Digital Modulation

FSK
Base band and Band Pass Modulation

Data element signal element

 Digital Modulation

Carrier signal: Ac cos (2πfct + θ)

Modulation: m(t)

Modulated signal: Ac (t) cos (2πfc(t) t + θ(t))

∝ m(t); discrete
Vary Vary
amplitude frequency & phase

Variations are discrete!!!!! Binary Multilevel

• OOK • QPSK
• BPSK • MPSK
• DPSK • QAM
• FSK
 Binary bandpass signaling techniques
1 0 1 0 1 0

change in Phase

change in Freq
 Frequency Shift Keying FSK

• Non Coherent Binary FSK

 Frequency Shift Keying FSK

• Coherent Binary FSK

 Frequency Shift Keying FSK

• Coherent Binary FSK

Better to choose s1(t) et s2(t) orthogonal (Coherent Demodulation)

n and m integers

Nominal (apparent) Carrier frequency

 Frequency Shift Keying FSK

• Coherent Binary
f - f = k/T
FSK
continuous phase (k=1: Sunde's FSK,)
1 2

f1 - f2 = 1/2T min separation for orthogonality

MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) : Min separation &

Orthogonality. More than ordinary FSK. Can not be
generated as an ordinary FSK
Frequency Shift Keying FSK
 Frequency Shift Keying FSK

Continuous Phase FSK (CPFSK)

= fréquence instantanée
 Frequency Shift Keying FSK

• Example of Continuous Phase FSK (CPFSK)

 Frequency Shift Keying FSK
Power Spectrum Density of FSK
PSD of Band Pass signal
 PSD of Sunde’S FSK and Out of Band Power
Since the inphase component and the quadrature component are independents

Transmission Bandwidth (2 sided):

Optimum receiver (equally likely and = energy signals)
= Bit error probability for equally likely
signals

=
Optimum receiver (equally likely and = energy signals)
The outputs of the inphase and quadrature correlator matched to the transmitted signal
are
Bit Error probability for orthogonal signals

min separation for orthogonality of non coherent modulation

f1 - f2 = 1/T instead of 1/2T

 M-Array FSK

for the signals to be orthogonal, the frequency separations between any two
of them must be m/2T for coherent case and m/T for noncoherent case.

Assumption : The frequency separations are uniform but arbitrary

= modulation index
 MFSK Power Spectral Density
• The PSD expression is given in [1]

If M is odd and/or messages are not equiprobable then:

where Pi is the a priori probability of message mi.

MFSK Power Spectral Density
MFSK Power Spectral Density
Noncoherent MFSK modulator
 Coherent MFSK modulator

The frequency synthesizer generates signals with the designed frequencies

and coherent phase
 Coherent MFSK demodulator

The above coherent MFSK receivers only require that the MFSK signals be equiprobable,
equal-energy, and do not require them be orthogonal. For more general cases where the
M-ary signal set is not equiprobable and/or not equal in energy, a bias term must be
included in the sufficient statistics li in the receiver
 Error Performance of coherent MFSK demodulation
The exact expression for the symbol error probability for symmetrical orthogonal signal set
(equal-energy, equiprobable) is:

An upper bound for this symbol error probability is

For equally likely orthogonal M-ary signals, all symbol errors are equiprobable. Hence,

the average number of bit errors per n-bit symbol is

and the average bit error probability is just the above result divided by n
Error Performance of coherent MFSK demodulation
Error Performance of coherent MFSK demodulation
Non coherent MFSK demodulator
Non coherent MFSK demodulator
 Error Performance of non coherent MFSK demodulation
Symbol error probability expression for noncoherently demodulated, equiprob- able,
equal-energy, and orthogonal MFSK is

The first term of the summation provides an upper bound

Error Performance of non coherent MFSK demodulation
Error Performance of non coherent MFSK demodulation
Error Performance of non coherent MFSK demodulation