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4. Consider two vectors 𝑎 = 2𝑒1 + 4𝑒2 + 5𝑒3 and 𝑏 = 𝑒1 + 3𝑒2 , where {𝑒𝑖 } are orthonormal
cartesian basis vectors. For these vectors compute:
a. Norm of 𝑎 and 𝑏
b. The angle between vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏
c. The area of the parallelogram bounded by vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏
d. 𝑏 × 𝑎
e. The component of vector 𝑎 in the direction of 𝑧 = 𝑒1 + 𝑒2
5. Establish the following 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝑇𝑗𝑘 𝑒𝑖 = 𝑇23 − 𝑇32 𝑒1 + 𝑇31 − 𝑇13 𝑒2 + 𝑇12 − 𝑇21 𝑒3 and use
this to show that 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝑒𝑘 = 0. Here, {𝑒𝑖 } denote the orthonormal cartesian basis, 𝛿𝑖𝑗 the
Kronecker delta and 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘 is the permutation symbol.
7. Let 𝜑, 𝑢 and 𝑇 be differentiable scalar, vector and tensor fields. Using index notation verify
the following for cartesian coordinate system:
a. 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜑𝑢 = 𝑢 ⊗ 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜑 + 𝜑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑢
𝑢 1 1
b. 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝜑
= 𝜑 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑢 − 𝜑 2 𝑢. 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜑
c. 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝜑𝑇 = 𝑇 𝑇 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜑 + 𝜑 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑇
d. 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜑 = 0
𝑇
e. 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑢. 𝑢 = 2 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑢 𝑢
f. 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑇 𝑇 𝑢 = 𝑇. 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑢 + 𝑢. 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝑇)
8. The matrix components of a tensor 𝐴 when represented using cartesian coordinate basis are
1 1 1
𝐴= 1 1 1
1 1 1
For this tensor find the following:
a. The spherical and deviatoric parts of 𝐴
b. The eigenvalues of 𝐴
c. The eigenvectors of 𝐴
9. Let (𝑟, 𝜙, 𝜃) denote the spherical coordinates of a typical point related to the cartesian
coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) through 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 , 𝑧 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃. Then express:
a. The spherical coordinate basis in terms of the cartesian basis
b. 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑(𝛼) and 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜈 in terms of spherical coordinates.