3 - M - B - A - (Tamil) - 317 23 - Business Laws PDF

அழகப்பா பல்கைலக்கழகம்
ேதசியத் தர நிர்ணயக் ��வ�ன் �ன்றாம் �ற்�த் தர மதிப்ப�ட்�ல் A+(CGPA: 3.64) த�தி�ம்

மன�தவள ேமம்பாட்� அைமகச்சகம் - பல்கைலக்கழக மான�யக்��வ�ன் �தல் தரப்
பல்கைலக்கழகம் மற்�ம் தன்னாட்சித் த�தி�ம் ெபற்ற�
காைரக்�� – 630 003
ெதாைலநிைலக்கல்வ� இயக்ககம்
��நிைல வண�க நிர்வாகம்

ப�வம் – II
317 23
வண�க சட்டம்
MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 1 5/20/2019 12:57:44 PM

Author
M C Kuchhal, Ex-Reader, SRCC, University of Delhi
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gy;fiyf;fofg; ghlj;jpl;lk; – ghlg;gFg;G ml;ltiz
tzpf rl;lk;
gy;fiyf;fofg;ghlj;jpl;lk; ghlg;gFg;G
gFjp – I: tzpf rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil mbg;gilfs;

myF 1: ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;: fUj;J – nghUs; – mj;jpahtrpa $Wfs; myF 1: ,e;jpa xg;ge;jj;
– jd;ik, nry;YgbahFk;> cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; nray;jpwd; rYif kw;Wk; rl;lk;> 1872
Vw;G Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; xg;ge;jq;fspd; tifg;ghLfs;. (gf;fq;fs; 1–13)
myF 2: rYif kw;Wk; Vw;G: mwpKfk; – Kd;nkhopT – Vw;G – toq;fy;fs;> myF 2: rYif kw;Wk; Vw;G
rYifiag; gw;wpa jfty; gupkhw;wk;> Vw;G kw;Wk; rYif mQ;ry; %yk; (gf;fq;fs; 14–28)
Vw;G.
myF 3: guprPyid: tiuaiwfs;> guprPyidfspd; tiffs; – myF 3: guprPyid
guprPyidfspd; jdpAupikfs; jd;ik: tpjptpyf;Ffs; – jpwd;: nghUs; (gf;fq;fs; 29–55)
xg;Gjy; – nray;-Njhw;w xg;ge;jj;ij kPWtjw;fhd jPu;Tfs; – xg;ge;j
jPu;Tfs; – Njhw;w xg;ge;jq;fs;.
myF 4: rpwg;G xg;ge;jq;fs;: ,yhgk; kw;Wk; cj;juthjj;jpd; xg;ge;jk; myF 4: rpwg;G xg;ge;jq;fs;
– gpizak; kw;Wk; cWjpnkhop – Kfthz;ik -tiuaiw – rl;lj;jpd; (gf;fq;fs; 56–72)
cupikfs; – cj;juthjj;ij ePf;Fjy; – gpizak; kw;Wk; cWjpnkhop:
mwpKfk;> tifgpupj;jy;> flikfs; kw;Wk; cupikfs; kw;Wk; cupikahsu;
cupikfs; – gpiz vLg;gpd; KbT.
gFjp – II: $l;lhz;ik kw;Wk; epWtd rl;lk;

myF 5: 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid rl;lj;jpd; fPo; xg;ge;jk; mikj;jy;: myF 5: ruf;F tpw;gid
tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; – epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; cj;juthjq;fs; – nrhj;J khw;wk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; xg;ge;jk;
– xg;ge;jj;jpd; nray;jpwd;: nry;YgbahFk; xg;ge;jg;Gs;sp nray;jpwd;> mikj;jy;> 1930
nray;jpwd; kPSUthf;f thf;FWjpapd; mtrpaq;fs; - nrYj;jg;glhj (gf;fq;fs; 73–96)
tpw;gidahsupd; cupikfs;.
myF 6: ruf;Ffspd; kPjhd rl;lq;fs;: flikfs;> cupikfs; kw;Wk; myF 6: ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
nghWg;Gfs;: (i) Vw;wpr;nrYj;jy; rl;lk;> 1865. (ii) ,uapy;Nt rl;lk;> 1989> nry;Yk;NghJ Vw;gLk;
(iii) fly; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; ruf;Ffs;> 1925> (iv) 1972 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd rl;lq;fs;
thd;top rl;lk;> kw;Wk; (v) rhiy %yk; Vw;wpr;nry;Yk; rl;lk;> 2007. (gf;fq;fs; 97–123)
myF 7: khw;wf;$ba Mtzq;fs; rl;lk;> 1881: khw;wj;jf;f Mtzq;fs;: myF 7: khw;wf;$ba
mk;rq;fs; – tiffs; – jug;Gfs; – nghUs; khw;wk; – khw;wj;jf;f Mtzq;fs; Mtzq;fs; rl;lk;> 1881
jug;Gfs; – khw;wj;jf;f Mtzq;fs; rku;g;gpj;jy; (gf;fq;fs; 124–160)
myF 8: fhg;GWjp: rl;lj;jpd; tiuaiw kw;Wk; rl;lq;fs; – ,e;jpahtpy; myF 8: fhg;GWjp
ePjpj;Jiw mikf;fg;gl;lJ – fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; – ,e;jpahtpy; fhg;gPl;Lr; (gf;fq;fs; 161–192)
rl;lj;jpd; tuyhW – rl;lf; Nfhl;ghLfs; – MAs; fhg;gPl;L mbg;gil
Nfhl;ghLfs; jP fhg;gPL kw;Wk; fly; fhg;gPL.
gFjp – III: IIPR kw;Wk; IT

myF 9: ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> 1932 – nghUs; kw;Wk; $l;lhz;ik myF 9: ,e;jpaf; $l;lhz;ik
Nrhjid – epWtdq;fis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; gjpT nra;jy; – nghJ rl;lk;> 1932
fhg;GWjp tzpf ehl;Lilik rl;lk;> 1973. (gf;fq;fs; 193–211)

myF 10: $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;: mwpKfk – gq;fhspahf ,Uf;f myF 10: $l;lhspfspd;
jFjpfs; – $l;lhz;ikapy; khw;wq;fisg; gjpT nra;jy;-gq;fhspj;Jtj;jpd; cwTfs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gfs; – epWtdq;fspd; fiyg;G – gz;Gfs; – (gf;fq;fs; 212–250)
tiffs; – $l;bizj;jy; epWtdq;fs; – rq;f epu;thfpfs; Fwpg;ghidAk;
– rq;fj;jpd; jpl;lq;fs;.
myF 11: epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 – epWtdq;fspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; myF 11: epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;>
tiffs; – jftywpf;if – ntspg;gLj;jypd; Njitfs; – Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; 1956
epu;thfk; – ,af;Feu;fs; epakdk; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; flikfs;. (gf;fq;fs; 251–281)
gFjp – IV: MSME

myF 12: epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;: mwpKfk; – nray;Kiw – xU myF 12: xU epWtdk;
epkplKk; jPu;khdq;fSk; – ngUepWtd mYty;fs; mikr;rpd; fPo; cs;s cUthf;fk;
Mtzq;fis epug;Gjy; (MCA) 21-epWtdq;fs; Nkyhz;ik – $l;lq;fs; – (gf;fq;fs; 282–308)
tiffs; – Njitfs; – AGM kw;Wk; EGM epu;thff; FO $l;lk;.
myF 13: jfty; njhopy; El;g rl;lk;: mwpKfk; – IT rl;lk;> 2000f;F myF 13: jfty;
gpd;dhy; epahak; – jfty; njhopy;El;gj; rl;lk; 2000: fzpdpka njhopy;El;gtpay; rl;lk;> 2000
milahsk; 2000: fhuzk;; kpd;dZ gjpT – xOq;FKiw rhd;wspf;Fk; (gf;fq;fs; 309–334)
mjpfhupfis xg;Gtpj;jy; kw;Wk; mDg;Gjy;.
myF 14: rpWghd;ikapdu; eyDf;F ghJfhg;G: mwpKfk; – mwpKfk; myF 14: epWtd rl;lk;
– KWf;F Kiwfs; – jfty; rl;lk;> 2005 cupik> rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa kw;Wk; jfty; mwpAk; cupikr;
mk;rq;fs;> nghJ Mizaj;jpd; flik> nghJ jfty; mYtyu; gjtp> rl;lk;> 2005
jfty; ngWtjw;fhd Nfhupf;if. (gf;fq;fs; 335–352)

cs;slf;fk;
jiyg;G gf;fk;. vz;
Kd;Diu xi
gFjp – I: tzpf rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil

myF 1 ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872 1–13
1.0 Kd;Diu
1.1 myfpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
1.2 jd;ik> $Wfs; kw;Wk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; cUthf;fk;
1.2.1 jd;ik
1.2.2 mj;jpahtrpa $Wfs;
1.2.3 xg;ge;jq;fspd; tifg;gLj;jy;: nry;Ygbahf;fk;> cUthf;fk; kw;Wk;
nray;jpwd;
1.3 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
1.4 RUf;fk;
1.5 Kf;fpa fUj;Jg;gbkq;fs;
1.6 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1.7 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 2 rYif kw;Wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; 14–28

2.0 Kd;Diu
2.2 rYif kw;Wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;: xU fz;Nzhl;lk;
2.2.1 rYif (Kd;nkhopT)
2.2.2 nry;YgbahFk; rYif njhlu;ghf rl;l tpjpfs;
2.2.3 ,og;G kw;Wk; rYifia jpUk;gg; ngWjy;
2.2.4 Vw;G
2.2.5 xU nry;Ygbahd Vw;G njhlu;ghd rl;l tpjpfs;
2.2.6 rYifiag; gw;wpa jfty;> Vw;G kw;Wk; kWg;Gfs;
2.4 RUf;fk;
2.7 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 3 guprPyid 29–55

3.0 Kd;Diu
3.2 guprPyid: tiuaiwfs;> tiffs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;
3.2.1 nry;Ygbahd guprPyidapd; mtrpaq;fs;
3.2.2 xg;ge;jq;fs; kw;Wk; tpjp tpyf;Ffs;
3.3 jpwd; kw;Wk; xg;Gjy;

3.3.1 xg;Gjy; kw;Wk; ,ytr xg;Gjy;
3.4 nghUspd; rl;lG+u;t jd;ik
3.4.1 jpl;ltl;lkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l ntw;wpl xg;ge;jq;fs;
3.5 xg;ge;j ntspNaw;wk;
3.6 xg;ge;jj;ij kPWjy; kw;Wk; mjd; jPu;Tfs;
3.7 Njhw;w xg;ge;jq;fs;
3.7.1 Njhw;w xg;ge;j flikfs;
3.9 RUf;fk;
3.12 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 4 rpwg;G xg;ge;jq;fs; 56–72

4.0 Kd;Diu
4.2 cupik kPwy; kw;Wk; cj;juthjk;> cupikfs; kw;Wk; ntspNaw;w xg;ge;jk;
4.2.1 ,og;gPl;L xg;ge;jq;fs;
4.2.2 cj;juthjj;jpd; xg;ge;jq;fs;
4.2.3 fldpypUe;J cj;jputhjk; ntspNaw;wy;
4.3 gpizak; kw;Wk; cWjpnkhop: xU fz;Nzhl;lk;
4.3.1 gpizaj;jpd; tifg;ghLfs;
4.3.2 gpizak; mspg;gtu; kw;Wk; gpizak; ngWgtu; flikfs; kw;Wk; cupikfs;
4.3.3 gpiznaLg;G epWj;jk;
4.4 Kfthz;ik rl;lk;
4.4.1 nghJ xOq;FKiw Kfthz;ik
4.6 RUf;fk;
4.9 NkYk; gbf;f
gFjp – II: $l;lhz;ik kw;Wk; epWtd rl;lk;

myF 5 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid rl;lj;jpd; fPo; xg;ge;jk; mikj;jy; 73–96
5.0 Kd;Diu
5.2 tpw;gid xg;ge;jk;: xU fz;Nzhl;lk;
5.3 epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; cj;juthjq;fs;
5.4 ngau; khw;wk; kw;Wk; nrhj;J
5.4.1 nrhj;J gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd tpjpfs;
5.5 gzk; nrYj;jhj tpw;gidahsupd; cupikfs;
5.6 xg;ge;j mbg;gilapy; tpw;gid
5.8 RUf;fk;

5.11 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 6 ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Ytjw;fhd rl;lq;fs;; 97–123

6.0 Kd;Diu
6.2 Cu;jpfs; rl;lk;> 1865
6.3 ,uapy;Nt rl;lk;> 1890
6.3.1 ,uapy;Nt epu;thfj;jpd; flikfs;
6.3.2 ,uapy;Nt epu;thfj;jpd; nghWg;Gfs;
6.3.3 Nfhupf;iffspd; mwptpg;G (gpupT. 78b)
6.4 fly; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ruf;Ffs; Vw;wpr;nry;Yjy;> 1925
6.4.1 Cu;jpf; Fj;jif xg;ge;jk;
6.4.2 fly; topahf nfhz;L nry;Yeupd; flikfs;
6.4.3 fly; topahf nfhz;L nry;Yeupd; nghWg;Gfs;
6.4.4 fg;gy; cupikahsu; cupkk; kw;Wk; fly;top cupkk;
6.5 1972 tpkhd rl;lk; %yk; vLj;J nry;Yjy;
6.5.1 ruf;Fjhuu; kw;Wk; ruf;F Vw;W cupikahsupd; cupikfs;
6.5.2 ruf;F nfhz;L nry;Yeupd; nghWg;Gfs;
6.6 2007 rhiyr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Vw;wpr;nry;Yjy;
6.8 RUf;fk;
6.11 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 7 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lk;; 124–160

7.0 Kd;Diu
7.2 khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lk;;: tiuaiw> rpwg;gk;rq;fs;> tiffs; kw;Wk;; jug;Gfs;;
7.2.1 khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gz;Gfs;
7.2.2 thf;FWjpr; rPl;L
7.2.3 guptu;j;jid khw;wr;rPl;L
7.2.4 fhNrhiy
7.2.5 tq;fp tiuT
7.2.6 khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; Kjpu;r;rp
7.2.7 cupa fhyj;jpy; gzk; nrYj;Jjy;
7.2.8 tl;b nrYj;Jjy;
7.2.9 itj;jpUg;gtu;
7.3 khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;; rl;lj;jpid toq;fy;
7.4 khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;; rl;lk; kw;Wk; %yg;nghUs; jpUj;jpaikj;jy; Mfpatw;iw
Neu;ikaw;W ntspNaw;wy;.
7.4.1 Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; jug;Gfs; ntspNaw;wk;;
7.6 RUf;fk;
7.9 NkYk; gbf;f

myF 8 fhg;gPL 161–192
8.0 Kd;Diu
8.2 fhg;gPL: tiuaiw kw;Wk; rl;l %yq;fs;
8.2.1 fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;jpd; tiffs;
8.2.2 ePjpj;Jiw mikg;G kw;Wk; rl;lf; Nfhl;ghl;L fhg;GWjp
8.2.3 ,e;jpahtpy; fhg;gPL rl;lk;
8.3 xU xg;ge;jkhf fhg;gPL
8.3.1 fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jj;jpd; jd;ik
8.3.2 fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
8.3.3 MAs; fhg;GWjp
8.3.4 jP fhg;GWjp
8.3.5 fly; fhg;GWjp
8.5 RUf;fk;
8.8 NkYk; gbf;f
gFjp – III: IIPR kw;Wk; IT

myF 9 ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> 1932 193–211
9.0 Kd;Diu
9.2 nghUs; kw;Wk; $l;lhz;ik Nrhjid
9.2.1 $l;lhz;ikapd; mj;jpahtrpa $Wfs;
9.2.2 $l;lhz;ik Ma;T
9.2.3 epWtdq;fis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; gjpT nra;jy;
9.3 MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fofk; rl;lk;> 1956
9.3.1 nghJ fhg;GWjp tzpf ehl;Lilik rl;lk;> 1973
9.3.2 khefuhl;rpapd; gzpfs;
9.3.3 epWtdq;fis ifafg;gLj;Jtjpy; cs;s gzpfs;
9.5 RUf;fk;
9.8 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 10 $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; 212–250

10.0 Kd;Diu
10.2 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;
10.2.1 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ik> 2008
10.3 $l;lhspfs; cwTfs;: mwpKfk;> jFjp kw;Wk; $l;lhsp khw;w gjpT
10.3.1 epakpf;fg;gl;l $l;lhspfs; (gpupT 7)
10.3.2 epWtdq;fs; fiyg;G
10.4 epWtdq;fs; ,izj;jy;

10.4.1 epWtdj;jpd; gz;Gfs;
10.5 rq;fj;jpd; Fwpg;ghiz
10.5.1 Fwpg;ghizapd; cs;slf;fq;fs;
10.5.2 Fwpg;ghizia jpUj;jpaikj;jy;
10.6 rq;fq;fspd; fl;Liufs;
10.8 RUf;fk;
10.11 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 11 epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 251–281

11.0 Kd;Diu
11.2 epWtdq;fspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; tiffs;
11.3 jftywpf;if kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jypd; Njitfs;.
11.3.1 jftywpf;ifapd; cs;slf;fk;
11.4 Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; epu;thfk;: ,af;Feu; epakdk;> mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; flikfs;
11.4.1 ,af;Feu;fs; epakdk;
11.4.2 ,af;Fdu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs;
11.4.3 ,af;Fdu;fspd; flikfs;
11.4.4 gpw epu;thfj; Jiw gzpahsu;fs;
11.6 RUf;fk;
11.9 NkYk; gbf;f
gFjp – IV: MSME

myF 12 epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; 282–308
12.0 Kd;Diu
12.2 epWtdk; cUthf;fk;: mwpKfk; kw;Wk; nray;Kiw
12.2.1 gjtp cau;T epiy
12.2.2 gjpT kw;Wk; ,izj;jy; epiy
12.2.3 tzpf epiy njhlf;fk;
12.3 $l;lq;fs;: tiffs; kw;Wk; Njitfs;
12.3.1 AGM kw;Wk; EGM
12.3.2 mrhjhuz my;yJ mtrufhy nghJf; $l;lk; (EGM)
12.3.3 epu;thff; FO $l;lk;
12.3.4 Njitfs;
12.3.5 epkplq;fs; kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fs;
12.3.6 E-ngUepWtd mYty;fs; mikrfj;jpd; fPOs;s Mtzq;fs; (MCA)
12.5 RUf;fk;

12.8 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 13 jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; rl;lk;> 2000 309–334

13.0 Kd;Diu
13.2 ,e;jpa IT rl;lk; gw;wpa fz;Nzhl;lk;
13.2.1 IT rl;lk;> 2000f;F gpd;dhy; epahak;
13.2.2 jfty; njhopy;El;gr; rl;lk; njhlf;fk;> 2000
13.2.3 IT rl;l jpl;lk;> 2000
13.2.4 fzpdpka ifnahg;gk;
13.3 kpd;dZ gjpTfis> xg;Gtpj;jy; kw;Wk; mDg;Gjy;
13.4 rhd;wspf;Fk; nghWg;ghsu;fis Kiwg;gLj;Jjy;
13.4.1 rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuq;fs;
13.4.2 rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhurigapd; flikfs;
13.4.3 fzpdpka milahs rhd;wpjo;fs;
13.6 RUf;fk;
13.9 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 14 epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lk;> 2005 335–352
14.0 Kd;Diu
14.2 epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;: rpWghd;ik tl;b ghJfhg;G
14.3 epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;: Kuz;ghL Kiwfs;
14.4 jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lk;> 2005
14.4.1 cupik mwpjy; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
14.4.2 nghJ Mizaj;jpd; flik
14.4.3 nghJ jfty; mYtyupd; gjtp
14.4.4 jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;fhd Nfhupf;if
14.6 RUf;fk;
14.9 NkYk; gbf;f

Kd;Diu
tu;j;jfk;> ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; tzpfk; njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpa rl;lg;gpuptpd;
fPo; 'tzpf rl;lk;" vd;w gjk; tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;. tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; vd;w khwptUk;
R+o;epiyfSld;> ,J vg;NghJk; tsu;e;J tUk; xU rl;lkhFk;.
etPd tzpf cyfpy; rpf;fy;fs; mjpfupj;J tUk; epiyapy;> tzpf rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk;
kpfg; ngupa mstpy; tpuptile;Js;sJ. ,J xg;ge;jq;fs;> nghUl;fs; tpw;gid> $l;lhz;ik>
epWtdq;fs;> khw;wf;$ba fUtpfs;> fhg;gL
P > nehbg;G> ruf;F Vw;Wjy; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ikAupik
Nghd;wit njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fis nghJthf Gupe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
rl;lj;jpd; mwpT Njitia typAWj;j KbahJ. rl;l mwpahikf;F ve;j fhuzKk;
,y;iy> ,J rl;lk; gw;wpa mwpahikia tof;fg;gLj;Jtjw;F rl;lj;ij kPWjy; vd;w
xU egUf;F jpwe;Jtpltpy;iy vd;gij Fwpf;fpwJ. rl;lj;ij kPWjy; vd;gJ rl;lj;jpw;F
Kuzhf vijahtJ nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W rl;lk; ,aw;w Ntz;Lk; my;yJ rl;lj;ij
kPWk; vijahtJ nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhaj;ij nra;fpwJ. vdNtjhd;> xt;nthU
egUk; rl;lk; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W Cfpf;fg;gLtJ nghJthf mwpag;gl;L Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,J Nghd;w nghUshjhu kw;Wk; tu;jj ; f eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;Ls;s kf;fs;>
mbg;gil tzpfr; rl;lq;fspd; nghJf; Nfhl;ghLfisf; nfhz;L jq;fisg; gof;FtJ
,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ. gy;NtW rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;> tzpff; nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fs;> jug;gpdu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l rl;lq;fspd; %yk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;ld. ,e;Jf;fs;
kw;Wk; K];ypk;fspd; cupikfs; mtu;fsJ> me;je;j rl;lq;fshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;ld. ,uz;L
jug;GfSNk ,e;Jf;fshf ,Ue;jd. mit ,e;J rl;lj;jpd;gb xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;ld. ,uz;L
jug;GfSNk K];yk P f
; shf ,Ue;jd. mg;NghJ Kfkjpad; rl;lk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. xU jug;gpdu;
,e;Jthf ,Ue;j re;ju;gg ; q;fspYk;> kw;nwhd;W K];ypkhf ,Ue;j Neuq;fspYk; jdpg;gl;l
Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];ypk;fs; jtpu kw;wtu;fs;> kw;Wk; ,e;Jf;fs;
my;yJ K];yk P f
; spd; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; topfhl;Ljy;fs; mikjpahf ,Ue;jd> ePjpkd;wq;fs;
nghJthf Mq;fpy rl;lj;jpd; nfhs;ifiag; gad;gLj;jpd. gbg;gbahf> xg;ge;jq;fis
xOq;FgLj;Jk; xU rPUil rl;lk; mky;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba Njit czug;gl;lJ kw;Wk; ,J
toq;fg;gl;lJ. 1872 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> gpwg;G rl;lq;fs;> 1881 tiuapyhd
gy rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld. tpw;gid nghUl;fs; rl;lk;> 1930; ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik xg;ge;jk;>
1932; fhg;gL
P rl;lk;> 1938> Kjypad toq;fg;gl;lJ.
tzpf rl;lk; vd;Dk; ,e;E}y; tzpf R+oypy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;Fk; gy;NtW
rl;lq;fSf;F khztu;fis mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j E}ypy; xt;nthU myFk; xU
‘mwpKfk;’ vd;w Ra topfhl;b Kiwapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; tpupthd cs;slf;fk;
gpd;du; xU vspa kw;Wk; fl;likf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy; toq;fg;gLk;, ‘cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr;
Nrhjpj;jwpf’, khztupd; Gupjiy Nrhjpf;f cjTfpwJ. RUf;fk;> Kf;fpa fUj;Jg;gbkq;fs;>
jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs; mlq;fpa njhFj;Jiuj;jy; xt;nthU myfpd;
,WjpapYk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

gFjp– I ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872
tzpf rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil
myF 1 ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872 Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
1.0 Kd;Diu
1.2 xg;ge;jj;jpd; jd;ik> $Wfs; kw;Wk; cUthf;fk;
1.2.1 jd;ik
1.2.2 mj;jpahtrpa $Wfs;
1.2.3 xg;ge;jq;fspd; tifg;gLj;jy;;: nry;Ygbahf;fk;>
cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; nray;jpwd;
1.3 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd
tpilfs;
1.4 RUf;fk;
1.7 NkYk; gbf;f
1.0 Kd;Diu
,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; ehk; xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; EioAk; tpjj;ij
toptFf;fpwJ. xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gil fl;likg;ghdJ ,e;jpa xg;ge;j
rl;lj;jpy; cs;slq;fpaJ kw;Wk; mJ rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd gFjp
MFk;. xU xg;ge;jk;> rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jf;$ba cld;gbf;if
MFk;. vdNt> xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ: xU xg;ge;jk;
kw;Wk; cld;gbf;if rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fs; xd;W my;yJ kw;wtu;fsplk;
VjhtJ xd;iw nra;a my;yJ nra;ahtpl;lhy; xU cld;gbf;if
eilKiwf;F tUfpwJ. xU xg;ge;jk; rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jg;glf;$ba
flikia cUthf;f ,ayhtpl;lhy;> mJ xg;ge;jk; my;y. mjhtJ
xU cld;gbf;if vd;gJ xg;ge;jj;ij tpl xU gue;j tpjk; MFk;.
‘midj;J xg;ge;jq;fSk; cld;gbf;iffs; MFk;. Mdhy; midj;J
cld;gbf;iffSk; xg;ge;jq;fs; my;y.’ xOf;f newp cld;gbf;iffs;>
kj my;yJ r%f ,ay;G Mfpait xg;ge;jq;fs; my;y. Vnddpy; mit
rl;lk; %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; xU flikia cUthf;Ftjpy;iy.
xU xg;ge;jk; nry;YgbahFk; tifapy;> mJ mtrpakhd
$Wfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU ‘rl;lG+u;tkhd rYifAk;’>
,e;j rYifiag; gw;wp ‘rl;lG+u;tkhd xg;GifAk;’ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,jdhy; xU cld;gbf;if Vw;gLfpwJ. cld;gbf;if rl;luPjpahd
tpisTfshy; ,izf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; rl;lg;G+u;t flikfis
cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jug;gpdupilNa xU vz;zk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 1

,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872 xt;nthU jug;gpdUk; VjhtJ xd;iw nfhLj;J vijahtJ ngw;W
,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk xU xg;ge;jj;ij rl;lG+u;tkhf mky;gLj;j KbAk;.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l my;yJ ngwg;gl;l xd;W thf;FWjpf;Ff;fhd tpiy
‘guprPyid’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xU xg;ge;jj;jpw;F midj;J
Fwpg;Gfs; jug;gpdupd; ,ytr xg;Gjy; vd;gJ xU nry;Ygbahd xg;ge;jj;jpd;
kw;nwhU ,d;wpaikahj mk;rkhFk;. eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;> cUthf;fk;
kw;Wk; nray;gLj;Jk; msT Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gy tifahd
xg;ge;jq;fs; cs;sd.
,e;j myF ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> 1872
d; ,ay;G> $Wfs;
kw;Wk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; tiffis Muha;tij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;>
••xg;ge;jj;jpd; nghUis mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;
••xg;ge;jj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; cUthf;fk; Mfpatw;iw tptupf;f
KbAk;
••xg;ge;jj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahg; $Wfis mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
••xg;ge;jj;jpd; tifg;ghl;il mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;
••eilKiwg;gLj;Jjypd; mbg;gilapy; xg;ge;jq;fspd; tiffis
Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;
••cUthf;f Kiw mbg;gilapy; xg;ge;jq;fspd; tiffis
tpsf;f KbAk;
••nray;gLj;Jk; msT mbg;gilapy; xg;ge;jq;fspd; tiffis
mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;
••cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; nray;jpwid mwpa KbAk;
1.2 xg;ge;jj;jpd; jd;ik> $Wfs; kw;Wk; cUthf;fk;

