij>Wr
But meantime-while lam speaking, some-one has-said,
KpaKXtig, we fiaKpov Kot SiKaviKov ro ev-virviov.
O-Hercules, how long and argumentative is the dream !
Etra aXXoe viro-tKpovat, ytiptpivog
Then another has-muttered-in-answer, It is a-winter
* The verb ijkw, though of the present imperfect form, has al

ways a perfect souse, and corresponds to the meaning of the Latin
udsum. The word itself is evidently derived from the perfect
form of an obsolete verb.
t Supply <ic with the infinitive Stiv, the expression meaning—
" so as to want but little of being determined."
lucian's dialogues, 29
ovtipog, ore al vvKttg tiaiv /uijKtoTai1 ij raâ-7rou*

dream, when the night8 are longest : or perhaps
tari rpi-tenrtpog, w<nrtp Kai eot-i 6
it-is a product of-three-evenings, as also is [the]
HpaKXije auroe.i- At ri ovv t7n-jjX$tv avrq,
Hercules himself. And what then came-upon him,
Xriprioai ravra irpog rifiag, Kai juvijo-3'jjvai
so as to-drivel these things with us, and to-record
7raiStKijc vuKroe' Kat iraXaiwv ovtipwv, Kai
a-boyhood night, and ancient dreams, and things
jjOij yeyripaKorWv ; yap r) ipv\po-Xoyia iwXog.
aheady grown-old ? for the frigid-story is of-yesterday.
Mij- -U7ro-tiAij0tv ityiae rtvapj viro-Kpirag rivwv
Has-he-supposed us some interpreters of-some
ovtipwv ; OuK, io aya$f Tap ovSe 6 IStvo-
dreams? Not so, O good friend: For neither [the] Xeno-
$wv wort Sia-riyovptvog ro tv-iirviov,%
phon did so, when-tormcrly relating the dream,
wg ecoKti avrtp Kai tv ry-irarpwa ouaq, Kai ra
as it-seemed to-him both in his paternal house, and the
* The particle 7rov is used to give an indefinite sense to a great

variety of words, and can scarcely be represented in a translation.
t Alluding to the fable of Jupiter's connection with Alcmena,
who from this amour became the mother of the celebrated Hercules.
The father of the gods, according to the legend, delayed the rising
of the sun till the third morning — in order to retard the return
of Amphitryon, the betrothed husband of Alcmena, whose like
ness he had assumed.
t nvat—rivuv—is au expression of contempt, as if the object
Were too mean for definition : —nearly corresponding to nescio quid,
in Latin ; je ne sais quoi in French, &c.
§ tv-virvtov (from virvoq sleep) may be distinguished from
ovtipos, as not being equally applicable to a day-dream.
D 3
aXXa,* (yap ji"'*)> °"X r*lv

other things, (for ye-know the rest),—not I say, intending the
oipiv Viro-Kpiaiv, ovSe wg *yvwKGJe ij>Xvaptiv,
vision as a-representation, nor as haying-determined to-trifle,
Sia-e^-yti avra"f Kai ravra tv r^ iroXtpq>,
did-he-go-through them : and these things in the war,
Kai airo-yvwati irpayparwv, iroXtpuov irtpi-iarwrwv'
and in desperation of-affairs, enemies standing-around :
aXXa r/ Sta-rryijo-te ti\^v ri Km yjpriaipov'
but the narration had something even useful.
Kai roi-vvv Kai eyoj Sia-nyrioapnv vpiv rovrov
And therefore also I have-related to-you this
ovtipov ivtKa tKtivov, oirwg ol vtoi rptirejv-
dream on-account-of that, namely, that the young may-be-
rcu irpog ra /3eXr7oj, Kai txwvrai IlatSttac'
turned to the better things andmay-hold-fast-to Education :
Kai paXiara, ti «e avrwv &eXo-KaKti% viro
and especially, if any-one of-them is-faint-hearted from
irtviag, Kai airoKXivci irpog ra.rrrroj, Sia-ij>Stipiov
poverty, and declines to the worse things, destroying
ijmaiv owe a-ywvij. Ev oiSa ori Kai tKttvoe
a-nature not ungenerous. Well I-know that also he
• Kai ra aXXa corresponds to the Latin formula et cetera — the

reader being supposed to be familiar with the rest of the story.
t Lucian appears to advert to the dream, in which Xenopkon
fancied his father's house to be suddenly illuminated by a thunder
bolt, as recounted in the third book of the Anabasis.
Xenophon, says our author, did not relate these things for dra
matic effect, but with a view to practical advantage.
t The verb tit Xt iv commonly signifies to will, and the adverb
KaKwg, ill : but the compound here refers not to ill-will or a bud
heart, but to ho heart at all.
tiri(p)-pwoSriatrai, aKovaag rov jUuS'ov, irpo-irrriaa-

will-be-strengthened, having-heard the story, having-
ptvog que lKavov irapa-Stiypa iavrov, tv-
8et-sorth me a- sufficient example of-himself, keeping-
vowv, oiog ptv diVi wppriaa
in-mind, of-what-quality indeed being at first, I-started
irpog ra KaXXtota, Km tiri-&vpriaa IlaiSttae,
towards the fairest pursuits, and desired Education,
airo-StiXiaaag priS-tv irpog rijv irtviav rriv
having-been-afraid in nothing as-to the poverty [the]
rort' St olog t7Tt-ava-tXijXuSa
then pressing me : and of-what-quality I-have-returned
7rpoe Vjuae, Kai ti juijS-lv aXXo, yovv a-So£ortpoe
to you, even if nought else, at-least more-inglorious
ovS-tvoe rwv XiSo-yXu^wv.*
than-no-one of-the stone-carvers.
* Lucian appears to have recited this piece on some occasion of

revisiting his native place, after his reputation was established in
the principal cities of Greece and Italy.
OF CHARON, AND HERMES, AND DIF

FERENT DEAD MEN.
XAPQN. AKovaart* uig ra irpaypara f^tt^

Charon. Hear-ye how the matters hold
ipiv. To aKait>i&iov ptv tirriv ptupov ripiv, iwg
for-you. The little-skiff indeed is small for-us, as
opart, Km viro-aaSpov,% Kat Sia(p)-pu ra
ye-see, and rather-rotten, and it-flows-through in the
* The object of this dialogue is to show the worthlessness of

all worldly advantages at the close of life, however prosperous the
possessor may have seemed in his earthly career ; when the
pomps and vanities of riches and power, the graces of bodily ac
complishment, and even the honors of mental superiority, are
doomed to be renounced, unless supported by the indeprivable
quality of virtue, which disregards the rotten materials of worldly
pre-eminence.
t The Greek fXci ra irpayfiara corresponds in form to the Latin
res (se) hubtut, and here resembles in sense our common phrase
" how matters stand."—A neuter plural nominative in Greek takes
the verb in the singular number, and f%» would be literally en-
glished " has:" but it seems better to explain this in a note, than
to admit so idiomatic a form in the translation.
t The preposition »7ro in Greek (like sub in Latin) frequently
serves to diminish the force of the simple adjective. This force
in composition is perfectly conformable with that of " under,"
the common sense of this particle, as involving the idea of in
feriority, and is directly opposed to imp in composition, which
signifies " over," and is adopted in some English words, as hyper*
critical.
7roXXa' Kai ijv rpawQ tm ra-irtpa,

many places .- and if it-have-been-turned towards either
oi\riatrai irtpi-rpairtv'* Se iptig riKtre
side, it-will-go turned-round : but ye are-come
roaovroi ttpa, tiri-tytpoptvoi 7roXXa IKaoroe-
so-many together bringing-to it many things each :
riv ovv tv-|3ijrt ptra rovrwv, Stoia jUIJ
if then ye-shall-have-embarked with these, I-fear lest
iKmpov jUtra-voijo-trt"t' Kai juaXiora biroaoi
afterwards ye-will-repent : and chiefly as-many-as
em-laraaSe ouK vtiv. - NEKPOI. Ilwe ovv
know not how to-swim. The Dead. How then
iroirioavrtg tv-irXoriaoptv ; XA. Eyto ijypaaw
having-done shall- we-sail-well? Cha. I will-tell
ipiv' xpri tiri-fiaivtiv yvpvovg, Kara-
to-you: it-is-necessary to-get-on-board naked, having-
Xt7rovrae tiri rrig ri'iovog iravra raura ra
left-behind on the shore all these [the]
-rnpirra' Km yap ovrw ro iropSptiov
superfluous things : for even thus the ferry
fioXig av-Seâiro vpag. Ae aoi, w 'Epjmj,
hardly could-receive you- But to-thee, O Hermes,
* It seems proper to avoid all attempt at neatness of expression

in [bis introductory volume, in order to exhibit more faithfully the
idiom of the Greek. " It will go turned round," of course means
" it will be upset," but this translation would disguise the original
language. We have a vulgar saying, that a person has " gone
dead," which answers in construction to this Greek phrase.
t Mtra in composition generally signifies change, and the com
pound Verb might here be more literally rendered " ye will change
your minds ;" if such expression be considered to convey the full
meaning of repentance.
jueXijo-ti irapa-Se\taSai juijS-lva avrwv, [ro]

it-will-be-concern to-reoeive not-one of-them, [the]
airo rovrov, 6e av-y juij xpiXog, Kai airo-
from this time, who be not bare, and having-
/3aXo>v* ra tiri-irXa, wrnrtp eîjv. At
thrown-away the equipments, as I-said. And
lotwft- irapa rijv airo-fiaSpav, Sia-yivwaKt auroue,
standing by the ladder, distinguish them,
Kai ava-Xapjiavt, avayKaZwv tiri-[iaivtiv yvpvovg.
and take-^«»-up, obliging them to-embark naked.
EP. Atytig tv, Kai ovrw iroiriawptv-X
Her. Thou-speakest well, and thus let-us-do;
Tte eari ovroo(i)% 6 irpwrogj MEN. Eyw-yE
Who is this the first man? Men. I-indeed
Mtviirirog. AXXa iSov, w 'Eppri, ri irnpa
am Menippus. But behold, O Hermes, the scrip
•cai ro jiaKrpov, airo-tppi<j>Swv\\ poi *c
and the staff, be-they-thrown-away for-me into
* av-y iiri is understood again before the participle airo/iaXinv,

and the meaning is — " Unless he be bare, and have thrown away,"
&c. This connection of the adjective and active participle is rather
harsh in English, though we might say naked and deprived.
t eatwc has properly a perfect sense, and might be rendered
" having taken thy stand," according to the meaning of the original
verb.
t The imperative mood has properly no forms for the first per
son, though the grammatical sign of this mood is sometimes used
in English, both in the singular and plural number. This form
is therefore said to be borrowed from the subjunctive mood in
Greek and Latin.
§ The addition of the letter i to the nominative case oirog is
merely an Attic peculiarity of dialect, which does not alter the
signification of the word itself.
|| aiztppi>pSnuv is the third person dual of the perfect imperative
LTJCIAN S DIALOGUES. 35
rriv Xipvnv' Se rov rpifiwva ov-St tKOpiaa

the lake: but the cloak not- even have-I-brought,
iroKov tv. 'EP. Ev-/3atvt, w Mtviirire,
in this doing well. Her. Embark, 0 Menippus,
apurrt avSpwv, Kai t\t rriv irpo-iSpiav irapa rov
best of-men, and have the first-seat by the
Kvj3epvijrijv t7rt iipriXov, u>g t7rt-o-Ko7rê
pilot on high, that thou-mayst-observe them
a-iravrag.
all. -
At ovroa(i), 6 tx,wv rriv iropij>vpioa Km ro
And this man, the one having the purple and the
Sia-Sripa, 6 fiXoavpog, rig rvyxaveig* wv;
diadem, the fierce-looking, who dost-thou-happen being ?
AAM. AajU7rtôe> rvpavvog rtXwwv. 'EP.
Lam. Lampichus, king of-Me-Geloans. Her.
Ti ovv irapa-ti, io Aafnri\e, t%u>v
Why then art-thou-here, O Lampichus, having with thee
roaavra; AAM. Ti ovv; — w'Eppri, exprivY
so-many things? Lam. Why then? —O Hermes, did-it-behove
passive airippi/iiiai. The common reading is cnroppitpSiuiv (syn

copated from airoppujiSriruiv) which is the aorist passive ; but the
former appears preferable, and is authorized by an ancient copy.
* Meaning little more than — " who art thou 1"— See last note
to page 20.
t The Greeks, like the Latins, do not distinguish a question
by any change in the form of the verb corresponding to our trans
position of the auxiliary : so that the sense would often require to
be collected from the context, unless distinguished by a note of
interrogation.
In speaking, the tone or cadence would of course sufficiently
indicate a question, but the want of this must have given rise to
ambiguity in writing, before the employment of accents or stops.
To the early writers of Greece the convenience of such points was
avSpa rvpavvov, i)Khv yvpvov ; 'EP.

a-man being a-king, to-have-come naked? Her.
Tvpayvov ptv ovSapwg, Se vtKpov
It behoved a-king indeed by-no-means, but a-dead man
paXa' wart airo-Sov ravra. AAM. iSov
much: so put-away these things. Lam. Behold
6 irXovrog airo-tppiirrai troi. 'EP.
the wealth has-been-thrown-away for-thee. Her.
Airo(,p)-plipoV Kai roV rVij>oV K(U rriV Virtp-olplav,
Throw-away also the pomp and the superciliousness,
to Aapirixe' yap avv-tv-irtaovra, j3apij-
0 Lampichus : for having-fallen-in-together, they-will-
au ro iropSptiov. AAM. AXXa eatrov pe.
weigh-down the ferry. Lam. But suffer me
oVKoVV* t\tlV ro OUt-Wlp.a, Km T7JV t<j>tiJrpi$a.
then to-have the diadem, and the robe.
'EP. OvSapwg' aXXa airo-tg Kai ravra.
Her. By-no-means : but throw-away even these.
AAM. Eitv' ri tri ; yap airo-faa
Lam. Be-it-«e: what further? for I-have-thrown-away
iravra, N wg opag. 'EP. Kai rijv wporrira,
these things, as thou-seest Her. Also the cruelty,
Kai rriv a-voiav, Kai rriv vfipiv, Kai rriv opyriv,
and the senselessness, and the insolence, and the anger,
unknown, the invention of these signs being attributable to later

grammarians.
The four stops used in Greek composition are—the comma (,)
and period (.) respectively corresponding in use to our own—the
colon (-) represented by a single dot at the upper part of the line
—and the note of interrogation (;) which is of similar form to our
semi-colon.
* OvK-ovv would appear from its component parts to have pro
perly a negative signification, but it ia used with a positive sense,
unless accented on the former syllable (oubouv).
a7ro-te* *ai ravra. AAM. iSov, tipi i/<iXoe

throw-away also these. Lam. Behold, I-am bare
o-ot-t 'EP. Ev-/3aivt ijSij.
for-thee. Her. Embark now.
At av, 6 iraxyg, b iroXv-aapKoG,% rte
But thou, the stout, the fleshy man, who
ti; A A. Aa/xao-tae 6 aSXtjrije. 'EP. Nai,
art thou ? Da. Damasias the prize-fighter. He r. Ay,
eoiKag. yap oi'ca at, tSwv
thou-seemest so : for I-know thee, having-seen thee
iroXXaKig tv raig iraXaiarpaig. AA. Nai, to
often in the palaestra. Da. Yes, 0
Epjuij' aXXa 7rapa-Seâi pt oita yvpvov. 'EP.
Hermes: but receive me being naked. [Her.,
Oil yVfivoV, to jieXrlart, 7Ttpt-/3ej3XjJjUtl'O1> ro-
Not naked, O best of men, when enveloped-in so-
aavrag aapKag' wore a7ro-Sii&t aurae, tirti Kara-
much flesh: so take-off them, since thou-
* Though the compound airo-ig in this Interlinear Greek ap

pears to be much altered from aftg in the original text, yet the
whole variation consists in supplying the final vowel (o) of the
preposition—which then separates the smooth consonant (7r) from
the aspirated vowel (t), whereas they before coalesced in one
syllable (0e). The same explanation applies to other words com
pounded of a preposition ending with a vowel, and a verb begin
ning with an aspirate.
t The dative of the personal pronouns—iioi, aoi, &c. are fre
quently admitted in Greek construction, like tnihi, tibi, sibi, in
Latin, rather as expletive particles qualifying the general force of
the sentence, than as pronouns determining the specific reference
of the verb. The meaning here is evidently general, " I am bare
according to your command."
t Literally "many-fleshy :''—as if the bones were cased in several
costs of flesh. The same idea is preserved below, in roaavrac.
vapKac, " So many fleshes," used in the plural number.
Svatig ro OKatyog, xnrtp-Stig rov irtpov

wilt-sink the skiff, having-put-over [the] one
7roSa povov. AXXa ano-(p)piipov* Kai rovrovg
foot only. But cast-away also these
rovg irrmjkivovg, Kai ra Kripvypara.-f AA. iSou
[the] crowns, and the proclamations. Da. Behold
api aXrftwg yvpvog aoi, wg opag, Kai iao-
I-am truly naked for-thee, as thou-seest, and equal-
trraaiog roig aXXoig veKoot<;. 'EP. Ouroje
in-weight with-the other dead. Her. Thus
aptivov tivai a-/3apij' a>ore tv-fiaive.
it is better to-be not-heavy : so embark.
Ae Kai av, io Kparwv, a7To-Sejuevoe
But also thou, O Crato, having-put-away not only
rov irAovrov, Se Kai rriv paXaKiav irpoa-tri, Kai riiv
the wealth, but also the delicacy moreover, and the
rOW0ijV, jUijSe KopiZt ra tv-rac/>ta, piiSe
luxury, neither carry the sepulchral ornaments, nor
ra. a£,iionara rwv irpo—yovu>v' i?t Kara-Xiirt Kat
the dignities of-the progenitors : but leave-behind both
ytvog, Kai oo£at>, Kai ti irort ij iroXig ava-
hirth, and reputation, and if ever the state has-
i-Kripv%tv ae - tu-tpytrnv SjjXov-6rt, Kai rag
cried-up thee as a-benefactor for-instance, and leave the
nri-ypaij>ag rwv avSpiavrwv, juijSe Xeyt on t^W-
inscriptions of-the statues, nor say that they-
* When the augment (c) is prefixed to verbs beginning with p,

the liquid is doubled, as pnrrw, tp-jniia. Hence, if the verb is
compounded with a preposition, as in this passage, the double p
is still retained in cognate forms where the vowel augment is
dropped.
t In the <elebrated games of Greece, the victor was crowned
with a wreath, and his name proclaimed by a public herald.
wav ari o-oi ptyav rafov' yap ravra

have-heaped on thee a-great sepulchre : for these things
km pvrifjiovtvoptva fiapvvu. KP. Ov\ iKwv
even being-mentioned are-heavy. Cr. Not willing
fitv, St airo-(p)piipu>' Kai-yap ri av-
indeed, but I-will-throw-<Ae»!-away : for what should-
iraSoipi ;*
I-suffer ?
Ba/3at' At itV 6 evoirXog, ri fiovXu ; jj
Hah ! And thou the armed man, what wilt-thou ? or
ri 0epue rovro ro rpoiraiov;—STPATH-
for what bearest-thou this [the] trophy? — Cap-
TOS. 'On tviKriaa, w 'Epjujj, km ripiattvaa,
rain. Because I-conquered, O Hermes, and I-did-best,
jCOt fl iroXlg cttjulJo-t jut. 'EP. Alto-ee tO rpoitOloV
and the state honoured me. Hkr. Leave the trophy
*v yt}' yap upnvin ev qSov,
on the ground : for there is peace in the realms of-Orcus,
eoi ovStv Striau birXwv.
and in nought will-there-be-need of-arms.
At o«roe 6 cnpvog kol fiptvSvoptvog, airo
But this man [the] solemn and conceited, from
rov axriparog ye, 6 tiri-ripKwg rag 0ij>pvg,
the dress at-least, the man having-raised the brows
6 e7rt rwv tj>povriSwv, 6 Kara-tlptvog rov QaSvv
the man on the meditations, [the] clothed-in the deep
• The usual sense of iraSotiii (from iraa\tat patior\ is here

given : but the force of this sentence might be more nearly ex
pressed by the phrase—"For what would be my case, if I re
fused 1" without implying any penal suffering.
According to this general sense, tv iraSwiitv (p. 44), signifies
—" May we fare well."
irwywva, rig tariv ; ME. Tig ij>tXo-iroij>og, w

beard, who is he ? Men. Some philosopher, O
Eppri' St uaXXov yorig, Kai purrog rtparuag'
Hermes ; but rather a-juggler, and full of-prodigy :
iLore airo-Svaov Kai rovrov' yap oipu iroXXa
so strip also this man ; for thou-wilt-see many
kai ytXoia Kpvirroptva viro ri$ Ipariq.
and ridiculous things now-concealed under the garment.
EP. Kara-Sov av ro a\ripa irpwrov' ura
Her. Put-down thou the dress first: afterwards
Kai iravra ravri.* Q, Ztv, 6o-jjv ptv rnv
also all these things, fi Jupiter, how-great indeed the
aXaZovuav KopiZu" St oo-jjv a-uaSiav, Kai
arrogance he-carries ! and how-great ignorance, and
tpiv, Kai Ktvo-Soîav, Kai a-iropovg tpwrriaag, Kai
strife, and empty-glory, and endless questionings, and
aKavSwSug Xoyovg, Kai iroXv-irXoKovg tv-voiag"f
thorny reasonings, and perplexed conceits !
aWa Kai uaXa iroXXnv uaraio-iroviav, Kai ovk
but also especially much vain-labouring, and not
oXiyov Xypov, Kai vSXovg, Kai piKpo-Xoyiav' vri Am,
a-little doating, and trifles, and small-talking : by Jove,
* ravn—an Attic form for ravra. See note, p. 41.

