Bonds

DEN<0.5= non-polar
DEN>or equal to 0.5= polar
Molecules
DEN<0.5= non-polar covalent
DEN<1.6= polar covalent
DEN>2.0= ionic
Cation: positive ion
Anion: negative ion
Monatomic: one element in ion
Polyatomic: more than one element in ion
Symmetrical= non-polar molecule
Asymmetrical= polar molecule
Symmetrical but dipole strength isn’t equal= polar molecule
Non-polar bonds = always a non-polar molecule
Polar bonds= not always a polar molecule
Metals= S block
Gasses= P block
Earth Metals= F block
Transition= D block
Periodic Table Trends
Atomic Radius- distance from nucleus to outer most electrons
“down” increase- more energy levels
“across” decrease- more protons=higher nuclear charge= greater pull
Ionic Radius
Cation: Positive Ion (lost an electron) is smaller than the atom it came from
Anion: Negative Ion (gained an electron) is larger than the atom it came from (more electron repulsion)
Ionization Energy: Energy required to remove an electron from an atom
“down” decreases- electron is further from the nucleus therefore it is easier to remove
“across” increases- electron is closer to nucleus therefore it is easier to remove
Electron Affinity- tendency of an atom to pick up an electron
“down” decreases- atoms get larger, nucleus has less attraction
“across” increases- atoms get smaller, nucleus had more attraction
Electron Negativity- Measure of an atoms attraction for a shared pair of electrons in a bond, 0-4
“down” decreases-
“across” increases
*high electro negativity means an element strongly seeks an electron in a reaction
1. Mono
2. Di
3. Tri
4. Tetra
5. Penta
6. Hexta
7. Septa
8. Octa
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d 6f
Principal quantum number (n) - energy level. Rules: n=1, 2, 3… Always a whole number and never less than one
Angular quantum number (L) - shape of orbital. Rules: n= 0, 1, 2…n-1. Never greater than or equal to n and always a whole number
Magnetic quantum number (m of l or m) - orientation of orbital. Rules: starts at –L and runs by whole numbers to zero and then to L
Quantum spin number (m of s or s) - rotation of electron. Rule: +1/2 or -1/2 for each set of quantum numbers
Types of Reactions
1. Combustion- produces CO2 and H20
2. Synthesis- A+B=AB
3. Decomposition- AB= A+B (02 in product)
4. Single Displacement- A+BC=AC+B
5. Double Displacement- AB+CD=AD+CB
6. Acid Base- double displacement with H20 in the product
Diatomic Elements: H, N, O, I, F, Cl, Br
Aufbau Principal: Electrons are added one by one to the lowest energy level available
Hund’s Rule: Electrons avoid pairing up whenever possible within equal energy orbitals

N energy level L orbital shape Possible Orientation Number of Electrons 2n squared

max
1 S (L=0) 1 2 2
2 S (L=0) 1 2 8
P (L=1) 3 6
3 S (L=0) 1 2 18
P (L=1) 3 6
D(L=2) 5 10
4 S 1 2 32
P 3 6
D 5 10
F (L=3) 7 14
Type of Decay Symbol Protons Neutrons Mass Number Atomic Number
Alpha 4 -2 -2 -4 -2
2
Beta 0 +1 -1 0 +1
1
Gamma 0 0 0 0 0
0
Electron Capture 0 -1 +1 0 -1
1

Plum Pudding Rutherford Model Bohr Model

Democritus: An ancient Greek Philosopher born in Abdora in the north of Greece. Created the atomic theory which was regarded as
the culmination of early Greek thought. Indivisible element= atom. Constant motion
Aristotle: A Greek philosopher whos views on physical science shaped medieval scholarship, however they were ultimately replaced
by Newtonian physics.
Alchemists: A philosophy and practice with an aim of achieving ultimate wisdom as well as immortality. The practice aspect
generated the basis of inorganic chemistry. Thought they could transfer metals.
Joseph Proust: The chemist who created the law of definite proportions, or prousts law. Compound has same relative amount of each
element.
Antoine Lavoisier: The father of modern chemistry. Started the first version of the law of conservation of mass. He also recognized/
named hydrogen and oxygen, abolished the phlogiston theory, helped construct the metric system, and wrote the first list of elements.
John Dalton: An English chemist best known for his pioneering work in the development of the modern atomic theory and his
research in color blindness. Also worked on atomic weight.
JJ Thompson: A British physicist created for the discovery of the electron and of isotopes and the invention of the mass spectrometer.
Nobel Prize in 1906. Electricity, cathode rays/ electricity
Ernest Rutherford: New Zealand physist and chemist know as the father of nuclear physics. Discovered that atoms have a small
charged nucleus. First to split an atom in 1917, Gamma, Alpha, and Beta. Gold foil: shot an alpha partical at a gold foil and it went
through
Albert Einstein: A theoretical physicist who created the special and general laws of relativity, Brownian movement of molecules
(theory), and quantum theory of atomic motions in solids.

Percent Error: |Your Result - Accepted Value| / Accepted Value x 100

Sig Figs- Total for multiplication and division, after decimal for addition and subtraction