1.2.1 jd;ik
,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk; 1872d; gb> ,e;jpah xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ.
,J [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPu; khepyk; jtpu ,e;jpah KOtJk; gutpAs;sJ
kw;Wk; nrg;lk;gu; 1> 1872 md;W mkYf;F te;jJ. ,r;rl;lk; KOikay;y.
,J xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; midj;J fpisfisAk; ifahshJ.
khw;Wr; rhjdq;fs;> nrhj;J gupkhw;wk;> nghUl;fs; tpw;gid> $l;LwT>
fhg;gPL Kjypad njhlu;ghd xg;ge;jq;fisf; nfhz;l jdpj;jdp
rl;lq;fs; cs;sd. kWgbAk;> ,e;j rl;lk; ve;jnthU gad;ghLk;
my;yJ tzpf tof;ifAk; ghjpf;fhJ (gpupT 1). ,e;jpa xg;ge;j
(jpUj;jk;) rl;lk;> 1996 rl;lj;jpd; 28 tJ gpuptpy; xU rpwpa jpUj;jk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
(h) ,d; gb: ‘rl;lj;jhy;
,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2
mky;gLj;jf;$ba cld;gbf;if xU xg;ge;jkhFk;.’ vdNt> xU
2 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

cld;gbf;if vd;gJ xU rl;luPjpahd flikia cUthf;FtJ> ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872
mjhtJ rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jg;glf;$ba flik MFk;

Nkw;fz;l tiuaiwapypUe;J> mbg;gilapy; xU xg;ge;jk; ,uz;L
$Wfisf; nfhz;lJ vd;W fhz;fpNwhk;: (1) cld;gbf;if> kw;Wk; (2)
rl;luPjpahd flik> mjhtJ xU rl;lj;jpd; %yk; mky;gLj;jf; $ba Fwpg;Gfs;
flik MFk;. ,e;jf; $Wfis ehk; ,g;NghJ tpupthf Muha;Nthk;.
1. cld;gbf;if: gpupT 2(e) gb> xt;nthU thf;FWjpAk;>
xt;nthU thf;FWjpfspd; njhFg;Gk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
jPu;khdj;ij cUthf;FtJk; xU xg;ge;jkhFk;. vdNt>
,e;j tiuaiwapypUe;J xU "cWjpnkhop" vd;gJ xU
cld;ghL vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ‘cWjpnkhop’ vd;why;
vd;d? ,e;jf; Nfs;tpf;fhd tpil gpupT 2 (b) y;
tiuaWf;fpwJ: 'Kd;nkhopT nra;ag;gl;l egu; jdJ ,irit
Fwpf;Fk;NghJ> me;j Kd;nkhopT Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;W
nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;> 1872y; xU cWjpnkhopahf
khWfpwJ.’ xU jug;gpdu; kw;nwhU jug;gpdu; xU Kd;nkhopT
my;yJ tha;g;gpid toq;Fk; NghJ kl;LNk xU cld;gbf;if
cUthfpwJ> NkYk; me;j jug;gpdu; jdJ xg;Gjiy (mjhtJ>
Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ) vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. RUf;fkhf> xU cld;ghL
vd;gJ ‘rYif’ kw;Wk; ‘xg;Gjy;;’ d; nkhj;jk; MFk;.
2. rl;l flik: NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy;> xg;ge;jkhf
khWtjw;F xU cld;gbf;if xU rl;luPjpahd flikia Mw;w
Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jg;glf;$ba flik.
xU cld;gbf;if rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jg;glf;$ba flikia
cUthf;f ,ayhtpl;lhy;> mJ xg;ge;jk; my;y. vdNt> xU
cld;gbf;if vd;gJ xg;ge;jj;ij tpl tpupthd xd;whFk;. midj;J
xg;ge;jq;fSk; cld;gbf;iffs; MFk; Mdhy; midj;J
cld;gbf;iffSk; xg;ge;jq;fs; my;y. xg;ge;j
newpKiwfs;> mwnewp> kjk; my;yJ r%fj; jd;ik

gw;wpa xg;ge;jq;fs; mjhtJ xU ez;gu; tPl;by; kjpa
czT my;yJ xd;whf eilgapw;rp vLf;fyhk; vd;gJ xU
thf;FWjp Nghd;w xU xg;ge;jk; my;y> Vndd;why; rl;luPjpahd
tpisTfshy; mtu;fs; fye;J nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tpUk;Gk; vspa fhuzj;jpw;fhf rl;lj;jhy; ,aq;ff;$ba xU
flikia mtu;fs; cUthf;f KbahJ.
tzpf xg;ge;jq;fspy;> fl;rpfs; rl;l cwTfis Njhw;Wtpf;f
tpUk;Gfpd;wd vd;gJ nghJthf Cfpf;fg;gLk;. v.fh. 100 %l;ilfs;
NfhJik> xU %l;il xd;Wf;F 430 vd;w mstpy; xU xg;ge;jk;
Vw;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; mJ rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jg;glf;$ba xU jPu;it
mspf;fpwJ> kw;Wk; ,U jug;gpdJk; xU gFjpapy; cs;s ,ay;Gepiyahf
,Ue;jhy;> xg;ge;jj;ij kPWjy; vd;w xU nraiy xU ePjpkd;wk; %yk;
mky;gLj;j KbAk;. gpupT 10 d; gb nra;ag;gLk; rl;lk;> xU rl;luPjpahd
guprPyidf;F kw;Wk; rl;lG+u;tkhd xU nghUSld; xg;ge;jk; nra;a
jFjp tha;e;j jug;gpdupd; rhu;gpy; ,ytrkhf xg;GjYld; nra;ag;gl;l
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 3

,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872 xg;ge;jk; MFk;. ,t;thwhf> ,e;j rl;lk; ‘xg;ge;jk;’ vd;w thu;j;ijia
gad;gLj;jp> jug;GfSf;F ,ilNa rl;lG+u;t flikfis toq;Fk;
xg;ge;jq;fis kl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;W Kbthff; $wyhk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; 1.2.2 mj;jpahtrpa $Wfs;

gpupT 2 (h)-y; xU xg;ge;jk; rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jg;glf;$ba
cld;gbf;if vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
eilKiwg;gLj;jf; $ba tifapy;> xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; 10> 29 kw;Wk; 56
Mfpa gpupTfspy; mlq;fpAs;s nry;yj;jf;f xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gil
$Wfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk.; gpupT 10 d; gb> midj;J cld;gbf;iffs;
xg;ge;jq;fSldhd cld;gbf;iff;F ,zq;ff; $ba jug;gpd; ,ytr
xg;Gjyhy;> xg;ge;jq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd> rl;lG+u;tkhd fUj;jpw;fhf>
xU rl;lG+u;tkhd nghUs; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ntspg;gilahf
mwptpf;fg;gltpy;iy> NkYk; Njitg;gl;lhy; ve;jnthU rl;lj;ijAk;
vOj;J my;yJ rhd;wpjo; my;yJ gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ehk; ,g;NghJ
xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis RUf;fkhf ,q;F tpthjpg;Nghk;.
nry;YgbahFk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; ,d;wpaikah $Wfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. rYif kw;Wk; Vw;G: ‘rl;lG+u;tkhd rYifAk;’> ,e;j rYifiag;
gw;wp ‘rl;lG+u;tkhd xg;GifAk;’ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; xU
cld;ghL Vw;gLk;. ,e;j rYifAk;> Vw;Gk; xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd;
Njitfis mjd; njhlu;gpNyNa G+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
Fwpf;fpwJ.
2. rl;l cwTfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Nehf;fk;: ,e;j cld;ghL rl;l
tpisTfSld; ,izf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; rl;lg;G+ut ; flikfis
cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; jug;gpdupilNa ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xU r%f my;yJ cs;ehl;L ,ay;gpd; xg;ge;jq;fs; rl;l cwT-
fisg; gw;wp rpe;jpf;ftpy;iy. mNjNghy; mit xU xg;ge;jj;ijAk;
nfhLf;ftpy;iy. xU ez;gupd; tPlb; y; rhg;gpl xU cld;ghL nra;tJ
rl;l cwTfis cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fk; xU cld;gbf;if my;y
vdNt xU xg;ge;jk; my;y. fztd; kidtpapilNa xg;ge;jq;fs;>
rl;lg;G+ut
; cwTfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Nehf;fk; ,y;iy ,jd;
%yk; xg;ge;jq;fs; nra;a KbahJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
(a) M jdJ kidtp N f;F> mts; xU ghliyg; ghbdhy; mtSf;F
xU Glitia jUtjhf thf;FWjp mspf;fpwhu;. N ghly;
ghbdhs; Mdhy; M mtSf;F Nriy nfhLf;ftpy;iy. rl;l
cwTfis cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fk; ,y;yhjjhy; cld;ghl;il
eilKiwg;gLj;j ePjpkd;wj;jpy; N xU nraiy nfhz;Ltu
Kbatpy;iy.
(b) gpujpthjpahd muR Copau; xUtu; ,yq;ifapy; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
,q;fpyhe;jpy; mtUk; mtUila kidtpAk; tpLg;Gf;F te;jdu;.
gpujpthjp ,yq;if jpUk;gp tUk; NghJ> mtuJ kidtp
cly;eyk; fhuzkhf mtUld; cld; tu Kbatpy;iy.

gpujpthjp mtSf;F £ 30 xU khjj;jpw;F guhkupg;G nrytpdkhf ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872
mDg;Gtjhf xg;Gf;nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j xg;ge;jj;ij kPwpajhf

mts; $wpdhs;. rl;l eltbf;if vjidAk; guprPypf;ftpy;iy
vd;gjhy; mtuJ eltbf;if js;Sgb nra;ag;gl;lJ> vdNt
xg;ge;jk; vJTk; ,y;iy. (ghy;/Nghu; vs ghy;/Nghu;) Fwpg;Gfs;
3. rl;lG+u;tkhd guprPyid: nry;YgbahFk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; %d;whtJ
mj;jpahtrpa mk;rk; ‘guprPyidapd;’ Kd;dpiyahFk;.
kw;nwhU jug;gpdu; nfhLj;j thf;FWjpf;F tpiy epu;zak;
nra;Ak; tifapy;> guprPyid tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU
jug;gpdUk; VjhtJ xd;iw nfhLj;J vijahtJ
ngw;W ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk xU xg;ge;jj;ij rl;lG+u;tkhf
mky;gLj;j KbAk;. nfhLf;fg;gl;l my;yJ ngwg;gl;l xd;wpd;>
thf;FWjpf;fhd tpiy> ‘guprPyid’ vdg;gLfpwJ. rpy
tpjptpyf;FfSf;F cl;gl;l> ,ytrkhd thf;FWjpfs; rl;lj;jpy;
mky;gLj;j ,ayhJ.
‘guprPypid’ vd;gJ> xU rl;lk; (VjhtJ nra;J) my;yJ
nghWik (VjhtJ nra;atpy;iy) my;yJ nra;a xU
thf;FWjp my;yJ VjhtJ nra;af;$lhJ vd ,Uf;fyhk;. ,J
fle;j> jw;Nghija my;yJ vjpu;fhykhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
4. jug;gpdupd; jpwd;: xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s jug;gpdu;fs; xg;ge;jk;
nra;a jFjpAs;stu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> ,y;iynad;why;
mij ePjpkd;wk; eilKiwg;gLj;j KbahJ. xg;ge;jk; nra;a
jFjpAs;s jug;gpdu;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikapduhfTk;> xw;WikahfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; ve;jnthU xg;ge;jj;jpd; rl;lj;jpYk;
,Ue;J jFjpaw;wtu;fshf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. (gpupT 11).
5. ,ytr xg;Gjy;: xU xg;ge;jj;jpw;F midj;J jug;gpdupd;
xg;Gjy; vd;gJ xU nry;Ygbahd xg;ge;jj;jpd; kw;nwhU
,d;wpaikahj mk;rkhFk;. ‘xg;Gjy;’ vd;why;> jug;gpdu; xU
fUj;ij xj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; (gpupT 13). ‘,ytr
xg;Gjy;’ ,y;yhj NghJ xg;ge;jk; J}z;lg;gl;lhy;>
(i) gyte;jk;, (ii) fhuzk; ,y;yhj nry;thf;F, (iii) Nkhrb, (iv)
jtwhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; my;yJ (v) jtW (gpupT 14).
6. rl;lG+u;tkhd nghUs;: xU nry;Ygbahd xg;ge;jj;ij
cUthf;f> xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s jug;gpdu;fs; xU
rl;lG+u;tkhd nghUSf;F cld;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
mtrpakhFk;. ,e;j cld;gbf;if> xU Nkhrbahd my;yJ
rl;ltpNuhjkhd my;yJ nghJ nfhs;iff;F vjpuhdjhf ,Uf;ff;
$lhJ my;yJ kw;nwhU egupd; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F tpisT
Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; (gpupT 23). NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
fhuzq;fSs; xd;iwNah my;yJ NtW fhuzkhfNth nghUs;
rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghditahf ,Ug;gpd;> mJ nry;Ygbaw;wJ.
,t;thW> xU cupikahsu; tpgr;rhuj;ijr; nra;a xU
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 5

,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872 tpgr;rhupf;F xU tPl;il mDkjpf;fpwhu; vd;why;> mtu;
rl;lj;jpd; %yk; thlif kPl;f KbahJ.
7. vOJjy; kw;Wk; gjpT nra;jy;: ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; gb>
xU xg;ge;jk; tha;nkhop my;yJ vOj;jpy; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy;
Fwpg;Gfs; rpy rpwg;G re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> ,e;j cld;ghL nry;Ygbahff;
$ba tifapy; vOj;J my;yJ/kw;Wk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ,J xU Neuj;ij fldhf nrYj;j
xU xg;ge;jk; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ,ay;ghd md;G kw;Wk; ghrk;
Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ntspNaWtjw;fhd xU cld;gbf;if vOJk;
kw;Wk; gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; (gpupT 25). mNj Nghy;> gpw
rl;lq;fSk;> rl;lk; filgpbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W rl;lj;jhy;
mky;gLj;jg;glf;$ba xg;ge;jj;ij vOj my;yJ gjpT nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> (i) eLtu; xg;ge;jk; 1996 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd
kj;jpa];j kw;Wk; xg;Gjy; rl;lj;jpd; gb vOjg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;; (ii) mirahr; nrhj;jpid tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhd xU
xg;ge;jk; rl;lg;G+u;tkhf mky;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F Kd;du;> 1882
Mk; Mz;bd; nrhj;Jupikr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; vOjg;gl;L gjpT
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
8. cWjp: xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; 29tJ gpupT ‘cld;gbf;iffs;;>
nghUshjhu cWjp my;yJ epr;rakhd jd;ik vd;W
vJTk; ,y;iy’ vd;w nghUisj; jUfpwJ. nry;YgbahFk;
xg;ge;jj;jpw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; nghUl;L> xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpjpKiwfs;
njsptw;w my;yJ epr;rakw;wjhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. xg;ge;jj;jpd;
mu;j;jj;ijj; njupe;Jnfhs;s mJ rhj;jpakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;>
,y;iynadpy;> mJ nray;gLj;jg;glhJ.
tpsf;fk;: ‘E}W ld; vz;nza;’ A vd;gtu; B aplk; tpw;f
xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhu;. ve;j tifahd vz;nza;fF
; k; jpl;lkplg;gl;bUg;gij
fhl;l vJTNk ,y;iy. ,e;j xg;ge;jk; epr;rakw;wjy;y.
9. nray;jpwd; rhj;jpak;: xU nry;YgbahFk; xg;ge;jj;jpd;; kw;nwhU
Kf;fpa mk;rk; mJ nray;jpwd; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpupT 56 ,d; gb> ‘xU nraiy nra;a Kbahj xU cld;ghL>
mJ jd;dstpy; nray;glhJ’ vd $WfpwJ. ,r;rl;lk; jd;dstpy;
rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;why;> ,ay;ghf my;yJ rl;luPjpahf ,e;j
cld;gbf;ifia rl;lg;gb eilKiwg;gLj;j KbahJ.
tpsf;fk;: A ke;jpuk; %yk; Gijay; fz;Lgpbf;f B cld;
xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhu; xg;ge;jk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
10. ntspg;gilahf mwptpf;fg;glhj ntw;wplk;: rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,e;j
xg;ge;jk; ntspg;gilahf mwptpf;fg;gltpy;iy. ntspg;gilahf
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpy tifahd xg;ge;jq;fs; 24-30 gpupTfis
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> jpUkzk; jilnra;Ak;
cld;gbf;if> tu;j;jfj;ij jil nra;tjw;fhd xU cld;gbf;if>
kw;Wk; ge;jak; %yk; xU cld;gbf;if KiwNa 26> 27 kw;Wk;
30 Mfpa gpupTfspd; fPo; ntspg;gilahf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

xU rupahd xg;ge;jj;jpd; gy;NtW mj;jpahtrpaq;fis ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872
tptupg;gjw;F Kd;du;> Kjypy; ‘xg;ge;jq;fspd; tiffs;’ gw;wp

tpthjpg;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ> Vndd;why;> ‘uj;Jnra;af;$ba xg;ge;jk;’>
‘nry;Ygbaw;w xg;ge;jk;’> ‘nry;Ygbaw;w cld;gbf;if’ Nghd;w gy
tpjpKiwfis ehk; tpthjpg;Nghk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
1.2.3 xg;ge;jq;fspd; tifg;gLj;jy; : nry;Ygbahf;fk;> cUthf;fk;

kw;Wk; nray;jpwd;
A. mkyhf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd xg;ge;jq;fspd; tiffs;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jjypd; mbg;gilapy;> xU xg;ge;jk; nry;YgbahFk;
my;yJ uj;Jnra;af;$ba my;yJ nry;Ygbaw;w my;yJ
nray;gLj;jg;glhj my;yJ rl;ltpNuhjkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.
1. nry;YgbahFk; xg;ge;jk;: xU nry;YgbahFk; xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ
rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jf;$ba xU cld;gbf;ifahFk;;. xU
cld;gbf;if nry;YgbahFk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; midj;J mj;jpahtrpa
$WfSk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jg;gLk;.
2. uj;Jnra;af;$ba xg;ge;jk;: gpupT 2 (i) gb> ‘xd;W my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l jug;gpdu;fspd; tpUg;gg;gb rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jf;$ba
xU cld;ghL> Mdhy; kw;iwNah my;yJ kw;wtu;fSila
tpUg;gNkh my;y ,J xU uj;Jnra;af; $ba xg;ge;jkhFk;.’
vdNt> xU uj;Jnra;af;$ba xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ jug;gpdupd; xU
tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jf;$ba xd;whFk;. me;j
rhu;gpy; jdJ tpUg;gj;ijr; nray;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mt;thW
nra;aj; jFjpAs;s jug;gpduhy; mJ jtpu;f;fg;gLfpwJ my;yJ
uj;J nra;ag;gLfpwJ> ,J xU nry;YgbahFk; xg;ge;jk; MFk;.
3. nry;Ygbaw;w xg;ge;jk;: cz;ikapy;> ‘nry;Ygbaw;w’ vd;w
thu;j;ijapd; nghUs; ‘rl;lj;jpy; gpizf;fg;gltpy;iy’
vd;gjhFk;. mjd;gb> ‘nry;Ygbaw;w xg;ge;jk;’ vd;gJ xU
gadw;w xg;ge;jk;> ,jpy; ve;j rl;lG+u;tkhd tpisT-
fSk; ,y;iy. ve;j xg;ge;jKk; ,y;yhjjhy; mj;jifa
xg;ge;jk; xU G+[;ak;. gpupT 2 (j): ‘rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;j
Kbahj xU xg;ge;jk; mky;gLj;jg;glhky; epWj;jg;gLifapy;
nry;Ygbaw;wJ’ vd tiuaWf;fpwJ. xU nry;Ygbaw;w
xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ mjd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J nry;Ygbaw;wJ
my;y kw;Wk; mJ rupahdJ kw;Wk; Muk;gj;jpy; Eioe;j gpd;du;
jug;gpdu; kPJ gpizf;fg;gl;ld kw;Wk; mJ jtwhdJ> rpy
fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; mJ jtwhdjhfTk;> rl;lG+u;tkhd
tpisit mile;JtpLk; vd;Wk; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. nray;gLj;jg;glhj xg;ge;jk;: xU nray;gLj;jg;glhj xg;ge;jk;>
mjd; %yk; nry;YgbahFk; xd;W MFk;> Mdhy; vOj;J>
gjpT> Njitahd Kj;jpiu> Kjypatw;Wf;fhd rpy njhopy;El;g
FiwghL fhuzkhf my;yJ rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfshy;
jilnra;ag;gl;l Neuj;jpdhy; rl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nray;gl
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 7

,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872 KbahJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> tha;nkhop eLtu; cld;gbf;if Vw;f
KbahjJ> Vnddpy; xU eLtu; cld;gbf;if vOj rl;lk;
Njit MFk;.
5. rl;ltpNuhjkhd my;yJ rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd xg;ge;jk;:
Fwpg;Gfs; ‘rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ’ vd;w thu;ji ; japd; nghUs; ‘rl;lj;jpw;F
KuzhdJ’ kw;Wk; ‘xg;ge;jk;’ vd;gjd; nghUs; ‘rl;lj;jhy;
mky;gLj;jf;$ba xU cld;gbf;if’ vd;gjhFk;. xU ‘rl;ltpNuhj
xg;ge;jj;ij’ gw;wp NgRtjpy; xU Kuz;ghL cs;sJ> Vndd;why;
mJ rl;lj;jhy; epiwNtw;wf;$ba kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpw;F Kuzhd xU
cld;gbf;if vd;W cs;sJ. mbg;gilapy; xU ntspg;gilahd
Kuz;ghL cs;sJ. NkYk;> rl;ltpNuhj ,ay;ghd epiyapy;>
mj;jifa cld;gbf;if xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; epiyia vl;l KbahJ.
vdNt> ‘rl;ltpNuhj xg;ge;jk;’ vd;w thu;ji ; jf;F ‘rl;ltpNuhj
cld;gbf;if’ vd;gij gad;gLj;JtJ rupahdjhFk;. xU
rl;ltpNuhj cld;gbf;if uj;J nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
B. cUthf;fk; Kiw mbg;gilapyhd xg;ge;jq;fspd; tiffs;

cUthf;f Kiw mbg;gilapy; xg;ge;jq;fs;> ntspg;gilahd my;yJ
kiwKfkhd my;yJ Mf;fG+u;tkhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
1. ntspg;gilahd xg;ge;jq;fs;: xU cld;gbf;if Vw;gLtjw;fhd
xg;Gjy; kw;Wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij
my;yJ vOjg;gl;l nrhw;fspy; rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jg;gLk;
,J xU ntspg;gilahd xg;ge;jkhFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> A
njhiyNgrpapy; B aplk; NgrpaNghJ> jdJ fhiu tpw;f
20>000 &gha;f;F tpw;f Ntz;Lnkd;W mtu; $Wfpwhu; B gjpy;
mspg;gjpy; mij xg;Gf;nfhs;tjhf A aplk; $Wfpwhu;> ,jpy;
ntspg;gilahd xg;ge;jk; cs;sJ.
2. kiwKfkhd xg;ge;jq;fs;: rl;lj;jpd; %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;
cld;gbf;if kw;Wk; rYif Mfpa ,uz;bYk; nrhw;fs;
jtpu NtW vJTk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ> jug;gpdupd;
eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; elj;ij %yk;> mJ xU kiwKfkhd
xg;ge;jkhFk;. ,q;F A vd;gtu; rPUilapy; cs;s $ypahs;.
B ,d; uapy; epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;ba
ngl;bfis> B-ia Nfl;fhkNyNa vLj;J nry;fpd;wdu;> kw;Wk;
B mt;thW nra;a mDkjpf;fpwhu;; MfNt> B vd;gJ A ,d;
NritfSf;F gzk; nrYj;j xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhu; vd;W rl;lk;
Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J xU kiwKfkhd xg;ge;jkhFk;.
3. Mf;fg;G+u;t my;yJ miu xg;ge;jk;: ‘Mf;fG+u;tkhd my;yJ miu
xg;ge;jk;’ vd;gJ xU jtwhd nrhy;tof;fhFk;. ,e;j tifahd
xg;ge;jq;fspd; fPo; FOthf;fg;gl;l tof;Ffs;> xg;ge;jj;Jld; rpwpjsT
my;yJ xg;ge;jj;jpy; ehl;lk; ,y;iy. mj;jifa xg;ge;jk; ve;jnthU
cld;gbf;ifAkpd;wp> ntspg;gilahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth
jug;gpduplNkh> rl;lj;ij Mjupf;fNth my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;G

R+o;epiyfspy; xg;ge;jj;ij mq;ff P upf;fNth KbahJ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872
,oe;j ruf;Ffis cupikahsuplk; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;JtJ

fz;Lgpbg;ghsupd; flik my;yJ xU egupd; flid jpUg;gpr;
nrYj;Jtjpy; jtwpy;yhky; nrYj;jyhk;> ve;jnthU rYifiaAk;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sNth my;yJ xg;Gjy; mspf;fNth KbahJ> Vnddpy; Fwpg;Gfs;
mJ xU xg;ge;jj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl KbahJ> Mdhy;
mit gpupT 71 kw;Wk; 72 gpupTfspd;gb kPjKs;s xg;ge;jq;fspd;
fPo; cs;sd. xg;ge;j rl;lk; rupahd xg;ge;jk; vd;W ‘rpy cwTfs;
xg;ge;jj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rpy xw;Wikfs;’ vd ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
miu-xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ rkkhd nfhs;ifia mbg;gilahf
nfhz;Ls;sJ> ,jpy; xU egu; xg;ge;jk; kw;nwhU epahakw;w mePjpia
jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;glf; $lhJ vd;gjhFk;. xg;ge;jr;
rl;lj;jpd; 68-72 gpupTfs; ‘miu -xg;ge;jq;fs;’ vd;W fUjg;gLk;
tof;Ffis tptupf;fpd;wd.
C. n
ray;Kiw tpupthf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd xg;ge;jq;fspd;
tiffs;
nray;Kiw tpupthf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd xg;ge;jq;fspy; xU
xg;ge;jk; epiwNtw;wg;glyhk; my;yJ epiwNtw;wg;glhky; ,Uf;fyhk;.
1. epiwNtw;wg;gl;l xg;ge;jk;: cld;gbf;iff;F ,U jug;gpdUk;
jq;fs; flikfis epiwNtw;Wk; NghJ xg;ge;jk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;
vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; xU jug;gpduhy; vJTk;
nra;a KbahJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU Gj;jf tpw;gidahsu;
nuhf;fkhf gzk; nrYj;Jk; xU Gj;jfj;ij tpw;Fk; NghJ> mJ
xU epiwNtw;wg;gl;l xg;ge;jkhFk;> Vnddpy; ,U jug;gpdUk;
xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; nra;a Ntz;baijr; nra;jdu;.
2. epiwNtw;wg;gLk; xg;ge;jk;: xg;ge;jj;jpd; cUthf;fk; Neuj;jpy;
KOikahd my;yJ gFjpahfNth> cld;gbf;iff;F ,U
jug;gpdu;fSk; flikg;gl;bUf;ff; $ba xU xg;ge;jkhFk;.
NtWtpjkhf $wpdhy;> xU cld;gbf;iff;F ,U jug;gpdu;fSk;
jq;fs; flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F ,d;Dk; xU xg;ge;jk; my;yJ
,UGwKk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; VjhtJ nra;ag;gl Ntz;bapUf;Fk;
NghJ xU xg;ge;jk; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf

1. xg;ge;jk; vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
2. xg;ge;jj;jpd; ,uz;L Kf;fpa $Wfs; ahit?
3. eilKiwg;gLj;Jjypd; mbg;gilapy; xg;ge;jq;fspd; tiffis
gl;baypLf.
4. miu xg;ge;jk; vd;why; vd;d?
5. xU xg;ge;jk; vg;NghJ epiwNtw;wg;gLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ?
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 9