t The word tpi\oaotpog is compounded of tpi\i w to love, and aoipia
wisdom; but the ancient professors of "philosophy" were not
always so respectable as the name imports. A very large portion
of these learned personages devoted their attention to verbose dis
putations on the most frivolous subjects, and from this practice
were led to attach more importance to words than to things. The
term Sophist, derived from the Greek o-oîotjjc, though honourable
in its origin, in time became odious. Herodotus calls Solon and
Pythagoras, ooQurrai, not only without implying any reproach,
but as the highest praise.
Koi rovri* xpvaiovf ye, Km ri^v-ira^tiav Se,

also this gold-piece forsooth, and sweet-indulgence too,
Km a{y)-aia\Wriav,% Km opyriv, Km rpvij>riv, Km
and shamelessness, and anger, and luxury, and
paXaKiav' yap XeXijSe ov pt, ti-Km
delicacy ; for these things have-escaped not me, although
irtpi-Kpvirrtig avra paXa. Ae airo-Sov Km ro
thou-coverest them much. And put-away also the
IptvSog, Kai roV rvtyoV, Km ro olta$M
falsehood, and the puffing, and the quality to-think-oneself
tivai apeivoj rwv aXXuiv' wg> ti ye tv-
to-be better than-the others : since, if at-least thou-
fiaivoig t\wv iravra ravra, iroia
shouldst-embark having all these things, what-sort-of
7revrriKoVr-opog% av—Sf£ajro a-e ; iPIA. A7ro-
fifty-oared vessel would-takethee? Philosopher. I-put-
r&epai roi-vvv avra, Hrti-irtp ovrw KtXtvtig.
off therefore them, since thus thou-commandest.
* The Attics annex t to all cases and genders of the pronoun

oirroc, to give it a stronger emphasis : as ovroai, avrn-i, ravrnat.
In the neuters terminated with a vowel this t takes place of o and
a, as ravn, rovri, for ravra, rovro. In the same manner the
Latins affixed -met, -te, -pte, -ce, as egomet, meapte, hicce.
Literally, but in vulgar English, we should translate ovroai " this
here."
t apyvpoq xpvaoq, bullion—apyvptov \pvaiov, coined money;
but this distinction is not always observed.
| The letter v is frequently inserted, for the sate of euphony,
after the privative a, when combined with a word beginning with
a vowel ; thus a.ioyvvrUi, modesty, becomes avau>\vvrla.
§ mvrriKovropog may be considered either a substantive, or an
adjective agreeing with vavc, understood. It is derived from
-KtvrnKovra fifty, and tpiaaui to row, and is more generally written
ictvrnKovriaoq, but less correctly.
E 3
MEN. AXXa a7To-2rto-3'w Kai rovrov rov irwywva,

Men. But let-him-put-offalso this [the] beard,
w 'EppTl, ovra rt fiapvv, Kai Xaaiov, wg bpQG'
0 Hermes, being both heavy, and shaggy, as thou-seest :
tiai rpi\tC 7TtVrt llVWV ro eXa\laroV.
there-are hairs of-five pounds weight at the least.
'EP. Ae-vtie tV Airo-Sov Kai rovrov. iPIA.
Her. Thou-speakest well: Put-off also this. Phil.
Kai rig eorai 6 airo-Ktipwv ; EP. Ovroai, Me-
And who will-be the shaving man? Her. This man, Me-
vt7r7roe, Aafiwv irtXtKvv rwv vav-irriyiKiov,
nippus, having-taken an-axe from the ship-making
airo-Koipei. avrov, yjpriaaptvog ry avafiaSpq
took, will-cut-off it, having-used the ladder as
tm-Koirip.* MEN. OvK, w 'Epjuij, aXXa ava-Sog
a-block. Men. Not so, O Hermes, but give-up
juot irpiova' yap rovro ytXoiortpov.
to-me a-saw ; for this plan will be more-ridiculous.
'EP. 'O irtXtKvg tKavoe' — tv-yt' yap vvv
Her. The axe is sufficient:—well-done! for now
avairttyyvag avSpwirivwrtpog,']' airo-Septvo/Q rriv
thou-appearest more-human, having-put-off the
Kivaftpav avroV. MEN. BouXtt a7ro-IXwjUat
foulness there. Men. Wilt-thou that I-should-take-off
* Etibowoc is compounded of c7ri upon, and Kotrio to cut,

and tbus signifies any substance on which another is cut or chop
ped.
t The correction of Hemsterhuis is here adopted in preference
to the common reading avSpwmviortpov, which supposes this
sentence to be addressed to Menippus.
PiKOoV Km rIOV o(j>pvaiv ; 'EP. MaXiora'*

a-little also of-the eye-brows? Her. Most-certainly :
yap tiri-ypKtv ravrag Kai virtp ro ptra-u>irov ,
for he-has-elevated these even above the forehead,
ava-rtivwv iavrov otSa owe tiri orii>. Ti
stretching-up himself I-know not on what account. What
rovro ; Kai SaKpvtig, w KaSappa, Kai airo-
means this ? even weepest-thou, O pollution, and playest-
StiXiag irpog Savarov ; tv-($riSi Sef-ovv. MEN.
the-coward towards death? embark then. Men.
'Ei> m ro fiapvrarov t\ti viro paXrig.±
One thing further the heaviest he-has under his armpit.
'EP. Ti ; w MtVMT7Tt. MEN. KoXaiatav, id
Her. What? O Menippus! Men. Flattery, O
'Epjuij, xpriaiptvaaaav iroXXa avrw tv no
Hermes, that having-gained many things for-him in [the]
/3jt>>. $IA. OvKovv Kai av, (o Mti»j7T7rt, airo-Sov
life. Phil. Then also thou, O Menippus, put-off
rijv eXtuStptav, Kai irap-priaiav, Kai ro a-Xvirov,
the freedom, and bold-speaking, and the careless,
* fjtaXiara is often used as an affirmative answer, and may be

rendered absolutely like our word " certainly :" but it must be
considered as properly connected with some word in the question
suppressed in the answer : as here, iiaXiara PouXoiiai, " I am
most willing."
t The particle tie, which serves to avoid an hiatus in the text,
has scarcely any force that can be expressed in a translation.
t vtro fiaXnc, was a proverbial expression for any place of con
cealment, and is sometimes used even in a more general sense than
in this passage, as we say, " under the rose."
Kai ro ytvvaiov,* Kai rov ytXwra.— TfXae

and the high-spirited, and the laughter. — Thou-laughest
-youi> jUovoe rwv aXXwv. 'EP. MijSajuwe'
indeed alone of-the others. Her. By-no-means
aXXa Kcu eê ravra, ovra KoVij>a yt,
put them off: but also keep these things, being light indeed,
Kai iravv tv-ij>opa, Kai \priaipa irpog rov
and altogether easy-to-be-carried, and useful towards the
Kara-irXovv.— £2ore Xve ra tiri-ytia.f Ava-
navigation. — So loose the land-cables : Let-us-
tXwp&a rnv airo-(iaSpav' ro ayKvpiov ava-tairaaSiii'
take-up the ladder : the anchor be-drawn-up :
7TtrOo-oV ro iOrIoV, tI>SuVt, W 7ropSjUeU, ro
stretch the sail, guide-straight, O Ferryman, the
7rijSaXtov'+ iraSwptv tv.
rudder : may-we-fare well.
* ro ytvvaiov—The neuter of the adjective combined with the

article is often used as a substantive—a form of construction which
is sometimes found in our own language, as, " the sublime and
beautiful."
t The word tmyiwv (compounded of ciri on, and yij land), is
properly an adjective, though commonly used substantively for
the rope that holds a ship at anchor. Much of the humour of this
polylogue consists in employing the common terms of life to re
present the paraphernalia of death ; but the general description of
the passage from one state to the other is entirely conformable to
the recorded belief of orthodox Pagans.
} The ancient rudders were two broad oars (7rij SaXia) jutting
out on either side the vessel, which were connected by a cross bar
(fcu-yrijpia, Acts, xxvii. 40.), and moved by one tiller (oia£).
OF ALEXANDER, ANNIBAL, SCIPIO, AND

MINOS.
AAE3J. Att tjUt irpo-KCKpiaSai aov, <o

Alex. It-becomes me to-be-judged-before thee, O
Al[iv'* yap n.pi aptivwv. ANN. Ov-ptv-
Libyan: for I-am better than thou. Ann. Not-so-
ovv, aXXa tpe. . AA. OvKovv 6 Mivwg
indeed, but me before thee. Al. Therefore let- [the] Minos
SiKCKraro. MIN. Ae rtvee eart; AA. Ovrog
-decide. Min. But who are-ye? Al. This man
ptv Avvi/3ae 6 Kap\riSoviog' Se tyto AXe^-
indeed is Annibal the Carthaginian : but I am Alex-
i
* The subject of this dialogue is peculiarly interesting from the
well-earned celebrity of the persons introduced. The facts here
noticed in the pleadings are strictly historical, and the reader may
form his own judgment on the comparative merits of the con
tending parties, without regard to the sentence of Minos, thij
infernal judge.
Libya was the general name for Africa with the ancient Greeks,
whence Annibal is called " Libyan," as being a native of Carthage.
In like manner Scipio, the third suitor in this cause, is mentioned
as " Italian," instead of the peculiar designation of a Roman.
46 tUCIAN's DIALOGUES.
avSpog 6 <&iXiinrov.* MIN. Nij Ala, apfortpoi

ander the son of-Philip. Min. By Jove, both
-ye *v-Soôt. AXXa irtpi rivog ij tpic
indeed renowned. But concerning what is the strife
ipiv ; AA. Tltpi irpo-tSpia<ft yap ovrog
to-you ? Al. Concerning precedence : for this man
ij>riai yeytvria$ai aptivwv o-rpar-ijyoe tpov'\
says himself to-have-been a-better general than-me :
Se eyw, uxrrrtp a-iravrtg iaaaiv, 0ij/zt Sia-tvey-
but I, as all men know, say myself to-have-
Ktiv, , 7roXtjuia, ' Ou%' juovov rovrov, aXXa
excelled in warlike exploits, not only this man, but
o-êoW iravrwv rwv irpo ejuov. MIN. OvKovv
almost all those before me. Min. Therefore
* The word signifying Son or Daughter is commonly omitted in

Greek composition : the prepositive article clearly indicating the
gender of the noun suppressed.
The ellipsis of the verb substantive tan, exemplified in this
same sentence, is also very common, as in Latin construction.
t Ilpotcpia means properly " front-sitting," whence the term
is transferred to precedence in general. The different ranks of
society being frequently brought together at public spectacles, and
other occasions, when the higher orders occupied the front seats,
this privilege became confounded with the notion of personal dig
nity, both among the Greeks and the Romans.
| Erparijyoc, literally " army- leader," is derived from arparoc,
an army, and ayio to lead ; our own word " stratagem" of the same
derivation, is usually applied to a military finesse, but no part of
the word is properly expressive of artifice.
The Greeks do not use an accusative case with an infinitive verb,
if relating to the subject of the finite verb preceding. Thus arpa-
riiyor is put in the same case as ovroq, the nominative to tpnat.
tKartpog tiirario tv ptpti' Se av, to At/3v, Xtye

let- each of you -speak in part : and thou, O Libyan, plead
7rpwroe-
first.
ANN. Tovro tv fitv, to Mtvtoe, wva-
Ann. This one thing indeed, 0 Minos, I-have-
juijv, ori tvravSa t^-tpaSov Kai rriv 'EXXaSa
gained, that here I-have-learned also the Greek
0tovtjv'* dioTt ou-St ravry ovrog tvey-
tongue : so-that not-even in-this respect this man would-
Kajro irXtov pov. At tyripi rovrovg tivai
bring more claim than-I. But I-assert these men to-be
juaXierra a^toue f7raivov, baoi ovree ro priS-iv
most worthy of-praise, as-many-as being [the] nothing
t^ apx>ig, opwg irpo-txuipriaav tiri peya,
from origin, nevertheless have-advanced to great
rt irtpi-âXXoptvoi Svvapiv Sia avrwv,
rank, both being-clothed-with power through themselves,
Kai SoSavrte aS,ioi apîje.i' Eyw yovv
and having-seemed worthy of-command. I therefore
* Luciau could scarcely be ignorant of the well-authenticated

circumstance, that Annibal was acquainted with a variety of lan
guages, and even wrote some books ip the Greek. Our author
might, however, disbelieve it himself, or might wish to throw dis
credit on the fact ; implying by this satire, that if Annibal knew
Greek, he must have learned it after he was dead. Yet it is by
no means incredible, that this worthy " Libyan" studied Grecian
literature at the court of Antiochus, king of Syria, or that of Pru-
sias, king of Bithynia, after his banishment from Carthage by his
factious and ungrateful contrymen.
t The word apxi 'a uie& w'tD two different significations in
this sentence, but both are referable to the same primitive meaning
of a beginning. The idea of originating measures admits of an easy
t^-hppriaag ee riiv Iflripiav ptra oXiyow,

having-set-forth to [the] . Spain with few soldiers,
wv ro irpwrov (nro-ap\og rip aStXdxi>,* ij&w-
being at the first a-subaltern to my brother, was-
S-ijv ptytaruiv, Kp&tig
thought-worthy of-greatest things, having-been-judged to be
apiarog' Kai elXov rovg KeXrtj3ijpae yt, kcu
best : and I-subdued the Celtiberians indeed, and
tKparriaa rwv EoTTtpttov TaXarwv'^ Kou virtp-
I-got-the-better of-the Western Galatians : and having-
/3ae ra peyaXa opri,% Kara-tSpapov a7ravra
passed-over the great mountains, I-overran all
ra irtpi rov KpiSavov' Kai orotijo-a roaavrag
the lands about the Eridanus : and I-made so-many
transition to that of commanding men. Hence, the chief magistrate

at Athens was entitled Archon, and this secondary sense is adopted
in our own words "mon-archy," " bept-archy," &c.
* Annibal commenced his career of military glory in Spain,
under Asdrubal his brother-in-law, and on the death of this able
general, he was appointed to the chief command. After subduing
all the west of Spain, he invaded the districts adjacent to the river
[herns, and took the city of Saguntum. This was the cause of the
second Punic war.
t The Galatians, or Gauls, intended in this passage, inhabited
the country north of the Alps, (called by the Romans Gallia Trans-
alpina), and were conquered by Annibal on his march from Spain.
— VaKnrui was the Greek name for Gaul, and is here named
Western, to distinguish it from the Galatia of Asia Minor, which
was colonized from this country.
t Annibal having crossed the Alps, defeated the Roman con
suls Sempronius and Scipio at the Trebia, a river falling into the
Eridanus, the poetical name of the Po. Proceeding southward,
the Carthaginian general conquered the Roman armies at the
famous battles of Thrasimenus and Cannas, and advanced to the
gates of Rome ; and although the city itself never fell into his
power, he may be said to have been master of the country of Italy
for fifteen years.
7roXtte ava-oratowe, Kai e)(tipwo-ajujjv rriv

cities subverted, and subdued-by-the-hand the
7teotvjjv IraXiav' Kai jjXSov pt\pi tWV ""IOO-
level part of Italy : and I-came even-to the sub-
aoretwv rjje irpo-t\ovarig iroXtwg' Koi cnro-tKtuva
urbs of-the principal city: and I-slew
roaovrovg jutae fiptpag, wort cnro-jutrprfo-at rovg
so-many knights in-one day, as to-measure the
SaKtvXiovg avrwv fuSipvoig,* kcu ytij>vpwaat. rovg
rings of-them in-bushels, and to-bridge the
irorapovg vtKpoig. Kcu iravra ravra tirpaâ,
rivers with-dead. And all these things I-did,
ovrt ovofiaZoptvog v'iog Ajuûwvoe, ovrt irpoa-
neither being-named son of-Ammon, nor pre-
iroiovptvog uvai Otoe, ri Sta-t^-twvi" tv-iirvia
tending to-be a-God, or relating dreams
rne-fti?tpoe,J aWa ojuo-Xo'ywi' uvai avSpwirog'
of-my-mother, but confessing myself to-be a-man:
rt avri-ec;-era£ojuevoe roic; avv-eriOraroig arpar-
both being-opposed to-the most-skilful gerie-
jjyoje, Kat avv-irXtKoptvog rote pa\ipWrat0ig
rals, and engaged-with the most-warlike
arpariwrcug' ov Kara-ay wviZoptvog MriSovg Kai
soldiers: not fighting-against Medes and
* Adverting to the battle of Cannse, a village of Apulia, in

which Annibal defeated the Romans with great slaughter ; and
slew so many of the order of Equites, or Knights, that he is said to
have sent three bushels of their rings to Carthage.
t More literally—" going through," i. e. in detail.
t Olympias, the wife of Phiup, and mother of Alexander, de
clared she had conceived by a large serpent in a dream. This
fiction was afterwards interpreted by interested oracles as a form
assumed by Jupiter, to " stamp an image of himself, a sovereign
of the world."
Appriviovg, viro-ftvyovrag irpiv riva Otoj-

Armenians, men fleeing-secretly before that-any-one pur-
KttV, KCU irapa-SiSovriig rtiV VIKriV tvSv rip
sues, and giving-up the victory immediately to-the
roXpriaavri.
one having-dared to claim it.
At Ak&avSpog, irapa-Xafiotv irarpâv apxriv,
But Alexander, having-received a-paternal government,
ijvgqo-f, Kai irapa-iroXv {^-trtivt, ^/,1o-a/xtVoe
increased i<, and very-much extended it, by having-used
ry opuy rije ri>îe- Eirti-Se ovv tvi-
the impulse of- [the] fortune. When therefore he-had-
Krlat-rt, Km tKparijO-tV fKfjVoV roV c>X&poV
been-victorious, and had-overcome that [the] cast-away
AaptloV tV rt Io-o-jjl Km Ap/3IJXotC, O7TO-
Darius in both Issus and Arbela, having-departed-
arag rwv irarptyuiv, ij&ou irpoa-
from the paternal customs, he-thought-proper to-be-
KVvtiaSai, Kcu pera-tSiigrriatvf tavrov ee rijv Mij-
worshipped, and transformed himself to the Me-
SjKijv Siairav, Km tuiai-ij>ovti rovg-ij>iXovg tv
dian mode-of-living, and murdered his friends in
* It will be observed that tbe verb Kparew, with others of si

milar force, governs sometimes a genitive, sometimes an accusative
case, which may be thus distinguished :—when the verb merely
serves to compare the object with the subject, as tKparno-a ruiv
TaXaruv (above), the genitive is used : when the subject of the
verb (as here) absolutely acts upon the object compared, the
accusative or dative is employed—Annibal did not subdue the
Gauls in the same sense, as Alexander vanquished the Persians :
he merely gained sufficient advantages to pursue his march through
their territory.
t " He changed his own mode of living to the Median mode of
living"—if the repetition is admissible in English.
rote avv-iroaioig, Kai uvv-tXafjfiavtV t7ri

