GROUP 3

Daño, Marielle
Laspoña, Lyntonette Jane
Genon, Muriel Mae
Zata, Marivic

GR. 12 - ABM A

HOW TO SELECT RELEVANT LITERATURE

What is relevant literature?

What is related literature?

A related literature is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the

present study is related. These materials are usually printed and found in books, encyclopedias,
journals, and other publications.

What is literature review?

A literature review is a process of compiling, classifying, and evaluating what other

researchers have written on a certain topic.

Purpose of Reviewing a Literature

1. It builds the confidence of the researchers.

2. It shows similar studies conducted.
3. Fellow researchers will see the objectivity of the study.
4. It makes the research study empirical.

Selecting the Topic and the Literature

1. Pick a topic.
2. Selecting the literature.
3. Structure of literature review.
4. Characteristics of a good literature
a. Delimits clearly the subject matter to be reviewed
b. Covers all important relevant literature
c. Is up-to-date
d. Provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and conclusions in the literature
e. Points out the similarities and differences, and strengths and weaknesses
in the literature
f. Identifies gaps in the literature for the future research
 g. Clarifies the context for which the literature is important

Wilson (1990) identified four types of reading. These are:

1. Elementary reading - It consists merely of recognizing the words and the literal
comprehesion of the sentences.
2. Systematic Skimming - This is a type of reading in which the articles or materials are
discerned if they can be included for analysis.
3. Analytic reading - An article is examined paragraph by paragraph, a paragraph is
dissected sentence by sentence, and a sentence is read word by word.
4. Comparative reading - The researcher analyzes several articles or books. At this
point, the concepts and principles from the various points of view are compared
and contrast.

Conducting a Review of Literature

Conducting the review of literature involves three steps:

1. Looking for relevant materials.

2. Actual reading.
3. Note-taking.

Tools for Reading and Review

• Highlighting - It uses marks and symbols to facilitate the reading process.

• Annotations - These are remarks, ideas, and opinions the researcher writes during
analysis and synthesis of related materials or sources.

Source: Amadeo Pangilinan Cristobal, Jr., & Maura Consolacion De La Cruz-Cristobal. Practical
Research for Senior High School II. (pp.59-66)

HOW TO CITE RELATED LITERATURE USING STANDARD STYLE (APA, MLA, CHICAGO)

What is citation?

It is a formal reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted and

obtained information from while writing your research paper.

General Writing Tips

1. Other literature reviews and related articles should be used as guide quotations.
2. Using the first person should be avoided.
3. Using colloquial, informal, or slang words, should be limited to specific cases only.
 4. The paper should be organized according to topics and not by chronology.
5. It should be concise.
6. Revise and rewrite.
7. It is imperative to develop good citation habits.

General Writing Style Format Tips

1. If name(s) are the first part of the citation, they are capitalized and listed (i.e., last
name first, and then the initials of the first name/s).
2. Separate names with a comma, and use an ampersand (&) before the last author.
3. Use Ed. for one editor and Eds. for multiple editors.
4. Capitalize the first word in titles and subtitles, and the proper names.
5. Place of publication should include the name of the city.
6. If you are citing a book chapter or section you must indicate the pages. Use p. for a
single page and pp. for multiple pages.
7. Put a space after the p. and put dash (-) between the numbers.

APA Referencing Guide

American Psychological Association - used mainly in social sciences.

MLA Referencing Guide

Modern Language Association - is often applied in the arts and humanities.

Chicago/ Turabian Referencing Guide

 The Turabian format is a derivative of the Chicago style. This style utilizes footnotes in
citing sources in-text instead of parenthetical citations. These footnotes are used in conjunction
with bibliographic entries.

Formats for footnotes/endnotes are indicated by letter N and formats for bibliographic
entry are indicated by letter B.

Source: Amadeo Pangilinan Cristobal, Jr., & Maura Consolacion De La Cruz-Cristobal. Practical
Research for Senior High School II. (pp.69-73)

HOW TO SYNTHESIZE INFORMATION FROM RELEVANT LITERATURE

What is synthesis?

A synthesis is a discussion that draws on one or more sources. Your ability to infer
relationships among sources such as essays, articles, fiction, and also non-written sources such
as lectures, interviews and observations will be helpful in synthesizing information taken from
your review of literature. It is your purpose that determines not only what parts of your sources
you will use but also how you will relate them to each other.

Types of Synthesis
 • Explanatory synthesis - it helps the readers to understand the topic.
• Argument synthesis - its purpose is for you to present your own point of view with
the support of relevant facts drawn from service and
presented in a logical manner.