,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872
1.3 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk;
tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
1. ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk; gpupT 2 (h) gb: ‘rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jf;$ba
Fwpg;Gfs; xU cld;gbf;if xU xg;ge;jkhFk;.’ vdNt> xU xg;ge;jk;
rl;lG+u;t flik cUthf;f Ntz;ba nghUs;> mjhtJ rl;lj;jhy;
mky;gLj;jf;$ba flik MFk;.
2. xU xg;ge;jk; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L $Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ:
(1) cld;gbf;if> kw;Wk; (2) rl;lG+u;t flik> mjhtJ>
rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jf;$ba flik MFk;.
3.
eilKiwg;gLj;jypd; mbg;gilapy;> xU xg;ge;jk; (i)
nry;YgbahFk; (ii) uj;Jnra;af;$ba (iii) nry;Ygbaw;w (iv)
nray;gLj;jg;glhj (v) rl;l tpNuhj xg;ge;jk; vd ,Uf;fyhk;.
4. ‘Mf;fG+u;tkhd my;yJ miu xg;ge;jk;’ xU
jtwhd nrhy;tof;fhFk;. ,e;j tifahd
xg;ge;jq;fspd; fPo; FOthf;fg;gl;l tof;Ffs;> xg;ge;jj;Jld;
rpwpJ my;yJ ve;j njhlu;Gk; ,y;iy. mj;jifa xg;ge;jk;
ve;jnthU cld;gbf;ifAkpd;wp> ntspg;gilahfNth my;yJ
kiwKfkhfNth jug;gpduplNkh> rl;lj;ij Mjupf;fNth
my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;G R+o;epiyfspy; xg;ge;jj;ij
mq;ffP upf;fNth KbahJ. miu-xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ rkkhd nfhs;ifia
mbg;gilahf nfhz;Ls;sJ> ,jpy; xU egu; xg;ge;jk; kw;nwhU
epahakw;w mePjpia jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;glf;
$lhJ vd;gjhFk;. xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; 68-72 gpupTfs; ‘miu
-xg;ge;jq;fs;’ vd;W fUjg;gLk; tof;Ffis tptupf;fpd;wd.
5. ,U jug;gpdu;fSk; jq;fs; flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F ,d;Dk;
xU xg;ge;jk; my;yJ ,UGwKk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; VjhtJ
nra;ag;gl Ntz;bapUf;Fk; NghJ xU xg;ge;jk; epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
1.4 RUf;fk;
••xU xg;ge;jk; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L $Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ:
(1) cld;gbf;if> kw;Wk; (2) rl;lG+u;t flik> mjhtJ>
rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jf;$ba flik.
••‘rl;lG+u;tkhd rYifAk;’> ,e;j rYifiag; gw;wp ‘rl;lG+u;tkhd
xg;GifAk;’ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; xU cld;ghL Vw;gLk;.
,e;j rYifAk;> Vw;Gk; xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; Njitfis mjd;
njhlu;gpNyNa G+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Fwpf;fpwJ.
••xU nry;Ygbahd xg;ge;jj;ij cUthf;f> 1872 Mk;
Mz;bw;fhd xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpw;fhd xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s
jug;gpdu;fs; rl;lG+u;tkhd nghUSf;F cld;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
mtrpakhFk;. ,e;j cld;gbf;if> xU Nkhrbahd my;yJ

rl;ltpNuhjkhd my;yJ nghJ nfhs;iff;F vjpuhdjhf ,Uf;ff; ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872
$lhJ my;yJ kw;nwhU egupd; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F tpisT

Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (gpupT 23)
••xU nry;YgbahFk; xg;ge;jj;jpd;; kw;nwhU Kf;fpa mk;rk; mJ
nray;jpwd; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpupT 56 ,d; gb> Fwpg;Gfs;
‘xU nraiy nra;a Kbahj xU cld;ghL> mJ jd;dstpy;
nray;glhJ’ vd $WfpwJ. ,r;rl;lk; jd;dstpy; rhj;jpakpy;iy
vd;why;> ,ay;ghf my;yJ rl;luPjpahf ,e;j cld;gbf;ifia
rl;lg;gb eilKiwg;gLj;j KbahJ.
••xU nry;YgbahFk; xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jf;$ba
xU cld;gbf;ifahFk;;. xU cld;gbf;if nry;YgbahFk;
xg;ge;jj;jpd; midj;J mj;jpahtrpa $WfSk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jg;gLk;.
••cz;ikapy;> ‘nry;Ygbaw;w’ vd;w thu;ji
; japd; nghUs;
‘rl;lj;jpy; gpizf;fg;gltpy;iy’ vd;gjhFk;. mjd;gb> ‘nry;Ygbaw;w
xg;ge;jk;’ vd;gJ xU gadw;w xg;ge;jk;> ,jpy; ve;j rl;lG+ut ; khd
tpisTfSk; ,y;iy. ve;j xg;ge;jKk; ,y;yhjjhy; mj;jifa
; k;. gpupT 2 (j) : ‘rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;j Kbahj xU
xg;ge;jk; xU G+[a
xg;ge;jk; mky;gLj;jg;glhky; epWj;jg;gLifapy; nry;Ygbaw;wJ’
vd tiuaWf;fpwJ.
••‘rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ’ vd;w thu;j;ijapd; nghUs; ‘rl;lj;jpw;F
KuzhdJ’ kw;Wk; ‘xg;ge;jk;’ vd;gjd; nghUs; ‘rl;lj;jhy;
mky;gLj;jf;$ba xU cld;gbf;if’ vd;gjhFk;. xU ‘rl;ltpNuhj
xg;ge;jj;ij’ gw;wp NgRtjpy; xU Kuz;ghL cs;sJ> Vndd;why;
mJ - rl;lj;jhy; epiwNtw;wf;$ba kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpw;F Kuzhd
xU cld;gbf;if vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
••xU cld;gbf;if Vw;gLtjw;fhd xg;Gjy; kw;Wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Ngr;Rthu;ji ; j my;yJ vOjg;gl;l nrhw;fspy;
rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jg;gLk; ,J xU ntspg;gilahd xg;ge;jkhFk;.
••rl;lj;jpd; %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; cld;gbf;if kw;Wk;
rYif Mfpa ,uz;bYk; nrhw;fs; jtpu NtW vJTk;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ> jug;gpdupd; eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk;
elj;ij %yk;> mJ xU kiwKfkhd xg;ge;jkhFk;.
••‘Mf;fG+u;tkhd my;yJ miu xg;ge;jk;’ xU jtwhd
nrhy;tof;fhFk;. ,e;j tifahd xg;ge;jq;fspd; fPo;
FOthf;fg;gl;l tof;Ffs;> xg;ge;jj;Jld; rpwpJ my;yJ ve;j
njhlu;Gk; ,y;iy.
••miu-xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ rkkhd nfhs;ifia
mbg;gilahf nfhz;Ls;sJ> ,jpy; xU egu; xg;ge;jk; kw;nwhU
epahakw;w mePjpia jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;glf; $lhJ
vd;gjhFk;. xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; 68-72 gpupTfs; ‘miu-xg;ge;jq;fs;’
vd;W fUjg;gLk; tof;Ffis tptupf;fpd;wd.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 11

,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872 ••cld;gbf;iff;Fupa ,U jug;gpdu;fSk; jq;fs; flikfis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;F ,d;Dk; xU xg;ge;jk; my;yJ ,UGwKk;
xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba xd;W cs;sJ vd;gjhy;
xU xg;ge;jk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
••,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872: ,e;j rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpy; xg;ge;jq;fisg;
gw;wpa rl;lj;ijr; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,J [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPu;
khepy jtpu ,e;jpahtpd; midj;J khepyq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
••,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2 (h): ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; gb>rl;lj;jhy;
mky;gLj;jf;$ba xU cld;gbf;if xU xg;ge;jkhFk;.
••nry;Ygbaw;w xg;ge;jk;: ,jd;gb> ‘nry;Ygbaw;w xg;ge;jk;’
vd;gJ xU gadw;w xg;ge;jk;> ,jpy; ve;j rl;lG+u;tkhd
tpisTfSk; ,y;iy.
••kiwKfkhd xg;ge;jq;fs;: rl;lj;jpd; %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;
cld;gbf;if kw;Wk; rYif Mfpa ,uz;bYk; nrhw;fs;
jtpu NtW vJTk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ> jug;gpdupd;
eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; elj;ij %yk;> mJ xU kiwKfkhd
xg;ge;jkhFk;.
••epiwNtw;wg;gl;l xg;ge;jk;: cld;gbf;iff;F ,U jug;gpdUk;
jq;fs; flikfis epiwNtw;Wk; NghJ xg;ge;jk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;
vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872 d; ,ay;igg; gw;wp xU rpwpa Fwpg;ig
vOJq;fs;.
2. ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;ij cUthf;FtJ gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJq;fs;.
3. xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis RUf;fkhf vOJq;fs;.
4. nry;Ygbaw;w xg;ge;jk; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJq;fs;.
5. nray;Kiw tpupthf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd xg;ge;jq;fspd;
tiffs; gw;wp xU RUf;fkhd Fwpg;G vOJq;fs;.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpy; cs;s xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
MuhaTk;.
2. xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
3. cUthf;f Kiw mbg;gilapy; xg;ge;jq;fspd; tiffis MuhaTk;.
4. xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s rl;lG+u;t cwtpd; gq;F gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

1.7 NkYk; gbf;f ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872
Fr;rhy;> M.C. kw;Wk; tpNtf; Fr;rhy;. 2013. tzpf rl;lk;> MwhtJ

gjpg;G. nly;yp: tpfh]; gg;sp\pq; `T];.
Fr;rhy;> M.C. kw;Wk; tpNtf; Fr;rhy;. 2012. tzpfr; rl;lk;> vl;lhtJ Fwpg;Gfs;
Fr;rhy;> M.C. kw;Wk; jPgh gpufh\;. 2010. Nkyhz;ikf;fhd tzpfr;
rl;lq;fs;> ,uz;lhtJ gjpg;G. nly;yp: tpfh]; gg;sp\pq; `T];.
l;uhd;\;gpy;l;> uhgu;l;. 2003. vspjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l tzpfr; rl;lk;.
Mf;];Nghu;L: ney;rd; Njhu;d;]; (Mf;];Nghu;L gy;fiyf;fof
gjpg;gfk;).
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 13

rYif kw;Wk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; myF 2 rYif kw;Wk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
2.0 Kd;Diu
2.2.4 Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
2.2.5 xU nry;Ygbahd Vw;G njhlu;ghd rl;l tpjpfs;
tpilfs;
2.4 RUf;fk;
2.7 NkYk; gbf;f
2.0 Kd;Diu
,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872 gpupT 2 (a) kw;Wk; gpupT 2 (b) Mfpatw;wpd;
gb ‘rYif’/‘Kd;nkhopT’ kw;Wk; ‘Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;’ Mfpait
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. gpupT 2 (b) $WtjhtJ ‘Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l
xU Kd;nkhopT xU thf;FWjpahf khWfpwJ’ vd;W tiuaiw
nra;J> Kd;nkhopT nra;ag;gl;l egu; mtuJ xg;Gjiy $Wfpwhu;
vd;why;> Kd;nkhopT Vw;fg;gLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ‘Kd;nkhopT’
my;yJ ‘rYif’ cUthf;Fk; egiu ‘thf;FWjpaspj;jtu;’ my;yJ
‘rYif toq;Fgtu;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLgtu;> rYif toq;Fk; egu;
‘thq;f Kw;gLgtu;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLtJld;> ,e;j tha;g;ig
Vw;Fk; egu; ‘thf;FWjpaspj;jtu;’ my;yJ ‘Vw;Wf;nfhz;ltu;’ vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
rl;lG+u;tkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rYifia
vjpu;ghu;f;ftpy;iy vd;why;> mJ rl;lj;jpd; ghu;itapy; ,Ue;J rupahd
rYifia ngwtpy;iy vd;W mu;j;jk;. rYifapd; epge;jidfs;
epr;rakw;witahfTk; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;litahfTk; ,y;yhkypUe;jhy;>
mJ rl;lg;G+u;tkhf toq;fg;gLtjhf ,Uf;fhJ. thq;f Kw;gLgtUf;Fj;
njuptpf;fg;gLk; NghJ kl;LNk xU tha;g;G cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j rYif> ‘thq;f Kw;gLgtUf;F’ njuptpf;fg;glhjtiu> Vw;G
kw;Wk; xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;glkhl;lhJ. rYifiag; gupe;Jiuf;fj; jFe;j
Neuj;jpw;Fs; njupag;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;whNyh my;yJ ve;j NeuKk;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;whNyh> epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs; rYif

toq;fg;glyhk;. VNjDk; xU rYifiag; ngWtjw;F Kd; ve;j rYif kw;Wk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
Neuj;jpYk; xU rYif jpUk;gg; ngwg;glyhk;.
xU rYifiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; egu; my;yJ mij
cUthf;fpa eguhy; kl;LNk mtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. rYif
toq;FNthupd; mDkjpapd;wp ,ij kw;nwhU eguhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Fwpg;Gfs;
KbahJ. rYif epuhfupf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhy;> mJ Njhy;tpahf
fUjg;gLfpwJ. epuhfupg;G vd;gJ ntspg;gilahf ,Uf;fyhk;> mjhtJ
Ngrg;gl;l my;yJ vOjg;gl;l nrhw;fsTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. toq;Feu;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ve;j KiwiaAk; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLtjhy;> mit
rpy tof;fkhd kw;Wk; epahakhd Kiwapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
tof;fkhd topfhl;Ljy;fs; tha; thu;j;ij> gjtp kw;Wk; elj;ij
%yk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,e;j myF rYif kw;Wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW
tpjpfis tpthjpg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J tha;g;G>
xg;Gjy; kw;Wk; jpUk;gg;ngwy; njhlu;GfisAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;;
••Kd;nkhopT kw;Wk; rYifapd; fUj;J kw;Wk; mu;j;jj;ij Gupe;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
••nry;YgbahFk; rYifiag; gw;wpa rl;l tpjpfis mwpa KbAk;.
••rYifapd; ,og;G> kw;Wk; rYifapd; jpUk;gg; ngWjypy; cs;s
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
••rupahd Vw;G gw;wpa tpjpfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
••rYif> xg;Gjy; kw;Wk; jpUk;gg; ngWjy; Mfpatw;wpd;
jfty;njhlu;Gfis tptupf;f KbAk;.

; jfs; ‘Kd;nkhopT’ kw;Wk; ‘rYif’ xNukhjpupahf nghUs;gLfpwJ,
thu;ji
mit xd;Wf;nfhd;W khw;whf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr;
rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2 (a) xU ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; xU ‘Kd;nkhopT’
vd;gJ> ‘xU egu; kw;wtUf;F nra;a tpUk;GtJ my;yJ vijAk;
nra;tjpy; ,Ue;J tpyFtjw;F tpUg;gk; njuptpg;gJ> mj;jifa
nraYf;F kw;wtupd; xg;Gjiy ngWtjw;F xU fUj;ij vLj;Jf;
nfhs;tJ ‘Kd;nkhopT’ vd tiuaWf;fpwJ. ,e;j tiuaiw xU
‘Kd;nkhopT’ ,d; gpd;tUk; %d;W mbg;gilfis ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
,it gpd;tUkhW:
(i) vijAk; nra;tjw;F my;yJ jtpu;g;gjw;F xU ntspg;ghlhf mJ
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 15

rYif kw;Wk; (ii)
vijAk; nra;tjw;F my;yJ jtpu;g;gjw;fhd tpUg;gj;jpd;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
ntspg;ghL NtW egUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jdf;F xU egu;
%yk; ‘ve;j Kd;nkhopTk; vJTk; ,Uf;f $lhJ.
(iii) VNjDk; xd;iwr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gj;jpd; ntspg;ghL>
Fwpg;Gfs; kw;w egupd; xg;Gjiyg; ngWtjw;F my;yJ jtpu;g;gjw;Fj;
jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;Fld; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,jdhy; xU rhjhuz tprhuiz ‘cq;fs; Nkhl;lhu; irf;fpis
tpw;f cj;Njrpj;Js;sjh? vd;gJ xU ‘Kd;nkhopT’ my;y. mNj
Nghy; ntWk; Nehf;fk; mwpf;ifapd; %yk; ‘ehd; 14>000 &gha;
ngw KbAk; vd;why; vd; Nkhl;lhu; irf;fps; tpw;f Ntz;Lk;’
vd;w vz;zKk; xU ‘Kd;nkhopT’ my;y. Mdhy; M nrhd;dhy;>
‘14>000 &gha;f;F vd; Nkhl;lhu; irf;fpis thq;FtPu;fs;’
my;yJ ‘ehd; vd; Nkhl;lhu; irf;fpis 14>000 &gha;f;F tpw;f
tpUg;gg;gLfpNwd;’ vd;why; xU Kd;nkhopit> N vd;w xg;Gjy;
ngWk; Nehf;fj;Jld; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
‘Kd;nkhopT’ my;yJ ‘rYifia’ cUthf;Fk; egiu
‘thf;FWjpaspj;jtu;’ my;yJ ‘rYif toq;fpatu;’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLgtu;> rYif nra;ag;gLk; egu; ‘thq;f Kw;gLgtu;’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLtJld;> ,e;j rYifia Vw;Fk; egu; ‘thf;FWjpaspj;jtu;’
my;yJ ‘Vw;Wf;nfhz;ltu;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.

1. xU nry;YgbahFk; rYif gpd;tUk; tpjpfNshL ,zf;fj;jd;ik
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;: xU rYif ‘ntspg;gilahf’ my;yJ
‘kiwKfkhf’ ,Uf;fyhk;: xU rYif thu;ji ; japd; %yNkh
my;yJ nraypd; %yNkh nra;ag;glyhk; thu;ji
; jfshy;> Ngrg;gl;l
my;yJ vOjg;gl;l xU rYif> ‘ntspg;gilahd rYif’ vd;Wk;>
xU egupd; nraypd; %yNkh my;yJ R+o;epiyfspd; %yNkh
Vw;gLk; rYifia ‘kiwKfkhd rYif’ vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
2. xU rYifiag; nghWj;jtiu rl;l uPjpahd
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk; jd;ik kw;Wk; rl;lG+u;t cwTfis
cUthf;Fk; jpwid nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;: rl;lG+u;tkhd
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk; rYif vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gltpy;iy vd;why;> mJ
rl;lj;jpd; ghu;itapy; rupahd rYif ,y;iy. xU ez;gUf;F
jd;Dld; rhg;gpLtjw;fhd rYifia toq;Fjy; my;yJ xU
jpiug;glj;ij kidtpf;F xU rYifahf toq;FtJ xU
rupahd rYif ,y;iy ,J Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; $l> xU
fl;Lg;ghl;L cld;gbf;iff;F vOr;rp nfhLf;f KbahJ. Vnddpy;
r%f cld;gbf;iffs; my;yJ cs;ehl;L xOq;Ffspy;> ,e;j
cld;ghL kPwg;gLtjw;fhf rl;l uPjpahd tpisTfis ,e;j
fl;rpfs; filg;gpbg;gjpy;iy vd;gNj Cfpf;fpwJ.
3. rYif tpjpKiwfs; cWjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> jsu;thf
my;yJ njsptw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;: rYifapd; epge;jidfs;

epr;rakw;wit kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;litahf ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> mJ rYif kw;Wk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
rl;lg;G+u;tkhf toq;fg;glhJ. ‘xg;ge;jj;jpd; midj;J nghUs;
epge;jidfSk; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;glhtpl;lhy;> ve;j xU flikAk;
,y;iy.’ vd;gij L.J. nksfk; rupahf ftdpf;fpwhu;. vdNt
tUq;fhyj;jpy; cld;ghL vd;gJ xg;ge;jk; ,y;iy vd;why; Fwpg;Gfs;
xg;ge;jj;jpd; epge;jidfs; ,d;Dk; jPu;f;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ
njupfpwJ.
4. toq;Ftjw;fhd miog;G xU rYif my;y: ‘xU rYifia
ngWtjw;fhd miog;ig’ rpy Neuq;fspy; ePjp nkhopapy;
‘eilKiw miog;G’ vd;W ntspg;gilahff; Fwpg;gplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.’ xU rYifia ngWtjw;fhd miog;gpd;’ Nghf;fpy;>
miog;gpid mDg;Gk; egu; xU rYifia toq;Ftjpy;iy>
Mdhy; rYif toq;Ftjw;F gpw fl;rpia kl;LNk miof;fpwhu;.
mtUila Nehf;fk;> ,J Nghd;w jfty;fspd;Ngupy;> mtUld;
Ngr;Rthu;ji
; jfis jpwg;gjw;F jahuhf ,Uf;Fk; vtiuAk;>
mtu; ifahs tpUk;Gfpd;wdu; vd;w jftiy fhl;LtNj MFk;.
vdNt> rYifahsu;fSf;F ,j;jifa miog;Gfs; rl;lj;jpd;
ghu;itapypUe;J fpilg;gJ ,y;iy. NkYk; mit Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd;
%yk; cld;gbf;iffs; nra;ag;glhJ. mNj Nghy; Nkw;Nfhs;fs;>
tpiythrpfs;> gz;lq;fspd; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy; ,tw;wpd; tpi-
yfs; xU rYifiag; ngw;Ws;sJ. mjw;F gjpyhf mtu;fs;
rYifiag; ngw miof;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;> mtu;fs; toq;Fk;
miog;Gf;F gjpyhf> xU thbf;ifahsu; rYifia toq;Ffpwhu;
vd;why;> filf;fhuu; me;j rYifia Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy;iy.
5. xU rYif ‘Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy;’ my;yJ ‘nghJthd Kiwapy;’
,Uf;fyhk;: xU Fwpg;gpl;l egu; my;yJ eguhy; nra;ag;gLk;
NghJ xU rYif ‘Fwpg;gpl;l rYif’ vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
mj;jifa xU rYif ahUf;F toq;fg;gLNkh vd;gJ me;j
eguhy; kl;LNk Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. vdNt> M> 200 f;F
jdJ irf;fpis tpw;gid nra;tjw;F N f;F xU rYifia
toq;FfpwJ> mq;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l rYifahf cs;sJ vdNt
mij N kl;Lk; jdpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. kw;nwhU xU
‘nghJ rYif’ vd;gJ> nghJthf cyfpy; ngupa my;yJ
nghJtpy; nra;ag;gLk; xd;W> NkYk; Njitahd epge;jidfis
epiwNtw;Wk; eguhy; kl;LNk mit Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glyhk;. ,e;j
tp\aj;jpy; Kd;dzp tof;F 'nghJ rYif' vd;W cs;sJ
fhu;ypy; vs fhu;Nghypf; ];Nkhf; ghy; Nfh.
6. xU rYifiag; gw;wp xU jfty; thq;f Kw;gLNthUf;F
njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;: thq;f Kw;gLNthUf;Fj; njuptpf;fg;gLk;
NghJ kl;LNk xU rYif cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLk;. thq;f
Kw;gLNthUf;F ,e;j mwptpg;G mwptpf;fg;gLk; tiuapy;> ve;j
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; xg;ge;jKk; ,Uf;fhJ. ,e;j rYifiag; gw;wp
mwpahikapy; vijAk; nra;tJ> mjd; Vw;G vd;W xUNghJk;
fUjg;gl KbahJ. Vnddpy;> ,tw;wpy; xUNghJk; tpopg;Gzu;T
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 17

rYif kw;Wk; cld;ghL ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J ‘Fwpg;gpl;l’ kw;Wk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
‘nghJthd’ rYiffs; ,uz;bw;Fk; nghUe;JfpwJ.
7. xU rYif Vw;Wf; nfhs;s ,zq;fhj mstpw;F xU
nrhy;iyf; nfhz;bUf;ff;$lhJ: Mifahy;> Vw;G xU Fwpg;gpl;l
Fwpg;Gfs; Njjp tiu njuptpf;fg;gltpy;iynad;why;> ,e;j rYif
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fhJ vd;W Fw;wk; nrhy;y KbahJ.
thq;f Kw;gLtu; gjpyspf;ftpy;iy vd;why;> ve;j xg;ge;jKk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. Vndd;why; ePjpapd; mbg;gilapy; gjpy; mspf;f
Ntz;ba fl;Lg;ghL vJTk; mtu; kPJ Rkj;jg;gltpy;iy.
8. VNjDk; tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;L
xU rYifiag; ngwyhk;: xU rYifia toq;Fgtu;
ve;jnthU tpjpKiwfisAk; epge;jidfisAk; mspf;fyhk;.
mtu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kiwia $l mtu; gupe;Jiuf;fyhk;.
rYifapd; midj;J tpjpKiwfisAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j rYifiag; gw;wpa midj;J tpjpKiwfSk;>
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glhjtiu> ve;j
xg;ge;jKk; nra;ag;glkhl;lhJ.
9. xNu khjpupahd ,uz;L FWf;F rYiffis xg;ge;jk; nra;a
Ntz;lhk;: ,U jug;gpdUk; xNu khjpupahd rYiffis
xUtUf;nfhUtu; toq;Fk;NghJ> xUtUf;nfhUtu; toq;Fk;
rYifiag; gw;wp mwpahky;> ,Uf;Fk; rYiffs; ‘FWf;F
rYiffs;’ MFk;. ‘FWf;F-rYiffs;’ kw;nwhU rYifia
Vw;Wf;nfhs;shJ> vdNt mjpy; KOikahd ve;j xg;ge;jKk;
nra;ag;glkhl;lhJ.

gpd;tUk; R+o;epiyfspdhy; xU rYifia ePf;FtJ (mjhtJ> KbTf;F
tUtJ): jtwhdJ:
1. xU Fwpg;gpl;l my;yJ epahakhd Neuj;jpw;F gpwF xU
rYifia Njhy;tp ngwr; nra;jy;: rYifiag; gupe;Jiuf;fj;
jFe;j Neuj;jpw;Fs; njupag;gLj;jhtpl;lhy;> my;yJ ve;j NeuKk;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;why;> epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs; rYif
toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; [gpupT 6 (2)]. xt;nthU epiyapYk; cs;s
R+o;epiyf;Nfw;g epahakhd Neuk; mikfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
je;jp %yk; mspf;fg;gLk; xU gjpy;> mtru mtrukhf
Njitg;gLfpwJ> NkYk; xU ehs; my;yJ ,uz;L ehs;$l
mtuJ Vw;G gw;wpa jfty; njhlu;G jhkjkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;why;>
,e;j rYifia ftdpf;fg;gLk;.
2. xU rYif> gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy; Vw;fg;gLtjpy;iy
my;yJ ve;j gad;KiwapYk; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;why;
rpy tof;fkhd kw;Wk; epahakhd epiyikfs;: Mdhy;> gpupT 7-d;
gb> gupe;Jiu nra;ag;gl;l tiff;F Vw;g rYifia Vw;fhtpl;lhy;>
,e;j rYif jhdhfNt jtwtplg;gl;ljhf nrhy;yg;glkhl;lhJ.