[the] drinking-parties, and seized them for
Savory. Ae tyoj ripâ tiri-iarig trig-irarpiSog'* Kat
death. But I was-chief equally of-my-father-land : and
e7rei-Sjj fitra-tirtpirtro, ridv iroXtpiwv nri-
when-indeed it-sent-for-me-back, the enemies having-
irXtvaavruV rrj Atfivg ptyaXty aroXty, viro-
sailed-against [the] Libya with-a-great armament, I-
ijKovaa ra\twg, Kat irapa-ta\ov tp-avrov totw-
obeyed quickly, and I-presented myself a-private-
rriv"f Kai Kara-StKaa&ete, jjVeyKa ro irpaypa
man : and having-been-condemned, I-bore the matter
tv-yvwpovwg. Kat ravra tirpaâ, wv fiap-
with-good-feeling. And these things I-did, being a-bar-
fiapog, kui a-iraiStvrog rjje 'EXXjji/tKjje 7ratSetae,
barian, and uninstructed-in [the] Grecian education,
Kai ovre pmp-tySwv 'Opripov,^ wairtp ovrog,
and neither rhapsodising Homer, like this man,
* Harptpoc, is sometimes used for " father's" and at others for

" country's," but both are referable to the same origin of irarrip,
father : indeed the term is only applied to the place as belonging
to the person ; Patrius in Latin is subject to the same variations
in meaning.
t Idiiottig (derived from idtog, private), was commonly applied
by the Athenians to a person uninstructed in the public exercises ;
but it does not appear that this term was ever used by them with
a sense corresponding to our own word "idiot."—The Greek
icuoti1g is here used in its proper sense, and means a person un
engaged in public affairs ; Annibal having quietly submitted to
the judgment of his countrymen, though he might, by refusing to
leave Italy, have discomfited the base faction thathadlong sought
to ruin him.
X Alexander was so passionately fond of the Iliad of Homer,
which he recited with readiness and energy, that he kept it in a
gorgeous casket under his pillow, and imitated the hero Achilles
in some of the worst traits of his character.
ovrt iraiStvStig viro ApierrortXti rip Co

nor having-been-instructed under Aristotle the so-
0tatjj,* Se \priaaptvog ry ayaSy ij>vati povtj.
phist, but having-used the good natural- genius alone.
Tavra toTtv/j- a eyw ij>rifu tivat
These are the points, in which I assert myself to-be
uptivwv AX&avSpoV Se ti ovroa(i) eori KaX-
better than-Alexander : but if this man is jnore-
Atwv, Sia-ori Sia-tSeStro rriv Ktij>aXriv
honourable, because he-had-been-bound-about the head
* The term *' sophist" (see note, p. 40.^ was originally applied
indiscriminately to all professors of philosophy ; but perhaps Lu-
cian employs it here in its worst sense, as he appears from other
passages to have had but a moderate opinion of the Stagyrite's
importance.
t The principal occurrences in the lives of each of these com
petitors are so explicitly detailed in the text, that a multitude of
notes would be superfluous ; but the following abstract may serve
to connect the several allusions to the Macedonian hero.
Alexander the Great, having completed his education under the
superintendence of Aristotle, succeeded his father Philip on the
throne of Macedon ; and after quelling all disturbance in his own
kingdom, secured his supremacy over the other states of Greece,
by signally punishing the Thebans. Being chosen generalissimo
of the Grecian forces, he invaded the empire of Darius, and over
threw the Persian armies successively in the battles of Granicus,
(a river of Bithynia), Issus, (a town of Cilicia), and Arbela, (a
town of Assyria). Pursuing his career of conquest, he made him
self master of many more countries than those which were included
in the kingdom of Darius, and penetrated into India as far as the
river Hydaspes. After the subjugation of the eastern world,
Alexander gave himself up to the controul of his own violent
passions. He adopted the fashions and vices of the conquered
Persians, and claimed divine worship as the son of Jupiter
Ammon. Among other atrocities, he slew his friend Clitus at a
banquet, for preferring the achievements of Philip to his own.
His death, which happened at Babylon, is ascribed by some authors
to poison, by others to a fever occasioned by drunkenness.
Sia-^ripari,* iawg Kai ravra atpva Mo-

with-a-diadem, perhaps even these things are dignified to-Ma-
KtSoai jutv' priv ov Sta rovro av-
cedonians indeed : yet surely not on-account-of this would-
Sotiutv apuvwv ytvvaiov Kai arpar-riyiKoV avopog,
he-seem better than-a-noble and martial man,
Ktypriptvov ry yvwpy 7rXtov ri-irtp rq '""^'P-
one having-used [the] prudence more than [the] fortune.
MINOS. 'O jutV ttpjJKtV w7rep clVtoV toV
Minos. He indeed has-spoken for himself [the]
Xoyov owe a-ytvvri, ovSt we riv ttKOe Aij3vv.+
speech not unmanly, nor as it-was likely a-Libyan
At av, w AXeâvSpt, ri 0ye irpog
would. But thou, O Alexander, what dost-thou-say to
ravra ;
these things ?
AAES. MjjStv jutv, w Mtvwej e\priV
Alex. Nothing indeed, O Minos, was-necessary
* The Greeks do not appear to have considered it inelegant to

repeat words of the same derivation, to qualify each other as dif
ferent parts of speech. The noun hadijiia, indeed, before the time
of Lucian, had departed from its original meaning of a " bandage,"
and is here used in the sense of a regal ensign, like our own word
" crown or diadem :" but this iteration will frequently be found
in Greek, where neither the verb nor the substantive can properly
be called a word of second intention.—See an instance, p. 62,
Knpvrrt—Knpvyiia.
t The calumniated Carthaginians, unhappily for their character
with posterity, have bequeathed no literary legacy to counter
balance the partial accounts of the Greek and Roman historians.
It is well known that the Greeks affected to despise all other
nations, as illiterate and barbarous ; and perhaps the money-getting
citizens of Carthage were not in general famous for intellectuality
or eloquence : but Annibal himself is allowed, even by his enemies,
the possession of qualities, which prove that the statesman and
philosopher were united in this paragon of ancient generalship.
F 3
vpog avcpa ovrw Spaavv' yap ri îjjun, lKav-n,

towards a-man so audacious : for [the] Fame, sufficiently,
cwaâi ae olog fiaaiXtvg ptv eyw,
would-teach thee what-sort-of king indeed I became,
§e olog Xyarrig ovroe eytvtro. At bfiwg
and what-sort-of robber this man became. But nevertheless
bpa, h Sia-rivtyKa avrov Kara oXiyov'
see, whether I-excelled him by a-little only: I
op wv m veoe> irapa-eXSwv eiri ra irpaypara,
who being still young, having-passed-on to the affairs
km Kara-to-ôv rriv apyyv rt-
ofstate, both took-possession-of the government dis-
rapayptvriv, Kcu ptra-r{XSov* rovg <j>ovtag rov
turbed, and punished the murderers of my
irarpog. Kara-ôj3ijo-ae rijv 'EXXaSa ti) airo-
father. Having-terrified [the] Greece by-the destruc-
Xtt<i 0nj3aiojv, ytipo-rovriOtir;^ arpar-riyog inro
tion of-Me-Thebans, being-elected general by
avruiv, ovK-rfeiwaa, irtpi-tirwv rijv apxriv
them, I-deigned-not, caring-about the government
MaKtSovwv ayairavlf. ap\tiv b-iroawv
of-Macedonians to-be- contented to-govern so many-men-as
* The verb ner-riX$ov might be rendered, according to the sig

nification of its component parts, " I came amongst" or "inva
ded." The Latin invado nearly corresponds to the Greek fitrto-
Xofiai; in the combination of the verb and preposition : bnt per
haps our own word " prosecute" is a better equivalent in sense.
t Literally—elected by stretching out <if hands.
} ayairqv means properly " to love ;" but it is often, by an easy
and natural transition, employed to express the sense of content
ment, either as a transitive or absolute verb.—The use of an in
finitive as the object of this verb, is familiar in our own language;
as—
" I should be well contented to be there, with respect to the love
I bear your house."—Shaki.
6-irariip Kara-tXiirtv' aWa tm-voriaag

my father had-left : but having-contemplated
iraaav riiv yriv, teat riyriaaptvog Seivov
all the earth, and having-considered it shocking
ti-pri Kparriaaipi airavrwv, aywv oXiyovc,
unless I-should-prevail-over all men, leading few soldiers,
to—tj3«tXov te rijv Ao-iav' Km rt tiri rpavliap
I-entered into [the] Asia: and both at Granicus
tKparijo-a psyaXy paX9' Kal Xaj3wi> rriv
I-conquered in-a-great battle: and having-taken [the]
AvSiav, kai Iwmav, Kcu iPpvyiav, Kai 6Xiop
Lydia, and Ionia, and Phrygia, and on-the-whole
Xîpovptvog ra ati tv-iroaiv,* ijXSov t7Ti
subduing the places ever in-»iy-way, I-came to
Io-o-ov, tvS-a Aapaog Viro-tptive, aywv 7roXXae
Issus, where Darius awaited me, leading many
pvpiaSag arparov.
myriads of-soldiery.
Kai ro a7ro rovrov, w M.ivwg,
And with regard to the time from this, O Minos,
vptig iare baovg vtKpovg Kara-tirtpipa vpiv ptri
ye know how-many dead I-sent-down to-you in
* Ev iroat (in feet) is an idiomatical expression, which can

scarcely be preserved in translation. The English " in my way"
appears to answer to the Greek phrase, as implying the notion of
impediment, which is here intended ; for the Latin im-pedire (to
hinder) is synonymous with iii-iroSiûv. The phrase ev Xfpff<>
or in manibus, has mostly a contrary signification of readiness or
facility.
The adverb an nearly corresponds to our own word ' ' ever," and
to the Latin -eunque; meaning here, " subduing what-ever places
lay in my way," or " conquering each and all successively."
piag riptpag. 'O iropSfitvg youv îjo-t ro o-Kaôe

one day. The ferryman indeed asserts the skiff
pri cia-apKtaai avroig rort, aXXa rovg iroXXovg
not to-have-sufficed for-them then, but the many
avrwv Sia-irXtvaai Sta-7rij£a/xtVove oytSiag.*
of-them to-have-sailed-over by having-constructed temporary
Keu ravra-Se tirparrov, avrog irpo-
rafts. And these things I-effected, myself being-
KivSvvtvuiv, Kai aîwv rirpwaKtaSai.
foremost-in-danger, and deigning to-be-wounded.
Kai iva pri cia-riyriawpaif aoi ra. tv Tvpip,
And that I-may-not relate to-thee the exploits in Tyre,
jUjjSt rO. tV Ap(iriXoig, aXXa jjX$oV Km jUt^pte
nor those in Arbela, but I-came even as-far-as
IvSwv, Kair tiroiriaapriv rov Q,Ktavov opov
the Indians, and I-made the Ocean a-boundary
rrig-apxriSfX Km dXov rovg eXttyavrag avrwv, Kai
of-my-empire, and I-took the elephants of-them, ana
* ax£8ia vavg, a raft made ek rov axtSov, on the spur of the

moment ; in this sense it issued, Od. 5. 33., and the word finals,
1 Kings, v. 9. is a\tSia in the Septuagint version.
t This form of pretermission corresponds to the Latin phrase,
Ut ista missafaciam—" Not to dwell upon those things," &c.
$ The appropriation of "my empire" is implied in the middle
form of the verb tiroiti<saiir[v.
The ocean was not, strictly speaking, the boundary of Alexan
der's conquests, for his own soldiers refused to march further east
ward, on reaching the river Hydaspes ; but the Indian ocean may
properly be said to have bounded his empire to the south.—The
conquest of Porus, the bravest of the Indian princes, is ranked
among the most glorious of Alexander's exploits. The restoration
of the royal captive to his kingdom was perhaps a proof of mag
nanimity : it was certainly a measure of sound policy.
The success of Alexander against the Scythians was very far
from complete, though he boasts of having defeated them in a
t\tipwaapriv Hwpov' Ae virtp-(iag rov

subdued Porus : And having-passed-over the river
lavdiv, tviKriaa Km SKuSae, avSpag owe tu-Kara-
Tanai-s, I-conquered also the Scythians, men not to-be-
ij>povriroVg, peyaXy iinro-pa\iq' Kai tv-eTroiriaa
despised, in-a-great cavalry-battle : and I-benefited
rovg-ij>iXovg, Kai ijjuvvajujjv rovg-e)(ypovg. Ae ti
my friends, and I-punished my enemies. But if
eSoKouv rote avSpwiroig Kai Qeog, eKtivoi
I-seemed to- [the] '. men even a-God, they were
avv-yvwaroi, iriartvaavrtg Kai ri roi6vrov
pardonable, having-believed even some such thing
ivtpi epov, irapa ro jue'veSoe rwv irpayparwv.
concerning me, from the greatness of-the deeds.
Ae ro reXtvraiov ovv, tyoj juev inro-&avov
And as to the last point then, I indeed died
fiaaiXtvwv, Se ovrog wv ev ij>vyy irapa
whilst reigning, but this man died being in exile with
Tlpovaia rtp Bi&vvq>,* Kara-a-irep jjv ac,iov
Prusias the Bithynian, as it-was worthy
ovra irav-tpyorarovf Kai wjuorarov'
that one should, being most-designing and most-cruel :
great battle ; and the son of Philip knew better than to prosecute
an enterprise, wherein all might be lost, and nothing could be
gained.
With regard to the reduction of the western world, which Alex
ander assumes to have lain within his power, perhaps it was fortu
nate for his. reputation as a conqueror, that he was not tempted to
invade the then ignoble Romans ; but his entire failure is by no
means so probable as Livy endeavours to demonstrate.
* The vindictive Romans demanding from king Prusias the
surrender of Annibal his guest, the aged exile destroyed himself
with poison, which he carried about him in a ring.
t iravovpyoq (compounded from irav every, and tpyov work,)
58 hjcian's dialogues.
-yap wg oij tKparijo-t rwv IroXojv, no Xtytivt

for how indeed he-vanquished the Italians, I-omit to-say,
—ori ovK itrxy'i, aAAa irovripuf, Kcu
—that it was not by-strength, but by-baseness, and
a-iruma Kai SoXoig' St oi>S-ev vopipov ri
faithlessness, and deceits : but he did nothing lawful or
irpo-tyavtg. Ae tirti wvtioiae rijv rpvtyriv
open. And since he-has-reproached [the] luxury
poi, SoKti pot tK-XtXijo-S-ai ola
to-me, he-seems to-me to-have-forgotten what-sort-of things
tirotti tv Kairvy,* 6 Savpaaiog, avv-wv
he-did in Capua, he the wondrous man ! being-with
iraipaig, Km Kara-riSv-iraSuiv rovg Katpovg rou
courtezans, and pleasuring-away the seasons of-[the]
voXejuov. Ae eyw, tt-jUjj SotZag ra iairtpia
war. But I, unless having-considered the western
lUKpa, wppriaa paXXov tm rijv
parts of the world small, I-had-hastened rather to the
iw — ri peya av- -tirpaâif Xa(iuiv
east,—what great deed should-I-have-done, having-taken
signifies properly a man who gains his ends by all means however
dishonest or disgraceful.
* After the battle of Cannse, Annibal retired to Capua, a town
of Campania, where he is said to have enervated his army by
luxury and licentiousness. But it does not appear that this army
was less effective, in proportion to its numbers, the next campaign.
The true cause of his failure, if the possession of Italy for fifteen
years can be called a failure, was the refusal of his jealous country
men to furnish him supplies from home.
t The particle av, which may be joined with any mood but the
imperative, gives the verb a future or potential force : Thus,
e irpaZa meaning " I did," av nrpaâ signifies " I should have
done."—See a note upon the use of this particle, page 10.
a(v)-aifiwri lraXiav, Kai Aifivriv, Kai iiro-ayo-

without-bloodshed Italy, and Libya, and bringing-
ptvog ra pt\Pl raS«ptov ; AXXa
under-my-power the countries as-far-as Gades ? But
tKtiva ouK-tSo!;t fJ.oi aîo-pa\a, ijo\i
those seemed-not to-me worthy-of-fighting, already
viro-irrriaaovra, Kai opo-Xoyovvra SeotToriiv.
crouching-beneath me, and confessing me master.
EtpijKtT Se av, w Mivwg, SiKaZt' yap
I-have-spoken : but thou, 0 Minos, give-judgment : for
Kai ravra lKava airo iroWwv.
even these things are sufficient out-of many.
SKHIIIQN. Mij irportpov, ijv-juij aKov-
Scipio. Not before, unless thou-shalt-have-
oyg Kai epov. M1N. Tap rig ej> «J
heard also me. Min. Strange! For who art-thou, O
fieXri<Fre, ri iroStv wv tptig ;* S K.
best of men, or whence being wilt-thoii-speak ? Sc.
SKjrrribiv, IraXiojrije, otpar-iyoe, 6 Kara-
/ am Scipio, the Italian, a-general, the one having-sub-
tXwv KapîSova,i- Kai kparijo-ae At(3vu>v
dued Carthage, and having-overcome the Libyans
peyaXaig pa\aig. MIN. Tt ovv av Kai
in-great battles. Min. What then wilt- thou also
* Meaning here—" My good fellow, what have you got to say

for yourself—who are you 1 and where do you come from V
t Scipio Africanus the elder, who is here intended, destroyed the
power of Carthage, hut the city was destroyed by the younger
Scipio, surnamed jEmilianus. Annibal was vanquished by the
former at the battle of Zama ; when his own long-conquering army
had been suffered to become too scanty, to compensate the rawness
of the troops he was recalled to command at Carthage,
fpeje ; SK. tivai rirrwv AXeâvSpov ptv,

-say? Sc. Myself to-be inferior to-Alexander indeed,
Se aptivwv rov Avvifiov' 6g eSuoâ,
but better than- [the] Annibal ; myself, who pursued,
vjKijo-ae avrov, Kai Kara-avayKaaag ij>vytiv
having-conquered him, and having-compelled him to-flee
arlpwg' irwg ovv ovK ovrog a(v)-aurx"Vrog ,
disgracefully : how then is not this man shameless,
6e afjuXXarai irpog AXtâvSpov, oj ouSe
who vies with Alexander, to-whom not-even
eyw, 2Kij7Tiiiiv, 6 vtviKriKwg* avrov, aKiw
I, Scipio, [the] having-conquered him, think-proper
irapa-jiaXXtaSai ; MIN. Nij Am 0pe
to-compare-myself i Min. By Jove thou-speakest
tv-yvwpova, w SKij7riwv. 'Hart AXtâvSpoe
equitable things O Scipio. So let- Alexander
KtKpiaSw irpwrog' Se ptra avrov, av' tira, et
-be-judged first ; and after him, thou : then, if
SoKti, Avvifiag rpirog, ov-Se ovrog iov
it-seems ft, Annibal third, not-even this man being
tv-Kara-dtpovnrog.^;
worthy-to-be-despised.
* When speaking with reference to past time, the aorist is used,

as viieijffac ahove ; when with reference to present time, the perfect
form of the verb is employed, as vfvtKijKwc in this sentence :—but
this distinction of participles can scarcely be preserved in English.
See also xpnoa-iitvog—Ktxpniitvoz, pages 82, 53.
t Although the Carthaginian pleader may fairly be allowed the
praise of being " not contemptible," it might be rash to say even
thus much in favour of the judge. Lucian appears to hare record
ed this judgment either as a fulsome compliment to the Romans,
at the expence of their once dreaded enemy, or a pointed satire on
the imbecility ofjudges during his own practice.
CONVOCATION OF GODS.*
Jupiter, Hermes, Momus.
ZEYS. Mri(K)-tri rovSopiZtre, w Qtoi, juij-Se