Categories of sources

• Documents - these include written or printed materials such as annual reports,

books, diaries. etc.
• Numerical Records - any type of numerical data in printed form: test scores,
attendance figures, census reports, school budget and the like.
• Oral Statements - may include stories, myths, tales, legends, chants, songs, and
other forms of oral expressions.
• Relics - formal types of historical soures, any object where physical or visual
characteristics can provide some information about the past like furniture,
artwork, clothing, buildings or equipment.

How to write a synthesis?

1. Consider your purpose in writing.

2. Select and read carefully your sources, according to your purpose.
3. Formulate a thesis. It is the main ideas that you want to present in your synthesis.

4. Decide how you will use your source materials and take down notes.
5. Develop an organizational plan according to your thesis.
6. Write the first draft of your synthesis, following your organizational plan.
7. Revise your synthesis.

Techniques for Writing a Synthesis

1. Summary - Here, you write one after the other the most relevant information and
sources you gathered.
2. Example or illustration - It is a reference to a particularly illuminating example or
illustration that you have in cluded in your review.
3. Two (or more) Reasons - This approach can be an effective method by simply
stating your thesis, then give reasons why it is true.
4. Comparison and Contrast - This will lead to examining two subjects or data in terms
of one another.
Preparing a Synthesis Matrix

Source: Nelia G. Prieto, Victoria C. Naval, & Terisita G. Carey. Practical Research for
Senior High School I, Qualitative. (pp.92-95)

HOW TO WRITE COHERENT REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Structure of a Literature Review
• Introduction • Body • Conclusion

Rules that can guide you in writing a literature review :

• Rule 1. Define the topic and audience .When defining a topic , consider factors
such as Interest ,importance and recency .
• Rule2. Search and re-search reference lists
• Rule 3. Prepare a conceptual diagram of the need for the different types of
literature review.
• Rule 4. Take notes while reading .
• Rule 5. Choose the type of review you wish to write .
• Rule 6. Keep the review focused and make t of broad interest
• Rule 7. Be critical and consistent .
• Rule 8. Find a logical structure .
• Rule 9. Make use of feedback.

Phrases suggesting the tentative character of the research literature such as:
 1.There appears to be strong evidence that…..
2. The literature has shown …..
3. The foregoing literatures have shown …..
4. The data supporting the hypothesis are…..

Source: Nelia G.Prieto,Victoria C. Naval, & Terisita G. Carey. Practical Research for Senior
High School I, Qualitative. (p.98)

HOW TO FOLLOW ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING RELATED LITERATURE

Honesty with professional colleagues

·0 Report findings with honesty

·1 Do not intentionally misinform, mislead, and/or misinterpret

·2 Give appropriate credit when using other people’s work

·3 Avoid plagiarism by fully acknowledge all contents belonging to others.

Protection from harm

·4 Researchers should not expose their participants to physical or psychological

harm

·5 Participants should not be exposed to unusual stress, embarassment, or loss of

self-esteem, as a result of their participation.

·6 In case the study contains a certain amount of stress or psychological

discomfort, the participants shoud be aware of it and must explicity express
their consent to participate.

Right to privacy

·7 Researchers should protect the privacy of their participants

·8 The nature and quality of individually/individual participants performances

should be kept strictly confidential

·9 Researchers should also consider the privacy of the participants by protecting

the electronic data containing their confidential responses from hackers.
ON PLAGIARISM

According to Carver et. al.(2011) plagiarism is the appropriation at another persons

ideas, processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit. Plagiarism is considered as
the most common form of scientific misconduct.

There are two(2) forms of plagiarism. The first one is self-plagiarism in which the
author copies large parts of one of the previous manuscripts word for word. The second form is
duplicate plagiarism in which the author submits a previously – published work as if it is an
original manuscript.

The following are considered acts of plagiarism

·10 When individual is claiming that he/she is the author or original/originator of another
person’s work

·11 When copying the whole written work or even words, ideas, or sentences from someone
without acknowledging him/her.

·12 When one fails to put quote marks on a quotation or except from an outside source

·13 When one gives incorrect information about the source of a quotation.

·14 When changing words or ideas from a source without giving credit to the real author or
source.

·15 When changing words but conveying the ideas and using the sentence structure of an
original source without acknowledging the author.

The following are the different forms of authorships (Strange, 2011)

·16 Coercion authorship

·17 Honorary authorship

·18 Mutual support authorship

·19 Ghost authorship

·20 Denial of authorship

Source: Nelia G. Prieto, Victoria C. Naval, Terisita G. Carey. Practical Research for
Senior High School I, Qualitative. (p.104)