rYif kw;Wk;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy; kl;LNk mtuJ Kd;nkhopT Vw;fg;gl Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyf;F nghUe;JfpwJ. mtu; mt;thW nra;a
jtwpdhy; mit Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljhff; fUJfpwhu;.
3. epuhfupg;G %yk; rYif toq;fg;gLjy;: xU rYif
epuhfupf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhy;> mJ xU rYif Njhy;tpahFk;. epuhfupg;G Fwpg;Gfs;
vd;gJ ntspg;gilahf ,Uf;fyhk;> mjhtJ Ngrg;gl;l my;yJ
vOjg;gl;l thu;j;ijfshy; VjhtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;wpy;
epuhfupg;G ,Uf;fyhk;. (a) thq;f Kw;gLgNthUf;F xU Kjd;ik
rYifia toq;fg;gLfpwJ. rYif toq;f my;yJ (b) thq;f
Kw;gLgtuhy; xU fl;Lg;ghL epge;jid Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
4. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F Kd;> Fw;wk; my;yJ Nfhgj;jpdhy;
Vw;gLk; ,wg;G my;yJ kdepiyapy; kypT Vw;gLtjd;
%yk; xU rYifia ngWjy;: Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F
Kd;> rYif toq;fpatu; ,we;Jtpl;lhy;> mtUila ,wg;G
cz;ikahdjhf ,Ue;jhy; my;yJ
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F Kd; mtUf;F
kdepiyapy; kypT Vw;gl;lhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd xU rYif
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gpuptpd; nkhopapypUe;J> mJ xU
nry;Ygbahd xg;Gik my;yJ kuzj;ijg; gw;wpa
mwpahikapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU rupahd Vw;G vd;W
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> ,e;j ,wg;G my;yJ
kdepiy kypT cz;ik Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F Kd; Vw;ghd;
ftdj;Jf;F tUk; tiu ,e;j rYifiag; gw;wp KbT nra;a
KbahJ. ,e;j rYifia Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Kd; Kw;gl;ltupd;
,wg;G my;yJ kdepiy kypT ,e;j rYiff;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
itf;fpwJ. NkYk; mtupd; thupRfs; mtw;iw (nudhy;l;];
vjpuhd mj;Nju;l;Nlhd;) Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ.
5. jpUk;gg; ngWjy; %yk; rYifapy; ,og;G Vw;gLfpwJ: rYif
toq;fpatu; mijj; jpUk;gg; ngWk;NghJ xU rYif uj;J
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. gpw rYiff;F toq;fpatupd; mwptpg;G
njhlu;ghf ve;jnthU re;ju;gg ; j;jpYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F
Kd;ghf xU rYif uj;J nra;ag;glyhk;. [gpupT. 6 (1)].
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU Vy tpw;gidapy;> A mjpf Vy tpw;gidia
nra;fpwJ. Mdhy; Rj;jpay; tpOk; Kd; me;j Kaw;rpia
jpUk;g ngw;whu;. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F Kd;> ,e;j rYif jpUk;gg;
ngwg;gl;ljhy;> xU KbT nra;ag;gLk; xg;ge;jk; ,Uf;f KbahJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU Vy tpw;gidapy;> A mjpf Vy tpw;gidia
nra;fpwJ. Mdhy; Rj;jpay; ngWtjw;F Kd; me;j Kaw;rpia
jpUk;g ngWfpwhu;. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F Kd;> ,e;j rYif
jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;ljhy;> xU KbT nra;ag;gLk; xg;ge;jkhf ,Uf;f
KbahJ.
6. Vw;fNtz;ba xU epge;jidia epiwNtw;whj tifapy;
jpUk;gg; ngWjy;: Vw;nfdNt Kd;itj;j xU epge;jidia
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 19

rYif kw;Wk; thq;f Kw;gl;ltu; epiwNtw;w Kbahtpl;lhy; ,e;j rYif
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
uj;J nra;ag;gLfpwJ. [gpupT 6 (3)]. A mtuJ ];$l;liu B f;F
4000 &gha;f;F tpw;f xU rYifia toq;Ffpwhu;. yad;];
rq;fj;jpy; Nru Kbahtpl;lhy;> B xU thuj;jpw;Fs; yad;];
Fwpg;Gfs; rq;fj;jpy; ,ize;jhy; ,e;j rYifia ngw KbAk;.
,y;iynad;why; B ,e;j rYifia ngw KbahJ.
7. rl;ltpNuhjk; my;yJ mopg;G %yk; xU rYifia
ngWjy; gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ: rYif
Fiwg;G cUthf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;stJ
rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ. vdNt> 6>500 &gha;f;F 10 igfs; NfhJik
tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;L> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F Kd;du;>
NfhJik jdpegu;fshy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLtij jilnra;Ak;
rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. mNj tpjj;jpy;> rYifapd; nghUisf;
nfhz;l nghUs;> mopf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;du; toq;fg;gLtJ
fzprkhf FiwghLilajhf ,Ue;jhy;> xU rYif js;Sgb
nra;ag;glyhk;.
2.2.4 Vw;G
Vw;nfdNt ghu;j;jgb xU xg;ge;jk;> xU rYifia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
NghJ ntspg;gLfpwJ. gpupT 2 (b) $WtjhtJ ‘Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
xU Kd;nkhopT xU thf;FWjpahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;’ vd
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Kd;nkhopT
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> ‘Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;’
vd;gJ mtUila xg;Gjypd; thapyhf toq;fg;gl;l tpjpKiwfspd;
ntspg;ghlhFk;.
2.2.5 xU nry;Ygbahd Vw;G njhlu;ghd rl;l tpjpfs; rYifiag;

gw;wpa jfty;> Vw;G kw;Wk; kWg;Gfs;
xU nry;Ygbahd Vw;G gpd;tUk; tpjpfNshL ,zf;fj;jd;ik
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;:
1. xU nry;Ygbahd Vw;G gpd;tUk; tpjpKiwfSf;F ,zq;f
Ntz;Lk;: xU rYifiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; eguhy; kl;LNk
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl KbAk;> mjDld; xg;ge;jk; nra;Ak;
Nehf;fj;ij mJ ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpwJ. mij ,d;ndhUtu;
xg;Gf;nfhs;shky; NtW eguhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ. ‘A
cld; xg;ge;jk; nra;a ePq;fs; Kd;nkhope;jhy;> cq;fs; xg;Gjy;
,y;yhkNy B f;F gjpyhf khw;w KbahJ’ vd;W rl;lj;jpd; tpjp
njspthf cs;sJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l egUf;F toq;fg;gLk; xU
rYifia jdpahfNt mtu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,NjNghy;
(mjhtJ> Mrpupau;fs;) xU tFg;Gf;F toq;fg;gLk; rYif> me;j
tFg;gpd; ve;jnthU cWg;gpdu;fshYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
cyfpd; thapyhf toq;fg;gl;l xU rYifia ,e;j rYifia
gw;wp mwpe;j midtuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

2. Vw;G KOikahd kw;Wk; jFjpaw;w epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; rYif kw;Wk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
[gpupT 7 (1)]: rl;luPjpahf jpwk;glf;$ba tifapy;> ,e;j
rYifiag; gw;wpa midj;J tpjpKiwfisAk; KOikahf
Vw;Wf; nfhs;s jFjpaw;w epiyapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. rYif tpjpKiwfspypUe;J rpwpNjDk; tpyfy; $l Fwpg;Gfs;
Vw;Gfis nry;Ygbahfhky; nra;fpwJ. ,jd; tpisthf> xU
tpyf;fg;gl;l Vw;G vd;gJ rl;lj;jpy; xU vjpu;r; rYifiag;
Nghy; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
3. ,e;j Kd;nkhopT Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba tpjj;ijf;
nfhz;L tUk; tifapy;> xU tof;fkhd> epahakhd
Kiwapy; Vw;G ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. [gpupT 7 (2)]: rYif
toq;fpatupd; gupe;Jiug;gb Vw;Wf;nfhs;s ve;j tifAk;
,y;iy vd;why;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ tof;fkhd kw;Wk;
epahakhf gad;Kiwapy; njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tof;fkhd
jfty; njhlu;G Kiwfs; tha;top> kw;Wk; jghy; %yk;>
elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW Ngrg;gl;l my;yJ vOjg;gl;l rYiffs;
jghy; my;yJ je;jp %yk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtJ xU tpiuT
Vw;G my;yJ kiwKf Vw;G vdg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf> rpy
Njitahd eltbf;iffis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> mwptpf;fg;gl;l
ntFkjpg;gpw;F ,oe;j nghUl;fisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjd; %yNkh
my;yJ rpy ed;ik my;yJ Nritia Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yNkh
nray;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU nghJg; NgUe;J gazpfs;
gbfspy; epd;W gazpg;gJ nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j rl;lk; xU ntspg;gilahd> ‘mikjpia’ Vw;Fk;
Kiw vd;W Fwpg;gpLtjpy;iy vd;gij ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpw;Fs; Vw;G
njuptpf;fg;gltpy;iynad;why;> ,e;j rYif Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;W xU eguhy; $w KbahJ. mNj Nghy;>
ve;j cj;juTk; ngwhky; jdJ nrhe;j xU tu;j;jfu;> xU
fbjk; %yk; nghUl;fis rpy egu; mDg;GfpwJ. ‘ehd; mLj;j
jpq;fl;fpoik cq;fsplk; Nfl;f Kbatpy;iy vd;why;> ePq;fs;
nghUl;fis thq;fptpl;Bu;fs; vd;W epidj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;’
vd;w xU xg;ge;jj;ij nfhLf;f KbahJ. ,J Nghd;w tpjp
,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy;> vjpu;kiwahd mj;jid rYiffSf;Fk;
gjpyspf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ epr;rakhf mtu;fSf;F tof;fkpy;yhj
epjp Rikiaf; nfhLf;Fk;.
kd Vw;G vd;gJ tpisT mw;wJ: kduPjpahd Vw;G my;yJ
mikjpahd xg;Gjy; vd;gJ nrhw;fs; my;yJ elj;ijahy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ> xU nry;Ygbahd Vw;ghLfs;
ep&gpf;fg;gltpy;iy ,j;jifa Vw;G Kiw NghJkhdjha;
,Uf;Fk; vd;W Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; $l ,J ,Uf;fpwJ.
Vw;G vd;gJ> xg;Gjy; toq;fpatUf;F njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;>
,y;iynadpy; mJ ve;j tpisitAk; Vw;gLj;jhJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 21

rYif kw;Wk; 4. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; xg;Gjy; toq;fpatu; %yk; njuptpf;fg;gl
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;: xg;Gjy; ngWtjw;F nry;YgbahFk; epiyapy;> mJ
xg;Gjy; toq;fpatuhy; kl;LNk nra;ag;glhky;> toq;fpatuplk;
(my;yJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;gtu;) mjpfhupaplk; my;yJ mjpfhuj;Jld;
Fwpg;Gfs; njhlu;G nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
5. xg;Gjy; xU epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;>
my;yJ rYif Klf;fk;/uj;J nra;ag;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;: Fwpg;gpl;l fhy vy;iyf;Fs; rl;lg;G+u;tkhf
gaDs;s xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;why; ve;j NeuKk;
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhy; xU epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs; mDkjp
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> Vnddpy; xU rYifia fhytiuapd;wp
itj;jpUf;f KbahJ. ,e;j rYif jpUk;gg; ngwg;gLtjw;F
Kd;> rYif toq;fpatupd; ,wg;G kw;Wk; kdepiy kypT
milj;jhu;fs; vd;why; mtw;iw gw;wpa jfty;fs; rupahd
fhuzj;Jld; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
6. Vw;G> rYifiag; ngw Ntz;Lk;: rYifiag; ngw;w gpwF
Vw;G mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ rYifiag; ngWtjw;F Kd; Vw;G
mspf;fg;glf;$lhJ. xU epWtdj;jpy;> mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jhj
egUf;F gq;Ffs; toq;fg;gl;ld. gpd;du; mtu; gq;Ffis gw;wpa
Ke;ija xJf;fPL gw;wp mwpahky; mij gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
gad;ghl;Lf;F Ke;ija gq;Ffs; xJf;fPL nra;ag;glkhl;lhJ.
7. epuhfupf;fg;gl;l rYiffs; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lhy; kl;LNk
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;: xU Gjpa rYifia ,lk;ngwhtpl;lhy;
epuhfupf;fg;gl;l xU rYif Kiwia kPz;Lk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
KbahJ.

xg;ge;j jug;gpdiu NeUf;F Neu; re;jpj;J Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;Jk;
NghJ> rYif kw;Wk; Vw;G gw;wpa jfty; njhlu;G nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
NkYk; xU nry;Ygbahd xg;ge;jk; eilKiwf;F tUfpwJ. ,e;j
xg;Gjy;> jdJ KOikahd kw;Wk; jFjpaw;wij Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
tifapy; ,e;j Kd;nkhopT Vw;fg;gLfpwJ. VNjDk; rYif my;yJ
xg;Gjiy uj;J nra;ag;gLk; NghJ tpdh VJk; vOtjpy;iy. Vnddpy;>
mj;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; xU jpl;ltl;lkhd Kd;nkhopT cldbahf
jahupf;fg;gl;L cldbahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy;> ,e;j mQ;ry; mYtyfj;jpd; Nritfs;> xg;ge;j jug;gpduhy;
jq;fSf;Fs;Ns njhlu;G nfhs;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhYk;> mit
xd;NwhL xd;W tpyfp ,Ug;gjhYk;> xU rYifAk;/Vw;G js;SgbAk;
nra;ag;gl;l rupahd Neuj;ijf; fz;Lgpbg;gj;J vspjhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
,e;j epfo;Tfspy;> 4 kw;Wk; 5 gpupTfspy; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpd;tUk;
tpjpfSf;F nghUe;Jtjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
1. xU rYifiag; gw;wpa jfty; gupkhw;wk;: xU rYifiag;
gw;wpa jfty;> mJ ahUf;F fpilf;Fk; vd;w mwpit milAk;

NghJ> mjhtJ> me;j rYif nfhz;l fbjk;> me;j rYifia rYif kw;Wk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
ngWgtiu nrd;wilAk; NghJ> mJ KOikailfpwJ.
2. Vw;G gw;wpa jfty;: Vw;G gw;wpa jfty;> MjuthsUf;F vjpuhf>
Vw;ghd; kPJ ,Ug;gJ Nghy ,uz;L mk;rq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
xU Vw;Gf;fhd jfty; gupkhw;wk; (a) Kd;nkhopatUf;F Fwpg;Gfs;
vjpuhf> mtiu Vw;Wf;nfhs;gtupd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F ntspNa
,Ug;gjhy;> mJ mtUf;F mDg;gg;gLk; NghJk;> kw;Wk; (b)
xg;Gf;nfhz;ltUf;F vjpuhf> mJ xU jpl;ltl;lkhd egu;fSf;F
mwpKfkhdhy;> mjhtJ> Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; fbjk; Kd;nkhope;jtu;
%yk; ngwg;gLk; NghJk; epiwtilfpwJ.
3. jpUk;gg;ngwg;gl;l jfty;njhlu;G KOikahdJ: (a) mij
cUthf;Fk; egUf;F vjpuhf> ahuhy; jahupf;fg;gLNkh ve;j
egUf;F mJ mDg;gg;gLfpwNjh> mNjNghy;> jpUk;gg;ngwg;gl;l
egupd; mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J ntspNaWtjhy;> mjhtJ> jpUk;gg;
ngWjy; fbjk; mDg;gl;Ls;sJ. kw;Wk; (b) jdJ mwpitg;
nghWj;jtiuapy;> ahuhy; jahupf;fg;gLNkh me;j egUf;F
vjpuhf> mjhtJ jpUk;gg;ngUj;jy; fbjk; mDg;gg;gl;l eguhy;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtJ.
mQ;ry; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; %yk; Vw;Fk; fbjj;jpd; jhkjk; my;yJ
,og;gpd; tpisT: ,J tiu> mtu; Vw;Giuapy;> Vw;G fbjk;
mDg;gg;gl;ljd; %yk;> me;j fbjk; jhkjkhfNth my;yJ>
xU tpgj;jpd; %yk;> me;j fbjk;> njhiye;jhNyh cz;ikapy;
,e;j fbjk; mtiu nrd;wila KbahJ. Vw;Wf;nfhs;gtu;
nghWg;Ngw;fpd;w tiu> mtu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba fbjj;jpw;F
,e;j fl;Lg;ghLk; Njitapy;iy. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba fbjk;>
me;j xg;ge;jj;ij milAk; tiu> Vw;ghd; Neu;tpy; xg;ge;jk;
Vw;fj;jf;fjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j xg;ge;jj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;j
mtu; epu;ge;jpf;ff;$Lk; my;yJ me;j fbjj;ij mtu; jpUk;gg;
ngw Ntz;Lk;. ve;j Neuj;jpYk; mtu; jdJ gjtp Vw;wj;ijj;
njupag;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mtuJ xg;Gjiy uj;J nra;ayhk;.
vdNt> ,e;j fbjj;jpw;F> Nghf;Ftuj;J jhkjk; Vw;gl;lhNyh>
njhiye;J NghdhNyh> Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sgtu; ed;ik milthu;.

1.
,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lgb rYif/
Kd;nkhopT vd;why; vd;d?
2. xU ‘Kd;nkhoptpd;’ %d;W mbg;gilf;$Wfis gl;baypLf.
3. ‘Vw;G’ vd;why; vd;d?
4. nry;YgbahFk; Vw;Giuapy; cs;s rpy rl;l tpjpfis
gl;baypLf.
5. xU jpUk;gg; ngWjy; gw;wpa jfty; vg;NghJ KOik
ngWfpwJ?
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 23

rYif kw;Wk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
1. ‘Kd;nkhopT’ kw;Wk; ‘rYif’ vd;w nrhw;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W

Fwpg;Gfs; khw;wkpd;wp ,iznghUshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpa
(a) xU ‘Kd;nkhopit’ xU egu;>
xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2
vijAk; nra;tjpypUe;J tpyfp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtuJ
tpUg;gj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ> mj;jifa rl;lj;jpw;F jtpu;g;G ngUk;
nraYf;F kw;nwhU xg;Gjiy ngWk; Nehf;Fld;> mtu; xU
Kd;nkhopT nra;thu;’ vd;W tiuaWf;fpwJ.
2. xU 'Kd;nkhoptpd;" %d;W mbg;gilfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(i) vijahtJ nra;tjw;F my;yJ vijahtJ nra;ahky;
jtpu;g;gjw;F xU ntspg;ghlhf mJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) vijahtJ nra;tjw;F my;yJ jtpu;g;gjw;fhd tpUg;gj;jpd;
ntspg;ghL NtW egUf;Fk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jdf;F xU
egu; %yk; ‘Kd;nkhopT’ vJTk; ,Uf;f KbahJ.
(iii) VNjDk; xd;iwr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gj;jpd;
ntspg;ghL> kw;w egupd; xg;Gjiyg; ngWtjw;F my;yJ
jtpu;g;gjw;Fj; jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;Fld;
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. Vw;nfdNt ghu;j;jgb xU xg;ge;jk;> xU rYifia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
NghJ ntspg;gLfpwJ. gpupT 2 (b) $WtjhtJ ‘Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
xU Kd;nkhopT xU thf;FWjpahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;’ vd
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Kd;nkhopT
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> ‘Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;’
vd;gJ mtUila xg;Gjypd; thapyhf toq;fg;gl;l
tpjpKiwfspd; ntspg;ghlhFk;.
4. xU nry;Ygbahd Vw;G gpd;tUk; tpjpKiwfSf;F ,zq;f
Ntz;Lk;:
(i) xU rYifiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; eguhy; kl;LNk
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl KbAk;> mjDld; xg;ge;jk; nra;Ak;
Nehf;fj;ij mJ ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpwJ. mij ,d;ndhUtu;
xg;Gf;nfhs;shky; NtW eguhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ.
(ii) Vw;G KOikahd kw;Wk; jFjpaw;wepiyapy; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; [gpupT 7 (1)]: rl;luPjpahf jpwk;glf;$ba
tifapy;> ,e;j rYifiag; gw;wpa midj;J
tpjpKiwfisAk; KOikahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;s jFjpaw;w
epiyapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;
(iii) ,e;j Kd;nkhopT Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba tpjj;ijf;
nfhz;L tUk; tifapy;> xU tof;fkhd> epahakhd
Kiwapy; Vw;G ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. [gpupT 7 (2)]:
rYif toq;fpatupd; gupe;Jiug;gb Vw;Wf;nfhs;s ve;j

tifAk; ,y;iy vd;why;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ rYif kw;Wk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
tof;fkhd kw;Wk; epahakhf gad;Kiwapy; njuptpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
(iv)
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; xg;Gjy; toq;fpatu; %yk;
njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;: xg;Gjy; ngWtjw;F nry;YgbahFk; Fwpg;Gfs;
epiyapy;> mJ xg;Gjy; toq;fpatuhy; kl;LNk nra;ag;glhky;>
toq;fpatuplk; (my;yJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;gtu;) mjpfhupaplk;
my;yJ mjpfhuj;Jld; njhlu;G nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(v) xg;Gjy; xU epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;>
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;: Fwpg;gpl;l fhy vy;iyf;Fs;
rl;lg;G+u;tkhf gaDs;s xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;why;
ve;j NeuKk; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhy; xU epahakhd
Neuj;jpw;Fs; mDkjp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> Vnddpy; xU
rYifia fhytiuapd;wp itj;jpUf;f KbahJ.
(vi) Vw;G> ,e;h rYifiag; ngw Ntz;Lk;: rYifiag; ngw;w
gpwF Vw;G mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ rYifiag; ngWtjw;F
Kd; Vw;G mspf;fg;glf;$lhJ.
5. jpUk;gg;ngwg;gl;l jfty;njhlu;G KOikahdJ: (a) mij
cUthf;Fk; egUf;F vjpuhf> ahuhy; jahupf;fg;gLNkh ve;j
egUf;F mJ mDg;gg;gLfpwNjh> mNjNghy;> jpUk;gg;ngwg;gl;l
egupd; mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J ntspNaWtjhy;> mjhtJ> jpUk;gg;
ngw;w fbjk; mQ;ry; nra;ag;gLfpwJ> kw;Wk; (b) jdJ mwpitg;
nghWj;jtiuapy;> ahuhy; jahupf;fg;gLNkh me;j egUf;F
vjpuhf> mjhtJ jpUk;gg;ngWjy; fbjk; mDg;gg;gl;l eguhy;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtJ.
2.4 RUf;fk;
(a) xU egu; ‘Kd;nkhopT
••,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2
jpl;lj;ij’ tiuaiw nra;Ak; NghJ> VjhtJ xU tifapy;
mtu; jd;Dila tpUg;gj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpdhy;> mJ mj;jifa
rl;lj;jpw;F jtpu;g;gpy; ,Ue;J kw;wtupd; xg;Gjiy ngWk;
Nehf;fj;Jld; mtu; xU Kd;nkhopT nra;thu; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
••thu;j;ijfshy;> Ngrg;gl;l my;yJ vOjg;gl;l xU rYif
‘ntspg;gilahd rYif’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ> xU egupd;
elj;ij my;yJ tof;fkhd R+o;epiyfspd; %yk;> ngwg;gl;l
xU rYif ‘kiwKfkhd rYif’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
••xU Fwpg;gpl;l eguhy; nra;ag;gLk; NghJ xU rYif ‘ Fwpg;gpl;l’
rYif vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa xU rYifia> mJ ahUf;F
toq;fg;gLNkh me;j eguhy; kl;LNk mJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
••,U jug;gpdu; xNu khjpupahd rYiffis xUtUf;nfhUtu;
toq;Fk;NghJ> rYifiag; gw;wp xUtUf;nfhUtu; mwpahky;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 25

rYif kw;Wk; ,Ug;gJ ‘FWf;F rYiffs;’ vdg;gLfpwJ. ‘FWf;F-rYiffs;’
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
kw;nwhd;W xU tha;g;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj NghJ> mj;jifa
xg;ge;jk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
••gpupT 7 ,d; gb> tpjpKiwf;Nfw;g rYifia Vw;Wf;
Fwpg;Gfs; nfhs;shtpl;lhy;> rYifapy; ve;j khw;wKk; nra;akhl;lkhl;lhJ.
••xU rYif Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kd; ve;j Neuj;jpYk;> jpUk;gg;
ngwg;glyhk;. kw;w jug;gpdUf;F toq;fpa mwptpg;G njhlu;ghf
njhlu;G nfhs;s KbfpwJ. [gpupT 6 (1)].
••rYif cUthf;fg;gl;l gpwF rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ vd;why; mJ
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf me;j rYif ePf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••xU rYifiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; eguhy; kl;LNk mtw;iw
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl KbAk;> mjDld; xg;ge;jk; nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;ij
mJ ,wf;Fkjp nra;fpwJ. mij xU egu; xg;Gf;nfhs;shky;
NtW eguhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ.
••Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; tof;fkhd eilKiwapd; %yk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lhy;>
,J xU kiwKfkhd Vw;G vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf>
rpy Njitahd eltbf;iffis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> mwptpf;fg;gl;l
ntFkjpg;gpw;F ,oe;j nghUl;fisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjd; %yNkh
my;yJ rpy ed;ik my;yJ Nritia Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yNkh>
nray;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU nghJg; NgUe;J gazpfs; g
bfspy;
epd;W gazpg;gJ nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
••kduPjpahd Vw;G my;yJ mikjpahd xg;Gjy; vd;gJ
nrhw;fs; my;yJ elj;ijahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ> xU
nry;Ygbahd Vw;ghLfs; ep&gpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;why; ,j;jifa
Vw;G Kiw NghJkhdjha; ,Uf;fpwJ. Vw;G vd;gJ> xg;Gjy;
toq;fpatUf;F njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ,y;iynadpy; mJ
ve;j tpisitAk; Vw;gLj;jhJ.
••xg;Gjy; xU epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;>
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;: Fwpg;gpl;l fhy vy;iyf;Fs; rl;lg;G+u;tkhf
gaDs;s xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;why; ve;j NeuKk;
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhy; xU epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs; mDkjp
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> Vnddpy; xU rYifia fhytiuapd;wp
itj;jpUf;f KbahJ.
••xg;ge;jf; FOf;fs; NeUf;F Neu; re;jpj;J Ngr;Rthu;j;ij
elj;Jifapy;> cldb njhlu;G kw;Wk; xg;GjYf;fhd
njhlu;G Vw;gLfpwJ. NkYk; rupahd xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLtjhy;>
,e;j KOikahd kw;Wk; jFjpaw;w xg;ge;jk; toq;fpatu;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l Kd;nkhopit Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
••Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd njhlu;G ,uz;L mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;lJ>
mjhtJ> MjuthsUf;F vjpuhfTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;SgtUf;F
vjpuhfTk; cs;sJ.

••Vw;G fbjk;> xg;Gjy; toq;fpatu; milAk; tiu> Vw;ghd; rYif kw;Wk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
Neu;tpy; ,e;j xg;ge;jk; njhlu;e;J ,lk; ngw KbAk;. ,e;j
xg;ge;jj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;j mtu; epu;ge;jpf;ff;$Lk; my;yJ
me;j fbjj;ij mtu; jpUk;gg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W fbjk;
vOjp nfhs;tjw;F Kd; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; jdJ kWgjtp Fwpj;J Fwpg;Gfs;
njupag;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mtu; jdJ xg;Gjiy uj;J nra;ayhk;.