Jup. No-longer murmur, O Gods, nor
avv-arpt<j>optvoi Kara ywviag, Koiva-XoytiaSt aX-
turned-together to corners, communicate with-
AijXote irpog ovg, ayavaKroVVrtg ti 7ToXXot
each-other in the ear, being-indignant that many
a{v)-as,ioi ptra-t-ôvaiv fipiv rov avv-iromov"\-
unworthy partake-with us of-the banquet :
aXXa tirti-irtp tK-KXijo-iaJ airo-StSorai irtpi
but since a-convocation has-been-granted concerning
* In this council of the gods, Momus, the god of ridicule and

satire, forcibly exposes the absurdities of pagan theology. The
pretext of this expostulation is the unqualified admission of " half-
gods" to divine honors ; which gives occasion to the satirist to
question the pretensions of the most dignified of heathen deities.
—Momus appears to have enjoyed the privilege of "a motley
fool," in roasting his superiors : " he uses his folly as a stalking-
horse, and under the presentation of that, he shoots his wit."
t avinromov (iromtrv)> with, and ttivio, 7rtooto, to drink), means
properly a drinking-party, but it is commonly employed in the ge
neral sense of companionship, like convivium in Latin.
t tKKXriaia (from sr out of, and KuXhu to call), corresponds
nearly to the term " convocation," both in use and derivation. The
term ecclesia, in modern Latin, is chiefly confined to the signifi
cation of " a church," or religious congregation ; but it has not
that meaning here, nor any where in classic writers.
G
62 LUCIANS DIALOGUES.
rovrwv, tKaarog Xeyttw tg-to-favtpov* ret

these things, let- each -speak openly the
coKovvra oi, km Kara-ayopurw'
things seeming fit to-him, and let-him-bring-accusation :
ot av, w 'Eppri, Kjjpwrrt ro Kjjowyjuai" ro
and thou, O Hermes, proclaim the proclamation [the]
eK rov vopov. 'EP. Alcovt, aiya' Tie
according- to the law. Her. Hear, be-silent: Who
tci>V rtXtlWV Quov,% oIg t^-tarlV, fiovXtral
of-the perfect Gods, to-whom it-is-allowed, wishes
ayoptvuv ; j7-St aKtipig irtpi rwv ptra-
to-harangue ? the consideration is concerning the new-
otKwi'^ Kai Jitvaiv.
comers and foreigners.
MOM. Eyw 6 Mwjuoe, o> Ztv, u tiri-
Mom. I, [the] Momus, O Jupiter, if thou-
rptipuag poi uiruv.
wouldst-permit to-me to-speak.
* Literally "into the open or apparent" —i.e. view, or consider

ation. This combination of a preposition and neuter adjective, in
the sense of an adverb, is not unfrequent in Greek.
t Ktipvrrt—This Greek iteration of a verb and substantive of
the same origin and signification, which is not very elegant in
English, has been noticed, p. 59. — The form of proclamation
" Hear, be silent l" &c. is taken from the practice of the Athenian
assemblies.
t ttXtiiav—The epithet " perfect" is here applied to deities of
divine parentage both by father and mother in contradistinction to
those of whom one parent was divine, the other human, and who
therefore were considered only half-perfect.
§ fitrotKu>v—This term is derived from the noun oueoc & habita
tion, and the preposition utra, which in composition signifies
change ; and is here intended to designate the demi-gods of recent
introduction, who had changed their abode from earth to heaven.
The meaning given by Demosthenes and other writers to utroicoi,
is that of foreigners residing at Athens.
ZEYS. To Kripvypa jjSjj tiri-lriaiv' ojort

Jup. The proclamation already allows it: so
Stjjo-ij tpov ovStv.
thou-wilt-have-need of-me in nothing.
MQM. <I>jjjut roi-vvv tvi-ovg* ripu>v irotuv iSeti,a,t
Mom. I-assert then some of-us to-do strange
ote airo-\pri ovK clvrovg ytytvricT-
things, to-whom it-suffices not themselves to-have-been-
Sai Qtovg e^ avSpwirwv, aXXa u-jujj airo-
made Gods from men, but unless they-
ij>avovaiv Kai rovg aKoXovSovg Kai Stpairovrag
shall-have-shown also the followers and attendants
avrwv lao-ripovg i?jutv, oiov-
of-themselves equally-honoured with-us, they-think-them-
rai tpyaaaaSai ovo-tv ptya, ovSt vt(lviKov'%
selves to-have-wrought nothing great, nor vigorous :
St a^lW, w Ztv, Sovvai poi uirtiv para
but I-request, O Jove, to-grant to-me to-speak with
irap-priatag' yap ovSe av- Svvaipriv
boldness-of-language : for neither should-I-be-able to speak
' t vtoi is commonly rendered as a simple pronoun " some," but

it is resolvable into the component parts tvi, for tviari, there are
(used for all numbers), and 61, those who, (the relative pronoun)
—corresponding; to sunt qui in Latin,—" there are those of us who
do," being equivalent to " some of us do."
t The adjective duvoe., which corresponds to the Latin gravis,
has a variety of significations remotely related to each other, as,
dreadful, shocking, wonderful, clever, crafty, &c, the selection of
which must be determined by the context in any given passage.
t vtaviKov (from vtoc new, or young), means properly " be
coming to a youth," whence it is translated to signify strength and
spirit.
aXXd>g'* aXXa iravrtg iaaaiv pe wg tXtvStpoc

otherwise: but all know me how free
upi riiv yXwtrav, km Kara-aioyKriaaipi
I-am as to the tongue, and I-would-pass-in-silence
ovScv tii>v ov KaXwg yiyvoptvwv' yap
nothing of-the things not well done : for
Sta-tXty^w a-iravra, kcu Xtyw eg-ro-ij>avtpov
I-impeach all things, and I-speak openly
ra SoKovvra pot, ov-rt StSiwg'f riva,
the things seeming fit to-me, neither fearing any-one,
ov-rt viro aiSovg tiri-KaXwtwv triv-yvwpriv'
nor from shame concealing my sentiment :
wo--te SoK&> rote 7toXXote Kcu 87ri-a^Sjje> KOI
so-that I-seem to -the many even vexatious, and
avko-ij>avriKog'il. rjjv ij>vaiv, tiri-ovopaZoptvog xnro
slanderous in [the] nature, being-named by
avrwv rig Sripoaiog Kara-inyopog. AXXa irX-nv
them some public accuser. But however
t7rei-7rEp e^-eOri, KOI KtKripvKrai, KOI itV,
since it-is-allowed, and has-been-proclaimed, and thou,
* Merely meaning—Indeed I could not speak otherwise than

boldly, I am so used to tell my mind.
t didiiag (a participle from diu>, dudw) :—This secondary form
of verb, which is commonly called the " perfect middle," implies
the continued eifect of the action, like the first perfect.
i This term (compounded of ovkoq a fig, and tpatvu> to show)
was originally confined to a person giving information of the illicit
exportation of Jigs, for which fruit the country of Attica was fa
mous. It afterwards came to be applied generally to any informer
whatever, and gradually acquired the signification of our own
word " sycophant."
to Zew, StSwe uiruv fjura t^-ovaiag* tpio

O Jove, givest us to-speak with allowance, I-will-speak-out
Viro-arvXaptvog' ovStv.
suppressing nothing.
Tap iroXXoi, frifM, owe ayairwvrtg, ori
For many, I-say, not being-contented, that
avroi ptra-r^pvai rojv avrwv ^vv-iSpiwv VP-iv,
themselves partake of-the same seats-together with-us,
Kot tv-w\ovvrai tiri-iirrig,'f Kai ravra
and banquet on-an-equality, and these things, although
ovrtg Svnrot t\ ripiauag,—tri-Kai ava-riyayov
being mortals from half, —' moreover have-brought-up
te rov ovpavov Kat irapa-tv-typwpav ' rovg viro-
into [the] heaven and have-inscribed-among us the un-
rjperae+ Kai Siaawrag rovg airwv' Koj vvv
derlings and train-bearers [the] of-themselves : and now
e7ri-to-jje vtpovrai-rt Sia-vopag, Kai ptra-
equally they-are-assigned distributions, and they-
t\ovai Svaiaiv, ov-St Kara-fiaXovrtg ripiv
partake of-sacrifices, not-even having-laid-down for-us
ro jutra-otKtov. ZEYS. At-vt priS-tv aiviyparoiSwg,
the stranger's-fee. J vp. Speak nothing enigmatically,
* t'iovma is a noun of the same formation as the verb ttHtari

above, but the repetition is not without force, as the word " thou"
is emphatic in this sentence ; meaning, " it is not only allowed,
but allowed even by Jupiter himself."
t Many compound adverbs may be resolved into simple forms,
as other parts of speech, by supplying an ellipsis ; as m tang
(/uoipjjc), on an equal share, or footing.
t virnptrng signified originally an under-rower, and Sriaatarrig,
a Bacchanalian figurante ; but both words are commonly employed
in the sense of any humble attendant.
The repetition of the article (as rovq before airiav) may be un
derstood to imply,—" I mean those of themselves."
G 3
DO LTJCIAN S DIALOGUES. i
it> Mwpt, aXXa aaij>wg Kai Sta(p)-pijSijv, irpoa-

O Momus, but plainly and explicitly, add-
riSatg Kai ro ovopa. Tap vvv 6 Xoyoe cnro-
ing also the name. For now the discourse has-
tppiirrai aoi tg ro ptaov* wg
been-thrown-out by-thee into the middle, so-that
iroXXovg UKaZtiv, Kai tiri-appoZtiv aXXov
many are-conjecturing, and are-adapting a meaning each
aXXore'f- rote Xeyoptvoig' Se yjpri
a-different-way to-the things spoken : but it-behoves one
ovra irap-priaiaariiv, oKvtiv Xejtiv juio-lv.
being a-bold-speaker, to-dread to-say nothing.
M£2M. Eu-yt, w Ztv, on Kai irapa-orpvvtig
Mom. It is well, O Jupiter, that even thou-urgest
pt irpog rriv irap-priiriav' yap iroitig rovro,
me to [the] bold-speaking : for thou-doest this thing,
wg-aXriSwg, j3ao-tXiKov Kai peyaXo-ij>pov. wa-re
most-truly, kingly and magnanimous : so
tpw Kai ro ovopa. Tap-rot 6
I-will-speak also the name of each. For-instance the
ycwaiorarog Aiovvgog wv wpi-avSpwirog, ov-St
most-noble Bacchus being half-man, not-even
'EXXiv jutjrpo2ftv,* aXXa SvyarpiSovg rivog Supo-
a-Greek from-mother, but the daughter's-son of-some Syro-
* The expression tg ro iituov might here be rendered " in com

mon ;" meaning that the objections of Momus were too vague and
general to be exclusively applied to any particular person.—The
same phrase is recognized in Latin : as in Virgil's ^Ln. xi. 1. 335.
Consulite in medium, &c.
t An elliptical expression corresponding to alium alias, and sig
nifying "one one way and another another way."
Semele, the mother of Bacchus by Jupiter, was daughter of
Cadmus.—It is well known that the ancient Greeks affected to de
ij>olVlKOg eV-iropoV, roV Kafyiow, tirtl-irep

Phenician merchant, namely, of- [the] Cadmus, — since
jjStwSjj trie a-Savao-iae, ov-Xtyh>
he-was-thought-worthy of-the immortality, I-say-not
oIog avrog ptv tari* ov-rt rjjv
of-what-quality himself indeed is, nor do I speak of the
pirpriv, ovrt rjjv jutSjjv, ovrt ro (iaSiaiia"f yap
mitre, nor the drunkenness, nor the gait : for
iravrtg opart, oipai, wg SriXvg /cat yvvaiKuog
ye all see, I-think, how effeminate and womanish he is in
rriv tj>vaiv, ripi-pavrig, airo-irvtwv a-Kparov toj-
[the] nature, half-mad, breathing unmixed wine from-
StV'J ce 6 eto--t7rotjjo-tv npiv /eat oAjjv
morning : but he has-made-enter-among us also his whole
spise all other nations as barbarous ; but the boast seems here to
be ill-timed, as they derived their elements of literature from this
same " Syro-Phenician merchant." Cadmus, son of Agenor, kino-
of Phoenicia, is here called a merchant from the mercantile cha
racter of his native country, just as the people of modern England
are called " a nation of shop-keepers :" unless the word tpiropog
is here used in its primitive sense of a passenger by sea.
* The Greeks do not use the subjunctive mood after words of
indefinite signification, though in Latin this form would be regular
'—qualis sit ipse taceo.
t The " mitre" was a band, or braiding, worn by females to con
fine the hair. The peculiar " gait," which is the third attribute
suppressed, was doubtless occasioned by the second, "drunken
ness," and probably answered to the modern description of ' ' reeling
from pillar to post."
t The epithet "unmixed" would not convey a very serious ac
cusation in modern times : but it was usual with the ancients to
dilute their wine with water. The expression " from morning,"
is also intended to be emphatic,—the Greeks and Romans, as well
as the Jews, considering it profane to be drunk before noon.
fparpiav, Kai irapa-tari tiri-ayoptvog rov Xopov,

fraternity, and is-present bringing-on the Chorus,
Kai airo-tij>yvt Stoug, rov Uava, Kai rov Eu-
and has-shown as gods, [the] Pan, and [the] Si-
Xjjvov, Kai Sorvpove, rivag aypoiKovg, Kai rove
lenus, and Satyrs, certain rustics, and the
iroWovg ai-iroXovg* avSpuirovg aKiptririKovg, Kai
many goatherds, men fit-for-dancing, and
aXXoKoroVg rag fwpij>ag, 'Q,v 6 jutv,
strange as to [the] forms. Of-whom the one indeed,
t\aiv Ktpara, Kai baov t£ ripiauag tg
[Pan], having horns, and as-much-as from half to
ro Karwrt toiKwg aiyi, Kai Kara-t'iptvog
the part below, being-like to-a-goat, and let-fall as to
(iaSv ytvuov, tariv oXiyov Sia-ij>tpwv rpayov'
deep beard, is little different from-a-he-goat :
St 6 ij>aXaKpog ytpwv, mpog
but the other [Silenus] a-bald old-man, flat as to
rtlv piva, oypvptvog ra-iroXXa tm ovov, ovrog
the nose, carried mostly on an-ass, this is
AvSog'X $' oi Sarvpoi, ol£ug ra lora, Kai
a-Lydian : and the Satyrs, sharp as to the ears, also
* Pan, Silenus, and the Satyrs, are here described according to

the fanciful representations of the poets. Their peculiar charge in
the affairs of men was the protection of flocks and shepherds—
Pan curat oves, oviumque magistros.
t This might be rendered more clearly " from the middle down
wards," for the phrase tg-ro-Karia may be taken as an adverb.—
KaStiiitvoe (Kara) ytvuov resembles in construction the Virgilian
demissa (secundum) vuttum, and here signifies "with beard falling
low."
t Momus objects above to the admission of Deities born in any
country but Greece, on the score of barbarism; but the chief point
avroi ij>aXaKpoi, Ktpaarai, (oia ra Kzpara viro-

themselves bald, horned, (like-as the horns begin-
ijivtrai roig tpi<j>oig apri ytvvriStiaiv), ovrtg rivtg
to-grow to-[the] kids lately born), being some
iPpvytg' St a-iravrtg* t\ovai Kai ovpag. Opart
Phrygians : and they-aR have also tails. Ye-see
o'iovg Qeovg o ytvvaSag iroiti rjjUtv.
what-sort-of Gods the high-born Bacchus makes for-us !
OavpaZoptv tira, tj ol avSpwiroi Kara-typovovaiv
Do-we-wonderthen, if [the] men think-meanly
ripwv, bpwvrtg Seovg ourto ytXotovg Kai rtpaa-
of-us, seeing Gods so ridiculous and mon-
riovg ; yap tw Xeytiv, ori ava-riyayt Kai
strous? for I-omit to-say, that he-has-brought-up also
cvco yvvaiKag, rriv ptv ovaav epw/itvijv avrovfi
two women, the one indeed being loved by himself,
rijv ApiaSvriv, rig tv-Kara-tXtê Kai rop arttyavov
[the] Ariadne, of-whom he-has-admitted also the crown
rif> \opV rwv aartpiov' iSe rijv Svyartpa
to-the train of-the stars : and the other a-daughter
of his satire seems to be,—How can we believe these persons to

be really divine, who are so confessedly human, that we know ex
actly in what country they were born 1
* When a personal pronoun is combined with a verb, it seems
unnecessary to print it in italic, as a word to he supplied, because
no word of a different person could be understood. When, how
ever, the pronoun is combined with an adjective, it is requisite
thus to distinguish it, as the same adjective would agree with
any other person of the number.
t The preposition vtco appears to be understood with aiirov, to
make out the construction, though instances are not uncommon of
the genitive case being used alone with a verb passive. In this
passage indeed the pronoun airov might be considered as posses
sive, and translated " his beloved one."
lKapiov rov ytwpyov' kcli 6* ytXoiorarov

of-Icarius the husbandman : and what is most-ridiculous
iravrwv, w Stoi, Kat rov Kvva tijf Hpryovjje,
of-all things, O gods, also the dog of-[the] Erigone,
Kat rovrov ava-rryaytv, wg ij irmg jun
even this he-has-brought-up, that the girl might- not-
avitoro, u pri -J£u tv tw ovpavw
be-pained, if she-should- not -have in [the] heaven
tKuvo ro avv-riStg. Koi 07rep riyaira —
that [the] customary favorite, and what she-loved —
KvvtStov.i* 0"^t ravra SoKu vpiv vfipig.
a-little-dog ! Do- not these things-seem to-you insolence,
Kat 7rapa-otvta, Kat "ytXwe ; St-ovv Kat aKovaare
and drunkenness, and laughter ? then also hear- of
aXXovg.
other deities.
ZEYS. uwyg junS-iv,§ w Maijue,
Jup. Take care that thou-say nothing, O Momus,
* The pronoun o, which is sometimes called the prepositive

article, is masculine ; the relative 8 with a grave accent, which is
called the postpositive article, is neuter.
t Icarius having been slain by some shepherds whom he had
intoxicated, his daughter Erigone hung herself in despair, and was
transformed into a constellation, under the name of Virgo, with
her favorite dog representing the star Canis. Bacchus is said to
have deceived her under the form of a grape ; a fable which admits
of an easy exposition.
t Ot,^ ls properly used before an aspirated vowel, (as ov%
wj3ptj, in the single text) ; ov before a consonant; and ovk before
a smooth vowel : but it might mislead the young student to alter
such words in the Interlinear.
§ This elliptical expression resembles the Latin form of the sub
junctive used in a prohibitive sense : for Ne dicas supposes a pre
ceding verb in the imperative mood, as cave, vide,—" Take heed
that thou speak not."
fltirt irSpi AaTcXij7TjoU, jUtJre irtol HpaKXloVf

neither concerning iEsculapius, nor concerning Hercules :
yap opw of fePV rV Xoyy'
for I-see whither thou-art-carried on by-the discourse :
-yap ovroi,* 6 avrwv juev mrai, Kai ava-
for these, the one of-them indeed heals, and re-
tOTjJO-lV tK rWV VoOwV, KCil tOrl " ClVrl-
stores from [the] diseases, and is " worthy-to-be-
aîog iroXXcov aXXcuv'" Se 6 'HpaKXije,
matched-against many others :" but the other, Hercules,
wvi- tpog vlog, tirpiaro rijv aSavaaav
though being my-own son, has-purchased the immortality
ovK oXiywv irovwv,—wart juijjcara-rcyopa
at the price of not few labors, — so do- not -accuse
avrwv. MQM. Sito7Tijo-ojuai Sta at, w
them. Mom. I-will-be-silent on-account-of thee, O
Ztv, t\wv iroXXa tmtiv' Kai-roi ti
Jove, though having many things to-say : however if
priS-tv aXAo, t\ovai tri ra ariptia rov irvpog'^
nothing else, they-have still the signs of-the fire.
* Meaning " with regard to these:"—The nominative ou7-oi is

not quite regular, being followed by no plural verb. An orthodox
grammarian would doubtless find or invent a satisfactory figure to
explain this anomaly, or perhaps suggest that it is put absolutely.
We prefer the supposition that Lucian first intended to give a more
general description applying to both parties, with a plural verb ;
but finding it easier to distinguish them, omitted inadvertently to
adapt the context to his second thought. Not that we wish him to
have altered it, for it is perfectly perspicuous.
t The Greek participle has often an amplifying force,— here
meaning, " High-born as he is, he earned it by labors."
t Adverting to the deaths of Êsculapius and Hercules : — the
former of whom was struck with a thunderbolt by Jupiter, for re
storing Hippolytus to life ; the latter destroyed himself by fire on
At u t^-jjv \priaSai ty irap-pricnif