••FWf;F rYiffs;: ,U jug;gpdUk; xNu khjpupahd rYiffis
xUtUf;nfhUtu; toq;Fk;NghJ> xUtUf;nfhUtu; toq;Fk;
rYifiag; gw;wp mwpahky;> ,Ug;gJ ‘FWf;F rYiffs;’ MFk;.
••epge;jid Vw;G: xU epge;jid Vw;G> rpy Neuq;fspy; jFjpngw;w
Vw;G vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ> xU egu; xU rYifiag; gw;wp
$Wk; NghJ> mtu; xU rpy khw;wq;fis tpjpKiwfspd;gb
nra;fpwhu;. VNjh xU epge;jid my;yJ epfo;T epfOk; NghJ
rYifiag; gw;wp xg;Gf;nfhs;sj; jahuhf ,Uf;Fk; Ntz;Lk;.
••tpiuT Vw;G: mQ;ry; my;yJ je;jp %yk; Ngrg;gl;l my;yJ
vOjg;gl;l Vw;G Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtJ tpiuT Vw;G vdg;gLfpwJ.
••kiwKfkhd Vw;G: Vw;G tof;fkhd eilKiw %yk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ xU nksdkhd Vw;G my;yJ
kiwKfkhd Vw;G vdg;gLfpwJ.
••rYifia jpUk;gg; ngWjy;: ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; gpupT 5 xU
rYifiag; jpUk;gg; ngWjypd; tpjpKiwfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. nry;YgbahFk; rYifapd; rl;l tpjpfs; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. FWf;F rYiffs; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.
3. xU rYifia Fiwg;G> nry;Ygbahfhj epiyapy; khWk;
R+o;epiyia RUf;fkhf vOJf.
4. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; fhy tuk;Gf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp
RUf;fkhf vOJf.
5. Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; gw;wpa jfty; njhlu;gpd; mk;rq;fis RUf;fkhf
vOJf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ‘rl;lG+u;tkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rYif
vjpu;ghu;f;ftpy;iy vd;why;> mJ rupahd rYifahf ,Uf;fhJ.’
,e;j mwpf;ifia nghUj;jkhd ctikfSld; epahag;gLj;Jf.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 27

rYif kw;Wk; 2. rupahd Vw;G njhlu;ghf rpy rl;l tpjpfis tpthjpf;fTk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
3. rYif> xg;Gjy; kw;Wk; jpUk;gg; ngWjy; Mfpatw;wpd; tpupthd
jfty;fspd;gb Ma;T nra;f.
Fwpg;Gfs; 2.7 NkYk; gbf;f

Fr;rhy;> M.C. kw;Wk; tpNtf; Fr;rhy;. 2012. tzpfr; rl;lk;> vl;lhtJ
gjpg;gfk;).

myF 3 guprPyid
guprPyid
mikg;G
3.0 Kd;Diu Fwpg;Gfs;
3.2 guprPyid: tiuaiwfs;> tiffs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;
3.2.1 nry;Ygbahd guprPyidapd; mtrpaq;fs;
3.2.2 xg;ge;jq;fs; kw;Wk; tpjp tpyf;Ffs;
3.7 Njhw;w xg;ge;jq;fs;
tpilfs;
3.9 RUf;fk;
3.12 NkYk; gbf;f
3.0 Kd;Diu
,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpy;> xU kjpg;G kw;nwhU kjpg;Gf;fhd gupkhw;wkhf
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,J rl;lG+u;tkhf mky;gLj;jf;$ba xU xg;ge;jj;jpw;F
,Uf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa $WghLfspy; xd;whFk;. xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd;
gpupT 10 ,d; fPo>; xU nry;Ygbahd xg;ge;jj;ij mikf;f kw;Wk;
Njitg;ghLfSf;fpilNa rl;lg;gbahd guprPyid Nru;ff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ.
guprPyid vd;gJ> xU thf;FWjpapypUe;J VjhtJ xU jug;gpduhy;
MjhakiltNjh my;yJ kw;nwhd;W ,oe;j VNjh xU thf;FWjpahFk;.
xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; xU fl;rpahy; nra;ag;gLk; kw;w fl;rpapdUf;F cupa
mD$yk; cz;L. gpupT 2(d)-y; cs;s guprPyidapd; ,yf;fzj;jpy;
rupahd guprPyidapd; kw;nwhU mj;jpahtrpakhd Njit vd;dntd;why;>
guprPyid vd;gJ thf;FWjpapypUe;J kl;Lk; efu;tjpy;iy. Mdhy;
%d;whtJ eguplkpUe;J njhluf;$Lk;.
,e;j myF guprPyidapd; mj;jpahtrpaq;fis gFg;gha;T
nra;tNjhL> ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872 ,y; gy;NtW xg;ge;jq;fis
tpsf;FfpwJ.

Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 29

guprPyid ••Kf;fpa $Wfs; kw;Wk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
mj;jpahtrpa $Wfs; Mfpatw;iw Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
••xg;ge;jj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
••nghUspd; jpwd;, xg;Gjy; kw;Wk; rl;lG+u;t jd;ikia Gupe;J
Fwpg;Gfs; nfhs;s KbAk;.
••xg;ge;jj;ij kPWjy; gw;wp mwpa KbAk;.
••xg;ge;j mbg;gilapy; flikfis Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
3.2 guprPyid: tiuaiwfs;> tiffs; kw;Wk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;
,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2 (d) gpd;tUkhW guprPypf;fg;gLfpwJ:
thf;FWjpaspg;gtu; tpUg;gj;jpd; NghJ> thf;FWjpaspg;gjpy; ,Ue;J tpyfpNah,
NtW ve;j egu; nra;jhYk; nra;ahtpl;lhYk;> my;yJ nra;tjpypUe;J
tpyfpNah> nra;tjw;F my;yJ nra;ahky; ,Ug;gij cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
mj;jifa rl;lk; thf;FWjpf;F fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
NkNy cs;s tiuaiwapd; xU gFg;gha;T gpd;tUkhW ehd;F
mk;rq;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;sJ:
(a) thf;FWjpia fUj;jpy; nfhz;L nray;gLk; nrayw;w> cWjpaw;w
my;yJ thf;FWjpia epiwNtw;Wgtupd; tpUg;gg;gb nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;;
(b) thf;FWjpaspg;gtu; my;yJ NtnwhU eguhy; ,J nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;;
(c)
,J Vw;fdNt nray;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk;, nra;ag;gLk;
nray;Kiwahf ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ NkYk; nray;glyhk;.
(d) xU kjpg;ig ,izf;Fk; VjhtJ xd;W ,r;rl;ljpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3.2.1 nry;Ygbahd guprPyidapd; mtrpaq;fs;;

guprPyid tiuaiwapd; ehd;F $W gFjpfs; rupahd guprPyidapd;
mbg;gil $Wfshf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mbg;gilf;$Wfs; gw;wp
ehk; ,g;NghJ tpupthff; fhz;Nghk;. ,it gpd;tUkhW
1. guprPyidapy; thf;FWjpaspg;gtupd; tpUg;gj;ij
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;: rl;l uPjpahd guprPyidia
cUthf;Fk; nghUl;L> me;j thf;FWjpapd; kPJ guprPyid nra;Ak;
rl;lk; my;yJ mij epiwNtw;whky; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW
nra;ag;gLk; nray;fs;> jhkhfNt Kd;te;J nra;Ak; Nritfs;
my;yJ %d;whk; jug;gpdu; tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy;> xg;ge;jj;ij
Mjupg;gjw;fhf cupa guprPyidf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;glhJ.
,e;j ju;f;fj;ij xU egu; ghjpf;ff;$ba ftiy kw;Wk;
,og;gpy; fhzyhk;. mtu; Njitg;glhj NritfSf;F gzk;
nrYj;jg;glhj fl;lhaj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jyhk;.
2. guprPyid thf;FWjpaspg;gtu; my;yJ NtW
egu;fsplkpUe;J njhluyhk;: gpupT 2
(d) guprPyid vd;w

tiuaiwf;Fs; mlq;fpaJ Nghy> rupahd guprPyidapd; ,uz;lhtJ guprPyid
mj;jpahtrpakhdJ> ,e;jg; guprPyid thf;FWjpaspg;gtuplkpUe;J

kl;Lk; efu;tjpy;iy> %d;whk; eguplkpUe;Jk; njhlu;fpwJ. vdNt>
thf;FWjpaspf;Fk; tiu> ,J nghUj;jkw;wJ. ,J
thf;FWjpaspg;gtu; my;yJ NtW ve;j eguplkpUe;Jk; njhluyhk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
mjhtJ> guprPyidf;F xU me;epad; $l xg;ge;jk; nra;a KbAk;.
mtu; xg;ge;jk; nra;a xU jug;G cs;sJ. ,J rpy Neuq;fspy;
‘Mf;fG+u;tkhd guprPyid Nfhl;ghL’ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU xg;ge;jj;jpw;F xU me;epau; tof;Fj; njhLf;f KbahJ: xU
egu; guprPyizapy; xU me;epauhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy;, mtu;
xg;ge;jj;jpy; me;epauhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. Vndd;why; xg;ge;jj;jpy;
,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;l ve;jnthU cupikiaAk; nray;gLj;Jtjw;F
‘xg;ge;jj;jpd; jdpj;Jtk;’ mtrpak;. xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilf;
Nfhl;ghlhf xU me;epad; xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; tof;F njhLf;f
KbahJ. jug;gpd; xU egu; kl;LNk xg;ge;jj;jpd; kPJ tof;F
njhlf;f KbAk;. ,t;thwhf> B> A ,d; flDf;fhd A ,d; flid
nrYj;j A f;F B ,d; cld;gbf;if> A mlkhdq;fs; mtuJ
nrhj;Jf;fs; A, B Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNaahd cld;gbf;iff;F
ve;jnthU cupikahsUk; ,y;iy vd;w thf;FWjpia epiwNtw;w
B f;F vjpuhf tof;F jhf;fy; nra;a KbahJ. (<];tuk;gps;is
nrhd;dpthNtUf;F vjpuhf).
3. guprPyid fhyk;> epfo;fhyk; my;yJ vjpu;fhykhf
,Uf;fyhk;: thu;ji; jfs; nra;atpy;iy, iftpltpy;iy,
nra;tjpypUe;J tpyfpNah, nra;tJ my;yJ nra;tijj;
jtpu;gij cWjpaspf;fpwJ. ,e;j guprPyidapd; tiuaiwapd;
gb> fle;j fhyj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ nra;a Kbahj>
epfo;fhyj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ nra;a Kbahj>
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; nra;akhl;Nlhk; vd cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l my;yJ
epfohj VNjDk; xd;whf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gJ njspthf
Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. RUf;fkhf nrhy;y Ntz;Lkhdhy;> fle;j
fhyk;> epfo;fhyk; my;yJ vjpu;fhyr; rl;lk; my;yJ jtpu;jj ; y;
Mfpait mlq;fpapUf;fyhk;.
4. guprPyidf;fhf VNjh xU kjpg;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;: rupahd
guprPyidf;fhf ehd;fhtJ kw;Wk; filrp mj;jpahtrpakhdJ>
rl;lk; xU kjpg;ig ,izf;Fk; ‘VjhtJ xd;whf’ ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. xU xg;ge;jk; nry;YgbahFk; vd;w
thf;FWjpf;F> guprPyid NghJkhdjy;y. rl;lj;ij kl;LNk
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mJ NghJkhd msTf;F ,y;iy
vd;W typAWj;JfpwJ. jkJ nrhe;j xg;ge;jj;ij ,ytrkhfg;
ngw mJ kf;fis Rje;jpukhf tpl;LtpLfpwJ.
3.2.2 xg;ge;jq;fs; kw;Wk; tpjptpyf;Ffs;

xg;ge;jk; kw;Wk; tpjptpyf;Ffs; Mfpatw;wpd; kjpg;G> rupahd
xg;ge;jj;jpd; mj;jpahtrpa cWg;Gfspy; xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. nghJ
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 31

guprPyid tpjp vd;gJ ‘guprPyidaw;wjhf ,y;yhky; nra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;jk;
ntw;wplkhFk;’. Mdhy;, tpjpKiwf;F xU rpy tpjptpyf;Ffs; cs;sd.
mq;F fzf;fpy;yhky; xU xg;ge;jk; rupahfTk; nry;YgbahfTk;
,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j tpjptpyf;Ffs; gpd;tUkhW:
Fwpg;Gfs; 1. ,aw;if md;G kw;Wk; ghrj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nra;ag;gl;l
xg;ge;jk; [gpupT. 25 (1)]: guprPyidapd;wp nra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;jk;
eilKiwg;gLj;jf; $baJ vd;why;> mJ (i) vOj;Jfspy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. (ii) Mtzq;fisg; gjpT nra;tjw;F mkypy;
,Uf;Fk; fhyj;jpw;fhd rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Lk;.
(iii) ,aw;ifahd md;G kw;Wk; ghrj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
nra;ag;gl;Lk;. (iv) xUtUf;nfhUtu; neUq;fpa njhlu;gpy; epw;Fk;
jug;Gf;fpilapy; nra;ag;gLk;. vdNt> ehd;F mbg;gilj;
NjitfSk; guprPypf;fg;glhky; xU xg;ge;jj;ij mky;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
2. fle;j fhy jd;dhu;t Nritia <L nra;a xg;ge;jk; [gpupT
25 (2)]: guprPyidapd;wp mspj;j thf;FWjp nry;YgbahFk;.
xU egu; Vw;fdNt KOikahfNth my;yJ gFjpahfNth>
jd;dhu;tj;Jld; VNjDk; xd;iwr; nra;a KbAk; my;yJ me;j
thf;FWjpaspg;gtu; rl;lG+u;tkw;w xd;iwr; nra;a KbAk;.
3. fhy jil nra;ag;gl;l fld; xg;ge;jk; [gpupT 25 (3)]: ,jpy;
xU xg;ge;jk; cs;sJ. mJ vOj;J %yk; my;yJ mtuJ
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Kftu; %yk; ifnahg;gkpl;L ,Uf;Fk;.
tuk;gpw;Fl;gLk; rl;lj;jhy; jil nra;ag;gl;l flid KOtJkhf
my;yJ gFjpahf nrYj;Jtjw;F> ve;j xU guprPyidahy;
Mjupf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;whYk;> xg;ge;jk; nry;YgbahFk;.
xU fhy jil nra;ag;gl;l flid kPl;f KbahJ. vdNt,
mj;jifa flid jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd cWjpnkhop
guprPyidapd;wp cs;sJ. vdNt, jw;Nghija tpjptpyf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ.
4. epiwT gupR: xU gupR nry;YgbahFk; nghUl;L, guprPyid
Njitapy;iy. ed;nfhil mspg;gtu; kw;Wk; ngWgtu;
,ilapy;> cz;ikapy; ve;jnthU guprPyid ,y;yhkYk; gupR
nry;YgbahFk; [gpupT 25-f;fhd tpsf;fk;] ,e;j tpjptpyf;Ffis
<u;g;gjw;fhf> ed;nfhil mspg;gtu; kw;Wk; ngWgtu; ,ilapy;>
,aw;if md;G kw;Wk; ghrk; my;yJ neUq;fpa cwT Mfpait
,Uf;ff; $lhJ. vdpDk;> gupR epiwT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
5. epWtdk; xg;ge;jk;: xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; 185 gpupT xU epWtdj;ij
cUthf;f ve;jnthU fUj;Jk; Njitapy;iy vd;W $WfpwJ.
6. thf;FWjpapd; nray;jpwd; %yk; kW ,af;fk;: xU flid
rkurj;jpw;F nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ vd;d nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpl Fiwthf xg;Gf; nfhs;tjhy;> ve;j xU
guprPyidAk; Njitapy;iy. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;>
xU fld; nfhLg;gtu; mtuJ $w;wpd; xU gFjpia tpl;Lf;

nfhLf;f xg;Gf;nfhs;syhk;. mNj Nghy;> xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; guprPyid
nray;ghl;Lf;fhd Neuj;ij ePl;bg;gjw;fhd xU xg;ge;jj;ij

guprPyidf;F (gpupT 63) Mjupf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.
7. mwf;fl;lis gq;fspg;G: cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l re;jh kPjhd
ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jhy;> mwf;fl;lisf;F gq;fspf;Fk; thf;FWjp> xU Fwpg;Gfs;
thf;FWjpahf ,Ue;jhYk;> mJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
nghUspd; tsu;rr ; papy; jpl;ltl;lkhd eltbf;iffis vLj;J>
mJ nrYj;jpa re;jh njhiff;F kpfhky;> vt;tsT n jhifia
nrytpLfpwJ vd;gijAk; thf;FWjpaspg;gtu; vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;.

1. guprPyid vd;w nrhy;Yf;F nghUs; vd;d?
2. rupahd ftdj;jpd; mbg;gilf;$Wfs; ahit?
3. xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; nry;YgbahFk; epiwT nra;ag;gl;l gupR
vt;thW mspf;fg;gLfpwJ?

gpupT 11 $Wifapy;> rl;lj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy; xt;nthU egUk;
ngUk;ghd;ik taijf; nfhz;ltu; ahu; vd;gijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
jFjpAs;stu;. NkYk;, mtu; ve;j tp\aj;ijr; rl;lg;G+u;tkhff;
filgpbj;jhYk;> ve;j tp\aj;ijr; rhu;e;jtuhf ,Ue;jhYk;>
jFjpaw;wtu; Mtu;. ,t;thwhf> gpd;tUk; R+o;epiyfspy; xU egu;
xg;ge;jk; nra;a jFjpaw;w epiyapy; ,Uf;fpwhu; vd;W ,e;jg; gpupT
mwptpf;fpwJ:
1. mtu; rpWghd;ikapduhf ,Ue;jhy;> mtu; rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;L,
2. mtu; kdepk;kjpah ,Ue;jhy;> kw;Wk;
3. mtu; ve;jnthU rl;lj;jhYk; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J jFjpaw;wtu;
vdpy;> mtUf;F cl;gl;ltuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1. ,isa kw;Wk; rpwhu;fspd; xg;ge;jq;fs;

,e;jpa ngUk;ghd;ik rl;lk; 1875 gpupT 3-d; gb> 1999 vd;w ngUk;ghd;ik
(jpUj;jk;) rl;lk;> ,e;jpahtpy; 18 tajpw;F cl;gl;l FbNawpa xU
egUf;F xU rpW gFjp vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. mjd;gb, 18 taij
epiwT nra;j xt;nthU egUk; ngupatu; Mtu;. rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
rpWghd;ikapdupd; cld;gbf;if fPo;fz;lthW tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;.
••rpWghd;ikapdupd; xU xg;ge;jk; mtUf;F vjpuhf Kw;wpYk;
epue;jukw;wJ kw;Wk; nrayw;wjhf cs;sJ.
••ed;ik gaf;Fk; cld;gbf;iffs; nry;Ygbahd xg;ge;jq;fs;
MFk;.
••ngUk;ghd;ik taij miltjw;F ve;j cWjpAk; ,y;iy.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 33

guprPyid ••Kuz;jd;ik tpjp xU rpW gFjpf;F nghUe;jhJ.
••rpWghd;ikapdUf;F nghWg;Gfs; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
••Fwpg;gpl;l nray;jpwd;: Fwpg;gpl;l nray;jpwd; vd;gJ
xg;ge;jj;jpd; cz;ikahd cld;gbf;ifia xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ
Fwpg;Gfs;
vd;gjhFk;. rpWghd;ikapdu;fspd; cld;gbf;if Kw;wpYkhf
epue;jukw;wjhf ,Ug;gjhy;> mj;jifa xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; ‘Fwpg;gpl;l
nray;jpl;lj;ij’ ePjpkd;wk; Neubahf ,af;f KbahJ.
••rpwpa gq;Fjhuu;: xg;ge;jk; nra;tjw;F jFjpaw;w epiyapy;
,Ug;gjhy; $l;lhz;ik epWtdj;jpy; gq;Fjhuuhf ,Uf;f KbahJ.
Mdhy;, ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 30d; fPo>; mtu;
gpw gq;Fjhuu;fSld; jdJ rl;lG+u;tkhd ghJfhtyd; %yk;
epiwNtw;wg;gLk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; midj;J gq;Fjhuu;fspd;
xg;GjYld; ‘$l;lhz;ikapd; ed;ikia’ ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
••rpWghd;ikapdu; xU Kftuhf ,Uf;fyhk; (gpupT 184).
••xU rpWik> xU fiug;ghd; kPJ jPu;g;G toq;f KbahJ. Vnddpy;>
mtu; fld;fis milf;f KbahJ.
••rpWghd;ikapdu; kw;Wk; Kjpu;e;Njhu; $l;lhf elj;jpa xg;ge;jk;:
xU rpWghd;ikapdu; kw;Wk; Kjpu;e;Njhu; $l;lhf kw;nwhU egUld;
xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; EioAk; NghJ> rpwpatu;fSf;F ve;j nghWg;Gk;
,y;iy. Mdhy; Kjpu;e;jtu;fSf;F vjpuhf xl;L nkhj;jkhf
xg;ge;jk; mky;gLj;j KbAk;. ([khdh gha; vjpuhf tre;jh uht;).
••epr;rak; rpWghd;ikapduhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;: xU taJ Kjpu;e;Njhu;>
xU rpW tajpduhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w xg;ge;jj;jpy; xU
taJ Kjpu;e;jtu; ,y;iy vd;whYk;> xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; mtu;
nghWg;Ngw;fpd;whu;. (rpWghd;ikapdu; kw;Wk; %d;whk; jug;gpdUf;F
,ilNa Neub xg;ge;jk; cs;sJ) (fh\pgh vjpuhf \pupgj;).
••xU rpWghd;ikapdupd; ngw;Nwhu; epiy: xU rpWghd;ikapdupd;
ngw;Nwhu;> ,e;j xg;ge;jk; mtrpakh my;yJ ,y;iyah vd;gJ
gw;wp xU rpwpa mstpyhd cld;gbf;iff;F nghWg;ghtjpy;iy.
ngw;Nwhu;> Kftuhf xg;ge;jk; nra;Ak; NghJ kl;LNk>
nghWg;Ngw;f KbAk;.
••xU rpWghd;ikapdu;> xg;ge;jj;jpw;F jFjpaw;wtuhf ,Ug;gjhy;>
xU epWtdj;jpd; gq;Fjhuuhf ,Uf;f KbahJ.
••Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F rpWghd;ikapdu; nghWg;G.
2. jplkw;w kdepiy egu;fs;:

Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;lgb> xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 11 ,d; gb> xU rupahd
xg;ge;jj;jpw;F xt;nthU jug;gpdUk; ‘njspe;j kdJld;’ ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
‘jplkdepiy’ vd;why; vd;d? xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 12 gpd;tUkhW
‘jplkdepiyia’ tiuaWf;fpwJ: xU egu; xU xg;ge;jk; nra;tjd; nghUl;L

xU ey;y kdepiyAld; ,Ug;ghu;. mtu; mij nra;Ak; rkaj;jpy;> mij guprPyid
Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mtu; eyd;fisg; gw;wpa mjd; tpisTfSf;F xU

gFj;jwpthu;ej
; jPug
; i
; g cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; jFjpAilatu;.
vdNt> ,e;j gpuptpd; gb> xg;ge;jj;jpy; EioAk; egu; jhd;
vd;d nra;fpwhu; vd;gij Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; eguhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
mtu; vd;d nra;ag; Nghfpwhu; vd;gJ mtUf;F Mu;tkhf ,Uf;fpwjh
,y;iyah vd;gjw;F xU gFj;jwpTj; jPu;g;ig cUthf;f KbAk;. me;j
gpupT NkYk; $WfpwJ:
(i) nghJthf jplkw;w kdepiy cila xU egu;> vg;NghjhtJ>
njspe;j kdJld;> mjhtJ ey;y kdepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
xU xg;ge;jj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;. vdNt, xU jplkw;w kdepiyapy;
,Uf;Fk; Nehahsp ,e;j ,ilntspfspy; xg;ge;jk; nra;ayhk;.
(ii) nghJthf, jplkdepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; xU egu;> vg;NghjhtJ>
njsptw;W ,Ue;jhy; xg;ge;jj;ij cUthf;f KbahJ. vdNt>
ey;y kdepiyAila xU egu; fha;rr ; ypdhNyh my;yJ kJ
mUe;jpapUe;jhNyh xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpjpfis Gupe;J nfhs;s KbahJ.
jd; eyDf;fhf xU gFj;jwpTj; jPug ; i
; g cUthf;f KbahJ.
mjdhy;, mj;jifa epiyapy; xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; Eioa KbahJ.
jplkw;wkdepiy cila egu;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fspd;
tpisTfs;: jplkw;wkdepiy nfhz;l xU egupd; xg;ge;jk;>
rpWghd;ikapdupd; mNj epiyg;ghl;bd; kPJ elj;jg;gLfpwJ. vdNt,
xU jplkw;w kdepiy nfhz;l xU egupd; xg;ge;jk; Kw;wpYk;
vjpu;kiwahfTk;> jpwikaw;wjhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;, mtu;
fPo;fz;l ed;ikfis ngw KbAk; ([{fs; fpN\hu; vs Nrl;L). vdpDk;>
,e;j rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 68 ,d; fPo;> xU egupd; nrhj;Jilik> mtUf;F
my;yJ mtUf;F rl;lG+u;tkhf fl;Lg;gl;l vtUf;Fk; my;yJ mtUf;F
toq;fg;gl;l NjitfSf;Nfh vg;NghJk; nghWg;Ngw;Fk;.
3. jFjpaw;w egu;fs;:
%d;whk; tif jFjpaw;w egu;fs;> gpupT 11-f;F cl;gl;L> ‘ve;j rl;lj;jpd;
%yKk; xg;ge;jk; nra;a jFjpaw;W ,Uf;fpd;wdu;’. ,jdhy;:
(a) md;dpa vjpupfs;: ,e;jpahtpy; trpf;fpd;w xU me;epau;
(ntspehl;bd; Fbkfd;) rkhjhd fhyj;jpd; NghJ, ,e;jpahtpd;
Fbkf;fSld; xg;ge;jq;fspy; Eioayhk;. me;j tifapy;
murhq;fj;jhy; itf;fg;gl;l ve;jnthU fl;Lg;ghLfSf;Fk;
cl;gl Ntz;Lk;. jdJ ehl;bw;Fk; ,e;jpahtpw;Fk;
,ilNaahd Nghu; mwptpg;gpy;> mtu; xU may;ehl;L vjpupahfp>
xg;ge;jq;fspy; Eioa KbahJ. ‘md;dpa ez;gd; xg;ge;jk; nra;a
KbAk;. Mdhy;, xU md;dpa vjpup xg;ge;jk; nra;a KbahJ’.
Nghu; epWj;jj;jpd; gpufldj;jpw;F Kd; Eioe;j xg;ge;jq;fs;>
Nghupd; NghJ Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ. Nghu; Kbe;j gpd;du;, mit
GJg;gpf;fg;glyhk;. mit Vw;fdNt, fhy-jil nra;ag;gl;ljy;y
vd;W mtu;fs; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 35

guprPyid (b) ntspehl;L ,iwahz;ik kw;Wk; J}Jtu;fs;: ntspehl;L
,iwahz;ikfSld; xg;ge;jq;fspy; Eioifapy; vr;rupf;ifahf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy;, xg;ge;jk; nray;gLj;Jk; NghJ mtu;fs;
kPJ kw;wtu;fs; tof;F njhlu KbAk; vd;whYk; kj;jpa muR
Fwpg;Gfs; Kd; mDkjp ngwhky; tof;F njhlu KbahJ. ,t;thW, mtu;fs;
xU rYif ngw;w epiyapy; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; kw;Wk; tof;fkhf
xg;ge;jj;jpw;F jFjpaw;wtu;fs; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
(c) Fw;wthsp: xUtu; Fw;wthsp vdf; fz;lwpag;gl;L rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gLfpwhu;. rpiwr;rhiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> xU
Fw;wthsp jFjpaw;wtu;: (a) xg;ge;jq;fSf;Fs; Eioe;J> kw;Wk;
(b) jz;lidf;F Kd; nra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fspy; tof;F njhlu
Ntz;Lk;. jz;lid Kbtile;j epiyapy;> mtu; xU tof;if
epWTtjw;F jdpAupik ngw;W cs;shu;. ,J tuk;G kPwy;
rl;lj;jpd; fhyg;gFjpapy; jilapd;wp eilngWfpwJ.
(d) jpUkzkhd ngz;fs;: jpUkzkhd ngz;fs; jq;fs;
jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfs; (];buPjd;) %yk; xg;ge;jq;fspy;
Eioa jFjpAilatu;fshf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fs; fztupd;
nrhj;Jf;fhd xg;ge;jq;fspy; Eioa KbahJ. xU jpUkzkhd
ngz; jd; fztupd; xU Kftuhf nray;gl KbAk;> Njit
Vw;gl;lhy; mtSf;F fztupd; nrhj;ij toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
‘ntspNaw;wg;gLtjw;F’ Kd;ghf mtu; rpy
jFjpfshy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhu;> v.fh. mtu; xU ePjpgjp my;yJ xU epWtdj;jpd;
,af;FeuhfNth my;yJ cs;Shu; mq;fj;jpduhfNth ,Uf;f
KbahJ. Mdhy; mtuJ nrhj;Jf;fSf;F xg;ge;jk; mspg;gjw;fhd
jpwidf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. ‘ntspNaw;w cj;juT’ te;j gpwF>
mtu; xU rhjhuz Fbkfd; NghyNt ,Uf;fpwhu;.
(e) jpthy;: xU jzpf;if nra;ag;gLk; jpthyhdJ (Fwpg;gpl;l
‘xOq;FKiw cj;juT’ Kd;du;) rpy tifahd xg;ge;jq;fspy;
Eiotjw;F jFjpAilaJ. Copauhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ fldhf
nrhj;Jf;fis mtuhy; thq;f KbAk;. Mdhy;, mtu; jdJ
nrhj;Jf;fis tpw;f KbahJ.
(f) xU $l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,ize;j $l;L epWtdk; kw;Wk; $l;L
fofk;: xU epWtdk;/fofk; nraw;if egu; %yk; rl;lj;ij
cUthf;FfpwJ. ,J mjd; rq;fj;jpd; ifnaOj;jplhj my;yJ
mjd; rpwg;G rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfshy; toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fSf;F
ntspNa xg;ge;jq;fisr; nra;a KbahJ. kPzL ; k;> xU nraw;if
egu; (kw;Wk; ,ay;ghd egu; my;y) fz;bg;ghf jdpg;gl;l ,ay;Gila
xg;ge;jq;fspy; Eioa KbahJ. v.fh. jpUkzk;.

gpupT 10 ,d; gb> xU cld;ghl;bd; midj;J jug;GfspYk; ‘,ytr
xg;Gjy;’ vd;gJ xU rupahd xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fspy;
xd;whFk;.

xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; 13 Mk; gpupT> ‘xg;Gjy;’ vd;w thu;j;ijia guprPyid
tiuaWf;fpwJ. ‘mNj mu;j;jj;jpy; mNj tp\aj;ij xg;Gf; nfhz;lhy;>

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fs; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gLthu;fs;
vd;W njuptpj;jdu;’. vdNt> xg;Gjypy; kdq;fspd; milahsk; my;yJ
xUkpj;j czu;T cs;sJ. mjhtJ mNj tp\aj;ij xNu mu;j;jj;jpy; Fwpg;Gfs;
xj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ ve;j fhuzj;jpw;fhfTk;> xg;ge;j jug;Gfs;
kj;jpapy; xUkpj;j fUj;J ,y;iy vd;why;> ,J cz;ikahd xg;Gjy;
,y;iy. vdNt, ,J rupahd xg;ge;jk; ,y;iy.
gpupT 14> ,J xg;Gjy; Vw;glhj NghJ ,ytrkhff; $wg;gLfpwJ
vd;W njuptpf;fpwJ.
1. fl;lhak;> gpupT 15 ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ my;yJ
2. gFjp 16 ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sgb nry;thf;iff; Fiwf;f
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
3. jtwhd tpsf;fk;> gpupT 18 ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. Nkhrb> gpupT 17 ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. jtWfs;> gpupT 20> 21 kw;Wk; 22 d; tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;lJ.
xU cld;gbf;iff;F xg;Gjy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lhy;> tw;GWj;jy;>
jtwhd nry;thf;F> jtwhd tpsf;fk; my;yJ Nkhrb Nghd;wit ‘,ytr
xg;Gjy;’ ,y;iy. ,e;j cld;gbf;ifapd; ,j;jifa fhuzj;jpdhy;>
jug;gpdupd; tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; xg;ge;jk; jtwhdJ. (gpupT 19 kw;Wk;
19A). Mdhy; cld;gbf;if cz;ikapNyNa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j
tp\aj;jpy;> ‘,Ujug;G jtW’ Vw;Gilajhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> xg;ge;jk;
jtwhdJ. (gpupT. 20). mj;jifa xU tof;fpy; ‘ve;j mDkjpAk;’
,y;iy.

4. xU egu; xg;ge;jj;jpw;F jFjpaw;wtuhf cs;s R+o;epiyfspy;
rpytw;iw gl;baypLf.
5. ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; ve;j gFjp ‘,ytr xg;Gjy;’ vd;gij
tiuaWf;fpwJ?

rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jf; $lhJ vd;w xg;ge;jk; ntw;wplkhdJ vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> xU ntw;wplkhd xg;ge;jk; ve;j rl;lG+u;t
tpisTfisAk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. rl;lj;jpd; ghu;itapy;> mj;jifa
cld;ghL Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,y;iy. ePq;fs; Vw;fdNt Ke;ija
mj;jpahaq;fspy; gpd;tUk; tiffis gbj;jPu;fs;. vdNt, mtw;iw
kPz;Lk; ,q;Nf tpthjpf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.
1. rpWghd;ikapdu; my;yJ njsptw;w kdepiyAila egu;fspd;
xg;ge;jq;fs; (gpupT 11).
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 37

guprPyid 2. cz;ikf;Fg; gjpyhf xU ,Ujug;G jtWjyhf nra;ag;gl;l
xg;ge;jq;fs; (gpupT 20)
3. guprPyid my;yJ nghUs; njhlu;ghd rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhd
xg;ge;jq;fs; (gpupT 23)
Fwpg;Gfs;
4. guprPyidapd;wp nra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fs; (gpupT 25)

gpupT 10y; mwptpf;fg;gl;l xU nry;Ygbahd xg;ge;jj;jpd; filrp
mj;jpahtrpakhdJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb, ‘ntspg;gilahf mwptpf;fg;gl
Ntz;ba’ xd;whf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;gjhFk;. ,t;tpjj;jpy;
‘ntspg;gilahf mwptpf;fg;gl;l’ ntw;wplkhd cld;ghLfs; gw;wp
xU Nfs;tp vOfpwJ. ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpy; cs;s ntw;wplj;ij
‘jpl;ltl;lkhf gpufldk;’ nra;J fPo;f;fz;l xg;ge;jq;fs; te;Js;sd:
1. jpUkz fl;Lg;ghL xg;ge;jq;fs;; (gpupT 26)
2. tu;j;jfj;ij jil nra;tjw;fhd xg;ge;jq;fs; (gpupT 27)
3. rl;l eltbf;iffis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xg;ge;jq;fs; (gpupT 28)
4. xg;ge;jq;fspd; mu;j;jk; epr;rakw;wJ (gpupT 29)
5. ge;jak; %yk; nra;ag;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fs; (gpupT 30)
6. rhj;jpakpy;yhj rk;gtq;fspd; kPjhd xg;ge;jq;fs; (gpupT 36)
7. ,ayhj nray;fis nra;a xg;ge;jq;fs; (gpupT 56)
kpf Muk;gj;jpy;> rl;lq;fs; ,e;j xg;ge;jq;fis rl;ltpNuhjkhdit
vd;W mwptpf;fpd;wd. vdNt, mj;jifa cld;gbf;iffSf;fhd
guptu;jj
; idfs; nghUj;jkw;wit ,y;iy vd rl;lg;G+ut ; khf mwptpf;fyhk;.
cz;ikapy;> ,e;j cld;gbf;if rl;ltpNuhjkhd my;yJ rl;ltpNuhj
cld;gbf;iffspy; <LgLk; Ke;ija myFf;F tpthjpf;fg;gltpy;iy
vd;gjhy;> xg;ge;jq;fs; rl;lg;G+ut
; khf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j xg;ge;jq;fs;
‘rl;ltpNuhjkhd xg;ge;jq;fshf’ cs;sd. rl;ltpNuhj cld;gbf;iffspd;
tp\aj;jpy;> mtu;fSf;F guptu;jj ; idfis toq;FtJ rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ
kw;Wk; mjdhy; ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy vd;gijAk; epidT $wyhk;. tpupthf
,e;j ntw;wpl xg;ge;jq;fis gw;wp ghu;ff ; yhk;. ,it gpd;tUkhW:
1. jpUkz fl;Lg;ghL xg;ge;jq;fs;: xt;nthU jdpegUk;
jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk; Rje;jpuj;ij mDgtpf;fpwhu;. xg;ge;j
rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 26 d; gb> xU rpWghd;ikapdiu jtpu NtW ve;j
egupd; jpUkzKk; jil nra;ag;gLfpw xt;nthU cld;ghLk;
jtwhdJ MFk;. fl;Lg;ghLfs; nghJthf my;yJ gFjpahf
,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy;, xg;ge;jk; ntw;wplkhdJ. vdNt, xU
Fwpg;gpl;l egiu my;yJ xU egupd; tu;f;fj;ij> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyj;jpw;F jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s $lhJ vd;w xU
cld;ghL cs;sJ. Mdhy;, ,J epue;jukpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;>
rpWghd;ikapdupd; jpUkzj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU cld;gbf;if
gpuptpd; fPo; ,J nry;YgbahFk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l egiu jpUkzk;

nra;J nfhs;Sk; xU thf;FWjp> ve;jtpjkhd jpUkzj;ijAk; guprPyid
Fwpf;fhJ vd;gNjhL> xU rupahd xg;ge;jk; vd;gijAk;

ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
2. tu;j;jfj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xg;ge;jq;fs;: ,e;jpahtpd;
murpayikg;G xt;nthU FbkfDf;Fk; tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf Fwpg;Gfs;
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F cj;juthjk; mspf;fpwJ. Mifahy;, gpupT 27
ve;jnthU rl;lG+u;tkhd njhopiy> tu;j;jfj;ij my;yJ
tpahghuj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; jilnra;Ak; ve;j
cld;ghLk;> me;j msTf;F Kuzhf cs;sJ vd;W mwptpf;fpwJ.
vdNt> jd;Dila njhopy; jpwik my;yJ jpwikia ,of;Fk;
ve;jnthU egUk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; %ykhf jd;idj; jw;fhj;Jf;
nfhs;s Rje;jpukhf ,Uf;fpwhu;.
rl;lg;G+u;tkhf toq;fg;gl;l rpy tpjptpyf;FfSf;F vg;NghJk;
cld;gbf;if tpjpf;fg;gLtJ rl;lG+u;tkhdjh my;yJ ,y;iyah
vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,J epahakhdjh my;yJ ,y;iyah
vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Mdhy;, tzpfj;jpd; kPjhd eltbf;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
mtrpakhd eltbf;if Rje;jpuj;ij ntWkNd
kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; cld;gbf;iffs;> jkJ nrhe;j tpUg;gj;jpd;gbNa
jkJ njhopiy xOq;FgLj;Jk; tu;j;jfu; xUtupd; cupikia
vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;ljy;y.
3. rl;l eltbf;iffis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xg;ge;jq;fs;: ,e;jpa
xg;ge;jj;jpd; (jpUj;jk;) rl;lk;> 1996> jpUj;jg;gl;l gFjp 28>
fPo;f;fz;l %d;W xg;ge;jq;fs; uj;J nra;ag;gLtjhf mwptpf;fpwJ:
(a) xU xg;ge;jj;ij vLf;Fk; ve;jnthU cupikiaAk;
nghUl;gLj;jhky;> xU rl;lG+u;tkhd rl;l eltbf;iffis
xU jug;G vLg;gjw;fhd xg;ge;jk;.
(b)
tuk;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; mDkjpf;fg;gLk;
fhyg;gFjpapd; NghJ> jdJ xg;ge;j cupikfis
mky;gLj;jf;$ba Neuj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU xg;ge;jk;.
(c) xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J vOk; cupikfs; ve;j xU
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gltpy;iy vd;why;>
tiuaiw rl;lk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l Neuk; fUj;jpy; ,y;yhky;>
xU xg;ge;jk; %yk; Vw;gLk; cupik. ,e;j rl;lj;jpy;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s epge;jidfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. epr;rakw;w cld;gbf;iffs;: ‘xg;ge;jq;fs;> ,jd;
mu;j;jk; epr;rakw;wJ my;yJ cWjp nra;ag;glf;$ba jpwd;>
ntw;wplkpy;iy’ (gpupT 29). gpupT 29 %yk;> rl;lk; xU
cld;gbf;iff;Fupa jug;Gfs; cld;ghl;bd; fPo;
mtu;fspd; gu];gu cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfspd; Jy;ypakhd
jd;ik kw;Wk; Nehf;fk; Fwpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> jug;Gfs; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fs; njsptw;w my;yJ
fhytiuaw;wjhf ,Ue;jhy;> rl;lj;ij mky;gLj;j KbahJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 39

guprPyid NkYk;> Kd;nkhopag;gl;l cld;gbf;ifapd; vy;yh epge;jidfSk;
ntspg;gilahfNth kiwKfkhfNth Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glhtpl;lhy;>
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl ‘xU xg;ge;jk;;’
epr;rakw;wjhfNt cs;sJ. vdNt> mLj;j tUlj;jpy; xU
Fwpg;Gfs; Copaiu <LgLj;JtJ xg;ge;jk; MFk;.
5. ge;ja xg;ge;jq;fs;: ge;jak; vd;why; vd;d? 'ge;jak;' vd;w
nrhy;Yf;F 'gzak;' vd;W nghUs;: xU re;Njfj;jpw;Fupa
tplaj;jpd; tpisthf ,oe;j my;yJ ntd;wjhff; $wg;gl;l xd;W>
cld;gbf;if xg;ge;jq;fs; rhjhuz ge;ja cld;gbf;iffNs
jtpu Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy.
jhf;fu; vjpuhf `hu;b> L.J. fhl;ld;> ge;jaj;ij gpd;tUkhW
tptupj;jhu;: xU jug;gpdu; ntw;wp ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;>
kw;nwhd;W> me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; Neuj;jpy; xU vjpu;fhy epfo;it
,of;f NeupLk;. mtu; xU top Kiwapy; Njhw;Wg;Nghdhy;> mJ
xU epr;rakw;w jd;ik MFk;. Mdhy;, mtu; NtW topfspy;
ntw;wp ngWthu;.
xU ge;jaj;jpd; mj;jpahtrpa mk;rq;fs;: xU ge;ja xg;ge;jaj;jpd;
mj;jpahtrpaq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) gzk; my;yJ gzj;jpd; kjpg;igf; nfhLg;gjw;fhd xU
cWjpnkhop ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(b) epfo;T ele;jhYk; my;yJ epfotpy;iy vd;whYk; xg;ge;jk;
xU epge;jidahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(c) ,e;j epfo;T epr;rakw;w xd;whf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU
jug;gpdupy; xUtu; ,e;j epfo;it jdJ nrhe;jf; iffspy;
nfhz;bUe;jhy; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; vd;gJ ge;jak; my;y.
(d) xt;nthU jug;Gk; xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; ntw;wp my;yJ
Njhy;tp ngw Ntz;Lk;. xU jug;G ntw;wpngwyhk;> Njhy;tp
NeuhJ> Mdhy; xU jug;G ntw;wp kl;Lk; ngw KbAk;
Njhy;tp mila KbahJ my;yJ Njhy;tp kl;LNk ngw
KbAk; ntw;wp ngw KbahJ my;yJ ntw;wpNah my;yJ
Njhy;tpNah mila Kbahtpl;lhy; me;j xg;ge;jk; xU
ge;jak; ,y;iy.
(e) ,e;j epfo;tpy; ve;j xU jug;Gk; xU jdpAupk Mu;tj;ij
nfhz;bUf;f $lhJ. ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s jug;Gfs;
kl;LNk Mu;tj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ge;jak; %yk; xg;ge;jq;fs; nry;Ygbahfhky; cs;sd:
gpupT 30 d; fPo;> ‘ge;jak; %yk; xg;ge;jk; nry;Ygbahfhky;
,Uf;fpwJ. ve;jnthU ntw;wpAk; ngwhjjhff;
$wg;gLk; vijAk; kPl;nlLf;f ve;jnthU tof;FfSk;
vLf;fg;glkhl;lhJ. ve;jnthU tpisahl;bw;Fk;
my;yJ NtW ve;jf; epfo;r;rpf;Fk; epr;rakw;w epfo;it
gpd;gw;Wtjw;F ve;jnthU egUk; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk;.

,e;jg; gpupT Fjpiug; ge;jajpy; rpy gupRfis guprPyid
toq;Ftjw;F tpjptpyf;F mspf;fpwJ. rl;ltpNuhjkhd

re;jh nrYj;Jjy; my;yJ gq;fspg;G> cld;gbf;ifapd;
%yk; re;jh nrYj;jy; my;yJ gq;fspg;ig ,e;j gpupT
mDkjpf;fhJ. jahupf;fg;gl;l Nfhg;ig> gupR my;yJ Fwpg;Gfs;
nkhj;j njhifahfNth my;yJ Ie;E}W &ghNah my;yJ
mjw;F NkyhfNth Fjpiu ge;jaj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw;wtu;
my;yJ ntd;wtUf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
kfhuh\;buk; kw;Wk; F[uhj; khepyq;fspy; ge;ja
xg;ge;jq;fs; vd;gJ xU cs;Shu; rl;lj;jpd; %yk;> mJ
nry;YgbahfhjJ kl;Lky;y rl;ltpNuhjkhdJk; $l
vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. ,e;j
khepyq;fspy; tpisthf> xg;ge;j cld;gbf;iffSf;fhd
,iz eltbf;iffs; rl;lj;jpy; fsq;fk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ>
vdNt ,J nry;YgbahfhJ.
6. rhj;jpakpy;yhj epfo;Tfs; Fwpj;j xg;ge;jq;fs;: xU
rhj;jpakpy;yhj epfo;T ele;jhy;> vijAk; nra;a my;yJ
nra;a Kbahj xg;ge;jq;fs; nry;Ygbahfhky; ,Uf;Fk;. epfo;T
rhj;jpakhfpwjh ,y;iyah vd;gJ Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; xg;ge;j
jug;gpdUf;F njupahJ. (gpupT 36)
7. rhj;jpakpy;yhj rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wtjw;fhd xg;ge;jq;fs;:
‘jd;dstpy; rhj;jpakpy;yhj xU rl;lj;ij ,aw;Wtjw;fhd
xg;ge;jk;’ vd;gJ nry;YgbahfhJ. (gpupT 56 gj;jp 1)
8. kWrPuikg;G ,y;iy: xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; ‘kWrPuikg;G’ vd;gJ
‘jpUg;gk;’ my;yJ ‘kPl;G’ vd;W nghUs;gLk;. gpupT 65 ,d; gb>
ntspg;gilahf mwptpf;fg;gl;l nry;Ygbahfhj xg;ge;jq;fspd;
Kiwapy; ngwg;gl;l ed;ikapd; kWrPuikg;ig mDkjpf;f
KbahJ.

6. nry;Ygbahfhj xg;ge;jk; vd;why; vd;d?
7. ve;j epge;jidapd; fPo; ‘vjpu;fhyj;jpy; xU xg;ge;jj;jpy;
EioaNtz;Lk;’ vd;W $Wf?

xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; vOk; cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfs;
ePf;fg;gl;lhy;> xg;ge;jk; ntspNaw;wk; nra;ag;gLtjhf my;yJ
epWj;jg;gLtjhf $wg;gLfpwJ. xU xg;ge;jk; gpd;tUk; VNjDk; xU
topfspy; tpLtpf;fg;glyhk;:
1. nray;jpwd; %yk;: cz;ikahd my;yJ Kaw;rp.
2. gu];gu xg;Gjy; my;yJ cld;gbf;if %yk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 41

guprPyid 3. mLj;jLj;j my;yJ Nkw;ghu;itaw;w jd;ik my;yJ rl;ltpNuhjk;
%yk;.
4. Neukpd;ik %yk;.
5. rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjd; %yk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
6. xg;ge;jj;ij kPWtjd; %yk;.
1. nray;jpwd; %yk; ntspNaw;wk;

xg;ge;jj;jpd; nray;jpwd; vd;gJ xU Vyf;Fj;jifapy; ,Ue;J
ntspNaWk; Kjd;ikahd kw;Wk; tof;fkhd Kiw MFk;. nray;jpwd;:
(1) cz;ikahd nray;jpwd;; my;yJ (2) nray;jpwd; Kaw;rp my;yJ
Vyf;Fj;jif.
1. cz;ikahd nray;jpwd;: xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; xt;nthU jug;Gk;
xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; vOk; flikfis epiwNtw;Wk;NghJ>
xg;ge;jj;jpd; cz;ikahd nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; xg;ge;jk; KbTf;F
tUk; my;yJ ntspNaw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;
xU jug;gpdu; kl;LNk jdJ thf;FWjpia epiwNtw;wpdhy;> mtu;
kl;Lk; tpLtpf;fg;gLfpwhu;. ,g;gb xU jug;gpdu; mj;JkPWk;NghJ
kw;w jug;gpdu; me;j jug;Gf;F vjpuhf eltbf;if vLf;Fk;
cupik ngw;Ws;sdu;.
2. nray;jpwd; Kaw;rp my;yJ Vyf;Fj;jif: xg;ge;jf;fhuu;
cld;ghl;bd; fPo; jdJ flikfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;
NghJ> Mdhy; mt;thW nra;a ,ayhJ> mjdhy; thf;FWjp
nray;jpwid Vw;fhJ vd;gjhy;> ,J ‘Kaw;rpj;j nray;jpwd;’
my;yJ ‘Vyf;Fj;jif’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt
‘Vyf;Fj;jif’ cz;ikahd nray;jpwd; my;y> Mdhy;
xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; cs;s flikia nra;a xU ‘rYif’ kl;LNk
cs;sJ. nray;jpwdpd; xU rupahd xg;ge;jg;Gs;sp nray;jpwDf;F
rkkhdJ.
(a) nry;Ygbahd xU Vyf;Fj;jif: nry;Ygbahd Vyf;Fj;jif
my;yJ nray;jpwd; rYif gpd;tUk; epge;jidfis
epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. mit: epge;jidaw;wjhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;> rupahd Neuj;jpYk; ,lj;jpYk; nra;agl Ntz;Lk;>
KO flikAk; ngw;wpUf;f ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> nghUs;fis
gupNrhjpg;gjw;fhd xU epahakhd tha;g;igf; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;> nghUj;jkhd eguhy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;> kw;Wk;
rupahd msTld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(b) xU nry;Ygbahd Vyf;Fj;jifia Vw;f kWg;gjd; tpisT:
rupahf nra;ag;gl;l ‘nray;jpwid’ Vw;f kWg;gjd; tpisT>
,e;j xg;ge;jk;> xg;ge;jf;fhuuhy; epfo;jj
; g;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLk;.
mjhtJ xg;ge;jj;ff ; huu; kw;Wk; thf;FWjpaspg;gtu; xg;ge;jj;ij
kPWtjhf tof;fhl KbAk;. vdNt> xU nry;Ygbahd
Vyf;Fj;jif> xg;ge;jj;ij ntspNaw;wk; nra;fpwJ. (gpupT 38).

tpjptpyf;F: ,Ug;gpDk;> gzj;ijr; nrYj;jp xg;ge;jj;ij guprPyid
ntspNaw;w KbahJ. mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;l Njjpapy; ,Ue;J tl;b

,y;yhky;> Vyf;Fj;jif mjid kWj;j gpd;dUk;> gzk; nrYj;j
Ntz;b tUk;> Vyj;njhif ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy;> ghJfhg;gpw;fhd nryTk;
$l ,e;j tof;fpy; ,Ue;J kPz;L tuyhk;. ([fj; jupdp vjpuhf egh Fwpg;Gfs;
Nfhghy;)
2. gu];gu xg;Gjy; my;yJ cld;gbf;if %yk; ntspNaw;wk;

xU cld;gbf;ifapd; %yk; xU xg;ge;jk; cUthf;fg;gLtjhy;> mJ
mNj jug;Gf;F ,ilapy; kw;nwhU cld;gbf;ifahy; tpLtpf;fg;glyhk;.
gpupT 62 kw;Wk; 63 Mfpait ,e;j tp\aj;jpy; cld;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk;
gu];gu cld;gbf;if %yk; xU xg;ge;jj;ij ntspNaw;wk; nra;a
gpd;tUk; topKiwfis toq;Ffpd;wd:
1. Gjpa xg;ge;jk;: xU Gjpa xg;ge;jk; Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk;
xg;ge;jj;jpw;F gjpyhf> mNj jug;gplkpUe;Njh my;yJ ntt;NtW
jug;gplkpUe;Njh> Gjpa cld;gbf;if khw;wg;gl;lNghJ>
Gjpa xg;ge;jk; gioa xg;ge;jj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhf ,Uf;Fk;.
jug;Gfs; khwhky; ,Ue;jhy;> xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpjpKiw (mjhtJ>
xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yjd tpjpKiwfs;) Gjpa khw;W xg;ge;jj;jpy;
fzprkhf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> xg;ge;jj;jpd; rpy tpjpfspd;
khWghL> jug;Gfs; xNu khjpupahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> ‘Gjpa xg;ge;jk;’
my;yJ ‘khw;wk;’ Njitapy;iy.xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s jug;Gfs;
Gjpa xg;ge;jf;F cld;gLk;NghJ> mry; xg;ge;jk; ntspNaw;wk;
nra;ag;gl Ntz;bajpy;iy.
2. jpUj;jpaikj;jy;: xU xg;ge;jj;ij khw;wpaikj;jy; vd;gJ xU
xg;ge;jj;jpd; nghUs; tpjpfspy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
Kiwfspy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtjhFk;. vOj;Jg;G+u;t xg;ge;jj;jpy;
xU %yg;nghUs; jpUj;jpaikj;jhy;> gu];gu xg;GjYld;> mry;
xg;ge;jk; jpUj;jpaikj;J mjd; khw;wg;gl;l tbtj;jpy; xU
Gjpa xg;ge;jk; mjd; ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. xU %yg;nghUs;
jpUj;jpaikj;jy; vd;gJ xg;ge;jj;jpd; rl;lG+u;t tpisit
mjhtJ gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba njhifapy; khw;wk;
my;yJ tl;b tpfpjj;jpy; khw;wk; Mfpatw;iw mstpLfpwJ.
gadpy;yhj khw;wq;fs;> v.fh.> Gs;sptptuq;fspy; xU vOj;ju;
gpio my;yJ xU ngaupd; cr;rupg;G Mfpatw;iw rupnra;jy;>
xg;ge;jj;jpd; nry;Ygbapy; ve;j tpisitAk; nfhz;bUf;fhJ
kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g mu;j;jj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;glhJ.
3. kPl;fg;gLjy;: xU xg;ge;jk;> nray;jpwd; Njjpf;F Kd;> mJ
,dp mtu;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$lhJ vd;W cupikahsu;fSf;F
,ilNa xg;ge;jk; %yk;> cld;gbf;if nra;ag;glyhk;.
mj;jifa cld;ghL ‘kPl;fg;gLjy;’ my;yJ xg;ge;jj;ij
,uj;J nra;jy; vd;W cs;sJ. ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; me;je;j
jug;gpduhy; iftplg;gLk; gu];gu thf;FWjpfSf;fhd guprPyid
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 43

guprPyid MFk;. xg;ge;jj;ij uj;J nra;tjw;fhf xg;ge;jj;jpypUe;J vOk;
mtw;wpd; flikfspypUe;J cilikfis tpLtpg;gjw;fhd
xg;ge;jk; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. gpupT 28
d; gb ntw;wp ngwhj
rl;l xg;ge;jq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xg;ge;jq;fspy; ,Ue;J
Fwpg;Gfs; ,j;jifa cld;ghLfs; NtWgLfpd;wd. xg;ge;jj;ij kPWtjw;F
rl;lg;G+u;tkhf eltbf;if vLf;f cupikahsu;fSf;F rl;lk;
fl;lhag;gLj;j KbahJ> vdNt KO nray;jpwDf;Fk;
my;yJ xg;ge;jj;Jf;F ,izahd xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU gFjpapd;
nray;jpwid my;yJ xg;ge;jj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf mtu;fs;
xg;Gf;nfhz;lhy;> mJ Kw;wpYk; rupahdNj.
4. kW ,af;fk;: ‘cWjpnkhop Vw;fg;gl;lij tpl Fiwe;j njhifNah
my;yJ thf;FWjpf;F Vw;wijtpl Fiwthd njhifia Vw;gJ’
vd;w Kiwapy; kPzL ; k; gzp tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;. gpupT 63 y;
nray;jpwd; kW,af;fk; kw;Wk; xU thf;FWjp KOikahfNth
my;yJ ghjpahfNth my;yJ xU gFjp> mtUf;F mspj;j
thf;FWjpapd; nray;jpwd;> kw;Wk; mt;thW nra;tjw;fhd
cWjpnkhop vJTk; ,y;iy vd;whYk; mJ fl;LgLj;jg;glyhk;
vd;W tpsf;FfpwJ. xU thf;FWjpapd; nray;jpwDf;fhd Neuj;ij
ePlb
; g;gjw;fhd xU cld;gbf;ifAk;> mJ xU gFjpasT
nray;jpwd; kW,af;fk; vd;gij Mjupg;gJ gw;wpAk; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;sj; Njitapy;iy vd;W me;j gpupT NkYk; njuptpf;fpwJ.
5. js;Sgb: js;Sgb vd;why;> xU cupikahsUf;F xU
xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; ngWk; cupikia Ntz;Lnkd;Nw
iftpLtNjh my;yJ tpl;Lf; nfhLg;gNjh> me;j xg;ge;jj;Jf;F
kw;nwhU jug;G mtuJ flikapypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fLikahf NgRtjhy; js;Sgbf;fhd cld;ghL Njit ,y;iy.
Mdhy; mJ ‘gu];gu rk;kjj;jpd;’ fPo; ntspNaw;Wk; Kiw vd;W
ehk; tpthjpj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> kw;nwhU jug;gpdu; mjw;F
,irT njuptpf;Fk; vd;W ehk; ek;GfpNwhk;.
3. g
pd;tUfpw my;yJ Nkw;ghu;itaw;w jd;ik my;yJ
rl;ltpNuhjj;jpd; %yk; ntspNaw;WtJ
i. xg;ge;j Neuj;jpy; rhj;jpakw;wJ: ntspg;gilahd rhj;jpakpy;yhj

xd;iw epfo;j;Jtjw;fhf cs;splg;gl;l xU xg;ge;jj;ij
ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w Ngr;Rf;Nf ,lkpy;iy. v.fh.> ke;jpuk;
%yk; Gijaiy fz;Lgpbf;f xU cld;gbf;if> Vndd;why;
mj;jifa tof;fpy; Kwpj;Jf; nfhs;s ve;j xg;ge;jKk;
,y;iy ,J gpupT 56> ghuh I ,d; mbg;gilapy; xU xg;ge;jk;
ntw;wplkhf cs;sJ. ‘xU nraiy nra;tjw;F xU cld;ghL
,ayhJ.’ gpupT ,e;j gj;jpapy; ,ay;ghfNth my;yJ mjd;
,aw;ifNah ,y;yhky; ,aq;Ftijf; ftdpf;fTk;> xg;ge;jk;
nra;ag;gl;l Neuj;jpy; ,U jug;gpdUf;Fk; njupe;jpUf;ff;$lhJ
vd;gij ftdpf;fTk;.