But if it-was-allowed to-use [the] boldness-of-speech
Kat irpog at-avrov, av- -eiÔ" ToXXa
even towards thyself, I-should-have many things
uiruv. ZEYS. Km priv irpog t/it t£-to-ri
to-say. J up. And surely towards me it-is-allowed
paXtura. Mwv*-Slu>Kue St-oVV KCU ept
by-all-means. Dost-thou-prosecute then also me
Ktviag ;
for-strangership ?
MGM. Ev Kpjjry ptv ecrnv aKovaaif ov
Mom. In Crete indeed it-is possible to-hear not
itovov rovro, aXXa Xtyoviri kcu ri aXXo
only this, but they-say also something else
7rtpi aov, Kai tiri-SuKvvovaiv rafov.* At
concerning thee, and point-out a-sepulchre. But
Mount (Eta, to escape the torments he endured from the poisoned

vestment given him hy Deianira.
The expression quoted from Homer, iroWiav avraZioe. a\\u>v,
is applied to Machaon, the son of vEsculapius, Iliad A. 514.
* The Greek iliav, like the Latin num, whether, may be consi
dered as merely giving an interrogative force to the verb.
+ To distinguish the form of the tense, the verb cucovoai might
be rendered " to have heard," but the aorist does not always relate
exclusively to past time. Indeed, except in the indicative mood
and participle, the aorist may commonly be rendered like the
present imperfect, though it differs in signification, as not ex
pressing the continuance of an action or passion.
} According to pagan mythology, Jupiter, son of Saturn, "the
king of gods and men," was preserved from his father's voracity
by an artifice of his mother Rhea, who caused him to be nourished
by a goat in a cavern of Mount Ida in Crete.—The suspicion of
the people of yEgium, a town of Achaia, was less notorious ; and
the art of the satirist is displayed in publishing a new piece of
scandal while professing to disbelieve it, like the modern Mrs.
Candour.
tyw ituSopai ovrt tKuvoig, ovrt Aiyuvaiv

I believe neither those, nor the iEgiaris
Ayaiwv, ij>aiJKovaiv o-t aval viro-poXipaiov.
ot-the-Achxzns, saying thee to-be supposititious.
At a riyovpai Sttv piaXiara eXty\Otf-
But what things I-consider ought most to-be-re-
vat, ravra tpw. Tap rot rriv ap\q*
proved, these I-will-speak. For indeed the beginning
rwv roiovrwv irapa-vopriparwv, kai rtiv airiav
of- [the] such transgressions-of-law, and the cause
rov ro ^vv-tSpiov ripwv voOhvOrivai,*
of'-the fact, that the assembly of-us has-been-adulterated,
av, w Ztv, irapa-ta\^ — tiri-piyvvfjuvog Svjj-
thou, O Jove, hast-afforded — mixing-thyself with-
rote, KOt Kata-tojv irapa avrovg tv aWto
mortals, and going-down among them in a-different
ct\ripari aXXori' wart 'hpag StStevatf pri
shape at-different-times : so-that we fear lest
* The peculiar idiom of the Greek, whereby the article is joined

with an infinitive verb as with a substantive, can hardly be ex
pressed intelligibly in English without some compromise of literat-
ity. We have here endeavoured partly to adapt the translation to
the construction of the original, for the sake of grammatical ac
curacy ; hut we are aware that the sense would be more clearly
expressed by this phrase—"the cause of our assembly having
been adulterated."—The form is very frequent in Greek compo
sition, and will soon become familiar to the reader. See note to
page 23.
t This allusion to the stories of Europa and Danae is commonly
translated as if relating to past time—but the second perfect tense
ctduvai, (sometimes called the perfect middle"), properly supposes
the continuance of the action or passion. In this place the irony
is much more delicate and pointed, with reference to prestnt time,
H
rig o-uv-Xa/3&>v,* Kara-Simp oe, oirore

some-one having-seized, should-sacrifice thee, whenever
av- -rje ravpog, ri rig rwv \pvao-\owv
thou-he a-hull, or lest some-one of-the gold-melters
Kara-tpyaarirai ovra \pvaov, Km avri
should-work-rtee-down being gold, and instead-of
Aior, ytvy ripiv ij oppog, ij ipeWiov,
Jupiter, thou-become to-us either a-necklace, or a-bracelet,
i tXXoptov. AXXa irXriv tv-irtirXriKag ye
or an-ear-ring. But moreover thou-hast-filled indeed
rov ovpavov rovrwv rwv jjjut-&t&iv' yap oo aX-
[the] heaven with-these [the] half-gods : for not other-
Xwe av- -tiiroipi.
wise could-I-say.
At awro ov, iij Zeu, av inra%, ava-twtiag
' But from what time, O Jupiter, thou once opened
rae Svpag rote roiovroig, Kat trpairov tm
the doors to-[the] such, and turned-thyself to
rag S'vrrrae. a-iravrtg fUpiprrvrai oe' Kai
[the] mortal women, all have-imitated thee : and
ov\i apptvtg povov, aXXa b-irep aia\iirrov,
not males only, but what is most-disgraceful,
Kai al SiiXtiai Stai' yap rig ovK-oiSe rov Ay-
even the female deities : for who knows-not [the] An-
\iariVy Kai rov T&wvov, Kai rov EvSvpiwva, Kai
chises, and [the] Tithonus, and [the] Endymion, and
insomuch as it does not refer to the absurd transformations as

actual events, but glances at these tales of the past, merely in ap
prehension of what may happen hereafter,—The form of the sub
junctive present in the following verbs places this interpretation
beyond doubt.
* In the Attic dialect, the letter ? is often substituted for ir, as
£,vv for aw, which is here restored.
rov laaiwva,* Km rovg aXXovg ; wart SoKw

[the] Iasion, and the others ? so-that I-seem right
poi taativ ravra ptv' yap ro Sia-
to-myself to-omit these things indeed : for [the] to-im-
eXty\Hv av--ytvoiro paKpov.
peach-M«n-throughout would-be long.
Kai-roi, iravra ravra, w Otoi, furpia.
However, all these things, O Gods, are moderate.
Af av, to Aiyvirrit, Kvvo-irpoawm Kai earaXptve
But thou, O Êgyptian, dog-faced and arrayed
aivSoaiv, rig ti, w fieXriare, ri irtog,
in-cambrics, who art-thou, O most-excellent, or how,
-aliioig, vXeHcrwv,*}- tivai Oeog ;
dost-thou-think-thyself-worthy, barking, to-be a-god?
Se Kai ovrog ravpog,% 6 Mtpij>crriC, 6 iroiKi-
and also this bull, the Memphian, the parti-
* Alluding to the fabled amours of Ancbises with Venus, Ti-

thonus with Aurora, Endymion with Luna, and Iasion with Ceres.
The article is frequently combined with proper names of general
notoriety, as well as those that have been previously mentioned
by the writer himself—as noted above, p. 25.
t All Greek words beginning with v or p are distinguished by
an aspirate, which precedes the vowel, or follows the consonant.
Hence in Latin and English, such words as 'YXac, 'Pijropiteiy, are
written Hylas, Rhetorics, &c. the letter Y being the representative
of Y, and H of the inverted comma prefixed.
} This sentence would be more clearly translated, " with what
meaning is this Bull worshipped," &c. BovXouai here corresponds
to the Latin volo, in the phrase, quid hoc sibivult? what means
this?
The Egyptian superstitions here noticed were a favourite subject
of ridicule with the Roman satirists. See Juv. Sat. xv.— The
dog-headed deity was called Anubis ; the bull, worshipped at
Memphis, Apis or Osiris. The bird called Ibis was worshipped as
the destroyer of serpents, and in like manner other animals, for
real or fancied benefits to the country of Êgypt.
76 luciak's dialogues.
Aoe, (iovXontvog n, vpoa-Kwtirai, Kcu XPa'

coloured, meaning what, is-it-worshipped, and gives-oracles,
kcu t\ti irpoij>rirag ; Se aia\vvopai tiirtiv j/3tSae
and has prophets ? but I-am-ashamed to-speak-of ibises
Kai iriSriKovg, Kai rpayovg, Kai aXXa 7roXXoj
and apes, and he-goats, and other things much
ytAoiortpa, 7rapa-fivaStvra te rov ovpavov t%,
more-ridiculous, intruded into [the] heaven from
Aeyuirrou, i>VK-oiva birug' — a irwg,* w Oeot,
^gypt. I-know-not how: —which how, O Gods,
ava-t\ta$tt, bpwvrtg irpoa-KMovptva tm-iarig,
do-ye-endure, seeing them worshipped equally,
ri Kai fiaXXov vpwv ; n 7ru>£ av tjttptig,
or even more than-you ? or how dost- thou bear it,
w Ztv, nrti-St-av Ktpara Kpiov ijivawen ow.i-
O Jove, when horns of-a-ram have-grown to-thee.
ZEYS. Qg-oXriSioi; aiaxpa ravra tyyg
Jui'. Most-truly disgraceful these things thou-sayest
ra irtpi rwv Aiyvirriwv' St-ovv^ opwg,
[the] concerning the Êgyptians : but nevertheless,
u> Mwpt, ra. iroXXa avrwv tori aiviypara, Km
() Momus, the many of-them are riddles, and
* The particles 07raic and 7rwc, both rendered " how" in this
period, are distinguished in construction—the former being em
ployed in an indirect, the latter in a direct question : the Greek
prefix 6- corresponds in this respect to the Latin appendage -nam,
as nescio quO'twm mode.
t Jupiter Ammon, worshipped in Libya, was represented with
the horns of a ram:—perhaps symbolically, as in Revelations.
t Tbo Greek language is remarkable for multiplying particles,
which can scarcely be distinguished in translation, each occasion
ally predominating in foroe according to the context. Thus the
particle ovv may here be considered almost redundant ; wherea
in the combination yf-uuv below, it has a definite meaning.
ov iravv xpri ovra a-pvrirov tcara-

not altogether is-it-right/or one being uninitiated to-ridi-
ytXqv. MOM. [law yt-ovv Sti rifjuv
cule them. Mom. Altogether then there-is-need to-us
pvarripiwv, ui Zeu, toe tiSevai rovg Qeovg /zev
of-mysteries, O Jove, so-as to-know the Gods indeed
Geoue, Se rovg KVVo-Kt<jtaXovg Kvvo-Ktij>aXovgm
as Gods, and the dog-headed beings as dog-headed.
ZEYS. Ea, <jnipi, ra irtpt rojv Atyvirriwv,
Jup. Pass, I-say, the things concerning the .(Egyptians,
yap t7n-o-Kti/'ojUt~a aXXore 7Ttpt rovrwv
for we-will-consider at-another-time concerning these
t7Tj o-ôXije' Se av, Xtye roue aXXove.
at leisure : but thou, speak-of the others.
MQM. roV Tpoij>iOVloV* id Ztv,
Mom. I will speak of [the] Trophonius, O Jupiter,
tai 6 paXiara airo-irviyti jue, rov Afi<jtiXo\ov'
and what most chokes me, [the] Amphilochus :
og wv viog tv-ayovg avSpwirov, Kai pri-
who being son of-a-polluted man, and a-ma-
rp-aXoiov, Stoiri-tvSti ev KtXtKta, 6 ytvvaiog
tricide, sings-prophecies in Cilicia, the high-born!
xf>tuSoptvog ra 7roXXa, Kai yojp-tvwv iveKa
lying in the many things, and juggling for-the-sake
roiv Svoiv ojioXoiv"f roi-yap-ovv ovK en av,
of-the two oboli : wherefore no longer thou,
* The melancholy oracle of Trophonius in Boeotia was very

famous.
t Amphilochus is commonly described as the son of Amphiaraus
and Eriphyle, and brother of Alcmseon who slew his mother ; but
Lucian seems to represent him as the son of Alcmtcon. Amphi
araus had a celebrated temple and oracle at Oropus on the confines
H 3
/8 LUCIAN S DIALOGUES.
w AiroXXov, tw-SoKiju«C, aXXa jjS•j rag XiSoe, Kai

0 Apollo, art-in-good-repute, but now every stone, and
irag (iw/iotj \priitp-ipSu, og-av irtpi-
every altar sings-oracles, whichever has-been-sprinkled-
X^V tXaiift, Kai t\y artij>avovg, Kai tv-
about with-olive-oil, and has chaplets, and has-
7rOpno-p yonroe avSpog, oloi thriv 7roXXot.
procured a-juggling man, such-as there-are many.
HSjj K«< 6 avSpiag HoXvSapavrog row
Even-now also the statue of-Polydamas the
aSXnrov tarat rove irvptrrovrag, tv OXvpma, Kai
athlete cures those sick-with-fever, in Olympia, and
6 Otaytvovg tv Oaaî'* Kai Svovaiv Eicropi
that of-Theagenes in Thasos : and they-sacrifice to-Hector
tv IXh,i, Kai HportaiXaw Kara-avr^Kpv tv Xtppovriaq.
in Ilium, and to-Protesilaus opposite in Chersonese.
Airo ov St-ovv ytyovaptv roaovroi, ri
From what time therefore we-have-become so-many, [the]
nri-opKia Kai itpo~avXia t7Ti-SeodiKt'f* paXXov, Kcu
perjury and temple-robbing has-prevailed more, and
oXb>e Kara-irtij>povriKaaiv i'iuwv, iroiovvrtg tv.
altogether men have-despised us, in Ml doing rightly.
of Attica, where money was thrown into the sacred fountain, which
is possibly confounded in its attributes with that of Amphilochus,
in Cilicia.
l'ausanias mentions that the oracle of Amphilochus, at Mallus
in Cilicia, was the most veracious of all in bis time !
* These worthies are recorded by various writers, as dealing in
miracles and oracles, on moderate terms, through the medium of
their own statues, fountains, caverns, &c. &c.
t The Greeks do not always use a verb plural with two nomina
tives, especially if the nouns may be considered as things and
therefore neuter.
LUCIAN S DIALOGUES. /9
Kai ravra ptv irtpi rwv vo&ojv

And these things indeed concerning [die] spurious
Kat irapa-tv-ypairtwv' — St tyw, jjSjj aicovwv Kat
and falsely-inscribed deities .—but I, now hearing also
iroXXa £tva ovopara rivo>v ovre ovrwv irapa
many strange names of-some neither being with
t'lfiiv, ovrt Svvaptvwv oXwe avv-arrivai,* w Ztv,
us, nor able at-all to-stand-together, O Jupiter,
7ravv ytXw Kat tiri rovroig. Tap ri-irov tariv r)
I- quite -laugh also at these. For where is the
iroXv-SpvXXritog Aptrii, Kat Qvcrtg, Kat 'Elpapptvri,
much-celebrated Virtue, and Nature, and Fate,
Kat Tv\ri, a(v)-{nro-utara Kat Keva ovopara
and Fortune, unreal and empty names
irpayparwv, eiri-voriStvta vito ($\aKwv avSpwirwv
of-things, conceived by foolish men
rwv ij>iXo-aoij>u>v ; Kat opwg ovra avro-
the philosophers? and nevertheless although being chance-
a\edia, irtirtiKtv rovg a-vorirovg ovtw, wan
inventions, they-have-persuaded the thoughtless so, that
ovS-tlg (5ovXtrat ov-St Svuv ripiv, ttSwe,
no-one is-willing [not]-even to-sacrifice to-us, knowing,
[ori] Kai av irapa-arria>) pvpiag tKarop-(iag,
even if he-should-afford ten-thousand hecatombs,
opwg rtlv Tv\riv irpaôvaav ra ptpoipaptva,
nevertheless [the] Fortune to 6s about-to-do the things fated,
Kat a «7ri-eKXitjo-2rjj tKao-Ttii tt; ap\W
and what things were-appointed to-each from the beginning :
i]oWe ovv av—tpoipriv at, w Ztv, u
gladly therefore I-would-ask thee, O Jove, whether
* The Greeks and Romans worshipped as personal deities a

variety of abstract qualities, ideas, and agencies ; many of them
inconiistent with each other, as Fate, Chanct, Prudence, &c.
iroV «See jj ApttjjV, jJ &VerIV, ri

any-where thou-hast-seen either Virtue, or Nature, or
Eipapfuvriv, yap otSa ptv ort kai av aKovug
Fate, for I -know indeed that also thouhearest
ev rate Sia-rpifiaig rwv ij>iXo-uoij>wv, u-pri
of them in the disputations of-the philosophers, unless
u km rig Kuxj>og, wg pri nri-aiuv avtwv
thou-art also some deaf-one, so-as not to-hear them
powvrwv' — E^wv tri iroXXa taruv, Kara-
bawling : — Though having still many things to-say, I-will-
iravau> rov Xoyov' yovv bpw rovg iroXXovg
cease the discourse: for I-see the many
a\Soptvovg Kai avpirrovrag poi Xtyovri,—paXiara
vexed-with and hissing me speaking, — chiefly
tKuvovg, i>V . j7 irap-priaia rwv XO7ojV Kara-
those, whom the free-speaking of-the words has-
rpparo*
stung.
* After this opening address, Momus proceeds, with the per

mission of Jupiter, to read out a Bill (drawn up according to the
form of Athenian enactments), the substance of which may be thus
briefly expressed :—" Whereas heaven is crowded with a multi
tude offalse deities from various parts of the earth, in consequence
whereof has arisen a lamentable scarcity of nectar and ambrosia, to
the great discomfort of true deities ;—Be it enacted that all pre
tenders to Divine worship, including hoard and lodging at Olympus,
forthwith produce testimonials of their several godships, before
scrutators duly elected,—in order that vulgar interlopers be dis
missed to their sepulchres on earth, on pain of being cast into
Tartarus : Moreover that true Deities no longer interfere with
each other's departments of patronage, and that philosophers bt
forbidden to make new deities out of names they do not under
stand."—Jupiter approves of these provisions, and guarantees full
power to the scrutators ; but being afraid of a majority of hands in
opposition, he gives the casting vote himself, and thus the Bill
passes without a division. , . .
EK rwf
AOYKIANOY AIAAOTQN.
nEPI TOY ENYIINIOY,

fItOl
BIOS AOYKIANOY.
APT1 fuv tireiravpriv* ug ra SiSaaKaXua ij>ottwv,

ijojj rjjv i'iXiKmv 7rpoorijj3oe wv. 'O St 7rarjjp e-
erKOiruto fi.tr a ridv ij>iXwv, 6 ri km StSa&uro jue.
Toie irXuaroig ovv t8oê 7rcur5«a ptv, km irovov
iroWov, km \povov paKpov, km Sairavrig ov apiKpac,
km rv^jje SurrOai Xapirpag' ra St hfHttpa, piKpa
re uvai, km ra\uav riva triv ariKovpiav airairuv.
•In construing the Greek text with the aid of the Interlinear
translation, the words must be pronounced as here written; the
variation of some letters in the Interlinear Greek being merely made
for the sake of simplification.—In words of two syllables, the ac
cent is to be laid on the former, as ap'n : in words of three or
more syllables, on the third from the end, as iiXiK'iav : unless the
last but one be long by nature or position, as tirtirav'fitiv, or be
distinguished by a long mark, as irpooofu'Xiav.
82 IIEPI TOY ENYIINIOY,
Et ct riva re^vjjv rwv fiavavawv rovrwv tKpa-

Ooipi, ro ptv irpwrov tvOvg av aVrog t\uv ra
apKovvra irapa rrig rt\yrig, Kai priKtri otKoo-7roe
uviu, tjjAtKOwrOe wv' ovk ug paKpav St Kai rov
7rartpa tvij>pavuv, airoij>tpwv au ro yiyvoutvov.
Atvrtpag ovv aKtiptwg ap\ri irpovrtOri, rig apiarri
rwv re^ywv, Kai pqarri tKpaOuv, Kai avSpi tXtvOtpw
irpnrovaa, km irpoyupov t\ovaa rjjv yppriyiav, km
oiapKri rov iropov. AXXov roivvv aXXjjv tiratvovv-
rog, wg tKaarog yvwprig jj tpirupiag u\tv, 6 irarrip
ug rov Suov airiowv, (7rapjjv yap 6 irpog prirpog
Suog, apiarog ippoyXvij>og tivai SoKwv, km XiOoôog
tv toig flaXiara tvSoKipog,) Ov Stpig, uirtv, aXXjjv
rt\vriv tiriKparuv, aov irapovrog. AXXa rovrov ayt,
(outiag tpt), km StSauKe irapaXafiwv XiOwv tpya-
niv ayaOov uvai, km avvappoarriv, km tppoyXvipta'
ovvarai yap Kai rovro. fvatwg yt, wg oiaOa, e^wv
St'£iwg. ErtKjuatpero St raig « rov Kjjpov iraiSiaig'
07rore yap aij>tOuriv viro rwv ciSaaKaiXwv, airo^twv
av rov Kripov, y Boag, ri lirirovg, ri km, vij AC,
avOpwirovg avtirXaiTov, uKotwg, wg tcoKovv rw
irarpi' tif olg irapa ptv rwv StoWKaXa>v irXriyag
tXapfiavov. Tort St tiraivog ug rriv tvfv'iav Kai
rawra jjlj. Kai \priarag u\0V tir' tpoi rag tXirtoag,
wg tv j3pa^« paSriaouai rjjv rtyyriv, air' tKuvrig
yt trig irXaariKrig.
Apa tt ovv tirirriSuog eSoKu riptpa rt^vjje tvap-
^taaaf Kayw iraptStSopiiv rw Suw, pa rov At', on
afocpa rw irpaypari a\Ooptvog' aXXa poi Kai
r,roi, BIOS AOYKIANOY. 83
iraiSiav nva outc artpirri tSoKti t\tiv' Kal "'pOe

roue r)XiKiwrag tiriStiKiv, ti tyaivoipriv Stovg ft
yXvij>wv, Kai ayaXparia nva piKpa KaraoKtvaZwv
tpavrq rt, KqKUVoig, oig irpoypovpriv. Kai rort
7rpwrov tKttvo Kai avvriOtg roig ap\optvoig eyiy-
vtro. EyKO7Tta yap juot Sovg o Stiog, tKtXtuo-t
pot riptpa KaSiKtaOai 7rXaKoe tv jUto-ij> KttjUtVjjC,
t7rtj7rtiiv ro Kotvov, " Apî St rot Wpiav 7ravroe-"
^KXriportpov St KartVtyKovroe u7r' airtipiag, Kartayri
jutv ^ 7rXa£' 6 i?t ayavaKrriaag, dKuraXijv rtva Kti-
jUtvjjv 7rXijo-jov Xaj3wv, ou irpqwg ovSt irporptirri-
Kiog pov Karripâro' uktrt daupva pot ra irpooipia
rrig rt^vije-
AiroSpag ovv tKtiOtv, tiri rriv outiav atyiKvovpai,
avvt\tg avoXoXvZwv, Kai SaKpvwv rovg oij>OaXpovg
viroirXtwg, Kai Siriyovpai rriv aKvraXriv, Kai rovg
pwAwirag tStiKvvov' Kai Karriyopovv 7roXXijv riva
ioporrira, irpoaOtig ori viro $0ovov ravra tSpaat,
pri avrov virtpfiaXwpai Kara rriv rt^vijv. Aya-
vaKrriaaptvrig St rije prirpog, Kat 7roXXa rw aStX^ki/
XojSopIJi7ajUtVijej t7Ttt VV%, t7TijX0t, Ka7tSap0oV trt
tvSaKpue, Kai rriv wyO' oXriv tvvowv.
Mt\pi jutv Sij rourwv, ytXaa-ijua Kai pupaKiwSri
ra tipriptva' ra jUtra ravra St, ovKtri tvKara-
ij>povrira, w avSptg,aKovataOt, aXXa Kai iravv ,ij>iXri-
Kowv aKpoarwv Stojutva. 'Iva yap KaO' 'Opripov
tiiriD, " Qtiog pot tvvirviov riXOtv ovtipog apfipoairiv
Sia vvKra," tvapyrig oirwg, wart juijoev airoXti-
irtaOai rrig aXriOtiag. Ert -yOuv Kai jutra roaovrov
84 IIEPI TOY ENYriNIOY,
\povov ra rt ayripara poi rwv ij>avtvrwv tv roig

o^tOaXpoig irapaptvtl, Kai ii tj>wvri rojv aKovaQtVrttiv
tvavXog' ovrw aaij>ri iravra riv.
Auo yvvaiKtg Xaj3ojUtvai ratv \tpoiv, tjXKov pt,
vpog iavrriv tKartpa, paXa fitaiuig Kai Kaprtpwg.
MiKpov yovv pt Sitairaaavro irpog aXXijXae <j>iXo-
ripovptvai. Kai yap apri ptv av ri trtpa t7rtK-
parti, icai irapa piKpov oXov ti)^t pf apri St av
avOig viro rrig trtpag ti\opriv. Ej3owv St irpog
aXXriXag tKartpa' ij ptv, wg avrrig ovra pt KtK-
rriaSai fiovXoiro' n St, wg parriv rwv aXXorpiwv
avriiroioiro. Hv St ri ptv tpyariKri, Kai avSpiKri,
Kai av\p.ripa rijv Kojuijv, rw \tipt rvXwv avairXtwg,
SitZwaptvri rijv trjQrira, riravov Karaytpovaa, olog
?jv 6 Stiog, oirort ^toi rovg XiOovg' r] trtpa St,
paXa tvirpoawirog, Kai ro a\rm.a tvirptirrig, Kai
Koapiog rriv ava|3oXijv. TtXoe S' ouv, Mjtiaai poi
SimZtlv oirortpq fiovXoipriv avvnvai avrwv. Upo-
rtpa Se fi aKXijpa tKtivri, Kai avSpwSrig tXt£tv.
£yto, ij>iXt irai, EppoyXv<j>iKri Tt^vjj tipi, iit>
\Otg rip^w pavOavtiv, oiKtia rt 0oi Kai avyytvrig
oiKoOtv, 'O rt yap irairirog aov, (tiirovaa rovvopa
rov prirpoiraropog), XiOoôog ijv, Kai rw Sejto ap-
tyortpw, Kai paXa tvSoKiptirov Si r)pag. Ej St
SeXoig Xripuiv ptv Kai ^>Xrivacj>wv rwv irapa ravrrig
airt\taOai, (Stimaaa rriv htpav,) tirtaOai Se Kai
avvoiKtiv tpoi, irpwra ptv Sptipy ytvviKwg, Kai
rovg wpovg t^tig Kaprtpovg, ij>Qovov Se iravrog
aXXorpiog ta-p, sat ou7rort aim tm rriv aXXoSairriv ,
jjvot, BIOS AOYKIANOY. 85
rijv irarpiSa Kai rovg oiKtiovg KaraXiiruiv. OuSt

tiri Xoyoig nraivtaovrai o-t iravrtg.
Mij pvaaÔyg St rov auiparog ro turtXte, jUriSt
rije to-0ijroe ro irivapov' airo yap rwv rotovrwv
opfiwptvog, Kai QtiSiag tKttvoe tStt£t rov Aia, Kat
IIoXuKXtiroe rijv 'Hpav tipyaaaro, Kai Mupuiv
t7rpvtOij, Kai IIpa^trtXije tOavfianrOri' irpoaKvvovvrai
yovv ovroi ptra rwv Stwv. Et Sij rovrwv tte yt-
voto, 7Twe jUtv ov KXttvog auroe 7rapa 7raoiv avOpw-
7roje ytvoto : £ijXtorov $t Kai rov irartpa airooti^tig'
7Ttpj|3Xt7rrov Be airotyavtig Kai rriv irarpioa. Tavra,
Kai tn rovrwv irXtiova, Siairraiovaa Kai fiapfiapi-
Zovaa 7raju7roXXa, ti7rti> rj Tt^vri, juaXa Sij inrovSy
avvtipovaa, Kai irtiOtiv pt 7Ttiowjutvjr. AXX' ovKtri
ptpvripai' ra 7rXtiora -yap ijSij p;ov rijv pvripiiv Stt-
<j>vytv. Evti S" ovv tiravaaro, ap\trai ij irtpa J>St
Eyw St, w rtKvov, IlaiSeja ttjut, tiSIj oajvri0ije

aoi, Kai yvwpipri, ti Kai priStiriw tig rtXoc pov irtirti-
paaai. HXtrca ptv ovv ra ayaVa iropiy XiOoôog
ytvoptvog, avrij 7rpoejpr>KtV. OvStv yap ori pri
tpyarrig tir$, ry awuari 7rovtov, Kqv rovriq rijv
airaaav tX7rica rov |3jov rtOtiptvog, aipavrig utv
avrog wv, oXiya Kai aytvvri Xapfiavwv, rairtivog
rijv yvwpriv, turtXije S-t rijv irpoaoSov' Ourt
fiXoig tiriSiKaaipog, ovrt t\8poic tyofitpog, ourt
roig iroXiraig £ijXtoroe' aXX' ovro fiovov, tpyarije,
Kai rwv tK rou 7roXXou Sripov tig, ati rov irpov-
ôvra v7ro7rrrio-o-tov, Kai rov Xtytiv SvvajUtvov Stpa
I
86 nEPI TOY ENYIINIOY,
7rtuojv, Xayw fiiov £tov, >cat rov Kptirrovog ippaiov
wv. Et St Kcu QtiSiag, ij HoXuKXtiroe ytvoto,
Kai Savpaara iroXXa t^tpyaaaio, rriv jUtv rt\vriv
airavrtg tiraivtaovrai, ovK tari St barig rwv tSov-
rwv, ej vouv tôt' 'uâ"-' av o-ot bpoiog ytvtaOai'
olog yap av yg, fiavavaog, Kai ^n/iwi>iis, KOi a7ro-
\apofiiwrog vofiiaSriay.
Hv St jUot 7Ttt0p, IrpUroV jUtV irol 7ToXXa t7TIOtlâi
7raXaiu>v avopwv tpya, Kai irpa%,tig Savpaarag, Kai
Xoyovg avrwv airayyeXXovaa, Kai iravrwv, wg
tiirtiv, tpjrtipov curoij>aivovaa. Kai rriv ipv\riv,
oirtp aot Kvpiwrarov tari, KaraKoapriaw iroXXoig
Kai ayaOoig Koapripaai, awfpoavvri, SiKaioavvy,
tvatptiq, irpqorriri, tiriUKtiq, avvtati, Kaprtpiq, rij>
rwv KaXwv tpwri, ry irpog ra atpvorara opjuy.
Taura yap tariv 6 rrig ipv\rig aKriparog wg aXri-
Owg Koapog. Ariati St at ovrt iraXaiov ovStv,
ovrt vvv ytvtaOai Stov, aXXa Kai ra Stovra irpooipti
ptr' tjuov. Kai 6Xtoe airavra, biroaa tari ra rt
-stia, ra rt avOpwiriva, ovK tig paKpav at Stoa-
ôflUl.
Kat 6 vvv irtvrig, 6 rov Stivog, 6 fiovXtvaapt-
vog ri irtpi aytvvovg ovrw rt\yrig, ntr oXiyov
airaai ZriXwrog Kai tirityOovog tot), ripwptvog Kat
tiraivovptvog, Kai tiri roig apiaroig tvSoKifiwv, Kai
uiro ruiv ytvti Kai irXovrqi irpovxpvrwv airofiXt-
iroptvog' taSrira ptv rotaurijv apirt\optvog, (Stiâaa
rriv tavrrig, iravv Se Xapirpav tij>apti), ap\rig 8t Kai
irpot8piag aîovptvog. Kai> irov airoSrip^g, quo'
rrrot, BIOS AOYKIAJNUT. 87
tiri trig oXXo&wrjje ayvwg, ovS' aij>avrig tarj. Toi-

avra aot irtpiOriaw ra yvwpiapara, wart rwv opwv-
tIov tKtKttOe, roV 7rXjjo-10V KlVriitag, SuÛ o-e tW
SoKrvXw, OYTOS EKEINOS, Xeywv.
Av St ri airovSrig aJZiov tq, km rovg $iXovg ri
km rriv iroXiv oXjjv KaraXajuj3av^, tte o-t iravrtg
airofiXtifsovrai' Kov irov ri Xfyojv rv^g, Kt^vorte
oi iroWot aKovaovrai, SavpaZovrtg, Kai tv&ujuovi-
%oVteg itt rojV XoyWV tiJe Swa/xtWe, KOt roV Tta-
rtpa rrig tvirOtfiiag. '0 St Xtyovo-iv, we apa aOavaroi
yiyvovrai ttvtg t£ avOpwiruv, rovro aot irtpnrotriaw'
Kai VOp jjV awtoe tK tOw /3tOw CWttXSê, Ow7rott
iravarj avvwv roig imraiStvptvoig, km irpoaoiuXijiv
roig aoiaroig. 'Opae rov AripoaOtvriv tKuvov,
rivog viov ovra, eyw ^XiKov tiroiriaa ! opqg rov
Aia\ivuiv, 6g tvpiraviaTpi.ag vlog riv, aXX' opwg
awtOV Si tjut $<Xt7r7rOe t^tj0O7rtwo-tV ! 6 St SwK-
parjje KOt avroe v7ro rp 'EpjuoyXv^ticp ravrrj
tpafug, t7rttSjj ra^tora a-vvjjKe rov Kpurrovoe, km
SpairtreVaag 7rap' avrjje, riVropoXriatv we tjut,
clKovug we irapa iravtwv qStrat !
Afug St avrovg triXiKoVrovg, km rotovrovg av-
cpag, km irpaûg Xapirpag, km Xoyovg aepvovg,
km oxW1 tvirptirtg, km ripriv, km Soâv, Kai
e7ratvov, km irpotSpiag, km Svvapiv, km apâg,
Kai ro tirt Xoyoie tvSoKjjutiv, km ro tiri avvtau
tvSatpoviZeuOai, \j.rwviov rt mvapov tvSvay, km
axnpa SovXoirptirtg avaXriiprj, km po\Xia, km yXv-
<j>ua, Kat KO7reae, Kai KoXawnjpae tv raiv êpotv
88 IIEPI TOY ENYIINIOY,
tûg, kurw vtvtvKwg ug ro tpyov, \apaiirtrrig,

Kat \ajuaj£jjXoe> km iravra rpoirov rairuvog' ava-
KvirtWv Bt ovSt7rort, ovSt avSpwStg, ovSt tXtvOtpiov
ovStv tirivowv, aXXa ro ptv tpya birwg tvpvOpa
<ai tuayiîuva tarai aot, irpovowv' oirwg St avrog
tvpvOpog rt km Koapiog tay, riKiara irtfypovriKwg,
aXX' ariportpov iroiwv atavrov XtOwv.
Tavra tri Xtyovarig avrrig, ov irtpipuvag tyw
ro ttXoe rwv Xoywv, avaarag airtfyyvapriv, Kaj
rriv apopfov tKuvriv Kot tpyariKriv airoXnroiv, pt-
rtfiaivov irpog rriv FlatSuav paXa ytyriOwg' Kat
juaXtorO e7rtI juot KOI ug VoWV l)X0tV Jj O'KwtaXjj, KOI
ori irXriyag tv0ve ovK oXiyag ap\optvy pot \Otg

tvtrpiiparo. 'H St airoXwj>Ouaa, ro ptv irpwrov
riyavaKru, kiu roj ^«pe avvtKporu, Kai rovg oSov-
rag tvtirpit' rtXog St, uxnrtp rriv Ntoj3jjv anovopt v,
tirtirriyu, Kae ug XtOov ptrtfitfiXriro. Ei St irapa-
So£a tiraOt, f111 airiimiarirt' Savparoiroioi yap o?
oVupol.
H Irtpo ct 7rpoe fie a7rtSoixra, Toiyapovv apu-
ipopai at, tij>ri, rjjo-St rrig SiKaioovvrig, ori KaXwg
rqv cakx\v tSiKaaag" Koi tXOt jjSjj, tirifiriOi rovrov
rov o\riparog, (Sumaaa ri o\ripa viroirttpwv lirirwv
riviiiv, rijj Hriyaay khKorwv) oirwg iSyg oia Kiu
hXiKa, pri aKoXovOriaag tp.0i, ayvoriauv tptXXtg.
Eirti tit avriXOov, r) ptv riXavvt Kai vij>rivioyu.
ApOug tit ug vipog tyw tirtaKoirovv, airo tije iw
apâptvog a%pi irpog icnrtpav, iroXug, km t0vjj,
Koi tiripovg, KaOami) 6 TpnrroXtpog, airoairupiiiv
riroi, BIOS AOYKIANOY. 89
ri tg rriv yijv. OuKtrt jutvrot ptpvripai 6 ri ro

(nrtipoptvov tKttvo ijv' irXriv rovro povov, ort Ku-
rwOtv atyopwvrtg oi avOpioiroi twgvovv, Kai ptr'
tv<j>ripiag, KaO' ovg ytvoipriv ry irrriati, iraptirtfnrov.
AtilZaaa St poi ra roaavra, Kajut roig tiraivovaiv
tKtivoig, tiravriyaytv avSig, ovKtri rriv avrriv to--
Sijra tKttvijv tvStSwcora, ijv ti\ov a<j>iirraptvog'
aXX' t/xot tSoKouv tvirapvtyog rig t7ravijKttv. Kara-
XapoiKra ovv Kai rov irartpa iamora, Kai irtpi-
ptvovra, tStiKvutv avrq tKftvijv rijv taOrira, khiu,
olog riKoipC Kai ri Kai v7rtjuvrjuti> ola fwepov otiv
irtpi tpov tfiovXtv-oaro. Taura jUfjuvijjuai iSwv,
avriiraig tn wv, tjuot SoKti, tKrapa\Otig irpog rov
rwv irXriyi.iv 0oj3ov.
Mtra?u St Xtyovroe. 'HpaKXtte, t0ij rig, wg
pcucpov ro tvvirviov, Kai SiKaviKov. Eir' aXXoe wt-
Kpovat, \tiptpivog ovtipog, ort juij(aotai tiaiv ai
WKrtg. ij raâ irov rpitrnrtpog, wairtp 6 'HpaKArig
vai avrog torj. Ti S' ovv tinjX0tv avrip Xijpijaxu
ravra irpog Wpag, Kai pvriaOrivai iraiSiKrig WKrog
Kai ovtipwv 7raXauuv, Kai ijSij yeyripaKorwv ; to>Xoe
yap 7i ipv\poXoyia' Mij ovtipwv rivuiv ripag viro-
Kpirag rivag u7rttXij^tv ; Ouk g> 'yaOt. OvSt yap 6
SStvoij>wv 7rort Siijyoujutvoe ro tvu7rwov, we tSoKtj
avrtj> Kai tv rt) irarpqq oiKta, Kai ra aXXa, (jort
yap) ovK iiroKpiaiv rijv oi/uv, ovSt wq ijAvape.iv
eyviwKwg avra Su^yti' Kai ravra tv ri^ iroXtpti>,
Kai airoyvuxrti irpayparwv, irtpuarWrwv 7roXtjiuwi>'
aXXa ri Kai -\priaip.ov ti\tv ri Siriyrioig.
b3
90 I1EPI TOY ENYIINIOY.
Kai roivvv Kayaj rovrov ovtipov ipiv Stijyijo-a-

firiv tKtivov ivtKa, oirwg oi vtoi irpog ra /3tXr7to rpt-
irwvrai, Km iraiStiag t\wvrM' Km paXiara ti rig av-
rwv viro irtviag t0tXoKaKtt, Km irpog ra tjttw airo-
KXivti, ij>vaiv ovK aytvvri Siaij>Otipwv. 'EirippuxrQriat-
ral tW otS' orl KQKtlVog aKoVGClg roW pv0ov IKCIVoV
iavrov irapaStiypa tpt irpoariioaptvog, tvvowv olog
, /itv wv, irpog ra KaXXiota wpjuijoxi, Km irmSticig
tirtOvpriaa, juijStv airoStiXiaaag irpog rriv irtviav rnv
rort' oiog Se irpog vpag tiravtXriXvOa, ti Km prictv
aXXo, ovStvog yot>v tow XiOoyXv<j>wv aSoôrtpog.
NEKPQN AIAAOrOI. 91
XAPQN02, km EPMOY, km NEKPQN

AIA$OPQN.
XAPQN.—AKovaart wg t%u vpiv ra irpaypara.