ii. njhlu;e;J ,ayhik: cz;ikapy; ,e;j xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;l guprPyid
gpwF rhj;jpakw;wJ Nkw;ghu;itf;F cl;gl;lJ> ,J xg;ge;jq;fspd;
ntspNaw;wj;ij Ma;T nra;tjw;fhd nghUs; MFk;. ,e;j
njhlu;gpy;> gpupT 56> ghuh 2> mwptpf;fpwJ: ‘xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;l
gpwF> xU nray; nra;a Kbahjjhy;> rpy epfo;Tfspd; Fwpg;Gfs;
fhuzkhf tpsk;gujhuu; jLf;fKbahj rl;lj;ij ,ayhkNyh
my;yJ rl;ltpNuhjkhfNth nra;Ak;NghJ rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ
ntw;wplkhfptpLk;’. ,it rpy epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;lit.
iii. Nkw;ghu;it mw;w jd;ikapd; Nfhl;ghL nghUe;Jk; tof;Ffs;:
fPo;f;fhZk; tof;Ffspy; Nkw;ghu;itaw;w jd;ikapd;
mbg;gilapy; xU xg;ge;jk; ntspNaw;wk; nra;ag;gLk;:
1. jiyg;gpd; nghUis mopj;jy;
2. ,Wjp Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd Njhy;tp.
3. ,wg;G my;yJ nrayw;wtupd; jdpg;gl;l ,ayhik.
4. rl;lj;jpd; khw;wk;.
5. Nghu; ntbg;G.
iv. rhj;jpakw;w jw;nray; %yk; %lg;glhj tof;Ffs;:
‘xU nraiy nra;tjw;F cld;gLfpwhu;> mij nra;ahky;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ Nrjq;fisf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;’
vd;gJ xg;ge;jj;jpd; nghJ tpjp. vdNt> nray;jpwd; Kw;wpYk;
rhj;jpakpy;yhjtiu (NkNy tpthjpf;fg;gl;lgb)> xU egu; mtu;
Nkw;nfhz;l ve;jf; flikiaAk; nra;a flikg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;>
NkYk; nray;jpwd; vjpu;ghuhky; Rikahfptpl;lJ vd;w ntWk;
cz;ikapdhy; mJ kd;dpf;f KbahjJ vd;W $wptpl KbahJ.
kpfTk; fbdkhdNjh my;yJ nrytpNyh nray;jpwDf;F
rhj;jpakpy;yhj rpy tof;Ffs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. fbdkhd nray;jpwd;
2. tpahghu rhj;jpag;ghL
3. xU %d;whk; egupd; ,ay;G epiy fhuzkhf ,Uj;jy;
4. Ntiy epWj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; %bitj;jy;
5. xU nghUspd; Njhy;tp
4. Neukpd;ik %yk; ntspNaw;wk;

xU xg;ge;jj;ij kPWjy; vd;gJ tuk;Gf;fhyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; rl;l eltbf;iffis vLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynad;why; ePjpkd;wk; xU rl;l kd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj;
njhlu;e;Jk;> xg;ge;jk; ntspNaw;wk; nra;ag;gl;LtplTk; jil
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W rl;lk; tiuaiwia tFf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf>
rpy R+o;epiyfspy; mt;tg;NghJ Vw;gLk; ,og;Gk; xU xg;ge;jj;ij
Vw;gLj;jyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> vspa xg;ge;jq;fSf;fhd tiuaiwf;
fhyk; %d;W Mz;LfshFk; tuk;Gf;$W rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> fld;fhuuhy;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 45

guprPyid ,ay;Gepiyahf %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fs; mtUf;F vjpuhf kPl;G tof;F
jhf;fy; nra;atpy;iy vd;why;> fld; fhyk; %d;whz;Lfs; fhyhtjp
Mfp> fld; nfhLj;jtu;fs; rl;lg;gb mtuJ jPu;T gwpNghFk;. ,J
eilKiwapy; xg;ge;jg;Gs;spapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
5. rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ntspNaw;wk;
gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjd; %yk; xg;ge;jk;
KbtilfpwJ:
(a) ,wg;G
(b) nehbg;G epiy
(c) ,izj;jy;
(d) mq;fPfupf;fg;glhj nghUs; khw;wk;
6. xg;ge;jj;ij kPwpajhy; ntspNaw;wk;

xU cupikahsu; xg;ge;jj;ij kPWjy; vd;gJ xU xg;ge;jj;ij
ntspNaw;Wk; Kiw MFk;. Vnddpy; ‘mj;JkPwy;’ vd;gJ xt;nthU
jug;gpdupd; xU xg;ge;jj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; flg;ghLfis KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;LtUfpwJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l cupikahsu;> mjhtJ> rl;lj;jpd; gb
xg;ge;jj;ij kPwpajw;fhf Nrjj;jpw;F me;j cupikahsu; jtW nra;a
KbahJ. Mdhy;> me;j xg;ge;jk; mg;gbNa epWj;jg;gl;LtpLk;. ePq;fs;
gbj;j kw;Wk; gbf;f NghFk; gpupTfs; rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
rpy tptukhd epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;lit vd;gij epidtpy;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.

8. xU xg;ge;jk; ntspNaw;wk; nra;ag;glf;$ba gy;NtW topfis
gl;bayplTk;.
9. xg;ge;jj;jpd; cz;ikahd nray;jpwd; vd;d?

ePq;fs; mwpe;jgb xg;ge;j kPwy; ,U tifg;gLk;: (1) Kd;$l;b kPwy;
kw;Wk; (2) cz;ikahd kPwy;.
1. Kd;$l;b kPwy;: xg;ge;jj;ij Kd;$l;bNa kPWjy; vd;gJ>
nray;jpwDf;F epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Neuk; tUtjw;F Kd;Ng>
xg;ge;jj;ij kPWjy; MFk;. ,J ,U topfspy; eilngWk;:
(a) Ngrg;gLk; my;yJ vOjg;gl;l nrhw;fshy; jpl;ltl;lkhf
(b) jug;gpdu; xUtuJ elj;ij %yk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; gpupT 39 y; xg;ge;j kPwy; Fwpj;J xg;ge;jq;fs;
nra;J nfhs;tJ gw;wp gpd;tUkhW: 'xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; xU

jug;gpdu; jd; thf;FWjpia epiwNtw;whky;> jd; thf;FWjpapy; guprPyid
,Ue;J jd;id Klf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ> ,e;j xg;ge;jj;Jf;F

xU Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;f KbAk;. Mdhy;, thu;j;ijfspy;
my;yJ elj;ij %yk; mtu; kPJ Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lhyd;wp,
mjd; njhlu;r;rpapy; tpLjiy' ,Uf;Fk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
2. cz;ikahd kPwy;: cz;ikahd kPwy; xU xg;ge;jj;ij
$l ntspNaw;wyhk;. xU cupikahsu; xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk;
nray;jpwDf;fhf epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Njjpapy; jdJ flikia
nra;aj; jtWk; NghJ epfo;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf> epakpf;fg;gl;l
ehspy;> tpw;gidahsu; nghUl;fis toq;f khl;lhu; my;yJ
thq;Fgtu; tpepNahfj;ij Vw;f kWf;fpwhu;. nray;jpwDf;fhd
Neuk; ,d;Dk; te;J Nrutpy;iy vd;gjhy;> nray;ghl;by; ,y;yhj
fhuzj;jhy;> xg;ge;jj;ij kPwhky; ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;gij
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xg;ge;jj;ij kPWtjw;fhf xg;ge;jj;ij
ifahStjw;F xg;ge;jj;ij elj;Jtjw;F Kd;Dupik ,y;yhj
fl;rpAk;> xg;ge;jj;ij kPWk; Nrjj;jpw;F jtwhd ghijapy; fl;rp
kPJ tof;Fj; njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj cz;ikahd kPwy;.
xg;ge;jj;ij kPwpajhy; Vw;gLk; jPu;Tfs;

xU xg;ge;jj;ij kPWk;Nghnjy;yhk;> tpisT Vw;gLj;jpa jug;gpdu;
Fw;wk; nra;j jug;gpdUf;F vjpuhf VNjDk; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l jPu;TfisAk; ngw cupik ngWfpwJ:
1. xg;ge;jj;ij ,uj;J nra;jy;
2. ,og;gPl;bw;fhd tof;F
3. gzpf;Fj; jf;f njhif kPJ tof;F
4. xg;ge;jj;jpd; Fwpg;ghd nray;ghl;Lf;fhd tof;F
5. xU cj;juTf;fhd tof;F
NkNy $wg;gl;l filrp ,uz;L jPu;TfisAk; nghWj;j tiu>
,r;rl;lk;> 1963 y; Fwpg;gpl;l epthuz rl;lj;jhy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
1. xg;ge;jj;ij ,uj;J nra;jy;

xU jug;gpduhy; xg;ge;jk; kPwg;gLk;NghJ> kw;nwhU jug;gpdu;
xg;ge;jj;ij ,uj;J nra;J> xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; mtuJ flikfisr;
nra;a Ntz;bajpy;iy. Fw;wk; nra;j jug;gpdUf;F vjpuhf ve;j
rl;lG+u;t eltbf;ifiaAk; vLf;ff;$lhJ vd;W KbntLj;jhy;
tPl;by; mikjpahf mku;e;Jtplyhk;. Mdhy;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdu;>
xg;ge;jj;ij kPwpajw;fhf Fw;wk; Gupe;j jug;gpdiu fhg;ghw;Wtjw;F
tif nra;Ak; gl;rj;jpy;> xg;ge;jj;ij ,uj;J nra;a mtu; tof;F
jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ePjpkd;wk; ,uj;J nra;Ak;NghJ> ghjpf;fg;gl;l
jug;gpdu;> xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; cs;s mtuJ flikfs; midj;jpYkpUe;J
tpLtpf;fg;gLfpwhu;; xg;ge;jj;jpd; mkyhf;fk; (gpupT 75) %yk; ve;j
,og;gPLfisAk; <L nra;a cupikAilatuhfpwhu;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 47

guprPyid vdNt> ‘xg;ge;jj;ij kPl;Lf; nfhs;SkhW’ ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
tpz;zg;gk; nra;tJ> kPwy; my;yJ NtW VNjDk; jPu;itg; ngWtjw;F
,og;gPL tpistpg;gjw;fhd mtrpakhFk;. eilKiwapy;> ‘kPl;Fk;
nghUl;L’ xU tof;F ‘,og;gPl;bw;F nghUj;jkhf’> cs;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
2. ,og;gPl;bw;fhd tof;F
xg;ge;j kPwy;fspdhy; Vw;gl;l ,og;G my;yJ e\;lj;jpw;fhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l
jug;gpdUf;F toq;fg;gLk; xU gz ,og;gl P i
; l <Lnra;tJ MFk;.
,og;gLP fSf;fhd mbg;gil nfhs;if jz;lidNa md;wp ,og;gL P my;y.
guprPyidapd; %yk; ghjpg;G Vw;gLj;jpdhy;> e\;lkile;j jug;gpdiu
gjtpapy; ,Uf;f itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Nehf;fk; nray;jpwd;>
kPwy; ,y;iy> kw;Wk; jtwhd fl;rpia jz;bf;f $lhJ vd;gjhFk;. xU
nghJ tpjp vd;w Kiwapy;> ‘,og;gpypUe;J ,aw;ifahf vOk; el;lj;jpw;F
<L nra;a Ntz;Lk;.’ ‘cz;ikahd ,og;G ep&gpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;why;>
ve;j ,og;gLP fSk; toq;fg;gl KbahJ.’
ehd;F tifahd ,og;gPLfs; cs;sd. ,it:
••rhjhuz (gpupT 73)
••rpwg;Gw ,og;gPLfs; (gpupT 73)
••Kd;Djhuzkhd> jz;lid my;yJ gopthq;Fk; ,og;Gfs;
••ngausTf;F ,og;G
fiyf;fg;gl;l ,og;gPLfs; kw;Wk; mguhjk;: ,uz;L tpjpKiwfspd;gb
ehk; vijf; Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk; vd;gij Kjypy; mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
‘fiyf;fg;gl;l ,og;gPLfs;’ vd;gJ Kd;$l;bNa epu;zapf;fg;gLk;
njhifahFk;. ,J kPwypy; ,Ue;J tpisTf;F tUk; rhj;jpakhd
,og;gpd; epahakhd kw;Wk; cz;ikahd Kd; kjpg;gPL MFk;.
,e;jpa rl;lj;jpd;gb> gpupT 74> ‘jz;lid’ kw;Wk; ‘mguhjk;’
,uz;Lf;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;il tpyf;Fk;. ,e;j gpupT ePjpkd;wq;fs;
xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s $l;Lj; njhifia kPWtjw;F
,og;gPlhf nrYj;jg;gLk; ,og;gPLfs; my;yJ mguhjq;fs; mjhtJ>
mj;JkPwYf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; njhif vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wd.
khwhf> ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpy; ngauplg;gl;Ls;s njhiff;F kpfhky;
cz;ikahd ,og;ig <Lnra;Ak; tifapy; epahakhd ,og;gPL toq;f
ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F mDkjp Njit.
tpjptpyf;F: ,Ug;gpDk;> NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tpjpf;F gpupT 74 y;
toq;fpa xU tpjptpyf;F cs;sJ. ve;jnthU egUk; ve;jnthU
gpiz gj;jpuNkh> mq;fPfhuNkh my;yJ NtW ve;j fUtpahfNth
my;yJ ve;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo; my;yJ murhq;fj;jpd; fl;lisfspd;
fPo; ve;jnthU nghJ flik my;yJ nray;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd ve;jnthU
gpizg;Gk; mj;jifa fUtpapd; epge;jid kPwy; njhlu;ghf mjpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; nkhj;j njhifia nrYj;j mtu; nghWg;ghdtu;.
Vw;w nryT: ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdu;> Nrjhuq;fis jtpu;j;J> me;j
Miz ngWtjw;fhd nryTfis> jtwpioj;j jug;gpduplk; ,Ue;J

ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w cupikAs;sJ. ,og;gPLfSf;F Vw;w nryT> guprPyid
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; tpUg;gg;gb cs;sJ.
3. gzpf;Fj; jf;f njhif kPJ tof;F

Fw;wthspfSf;F vjpuhf e\;lkile;j xU jug;gpdUf;F xg;ge;jk; Fwpg;Gfs;
kPwg;gLtjw;fhd %d;whtJ jPu;T Fthz;lk; nkupl; kPJ tof;Fj;
jhf;fy; nra;tjhFk;. Fthz;lk; nkupl; vd;w nrhw;nwhliuf; Fwpf;Fk;
nghUs; ‘rk;ghjpf;Fk; msT’ my;yJ ‘Ntiy nra;ag;gLk; msT’
vd;W mu;j;jk;. Fthz;lk; Nru;g;gjd; kPJ tof;F njhLf;Fk; cupik
tof;fkhf xU jug;gpdupd; xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU gFjpapd; nray;jpwd;
my;yJ xg;ge;jk; ntw;wpaile;jhNyh my;yJ ntw;wplkhfNth ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
4. xg;ge;jj;jpd; Fwpg;ghd nray;ghl;Lf;fhd tof;F

Fwpg;gpl;l nray;jpwd; vd;gJ xg;Gf;nfhz;lgb xg;ge;jj;ij
epiwNtw;wf; $ba cz;ikahd nghUs;. rpy R+o;epiyfspy;> xU
ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdu; Fwpg;gpl;l nray;jpwDf;F Vw;w tifapy; tof;F
jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;> mjhtJ> mtu; nra;j thf;FWjpia cz;ikapy;
epiwNtw;WkhW ePjpkd;wk; gpwg;gpj;j Mizapid jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l tpsf;fj;jpw;fhd xU Miz xt;nthU tpsf;fj;jpd;
xg;ge;jq;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ,J epahakhdJ kw;Wk;
rkkhdjhFk;> mjhtJ rl;l uPjpahd jPuT ; NghJkhdjhf ,y;yhj
FiwghLs;s ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; jhd; ePjpkd;wq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l nray;jpwDf;F
xU Mizia toq;Ffpd;wd. ,J nghJthf epyk;> fl;llq;fs;>
mupa fl;Liufs; kw;Wk; jdpr;rpwg;ghd gz;lq;fSld; njhlu;Gila
xg;ge;jq;fspy;> FLk;g rq;fk; fhuzkhf jug;gpdUf;F rpy tpNr\
kjpg;ig mspf;ff;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j xg;ge;jq;fs; midj;jpYk;>
epjpa ,og;gLP vd;gJ NghJkhd epthuzk; my;y> Vnddpy; e\;lkile;j
jug;gpdu; re;ijapy; rupahd gjpyPli
; l ngw KbahJ.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpjpKiwfspy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l tp\aq;fspy;
Fwpg;gpl;l nray;jpwd; toq;fg;gltpy;iy:
5. xU cj;juTf;fhd tof;F
xU Fwpg;gpl;l nraiy nra;tjpypUe;J xU egiu fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
ePjpkd;wk;> ‘jil cj;juT’ MFk;. ,J xg;ge;jj;jpd; vjpu;kiw
tpjpKiwfspd; Fwpg;gpl;l nray;jpwid ghJfhf;Fk; xU tif
MFk;. mij NtWtpjkhf $wpdhy;> mq;F xU jug;gpdu; xg;ge;jj;jpd;
vjpu;kiwf; fhyj;ij kPWtjhFk;. (mjhtJ> mtu; nra;a Ntz;lhk;
vd;W cWjpaspj;j xd;iw mtu; nra;fpwhu;)> ePjpkd;wk; xU
jilAj;juit gpwg;gpj;jjd; %yk;> mtu; nra;a Ntz;lhk; vd;W
thf;FWjp mspj;jpUf;fyhk;. ,t;thW ‘jil’ vd;gJ jLg;G epthuzpahf
cs;sJ. Nrjq;fs; xU NghJkhd epthuzk; ,Uf;fhJ> mq;F 'xg;ge;j
Kd;fzpg;G kPwy;' tof;Ffspy; ,J Fwpg;ghf nghUj;jkhdJ MFk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 49

guprPyid
10. Kd;$l;bNa kPWjy; vd;why; vd;d?
11. Fthz;lk; nkupl; kPJ ahu; tof;F jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;?
Fwpg;Gfs;
3.7 Njhw;w-xg;ge;jq;fs;
xU xg;ge;jk; rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jf;$ba xU xg;ge;jj;jpd;
tpisTjhd; vd;gij ePq;fs; Vw;fdNt mwptPu;fs;. Mdhy; rpy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ve;jtpjkhd xg;GjYk;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sKbahj> ve;jtpj
cld;ghLfSk; ,y;iy> cz;ikapy;> fl;rpfspd; elj;ij kw;Wk;
cwTfspypUe;J xU xg;ge;jk; kw;Wk; rl;lk; Mfpatw;wpy; Eiotjw;F
fl;rpfspd; xU gFjpahf ve;j Nehf;fKk; ,y;iy xU fl;rpapd; kPJ
flikg;gl;bUf;Fk; xU thf;FWjp kw;Wk; kw;wtUf;F Mjuthf xU
cupikiaf; nfhLg;gJ MFk;. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;>
rpy Fwpg;gpl;l R+o;epiyfspy; xg;ge;jj;jhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ltu;fis
fl;Lg;ghLfs; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Rkj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; fl;rpfs;
xUNghJk; xg;ge;jj;jpy; Eioe;jjpy;iy. rl;lj;jhy; Rkj;jg;gl;l
flg;ghLfs;> Mq;fpyr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ‘Fth]p-xg;ge;jq;fs;’ my;yJ
‘fl;Lkhd xg;ge;jq;fs;’ ,e;jpa rl;lj;jpd; fPo; xg;ge;jq;fshy;
cUthf;fg;gLk; rpy xw;Wikfs; Nghd;wit ,Ue;jd. mj;jifa
xg;ge;jk; xU xg;ge;jj;ijg; nghWj;j tiu my;yJ tpisitg;
nghWj;Js;sJ vd;gjhy;> ‘Fth]p-xg;ge;jk;’ guprPypf;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ.
Mdhy; mjd; gilg;G Kiw njhlu;ghf xU xg;ge;jj;Jld; mJ
rpwpjsT my;yJ mjw;F Nky; ehl;lk; nfhs;stpy;iy.

68 Kjy; 72 tiuapyhd gpupTfspd; fPo; ‘Fth]p-xg;ge;j flikfs;’
gw;wp tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,it:
1. xg;ge;jk; nra;a KbahjtUf;F my;yJ mtupd; fzf;fpy;
toq;fg;gl;l mtrpaj;jpw;fhd Nfhupf;if (gpupT 68)
2. NtnwhUtuplk; gzk; nrYj;JgtUf;F mtu; tpUg;gg; gzj;jpdhy;
<L nra;jy;> (gpupT 69)
3. mtrpakw;w rl;lk; %yk; Mjhak; mDgtpf;Fk; egupd; flik
(gpupT 70)
4. nghUl;fis fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhd nghWg;G (gpupT 71)
5. gzk; nrYj;jg;gl;l egupd; nghWg;G> my;yJ tw;GWj;jypd; fPo;
toq;fg;gl;ltupd; nghWg;G

12. ‘Fth]p-xg;ge;jk;’ vd;why; vd;d?
13. ‘Fth]p-xg;ge;j flikfs;’ rpytw;iw gl;baypLf.

3.8 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk; guprPyid
1.
,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2 (d) gpd;tUkhW
guprPypf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ: tpsk;gujhuu; tpUg;gj;jpd; NghJ> Fwpg;Gfs;
thf;FWjpNah my;yJ NtW ve;j egu; nra;jhYk; nra;ahtpl;lhYk;>
nra;tjpypUe;J tpyfpNah> mj;jifa nray; thf;fspg;gijj;
jtpu;j;jy;> my;yJ cWjpnkhop vd;gJ thf;FWjpf;F xU
guprPyid vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. gpd;tUk; tifapy; rupahd guprPyidapy; cs;s Njitfs;
gpd;tUkhW:
i. guprPyidapd; tpUg;gj;ij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
ii. thf;FWjp my;yJ NtW ve;j eguplkpUe;Jk; guprPypf;fyhk;
iii. guprPyid fhyk;> epfo;fhyk; my;yJ vjpu;fhykhf ,Uf;fyhk;
iv. guprPyidf;Fg; ‘VNjh kjpg;G’ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl;l gupR (mJ xU xg;ge;jk; my;y) nry;YgbahFk;
nghUl;L guprPyid Njitapy;iy. ,e;j tpjptpyf;F <u;g;gjw;fhf>
ed;nfhil kw;Wk; nra;gtu;fspilNa ,aw;if md;G kw;Wk;
neUq;fpa cwT Mfpait ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. vdpDk;> gupR
KOikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. gpd;tUk; R+o;epiyfspy; xg;ge;j nra;a xUtu; jFjpaw;w
epiyapy; cs;shu;:
i. mtu; ve;j tp\aj;jpy; rl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;ltuhf ,Ue;jhYk;>
ii. mtu; kd epk;kjpapy;yhjtuhf ,Ue;jhy;> kw;Wk;
iii.
mtu; ve;jnthU rl;lj;jpYk; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J
jFjpaw;wtuhf ,Ue;jhy; mtu; ve;j tp\aj;jpy; cl;gl;ltuhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpy; 10 tJ gpupT ‘,ytr xg;Gjy;’ vd;w
nrhy;iy tiuaWf;fpwJ.
6. [gpupT 2 (g)] y; ‘rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;j Kbahj cld;ghL
ntw;wplkhff; $wg;gLfpwJ’. ,jdhy; xU ntw;wpl xg;ge;jk; ve;j
rl;l tpisTfisAk; Vw;gLj;jhJ kw;Wk; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj
ntw;wplkhfNt cs;sJ. rl;lj;jpd; fz;zpy; ,j;jifa
cld;ghL mjd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj ve;j xg;ge;jj;ijAk;
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
7. ‘vjpu;fhyj;jpy; xU cld;ghl;Lf;Fs; EiotJ’ vd;w fUj;J
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; epge;jidfs; midj;Jk;
ntspg;gilahf my;yJ cl;Fwpg;ghf xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;glhjtiu
epr;rakw;w jd;ikia nfhz;Ls;sJ.
8. gpd;tUk; topfspy; VNjDk; xU xg;ge;jk; ntspNaw;wg;glyhk;:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 51