MiKpov ptv rijiiv, wg bpart, ro aKaif>iSiov, /cat iiro-
aaOpov tariv, Km Siappu ra iroXXa' km jjv rpairi)
tm Sartpa, oixriatrat irtpirpairtv' vpug St, roaovroi
apa riKtrt, iroXXa tiriij>tpoptvoi tKaerrog' riv ovv ptra
rovrwv tpprirt, StSia pri vartpov ptravoriatrt' km
paXiara biroaoi vuv ovK tiriaraaOt. NE. IIwg ovv
iroiriaavrtg tvirXorieoptv ; XA. E-yoj ipiv fpaaw'
yvpvovg tmfiaivuv \pri, ra irtpirra ravra iravra tiri
rjje ri'iovog KaraXnrovrag' poXig yap av km ovrw
Stâtro vpag ro iropOpuov. Sot St, w 'Eppri, pt-
Ajjirtj, ro airo rovrov, pijStva irapaSt^taOai avrwv
bg av pri ipiXog y km ra £irnrXa, ixnrtp tij>riv,
airofiaXwv. Ylapa St rjjv airofiaOpav iatwg, Sia.
yivuxrKe avrovg, Kai avaXapfiavt, yvpvovg tirifiai-
vuv avayKaZwv. EP. Ev Xtyug, Kai ovrw 7ro»j-
awptv.
Ovroai rig 6 irpwrog tari ; ME. Mtvnrirog tywye.
AXX' iSov Ti 7rjjpa poi, w 'Eppri, Kai ro fiaKtpov, tg
rjjv Xtpvriv aireppiij>Owv. Tov rpifiwva St ovh"
tKopiaa, tv iroiwv. EP. Epfiaivt, w Mtvtirirt,
avopwv apiart, Kai rriv irpotSpiav t%t irapa rov kv-
ptpvjjtjjv tij>' vipriXov, wg tmaKoiryg airavrag.
92 AOYKIANOY
'O St rijv iropij>vpiSa ovroai Km ro StaSijjua t^wv,

6 fiXoavpog, rig wv rvyxavtig ; AA. Aaju7rtxoe,
TtXwuiv rvpavvog. EP. Tt ovv, w Aafnri\t, ro-
aavra t^wv irapti ; AA. Tt ouv ; rxpriv, to 'Epjuij,
yvpvov riKtiv rvpavvov avSpa ; EP. Tvpavvov ptv
ovSapwg, vtKpov St juaXa' datt airoOov ravra.
AA. iSov aoi 6 irXovrog airtppiirrai. EP. Kai
rov ru0ov airoppiipov, to Aafnri\t, Kai rijv xnrtp-
oipiav' |3apij(ret yap ro iropOpitiov avvtpirtaovra'
AA. OuKovv aXXa To StaSijjUa taaov jut t^ttV> Kat
rijv t<j>tirrpi%a. EP. OvSajUwe' AXXa Kai rauro
a0te. AA. Eitv' rt trt ; iravra yap atyriK.a, wg
opqg. EP. Kai rijv WjUorijra, Kai rijv avotav, Kai
rijv vfipiv, Km rijv opyriv, Kai ravra iKj>tg. AA. I?ou
aoi ipiXog ftjUt. EP. E/zj3atvt ijSij.
Su St 6 7ra^vet 6 7roXuo-apKoe, rie tt j AA.
Aapaaiag 6 a0Xijrije. EP. Nai totKae. OtSa y00
o-t, 7roXXaKte tv ™"e 7raXaiatpaiff tStov. AA. Nat, w
'Eppri' aXXa 7rapaStâi jut yvpvov ovra. EP. On
yvuvov, w jStXriort, roo-avrae aapKag 7rtpi/3tj3Xij-
jUtvov' mort a7roSv0i auraei t7Ttt KaraSvo-tie ro
aKa<j>og, rov trepov 7roSa VirtpOtlg povov. AXXa
Kai rovg arttyavovg rovrovg airoppopov, KaI ra
Kripvypara. AA. iSov o-ot yvpvog, wg bpqg,
aXij0we tipi, Kai iaoaraaiog rote aXXoig vtKpoig.
EP. Ovrwe ajuftvov a/3apij ttvai' wott tjuj3aivt.
Kai o-u St rov 7rXovrov airoOtptvog, w Kparwv,
Kai rijv juaXaKtav St 7rpoirert, Kai rijv rpVîjv, jUijSt
ra tvraijria Kojui£t, juijSt ra rwv 7rpoyovwv a?iw/uara'
NEKPON AIAAOrOI. 93
jearaXt7rt Se Kai ytvog, Kai Soâv, Kai ti irort St -ri

7roXte avtKiipv^tv tvtpytrriv SriXovon, rat rag rwv
avSpiavrwv tiriypatyag, juijSt, ort ptyav rcuj>ov tiri
aoi t\waav, Xtyt' (iapvvti yap Kai ravra pvripo-
vcvoptva. KP. Ov\ «wii ptv, airopptipw S*. Tt
yap av Kai iraOoipi ;
EP. Baj3ai. Sv St 6 tvoirXoe, ri fiovXu ; tj rt ro
rpo7rato«> rouro ij>tptig ; NEK. Ort tVjKijo-a, w
'Eppri, Km ripiartvaa, Kai ri iroXig triplet pt. EP.
Atytg tv yy ro rpoiraiov' tv qSov yap tiprivri, Kai
ovSev oirXwv Stijo-ti.
'O atpvog St oirog airo yt rov a\riparog, Kai
fiptvOvoptvog, 6 rag oij>pvg tirypKwg, 6 tm rwv
ij>povriSojv, rig tariv, 6 rov |3a0uv irwywva KaOu-
ptvog; ME. QiXoaotyog rig, w 'Eppri' paXXov Se
yorig, Kai rtpartiag ptarog' wart airoSvaov Kai
rovrov' oipti yap iroXXa Kai ytXoia viro rw [pariiq
Kpwroptva. EP. KaraOov av ro a\ripa irpwrov
tira Kai ravri iravra. LI Ztu, oariv ptv rijv aXa-
Zovtiav KopiZti ! bariv St apaOiav, Kai tpiv, Kai Ktvo-
Sofciav, Kai tpwrriatig airopovg, Kai Xoyovg aKav-
OwSeig, Kai tvvoiag 7roXu7rXoKoue - aXXa Kat pa-
raioiroviav paXa 7roXXijv, Kai Xripov owe oXtyov, Kai
vOXovg, Kai piKpoXoyiav. Nij Aia, Kai yjpvaiov yt
rovri, Kat riSviraOtiav Se, Kai avaia\vvriav, Kai
opyriv, Kai rpvij>riv, Kai paXaKiav' ov XtXriOt yap
fit, ti Kat juaXa irtpiKpvirrtig avra. Kai ro iptvSog
St airoOov, Kai rov rvtj>ov, Kai ro oitaOai aptivw tivai
rwv aXXwv' wg tt yt iravra ravra tô>v tpjiaivotg,
94 AOYKIANOY
iroia irtVrriKoVropog Stâiro av o-t ; 3>IA. Airort-

Otpai roivvv aura, t7rtt7rtp ovrw KeXtvtig.
ME. AXAa Kai rov izwywva rovrov airoOtaOw,
w Eppri, fiapvv rt ovra, Kat Xairtov, wg bpqg' 7rtvrt
pvwv rpi\tg tiai rouXa^totov. EP. Eu Xtytte'
AiroOov Kai rovrov. iI>IA. Kai rig b airoKapwv
tarai ; EP. MtvHnroe oi>rowi Xaj3tov 7rtXtKuv rwv
vavirriyiKwv airoKoipti avrov, tiriKoirw ry avafiaOpq
^pijerajutvoe. ME. OuK, w 'Eppri' aXXa 7Tjotova
/iot avaSoe' ytXofortjoov yap rouro. EP. 'O ireXt"
KvgiKavog' tvyt' avOpwirivwrtpog yap vvv avairtij>i}-
vag, airoOtptvog avrov rijv Ktvaj3pav. ME. BouXti
fwcpov afeXwpiai Kai rwv otypvwv ; EP. MaXirrra'
virtp ro ptrwirov yap Kai ravrag tirypKtv, ouK
oiS' tif orw avartiviwv laurov. Tt rovro ; Kai
SaKpvtig, w KaOappa, Kai irpog Savarov airoStiXiqg ;
tjUj3ij0t S' oVV. ME. 'Ev trt ro fiapVraroV Viro
paXrig t^tt. EP. Tt J w Mtvrmre. ME. KoXaKttav,
w Epûij, 7roXXa tv rw j3tij> ^pjjo-ijUtUo-ao-av aurtj>.
$IA. OuKouv Kai o-u, w MtVi7r7rt, airoOov rriv tXtu-
Otpiav, Kai irappriaiav, Kai ro aXu7rov, Kai ro ytv-
vaiov, Kai rov yeXuira. Movog yovv rwv aXXwv
ytXqg ; EP. MijSajUwe- AXXa Kai t%t ravra,
Kov<j>a yt Kai iravv tv<j>opa ovra, Kai irpog rov Kara-
7rXouv ypriaipa.—'Gort Xut ra a7roytta. rijv a7ro-
(5aOpav avtXwptOa' ro ayKVpiov avt<nraaOw' irtra-
aoV ro tOtloV- tvOvvt, w 7rop0jUtU, ro 7rijSaXjov'.
(v iraOwfJuV'
NEKPQN AIAAOrOI.
AAESANAPOY, ANNIBOY, MINQ02, Kat

2KHIHQN02.
AAES- — Ejut Sti irpoKtKpiaOai aov, w Aijiv.

afitiviiiv yap ttjui. AN. Ovptvovv, aXX t/k. A A.
OvKovv 6 Mivuig StKao-arto. ' MI. Ttvte 0 tart ;
AA. Oiiroc jUtv Avvifiag 6 Kap\riSoviog' eyw St,
AXtâvSpog 6 tyiXiinrov. MI. Nij Aia, tvSo$oj yt
afKj>ortpoi. AXXa 7Ttpi rtvog v/itv ij tpig ; AA.
ri*pi 7rpotSpiae' ij>riai yap oiirog aptivwv yeytvria-
Oai ararriyog tpov tyw St, wairtp airavrtg iaaaiv,
ov\i rovrov povov, aXXa iravrwv o-^tSov rwv irpo
tfjlov îjjui SuveyKUV ra iroXtpia, MI. OvKovv
tv ptpti tKartpog airarw. Su St irpwrog, w Atj3u,
Xfyt.
AN. Ev ptv rovro, w Mivwg, wvapriv, ori tv-
ravOa Kai rijv 'EXXaSa ij>wviiv t^tpaOov' uxjtt
ouSt ravrp irXtov ovrog tvtyKairai pov. ^ripi St
rovrovg paXiara tiraivov afyovg tivai, bixoi ro /xijStv
t£ apyjig ovrtg, 6fiwg tm ptya irporxwpriaav, St*
avritiv Suvajutv rt 7Ttpt/BaXXojUtvot, Kou a£ioj So-
Zavrtg apx>ig. Eyu> -youv jutr' oXiywv t%,oppriaag
tg rriv lfiripiav, ro irpwrov xmap\og wv rq aStX-
0t(>, peyiarwv ri%iwQtiv, apiarog KpiOtig' Kai rovg
yt KtXrifiripag riXov, Kai TaXarwv tKparriaa rwv
' Eo-irtpiojv' mat ro ptyaXa opri virtpjiag, ra irtpi
96 AOYKIANOY
rov HpiSavov airavra Kartcpanov' Kat avaararovg

tiroiriaa roaavrag iroXtig' Km rijv 7rtStvijv IraXiav
tytipwaapriv' Km pt\Pi rWV irpoaartiwv rije irpov-
Xovarig iroXtwg riXOov' Km roaovrovg airtKrtiva
piag riptpag, toort roue SaKrvXiovg avrwv ptSifi-
voig airoptrpriaai, Km rovg irorapovg ytij>vpuxrai
vtKpoig. Kcu ravra iravra tirpaâ, ourt Appwvog
viog ovopaZoptvog, ovrt Qeog tivm irpo<nroiov-
ptvog, ri tvvirvia rrig 'prirpog Sit&o>v, aXX' avOpw
irog tivm opoXoywv, arparrfyoig rt roig avvtrw-
raroig avrt^traZoptvog, Km arpariwraiQ roig pa\i-
pwraroig avpirXtKoptvog' ov MtfSovg Km Apptviovg
KaraywviZoptvog, {nrotytvyovrag irpiv SiwKtiv riva,
Kai rij> roXpriaavri irapaSiSovrag tvOv rijv vjKijv.
AXtâvSpog St, irarpqav apyriv irapaXafiwv,
iju£ijo-t, Kai irapairoXv t^trtivt, xpriaaptvog ry ryg
Tvxjig opuy' tirti S' ouv tiuKjjo-t rt, Kcu rov oXtOpov
tKtIvoV AapuoV tV IflTo-tjl rt KM A/)j3>jXotC; tKparIJGTtV,
airoarag rwv irarpt^wv, irpoaKvvtiaOai ijsjou, Km tg
Simrclv rriv MrjSiiajv jUtrtStijrijo-ti" tavrov, Km tpiai-
ij>ovti tv roig avpiroaioig rovg <j>iXovg, Km avvt-
Xapjiavtv tm Savaruj. Eyw St rip£,a tiriarig rije
irarpiSog' Km tirti$ri ptrtirtpirtro, ro>v iroXtpuov
ptyaXip aroXip tiriirXtvaavrwv ry Aifivy, raôjg
virriKovaa, Km iSiwrriv tpavrov irapeaypv' Km Kw
raSiKCiaOtig rivtyKa tvyvwpovwg ro irpaypa. Kai
ravr tirpaâ, (SapjSapog idv, Km airaiStvrog irm-
otiag rrig ' EXXijviKije, Kou ovrt 'Opripov, uxnrtp
ovrog, pmpwBwv' ovre iir' ApiarortXti ri# ero^tcrnj
NEKPQN AIAAOrOI. 97
iraiStvOug, povij St ry ij>vau ayaOtj \priaaptvog.

Tavra tariv, a tyw AXtâvSpov apuvwv ij>ripi
uvai' u S' eari KaXXlwv ovroai, Siori SiaSjjjuart
rjjv Keij>aXriv SitStoWo, MdKtoWt ptv iawg Kai
ravra atpva' ov priv Sia rovr' apuvwv So%utv av
ytvvaiov Kai arpanjytKOv avSpog, rrj yvwpy 7rXtov
rj7t£p tr) tv\y Kt^PTIfleVoV. MI. 'O fltv CipriKkV
owe aytvvri rov Xoyov, ovo" wg Al(ivv uKog jjv,
virtp avrov. Sw St, w AX&avSpt, ri irpog ravra
AA. E^pjjv ptv, w Mivwg, priBtv 7rpoe avSpa

ovro> Spaavv" kavjj yap fl ^>1jujj SiSaât o-e, oioe
jutv eyo> fiaaiXtvg, oiog Se oirrog Xyarrig tytvtro.
lOpwg St bpa, u Kor' oXiyov avrov StjjvfyKa' 6e
vtog wv tri, iraptXOwv tm ra irpaypara, <ai rriv
ap\yv ttrapayptvriv Karta\ov, Kai rovg ij>ovtag
rov irarpog jutrjjXOov. Karaij>ofiriaag rjjv 'EXXaSa
ry Bri(3aiwV airwXuq, arparriyog vir' avruV ^(upo-
rovriOtig, owe Ttfeiuxra rriv MaKtSovwv apyriv irtpte-
irwv, ayairav apûv biroawv 6 7rarjjp KartXnrtv'
aXXa iraaav nrivoriaag rriv yriv, Kat Setvov riyriaa-
ptvog u pri airavrwv Kparriaaipi, oXiyovg aywv,
eo-tJ3aXov ee rjjv Ao-iav' Kai tm rt TpaviKip tKpa-
triaa ptyaXy Pa^V' Kai trlv AvStav Xaj3ii>v, Kai,
\wviav, Kai Qpvyiav, Kai 6Xwg ra tv iroaiv au
\upovptvog, jjXflov iiri lcraov, tvOa Aapuog im-
puvt, pvpiaSag 7roXXae arparov aywv.
Kai ro airo rovrov, w Mivwg, vpug iart oaovg
vpiv vtKpovg e7« piag fiptpag Kartirepipa. •t'jjo-t
K
98 AOYKIANOY
yovv 6 iropOptvg pij SiapKtaai avroig rort ro

aKcuj>og, aXXa o-^*Sjae Sta7rijSajUtvoue roue 7roX-
Xoue avrwv SunrXtvaai. Kai ravra $t nrparrov,
avrog irpoKivSvvtvwv, Km rirpwaKtauai at,tiov-
Kai iva o-ot juij ra tv Tvpq, juijSt ra tv ApfSriXoig
Siriyriawpai, aXXa Km jUt^Pje IvSwv jjX0ov, Kai rov
Oktavov 6poi> t7rotijo-apijv rrig apyrig, Kai roue
tXtâvrae clvrwv tlXov, Km IIwpov fxtipwaapriv'
Km SKuOac St ouK tuKara^povijroVe avopag virtp-
fiag rov Tai>aiv, tviKriaa, peyaXy iinropa\ii}' Kai
roue ij>tXovg tv tiroiriaa, Kai roue fxjSpovg ripvva-
priv. Et St Kai Otoe tSoKouv rote avOpWiroig,
avyyvwaroi tKtivoi, irapa ro ptytOog rojv irpay-
juartov Kai rojovrov ri iriartvaavrtg irtpi tpov.
To S' ouv rtXturatov, tyto jUtv fiaaiXtvwv airt-
Oavov ovrog St tv ij>vyg wv irapa Upovmq r^>
BiOvvq KaOairtp a'£iov riv, iravovpyorarov Km
wjuorarov ovra' wg yap oSj tKparriat rwv IraXwv,
tw Xtyttv, on ovK w^vi, aXXa irovripiq, Km airiariq,
Km SoXoig' vopipov St, - ij irpoij>avtg, ovStv.' E;rtt
Ot pol iOVtlElat riiV rpV<j>riV, tKXtXiJO-00f fiol SoKtl
oia tirotti tv Kairvy, tratpaig avvwv, Km rovg rov
iroXtpov Kaipovg 6 Savpaaiog KaOriSviraOwv. Eyto
ot, ti pri, l-UKfta ra. tairtpia So£,ag, tm rriv tai
paXXov wppriaa, ri av peya tirpaS,a, IraXtav
avaiporri Xafiwv, Km Atj3ujjv, Kai ra ptypt FaSti-
pttiv virayoptvog ; aXX' ouK aîopaxa too£t jUot
tKtiva, viroirrriaaovra ijSij, Kai Stairorriv ojUoXo
NEKPQN AIAAOrOI. ^9
yovvra. EipriKa' av St, d> Miviug, SiKa^t, 'iKava

yap airo iroXXwv Koi ravra.
SK. Mjj irportpov, riv jujj Kai epov aKovayg'
MI. Tte yap u, d> fitXriart ; ri iroOtv wv tpug ;
SK. IrttXtwtije 'SiKtfiru.>V, arparriyog, 6 KaOtXo>v
KapxriSova, Kiu Kparriaag Aifivwv peyaXaig p-a-
î"e. MI. Ti ovv Kai av tpug ; SK. AXtâvSpov
ptv rirtwv uvai, rov S' Avvtj3ov afiuvwv' 6e
fSfwâ vtKjjo-ae avtOv, Ki» fvyuv KaravayKaaag
ar7juoje" 7rwe owv ovk avaia\Wrog ovrog, 6g irpog
AXtâvSpov apiWarai, i$ ovSt SKjj7ntuv «y<i>, 6
vtvtKjjKwe awrov, irapafiaXXtaOai a%,iw ; MI. Nt>
At' tvyvwpova ij>yg, w SKjpriojv. Qort irpwrog
ptv KtKpiaOoj AXtâvSpoe' /wr' avrov St, av' ura,
u SoKu, rpirog Avvij3ae, ovSt oiiroe tvKara^povri-
roq loy.
100 AOYKIANOY
GEQN EKKAHSIA.
ZEVS, 'EPMHS, KAI MQMOS
ZEYS.—MjjKtrt rovOopiZtrt, w Gtot, jujjSt Kara

ywviag avarptfoptvoi, irpog ovg aXXjjXote Koivo-
XoytmrOt, ayavaKrovvrtg, « 7roXXot avaîot jutrt-
\ovaiv ijjuiv row avpiroaiov' aXX' tirtnrtp airoSt-
Sorat irtpi rovrwv tKKXjjoya, Xtytra> tKaarog te ro
favtpov ra SoKoVvra ol, mai Kazriyoputw' av St
Kripvrrt, io Epp.fi, ro Kfipvypa ro tK rov vopov.
EPM. AKowe, aiya' rig ayoptvuv povXtrat mv
rtXuwv Qtwv, oig t£torjv; i) St oKeipig irtpi ru>v
ptroiKwv Kai Stvatv. MilM. Eyw 6 Mwpog, w
Ztv, u pot tirirpetpuag thruv. ZEYS. To Kfipvypa
flOfl e^tlJOW" OIOrt ovStV tpoV SttlCFfi.
MQM. 4>jjjut roivvv Suva irouiv tviovg ripwv '
oig ovk airo\pri Qtovg t^ avOpwirwv avrovg
yeytvriaOai, aXX' u pri km rovg aKoXovOovg Kai
Stpairovrag avrwv Kroripovg ripiv airoij>avovaiv,
ovotv ptya, ovSt vtaviKov otovrai tpyaaaoOai.
A?«u oe, w Ztv, ptra irappriatag pot covvai taruv.
ovSt yap av aXXwg Svvaipriv' aXXa iravrtg pt
iaaoiv wg tXtvOtpog upi rjjv yXwrrav, Kai ovStv
av Karao-iwirriaaipi twv ov kaXwg yiyvoptvuiv.
cuXty\w yap airavra, Kai Xtyw ra SoKovvra poi tg
GEQN EKKAHSIA. 101
ro tj>avtpov, ovre StSioje riva, ovre v7r' euSove t7ri-

kaXvirrwv rryv yvwpriv' wart Kai tira\0rig roicoi
rote 7roXXote, Kai avkotj>avriKog rriv ij>vaiv, Sjjjuo-
aiog rig Karriyopog w' avtwv eirovopaZoptvog.
nXjjv aXX' «7r«7rtp tZ,um, Kai KtKripvicrai, Kai av,
iu Ztv, SiSiog jutr' tôvo-tae enruv, ovStv ii7roaru-
XajutVOe epoj.
IloXXot yap> il>Vpl> 0VK ayairwvrtg ort avroi
jutrtôvo-t twv awtwv ripiv %vvtSpiwv, Kai tWiipvvrat
tiriarig, Kai ravra Svjjrot t£ ripiauag ovrtg, tri Kai
rovg virriptrag, Kai Siaawrag rovg avtwv avriyayov
tg rov ovpavov, Kai iraptvtypaipav' Kai vvv emarig
Siavopag rt vtpovrai, Kai Svaiwv ptre\ovaiv, ovSe
KarafiaXovreg r)piv ro ptroiKiov. ZEY2. MjjStv
aiviypatwSwg, it> Mwpt, aXXa aatywg Kai SiappriSriv
Xeyt, irpocmOug KOt rovvojua. Nvv yap te ro ptaov
airtppiirrai aoi 6 Xoyoe, ii>e iroXXove uKa^tjv, Kiu
etjiappoZ,uv aXXote aXXov rote Xtyojutvote' X/"j ê
irappriaiaarriv ovra, pridtv oKvuv Xeyttv.
MOM. Evye, tj Ztv, ort Kat iraporpvvtig pt irpog
rrrv irappriaiav' iroiug yap rovro jiaatXiKov wg
aXriOwg, KOt ptyaXoij>pov, wart tpw Kai rovvopa' 6
yap roi ytvvaiorarog Aiovvaog ripiavOpwirog wv,
ovSt 'EXXrjv fvrrrpoOtv, aXXa 2vpo0oii/7Koe rivog
tpiropov, rov KaSpov, SvyarpiSovg, eirenrtp riîwOri
rrig aOavaaiag, oioe ptv avroe tortv ov Xtyw, ovre
rjjv fiirpav, ovre rriv ptOriv, ovre ro f}aSiapa,
iravrtg yap, oipai, opart wg S^Xve Kai yvvaiKuog
rtiv ij>vwv, ripiuavrig, aKparov iwOtv airoirvtiDV' 6
k3
102 . AOYKIANOY
St leai bXriv ij>parpiav t«rt7rojijo-tV ^jUtv, Kai rov
\opov tirayoptVog iraptari, Kai S'tove ain<j>yvt rov
Tiara, Kai rov StjXijvov, Kai 'Zarvpovg, aypoiKoVg
nvag, Kai aiiroXovg rovg iroWovg, aKiprrrriKovg
avOpwirovg, Kai rag pop<j>ag aXXoKorovg. 'Qv 6 ^
jutv, KEpara t\iov, Kai baov tS; ripiatiag tg ro Karw
atyt toiKwg, Kai ytvtiov j3a0u KaOtiptvog, oXiyov
rpayov Siaij>tpwv t<rriv' 6 St, ij>aXaKpog ytpwv,
o-t/xoe rijv jOiva, t7rt ovou ra 7roXXa o\ovptvog,
AvSog ovrog' ol St Sarupot, o^tie ra wra, Kai avroi
<jxiXitKpoi, Ktpaarat, ola roig apri ytvvri0tiinv tpttyoig
ra Ktpara virotyvtrai, typvytg nvtg ovrte' t)(ovai St
Kai ovpag airavrtg. Opdrt olovg ripiv Stovg iroiti
6 ytvvaSag !
Etra âvpa'Cofuv, ti Kai aij>povovaiv fipwv ol av-
Opwiroi, upwvrtg oVrto ytXoiovg Stovg, Kai rtpaa-
riovg ; tw yap Xeytiv, ori Kai Suto yvvaiKag avriyayt,
riiV jUtV tphljUtVjJV oVo-dV aVroV, rijV ApiaSVriV, ifc
Kai rov arttyavov cyKartXt^t rop rwv aartpwv
XopV' rrlv ^t IKaf>loV roV ytiwpyov Svyartpa' Kai 6
iravrwv ytXoiorarov, w Seoi, Kai rijv Kvva rije
Hpiyovrig, Kai rovrov avriyaytv, wg jUij avu^ro ri
iraig, ti juij t^ti tv rt^ ovpavig ro ^vvriOtg tKtivo, Koi
imtp rryaira KvviSiov. Tavra ov\ vfipig ipiv SoKti,
Kai irapoivia, Kai yeXwg ; aKovaart S' ovv Kai aX-
Xove-
ZEYS. MijStv, to Mw/xt, turyg prirt irtpi AoKXri-
iriov, prin irtpi 'RpaKXtovg' opt,> yap, oi ftpy rvg
0EQN EKKAHSIA. 103
Xoyw' ovroi yap, 6 ptv aurtov iu-ui, Kai avtotijo-tv

tK rWV VoaWV, KOLI fOtt
7roXXwv avra^toe aXXtov'
6 S' 'HpaKXije, vioe wv tjuoe, owe oXrywv tcvwv

tirpiaro rijv a0avadtar', iIxrrt jujj Karriyopti avrwv.
M£iM. Siw7njo-oiuu Sta o-t, w Ztv, 7roXXa tt7rtti>
i^tov' Kairoj fj priStv aXXo, tri ra ariptia t\ovai rov
irvpog. Ei St t5jjv Kai 7r/)oe aurov o-t rij irappriaiq
ypriaBai, iroXXa av tixov tiirtiv. ZEYS. Kai priv
irpog tjUt t^tOtt jUaX«rra. MiilV i$' oUV Ka/It ^tvtag
SiwKtig ; MOM. Ev Kpriry ptv, ov povov rovro
aKovaai tariv, aXXa Kim aXXo ri irtpi aov Xtyovai,
KOt rCHJIoV tirlStiKVVoValV. -EyiO St oVrt IKltVOle
irtiOopai, ovrt A\aiwv Aiyitvaiv, wrofioXipaiov o-t
tivai ij>aaKovaiv.
'A St juaXtota eXeyxOrivai Sttv riyovpai, ravra
tpw. Tijv yap rot ap\riv rwv rotourtov irapa-
vopriparwv, Kai rijv airiav rov voOtvOrivai ripwv ro
£uvtSoiov, av, w Ztv, irapta\tg, Svijrote ciripiyvv-
ptvog, Kou KCtriwv irap' avrovg tv aXXort aXXtji
axripori' wart ripag StSitvai, pri a-t Kara^vo-p rte
£uXXaj3iov, on-or' av ravpog yg, ij rwv -)^pvao\owv
rig Kartpyaaryrai \pvaov ovra, Kai avrt Aiog, ri
bppog, ij i/ztXXtov, ij tXXo|3tov r)piv ytv^' 7rXijv
aXXa tjU7Tt7rXijKae yt rov ovpavov rwv ripiSewv
rovruiv' ov yap av aXXwe tiiroipi.
Aij>' ov, St a7raS av, «u Ztv, avtofiag roig roiov
104 AOYKIANOY.
roig rag Svpag, Kcu tm rag Svjjrae trpairov, airavrtg

ut/iifjirivrai at, Kai ov\i apptvtg povov, aXX' birtp
aiayiarov, Km al SriXtiai Star rte yap ovK ot& rov
Ay^ja-jjv> Kat rov TtSwvov, Kai rov EvSvpiwva,
Kai rov Iainwva, Kat rove aXXouej wart ravra juev
taativ jUoj SoKu>- paKpov yap av ro SuXtyxtiv
ytvoiro.
Kairoi, ravra iravra, to Otoj, ptrpia. Su St,
tii Kvvo7rpoo-to7rt, Kai aivSoaiv taraXptvt Aiyvirrit,
rig tt, to fitXnart, jj 7rtoe aîoig Qtog tivat iXaK-
ruiv ; rt St (5ovXoptvog Kai 6 Mtjuîrije oi>rog
ravpog, 6 iroiKiXog, irpoaKvvtirai, Kai yjpa, Kai
irpotyryrag v\ti } aia\vvopai St ifiiSag Kai iriOriKovg,
tiirtiv Kai rpayovg, Kai aXXa iroXXw ytXoiortpa,
ovK otS' birwg, t^ Aiyvirrov irapajivaOtvra tg rov
ovpavov' a vfitig, w Qtoi, irwg avtxtaOt bpwvrtg
f7rto-ije, ri *i" juaXXov vjuwv irpoaKvvovptva ; ri av,
to Ztv, irwg ij>tptig, tirtiSav Kpiov Ktpara tyvawai
aoi.
ZEYS. Aia\pa ii>g aXriSwg ravra ij>yg ra mpi
rwv Kiyvirriwv' bpwg S' ovv, w Mwjut, ra 7roXXa
avrwv aiviyytara tari, Kai ov iravv \pri Karayt-
Xqv apvrirov ovra. MOM. Flaw youv pvarripiwv ,
w Ztv, Sti -ripiv wg ttStvai Qtovg ptv rovg Qtovg,
KvvoKt<j>aXovg St rovg KWoKtij>aXovg. ZEYS. Ea,
ij>ripi, ra irtpi ru>v Aiyvirriiwv, aXXort yap irtpi
rovrwv tiriaKtipoptOa tm o-ôXije av Se rovg aX-
Xo«e Xt^t.
MQM. Tov Tpoônuov, w Ztv, Kaj, 6 paXiara
-
0EQN EKKAHSIA. 105
fit airoviyu, rov Apij>iXo\oV bg, tvayovg av-

6ounrov Kai urirpaXoiov vlog wv, Stairiwo'u 6
ytvvaiog tv KtXtKta, iptvSoptvog ra iroWa, Kai
yorirtvwv roiv ovoiv oj3oXotv ivtKa' roiyapovv ovk
tri av, u> AiroWov, tvooKipug, aXXa jjSjj 7rae XiOog,
Kat irag fiwpog \priapwSu, bg av tXaiw irtpi\vOrj,
Kai artij>avovg e^V, Kai yO1™e avSpog tviropriari,
oloi 7roXXoi uaiv. HSjj Koi 6 TloXvSapavrog row
aOXritov avSpiag i&rai rovg irvptrtovrag tv OXvju7na,
Kat 6 Qtaytvovg tv Qaaw' Kat 'EKropi Svovaiv tv
lXtw, Kat II/3&>reo-iXai{> KaravrtKpw tv Xtppovriaw.
Atf ov S' ovv roaovroi ytyovaptv, tiriStSwKt
juaXXov jj tiriopKia, Kai itpoavXia, Kai bXwg Karairt-
ij>povriKaaiv ripwv, tv iroiovvrtg.
Kat ravra ptv irtpi rwv voOwv, Kai iraptyypair-
rwv' tyw St Kai ^tva ovopara iroXXa r$ri oKovojv,
ovrt ovrwv rivuiv irap ripiv, ovrt avarrivai, bXwg
Svvaptvwv, iravv w Ztv, Kai nri rovroig ytXw.
H irov yap tariv ij iroXvOpvWrirog Aptrri, Kai
$>vaig, Kai Elpapptvri, Kai Tvxri, avviroarara Kai
Ktva irpayparwv ovopara, iiro ftXaKwv avOpwirwv
tuiv ij>iXoaoij>wv tirivoriutvra ; Kai bjuwg avroa^tSia
ovra, ovru rovg avorirovg irnruKtv, wart ovSug
r)piv ovSt Svuv jSowXerat uSwg ori Kov pvpiag
EKarojuj3ae 7rapaarjjerp, bpwg rjjv Tv\riv irpaôvaav
ra ptpoipaptva, Kai a t£ apxrig tKaarw tirtKXuxrOri'
riStwg av ovv tpoipriv at, w Ztv, u irov uStg jj
Aptrriv, jj $vo-ii,, jj Elpapptvriv' ori ptv yap Kai av
aKovug tv raig rwv ij>iXoaoij>uiv Siarp-tfiaig, oiSa, u
106 9EQN EKKAHSIA.
HV «u Ka>0oe «e ti, fa /3owvru.v mrwv m

tirauiv. UoWa tri tXi»v tiirtiv, Karairavaw rov
Xoyov- bpw yovv roue 7roXXoue axOoptvovg juot
Xeyovri, teat o-uptrrovrae' t«tvoVe fiaXiara, d>v
KaOriiparo ij irappt,iria rton Xoywv.
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This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized

by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the

Abbott's {Rev. G. D.) New English Spelling Book. I2mo.

$nbinn Institute, ©rfbrb.

THE MALAN LIBRARY

BY THE REV. S. C. MALAN, D.D.,

Abbotts Second English Reader. I2mo. Is. 6d. cloth.

Published by WALTON & MABERLY,

History and Etymology of the English Language for the Use of

Elements of English Grammar, for Commercial Schools. By

Elements of English Grammar, for the Use of Ladies' Schools.

28, Upper Grower Street, and 27, Ivy Lane, Paternoster^-

First Outlines of Logic, applied to Grammar and Etymology.

Locke's System of Classical Instruction.

This method is a restoration of the excellent system of tuition advocated

Price of each work, Is. 6d.

THE PLAN RECOMMENDED BY MR. LOCKE :

rRlNTED BY STEWART AND MURRAY,

Having already furnished an Introduction to

own narrative (placed first in this selection), he

choice specimen of the Greek language ; whereas

the common language, yet the authors of these later

It remains to say a few words respecting the

think that on this account, a translation in a living

In this volume, however, we have endeavoured

that such assistance should be given to the student,

" becoming," but also that some words like tv and

the leading characteristics of the ancient language.

THE LIFE OF LUCIAN.

APTI jutv t1ttiraVilriV ij>oltu>V tie rO StSoo--

* The word " youth" is here used in contradistinction to child

Kai StSa^atro* fjlt. Tote irXtuTroig ovv

the; it would certainly in many passages appear superfluous, but

to irpurrov ptv avrog av—t\tlv> irapa Ti|e

* Ap^jj here signifies the " opening" of the debate. It seems

rov 7ropov Sia-apKri. AXXov roi-vvv

* 'Ej>itoyXv<pog, (or -iptvg,) originally meant a " carver-of Mer

ae cjut)7 Kat 7rapa-Xa/3wv, SiSaaia uvai

'Ajua-rt* ovv riptpa too/art" t7rmjSuOff

* The particle rt followed by kcu may commonly be rendered both

re tp-avrq, Kai tKhvoig oig irpo-ypovpriv. Kcu

* The phrase tv fitaifi tutptvrn corresponds to tbe Latin expres

t^ee ava-oXoXv£oji,, Kai rnro-irXtwg SaKpvwv

aXXa Seoptva Kcu aKpoarwv iravv ^iA-»jKo&>v.*

* The verbs ciKovw and aKpoaio, are evidently related in origin—

Kai Kaprtpwg. QiXo-ripovptvai yovv irpog aXXijXae

* *PiXorifiovptvai is compounded of <piXtui to love, and ri/x1i

rriv taStrira, Kara-ytpovaa riravov, oiog 6-Sejoe

* A substantive in Greek is often found in the accusative case

Kai tn>v-ytvri& oiKoSev* Tap re 6 iramrog

* The distinction intended between mceioc and evyytvris may

Kara-Xnrwv triv irarpiSa . km rovg oiKuovg,

* It was considered almost indispensable for the literati of

StuiV. El Sr) ytvoio fte roVrWV,

* The particle ptv may generally be rendered "indeed," but

Ae eyw, w rtKvnv, tipi YlatStia,* ijSrj avv-

* The Greek word llaifaa might here be rendered " Learning,"

avro povov, tpyarrig, km tig rwv eK row

* Belonging to the class of ol 7roXXoi or " the many,"—in con

vavaog, km yupo-avaS,, km airo-yupo-(iiwroQ.'*

* The two vowels that coalesce to form the long w in xnoiavaZ

i {Rev. G. D.) New English Spelling .

Intrtan Institute, (®#fovi

THE MALAN LIBE

Lucian's Dialogues Interlinear English-Greek

Lucian's Dialogues Interlinear English-Greek

aXXa,* (yap ji"')> °"X rlv