guprPyid i. nray;jpwd; %yk;: cz;ikahd my;yJ Kaw;rp.
ii. gu];gu xg;Gjy; my;yJ xg;ge;jk; %yk;.
iii. gpd;tUfpw my;yJ Nkw;ghu;itaw;w my;yJ rl;ltpNuhjk;
%yk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
iv. Neukpd;ik
v. rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
vi. xg;ge;jj;ij kPWtjd; %yk;.
9. xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; xt;nthU jug;gpdUk;> Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs;
kw;Wk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy;> xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; vOk; jdJ
flikia epiwNtw;Wk; NghJ> mJ xg;ge;jj;jpd; cz;ikahd
nray;ghl;bw;Fk;> xg;ge;jk; xU KbTf;F tUk; my;yJ
ntspNawptpLk;. Mdhy; xU jug;gpdu; kl;LNk jdJ thf;FWjpia
epiwNtw;wpdhy; mtu; kl;Lk; tpLtpf;fg;gLfpwhu;. ,g;gb xU
jug;gpdu; mj;JkPwpdhy; Fw;wk; Gupe;j kw;w jug;gpdUf;F vjpuhf
eltbf;if cupik vLf;fg;gLk;.
10. xg;ge;j kPwiy Kd;$l;bNa kPWjy; vd;gJ> nray;jpwDf;F
epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Neuk; tUtjw;F Kd;Ng> xg;ge;jj;ij kPWjy; MFk;.
xU Kd;$l;bNa xg;ge;jj;jpd; kPwy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> thf;FWjp
nray;jpwd; my;yJ $Ljy; nray;jpwd; ,Ue;J jtpu;ff ; g;gLfpwJ.
11. Fthz;lk; nkupl; vd;w nrhw;nwhliuf; Fwpf;Fk; nghUs;
‘rk;ghjpf;Fk; msTf;F’ my;yJ ‘Ntiy nra;ag;gLk;
msTf;F’ vd;W mu;j;jk;. Fthz;lk; Nru;g;gjd; kPJ tof;F
njhLf;Fk; cupik tof;fkhf xU jug;gpdupd; xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU
gFjpapd; nray;jpwd; my;yJ xg;ge;jk; ntw;wpaile;jhNyh
my;yJ ntw;wplkhfNth ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
12. rpy Fwpg;gpl;l R+o;epiyfspy; xg;ge;jj;jhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ltu;fis
fl;Lg;ghl;L rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Rkj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; fl;rpfs;
xUNghJk; xg;ge;jj;jpy; Eioe;jjpy;iy. rl;lj;jhy; Rkj;jg;gl;l
flg;ghLfs;> Mq;fpyr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ‘Fth]p-xg;ge;jq;fs;’ my;yJ
‘fl;Lkhd xg;ge;jq;fs;’ ,e;jpa rl;lj;jpd; fPo; xg;ge;jq;fshy;
cUthf;fg;gLk; rpy xw;Wikfs; Nghd;wit ,Ue;jd. mj;jifa
xg;ge;jk; xU xg;ge;jj;ijg; nghWj;j tiu my;yJ tpisitg;
nghWj;Js;sJ vd;gjhy;> ‘Fth]p-xg;ge;jk;’ guprPypf;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ.
Mdhy; mjd; gilg;G Kiw njhlu;ghf xU xg;ge;jj;Jld; mJ
rpwpjsT my;yJ mjw;F Nky; ehl;lk; nfhs;stpy;iy.
13. 68 Kjy; 72 tiuapyhd gpupTfspd; fPo; ‘Fth]p-xg;ge;j
flikfs;’:
i. xg;ge;jk; nra;a KbahjtUf;F my;yJ mtupd; fzf;fpy;
toq;fg;gl;l mtrpaj;jpw;fhd Nfhupf;if (gpupT 68)
ii. NtnwhUtuplk; gzk; nrYj;JgtUf;F mtu; tpUg;gg;
gzj;jpdhy; <L nra;jy;> (gpupT 69)

iii. mtrpakw;w rl;lk; %yk; Mjhak; ngUk; egupd; flik guprPyid
(gpupT 70)
iv. nghUl;fis fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhd nghWg;G (gpupT 71)
v. gzk; nrYj;jg;gl;l egupd; nghWg;G> my;yJ tw;GWj;jypd;
Fwpg;Gfs;
fPo; toq;fg;gl;ltupd; nghWg;G
3.9 RUf;fk;
••,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2 (d) gpd;tUkhW guprPypf;fg;gl;L
tUfpwJ: tpsk;gujhuu; tpUg;gj;jpd; NghJ> thf;FWjpNah my;yJ
NtW ve;j egu; nra;jhYk; nra;ahtpl;lhYk;> nra;tjpypUe;J
tpyfpNah> mj;jifa nray; my;yJ thf;fspg;gijj; jtpu;j;jy;>
my;yJ cWjpnkhop vd;gJ thf;FWjpf;F xU guprPyid vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
•• xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; nry;YgbahFk; vd;w thf;FWjpf;F> guprPyid
NghJkhdjhf mikf;ftpy;iy. rl;lk; kl;LNk ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;> mJ NghJkhd msTf;F ,y;iy vd;W
typAWj;JfpwJ. jkJ nrhe;j ghuq;fis Rygkhf ngw mJ
kf;fis Rje;jpukhf tpl;LtpLfpwJ.
••11 Mk; gpupT> ‘xt;nthU egUk; jhk; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLeuhf ,Uf;Fk;
rl;lj;jpd; gb ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; taJ tuk;gpd;gb xg;ge;jk;
nra;a jFjpAilatu;fshf cs;sdu; kw;Wk; mtu; ve;j tpjp-
Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; vg;gb ,Ue;jhYk; mij xg;ge;jk;
nra;tjpy; ,Ue;J jFjpaw;wtu; my;y’ vd;W $WfpwJ.
••xg;ge;jj; rl;lj;jpy; 13-,d; gpuptpy; ‘xg;Gjy;’ vd;w nrhy;iy
tiuaiw nra;J ‘,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fs;
xNu nghUspy; ,Nj tp\aj;ij xg;Gf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ vd;W
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
••‘xU xg;ge;jk;> Njitaw;w nry;thf;fpdhy; J}z;lg;gLtjhf
$wg;gLfpwJ. (I) jug;gpdu;fSf;fpilNa cs;s cwTfs;
kw;wtu;fspd; tpUg;gj;ij Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; xU epiyapy;
cs;sJ kw;Wk; (ii) mtu; kw;wtiu xU epahakw;w Mjhaj;ijg;
ngWk; epiyg;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;.’
••xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; xt;nthU fl;rpAk;> Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy; xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; vOk; jdJ
flikia epiwNtw;Wk; NghJ> mJ xg;ge;jj;jpd; cz;ikahd
nray;ghl;bw;Fk; xg;ge;jk; xU KbTf;F tUk; my;yJ
ntspNaw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; xU jug;gpdu;
kl;LNk jdJ thf;FWjpia epiwNtw;wpdhy;> mtu; kl;Lk;
tpLtpf;fg;gLfpwhu;. ,g;gb xU jug;gpdu; mj;JkPwpdhy; Fw;wk;
Gupe;j kw;w jug;gpdUf;F vjpuhf eltbf;if cupik ngWfpwJ.
••xU xg;ge;jj;ij kPWjy; vd;why;> tuk;Gf;fhyk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; rl;l eltbf;if
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 53

guprPyid vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ,y;iynad;why;> thf;FWjp rl;lj;jpd;
ePjpkd;wk; xU rl;l kd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj; njhlug;gLtijj;
jilnra;fpwJ kw;Wk; xg;ge;jk; ntspNaw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
••xU fl;rpahy; xg;ge;jj;ij kPWjy; vd;gJ xU xg;ge;jj;ij
Fwpg;Gfs; ntspNaw;Wk; Kiw MFk;. Vnddpy; ‘kPwy;’ vd;gJ xt;nthU
fl;rpfspd; xg;ge;jj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; fl;Lg;ghLfis
KbTf;Ff; nfhz;LtUfpwJ.
••xg;ge;j kPwy;fspdhy; Vw;gl;l ,og;G my;yJ e\;lj;jhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdUf;F toq;fg;gLk; xU gz ,og;gPl;il
<Lnra;tJ MFk;. ,og;gPLfSf;fhd mbg;gil nfhs;if
jz;lidNa md;wp ,og;gPL my;y.
••Fthz;lk; nkupl; vd;w nrhw;nwhliuf; Fwpf;Fk; nghUs; ‘rk;ghjpf;Fk;
msTf;F’ my;yJ ‘Ntiy nra;ag;gLk; msTf;F’ vd;W mu;jj ; k;.
Fthz;lk; Nru;gg ; jd; kPJ tof;F njhLf;Fk; cupik tof;fkhf xU
jug;gpdupd; xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU gFjpapd; nray;jpwd; my;yJ xg;ge;jk;
ntw;wpaile;jhNyh my;yJ ntw;wplkhfNth ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••‘xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; Eioa jFjpaw;w xUtu;> my;yJ mtu;
rl;lG+u;tkhdtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> NtW eguhy;
tho;f;iff;F nghUe;jf;$ba jdJ epge;jidf;F Vw;wtifapy;>
mj;jifa tpepNahfq;fis toq;fpa egu; nrhj;jpypUe;J jpUk;g
ngw cupikAs;sJ.

•• mrhjhuzj;ij Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;: ,J xU xg;ge;jj;ij cUthf;fpa
gpwF epfof;$ba rj;jpak;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j tpsk;gujhuupd;
nray;jpwd; fhuzkhf ,Uf;Fk; Neuj;jpy; ,J vOfpwJ.
••uj;J nra;jy;: xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpy;> fl;rpfSf;F ,ilapyhd
xg;ge;jj;ij uj;J nra;tJ vd xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. xU
nfhLf;fy; thq;fypy; ,Ue;J mfw;wy; vd;gJ Kbe;j tiu
fl;rpfis nfhz;L te;J mtu;fs; xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; EioAk;
Kd;G ,Ue;j epiyf;F jpUk;Gtjw;F nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
••Fthz;lk; nkupl;: vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; yj;jPdpypUe;J cUthdJ
,jd; nghUs; ‘rk;ghjpf;Fk; msTf;F’. xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd;
R+oypy; mJ ‘Nritfspd; epahakhd kjpg;G’ tupirapy; xd;W.
mnkupf;fhtpy;> Fthz;lk; Nru;g;gjw;fhd $Wfs; khepyj;jpy;
nghJthd rl;lj;jhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. guprPyidfspd; gy;NtW $Wfis rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. jq;fs; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd rpW xg;ge;jq;fs; gw;wp
RUf;fkhf vOJf.

3. fhy ,og;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; ntspNaw;wk; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf. guprPyid
4. xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s cz;ik kPwy; gw;wp RUf;fkhf Fwpg;G

tiuf.
5. Fth]p-xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij RUf;fkhf vOJf.
Fwpg;Gfs;
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ‘rl;lk; xU kjpg;ig ,izf;Fk;’ VjhtJ xU tifapy; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mwpf;ifia epahag;gLj;jTk;.
2. xU xg;ge;jj;ij ntspNaw;w my;yJ epWj;jf;$ba gy;NtW
topfis Ma;f.
3. xg;ge;j kPwy; Vw;gLk; NghJ gy;NtW jPu;T eltbf;iffis
tpupthf tpthjpf;fTk;.
3.12 NkYk; gbf;f

gjpg;gfk;).
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 55

jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs;
myF 4 jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs;
mikg;G
Fwpg;Gfs; 4.0 Kd;Diu
4.2 fhg;GWjp kw;Wk; cj;juthjk;> cupikfs; kw;Wk;
ntspNaw;Wk; xg;ge;jj;Jf;fhd xg;ge;jk;
4.2.1 ,og;gPl;L xg;ge;jq;fs;
4.2.3 fldpypUe;J cj;jputhjk; ntspNaw;wy;;
4.3.2 gpizak; mspg;gtu; kw;Wk; gpizak; ngWgtu;
flikfs; kw;Wk; cupikfs;
4.4 Kfthz;ik rl;lk;
tpilfs;
4.6 RUf;fk;
4.9 NkYk; gbf;f
4.0 Kd;Diu
fhg;GWjp kw;Wk; cj;juthjk; ,uz;Lk; ntt;Ntwhdit vd;whYk;
mit ngUk;ghYk; xNu khjpupj; jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. xU cj;juthjj;jpy;>
fldhsu; fldhspapd; flikia epiwNtw;wj; jtwptpl;lhy; kl;LNk
fld; ngWfpwJ> kWGwj;jpy;> xU ,yhgj;ij fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sk;NghJ>
xU Kd;Dupikf;F khwhf epfo;it epfo;j;Jtjd; mbg;gilapy; xU
Neubahd kw;Wk; Kjd;ik flikahFk;. ,og;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; cz;ikapy;
‘fl;Lg;ghl;L xg;ge;jq;fspd; nghJ tu;f;fj;jpd;’ xU gFjpahFk;.
vjpu;ghu;j;j ,og;Gf;F vjpuhf thf;FWjpfis ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L
mJ EiofpwJ. cj;jputhjj;ij nfhLf;Fk; egu;> ‘cWjpahsu;’ vd;W
miof;fpd;whu;; ahUila ,ay;Gepiy cj;juthjkhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ
vd;w egUf;F> ‘Kjd;ik fldhsu;;’ vd;W ngau;. cj;juthjk; jug;gLk;
egUf;F ‘fldhsu;;’ vd;W ngau;. ,e;j cj;juthjk; tha;nkhop
my;yJ vOjg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fyhk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fld; my;yJ
guptu;j;jidf;fhd xU ‘rhjhuz cj;juthjk;’> mJ nray;gl;lTld;
jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl KbahJ. Mdhy; xU ‘njhlu;r;rpahd cj;juthjk’
ve;j Neuj;jpYk;> tUq;fhy guptu;j;jidfis gw;wp> fld;fhuUf;fhf
mwptpg;G toq;Ftjd; %yk; jpUk;gg; ngwg;glyhk;. gy R+o;epiyfspy;
vjpu;fhy guptu;j;jidfspy; mJ jpUk;gg; ngwg;glyhk;.

xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 148 gpiz kw;Wk; mjd; mj;jpahtrpa jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs;
mk;rq;fis toq;FfpwJ. cupkk; xg;ge;jj;jpy;> ruf;F cupikjhuUf;F

tpepNahfk; nra;ag;gltpy;iy> gpiz vLg;gpy;> nghUl;fs; xg;gilAWeu;fF ;
tpepNahfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. gpiz vLg;G xg;ge;jk;> gy;NtW R+o;epiyfspy;
epWj;jg;glyhk;. epWtdk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo>; Kftu; Kjd;ik (mtuJ Fwpg;Gfs;
Kjyhsp) kw;Wk; %d;whk; jug;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa xg;ge;jj;ij jdpahu;kakhf;f
mq;ffP huk; ngw;wtu;. xU Kftupd; Kf;fpakhf nray;ghL> Kjd;ik
kw;Wk; %d;whk; jug;gpdUf;fpilNa xg;ge;j cwTfis mbg;gilahf
nfhz;lJ MFk;. vdNt> xU Kftu; ntWkNd ,izf;Fk; ,izg;G
xU tifapy;> rpwg;G xg;ge;jq;fs; MFk;.
,e;j myF> rpwg;G xg;ge;jq;fisj; jukw;w kw;Wk; cj;juthjk;
Nghd;wtw;iw Ma;T nra;J> ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpy; gpiz kw;Wk;
Kfikj; jpl;l nray;ghl;il tpsf;FfpwJ.

,e;j myF topahf nrd;w gpwF> ePq;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw nra;a
KbAk;:
••,og;gPl;L xg;ge;jj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;
••cj;juthjj;jpd; xg;ge;jj;ij tptupf;fTk;
••cupikfs; kw;Wk; cj;juthjj;ij ntspNaw;Wjy;
••gpiz vLg;igAk; cWjpnkhopiaAk; mwpaTk;
••‘gpizak;’ kw;Wk; ‘cupkk;’ ,tw;wpf;F ,ilNa tpj;jpahrj;ij
Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;
••gpiz kw;Wk; gpizahsupd; flikfs; kw;Wk; cupikfs; gw;wp
tpsf;fTk;
••Kftupd; nghJthd tpjpfis mwpe;Jnfhs;Sjy;
4.2 fhg;GWjp kw;Wk; cj;juthjk;> cupikfs; kw;Wk;

ntspNaw;Wk; xg;ge;jj;Jf;fhd xg;ge;jk;
md;whl tho;f;ifapy;> ,og;gPl;il nrYj;Jtjw;F ,og;gPl;L fhg;GWjp

gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. rpwe;j cjhuzk; ,og;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; xU fhg;gPl;Lf;
nfhs;ifahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij tpsf;f Ntz;Lk; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jk;
thq;Fk; xUtu; cz;ikapy; Nrjj;jpw;F vjpuhd jdJ nrhj;Jf;fis
fhg;GWjp nra;fpwhu;. mtuJ nrhj;Jfs; Nrjkile;jpUe;jhy;> mtUf;F
nrYj;j Ntz;ba fhg;gPl;Ljhuiu mZFtjw;F cupikAs;sJ.
‘fhg;GWjp’ kw;Wk; ‘cj;juthjk;’ xNu mu;j;jk; nfhz;lit my;y.
vd;gij ePq;fs; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;. xU cj;juthjj;jpy;>
fld;fhud; jd; flikia epiwNtw;wj; jtwpdhy; kl;LNk nghWg;G
vOfpwJ. Vnddpy; nghWg;Gzu;T vd;gJ NtW egupd; flikg;ghL>
my;yJ mtu; ,ay;Gepiyahf ,Ue;jhy; my;yJ flDf;fhf
fUjg;gLfpwJ. kWGwk;> xU nghWg;G fhuzkhf> xUtu; Kd;dpay;ghf
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 57

jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs; my;yhky; xU epfo;tpd; mbg;gilapy; Neubahd kw;Wk; Kjd;ikahd
flg;ghL xd;iw Vw;fpwhu;. ,e;j ,uz;L xg;ge;jq;fSk; ,q;Nf
tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Fwpg;Gfs; 4.2.1 ,og;gPl;L xg;ge;jq;fs;

xU jug;gpdu;> xU jug;gpdiu my;yJ NtW ve;j egupd; elj;ijahy;>
jdf;F Vw;gLk; ,og;gpypUe;J kw;wtiu fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;s thf;FWjp
mspj;j xg;ge;jk; (gpupT 124) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,og;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ cz;ikapy; ‘fl;Lg;ghl;L xg;ge;jq;fs;’
nghJtu;f;fj;jpd; xU gFjpahFk;. vjpu;ghu;j;j ,og;Gf;F vjpuhf
thf;FWjpfis ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L mJ EiofpwJ. ,og;gPl;Lj;
njhifapd; KO xg;ge;jKk; ve;jtpjkhd ,og;gPl;Lj; jd;ikiaAk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
,og;gpid ey;y tpjkhf khw;Wtu; ,og;gPl;L fhg;GuPjpahsu;
(thf;FWjpahsu;) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhu.; NkYk; ve;j kdpjdJ ,og;G
ey;y tpjkhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ mJ fhg;Gupahf;fk; my;yJ fhg;GWjp
itj;jy; (thf;FWjp) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU tifahd xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb> xU nry;Ygbahd xg;ge;jj;jpd;
midj;J mj;jpahtrpa $WfisAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;; kw;Wk;
cj;juthjj;jpd; fPo; nfhLf;fg;gl;l my;yJ xU rl;ltpNuhj nghUSf;fhf
xU fl;Lg;gLk; nray;gLj;j KbahJ. NkYk;> ,og;gPl;L xg;ge;jk;
ntspg;gilahfNth kiwKfkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
Kftu; xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s gpujhd KftUf;F xU xg;ge;jk; nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;w cl;Fwpg;ghd thf;FWjp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. mNjNghy;>
gq;Ffis khw;Wk; NghJ gupkhw;wj;ij gjpT nra;tjw;F Kd;> vjpu;fhy
miog;Gfs;, vjpuhf gupkhw;wj;jpd; ,og;gPlhf tuT itf;fg;gLk;.

‘cj;juthjj;jpd; xg;ge;jk; thf;FWjpia epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd
xg;ge;jkhFk;> my;yJ mtuJ ,ay;Gepiyapy; %d;whk; egupd;
nghWg;Gfis (gpupT 126) tprhupf;f Ntz;Lk;’ cj;juthjj;jpd; xU
xg;ge;jk; fldhfNth my;yJ Ntiytha;g;G my;yJ Ntiytha;g;G
ngwNth my;yJ nghUl;fis thq;fNth xU egUf;F cjTfpwJ.
cj;juthjk; jUk; egu; ‘cWjpahsu;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhu;;
ahUila ,ay;Gepiy cj;juthjkhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ vd;w egUf;F
‘Kjd;ik fldhsp’ vd;Wk;> cj;juthjk; jug;gLk; egUf;F ‘fldhsu;’
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLtu;. ,e;j cj;juthjk; tha;nkhop my;yJ
vOjg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
cj;jputhjj;jpd; kW guprPyid: kw;w xg;ge;jj;ijg; NghyNt
cj;juthjj;jpd; xg;ge;jKk; xU nry;Ygbahd xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilf;
$Wfs; midj;ijAk; jpUg;jpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; v.fh. cz;ikahd
xg;Gjy;> nghUspd; rl;lG+u;t jd;ik> fl;rpfspd; jFjpj;jd;ik

Nghd;wtw;iwAk; XusT ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; cWjp jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs;
kw;Wk; fldspg;gtUf;F ,ilNa Neubahd ftdkpd;ik ,Uf;f

Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy> kw;Wk; Kjd;ik fld;fhuuhy; ngwg;gl;l
guprPyidf;Fg; NghJkhdJ. gpupT 127 ntspg;gilahf ,e;j tpisit
toq;FfpwJ kw;Wk; gpujhd fldhspapd; eyDf;fhf nra;ag;gLk; Fwpg;Gfs;
vJTk;> my;yJ ve;j thf;FWjpAk;> cj;juthjj;ij toq;Ftjw;F
NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
4.2.3 fldpypUe;J cj;jputhjj;ij ntspNaw;Wjy;

gpd;tUk; R+oe
; piyfspy; VjhtJ xU cj;juthjj;jpd; fPo; xU flikg;ghl;bd;
fPo; xU nghWg;G mtUf;F toq;fg;gLk;:
1. jpUk;gg;ngwy; mwpf;if (gpupT 130): xU Fwpg;gpl;l fld; my;yJ
guptu;j;jidf;fhd xU ‘rhjhuz cj;juthjk;’ nray;gLifapy;
jpUk;gg;ngw KbahJ. Mdhy; xU’njhlu;r;rpahd cj;juthjk;’
ve;j Neuj;jpYk;> vjpu;fhy guptu;j;jidfis gw;wp> fldhsUf;F
mwptpg;G nfhLg;gjd; %yk; jpUk;gg; ngwg;glyhk;. ,t;thwhf>
,j;jifa epiyapy;> cj;juthjj;jpd; nghWg;G> tUq;fhy
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fisg; nghWj;j tiu xU KbTf;F tUfpwJ.
Vnddpy;> me;j mwpf;if> jpUk;gg; ngWjy; gw;wpa mwptpg;ig
ntspapl;l gpd;du;> Kjd;ik fldhsu;fshy; nrYj;jg;glyhk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> mwptpg;Gf;F Kd;du; Eioe;j guptu;j;jidfSf;F
cj;juthjKk; njhlu;e;J ,Uf;Fk;.
2. cj;juthjj;jpd; ,wg;G (gpupT 131): xU ‘njhlu;r;rpahd
cj;juthjj;ij’ fUj;jpy; nfhz;lhy;> mtuJ kuzj;jpw;Fg;
gpd;du;> mjd; flikf;Fg; gpwFk; xU xg;ge;jKk; ,y;yhjpUe;jhy;>
mtupd; ,wg;G mtuplk; ,Ue;J fldhfg; ngWfpwJ. mtu; gpwF
ve;jnthU guptu;j;jidf;Fk; flid nrYj;j KbahJ.
3. xg;ge;j mbg;gilapy; khWghL (gpupT 133): ‘gpujhd
fldhsp kw;Wk; fld; toq;FgtUf;F ,ilapyhd xg;ge;jj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy;> rpwg;G xg;ge;jq;fs; ,y;yhky; nra;ag;gl;l ,e;j khW-
ghL> khWghLfSf;Fg; gpd; gupkhw;wq;fSf;fhd cj;juthjj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.’ ,t;thwhf> xU cWjpahd nghWg;gpypUe;J
tpLtpf;fg;gLfpwJ> mtUila xg;ge;jk; ,y;yhky;> fld;
ngWgtu;> Kjd;ik fldhsUld; mtuJ xg;ge;jj;jpd;
tpjpKiwfspy; ve;j khw;wj;ijAk; nra;fpwhu; (khWghL cs;sjh
my;yJ GJikahf Mf;fg;gl;ljh my;yJ nghUj;jkhf epiyia
ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W nghUs;) mtu; xg;ge;jj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;ljd; fhuzkhfj;jhd; cWjpahf nghWg;Ngw;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. gpujhd fldhspia tpLtpj;jy; my;yJ ntspNaw;Wjy;
(gpupT 134): ,e;j gpupT fld;gj;jpuj;jpypUe;J cj;juthjj;ij
ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,uz;L topfis toq;FfpwJ:
(a) fld; kw;Wk; gpujhd fldhspf;F ,ilNaahd ve;jnthU
xg;ge;jKk; cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ> ,jd; %yk; gpujhd
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 59

jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs; fldhsp ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. Kf;fpa fldhsupd; ve;j
ntspaPLk; cWjp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(b) ,jd; Kf;fpa tpisT gpujhd fldhspia ve;j eltbf;ifNah
my;yJ jtizfshNyh ntspNaw;WtjhFk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; 5. xU xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; Kjd;ik fldhsp %yk; fld; Vw;ghL
(gpupT 135): fld;fhuupd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky;> fld; nfhLg;gtu;
ve;j xU Vw;ghl;ilAk;> my;yJ mtUf;F Neuk; nfhLf;fNth
my;yJ mtUf;F mtfhrk; mspg;gNjh> Fw;wthspahf;FtjhfNth
my;yJ cWjpnkhopNah ,y;yhj xU Vw;ghl;il nra;fpwhu;.
xU cj;juthjk; cWjp nra;ag;gltpy;iy; gpujhd fldhspf;F
nfhLf;Fk; xg;ge;jk;> %d;whk; eguhd fldhspahy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ>
(gpupT 136). gpujhd fldhspfSf;F cj;juthjj;ij tpLtpg;gjpy;iy.
6. fldhspapd; nray; my;yJ jtpu;f;fKbahj FiwghL>
ek;gfj;jd;ikapd; ,Wjp jPu;T (gpupT 139): fldspg;gtupd; cupikf-
Sld; nghUe;jhj ve;j eltbf;ifiaAk; fld; toq;Fgtu;
nra;jhy;> my;yJ mtuJ flikia nra;a Ntz;ba ve;jnthU
eltbf;ifAk; nra;ahky; tpLtjhy;> gpujhd fldhspf;F
vjpuhf jd;idj; jhNd Vw;gLj;jpnfhs;tjd; %yk;> cj;juthjk;
ntspNaw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ‘RUf;fkhf $Wtjdhy;> ,e;j
cupikf;F ghJfhg;gspg;gjw;F mtrpakhd xt;nthU
rl;lj;ijAk; nra;a Ntz;baJ fld;fhuj;jpd; flikahFk;>
,e;j flikapy; mtu; Njhy;tpaile;jhy;> epr;rak; ntspNaw;wk;
nra;ag;gLk;.
7. ghJfhg;G ,og;G (gpupT 141): fldhsu; xg;Gf; nfhs;shky;>
cj;juthjj;jpd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhkNyNa> ,og;gl
P L
; j;
njhifia ,oe;jhy;> cj;juthj xg;ge;jj;jpd; NghJ> mtUf;F
ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gLk; ve;jnthU ghJfhg;gpw;Fk;> ghJfhg;gpd; kjpg;gpd;
msTf;F fldspg;gpypUe;J tpyf;F mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F ‘,og;G’
vd;gJ ftdf;FiwT my;yJ myl;rpak; vd;gjd; nghUshFk;.
8. cj;jputhj xg;ge;jj;jpd; fhyhtjp: cj;juthjj;jpd; xg;ge;jk;
(fldspg;gtUf;Fk;> cWjpgLj;jYf;Fk; ,ilNa) nry;Ygbahfhj
NghJ> xU cj;jputhj nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fg;gLk;. gpd;tUk;
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cj;juthj xg;ge;jk; jtwhdJ:
(i) guptu;jj ; idapd; nghUs; gFjpia jtwhf my;yJ Nkhrb
my;yJ nksdkhf;Fjy; %yk; ngwg;gl;l cj;jputhjj;jpd;
guptu;jj; id my;yJ fldspg;gtupd; mwpT kw;Wk; xg;Gjy;
(gpupT 142 kw;Wk; 143) fldspg;gtupd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; fldh-
spfshy; jtwhf my;yJ kiwf;fg;gLk;NghJ> ,e;j gpupTfspd;
fPo; cj;juthjkhdJ nry;YgbahFk; vd;gij ftdpf;fTk;.
(ii) kw;nwhU egu; Nrutpy;iynadpy; NtW xU egu;
,ize;jpUg;gij cWjp nra;ahjtiu cj;juthjkspg;gtu;
xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnahg;gkplhj xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; kPJ xU
cj;juthjj;ij mspf;fpwhu;.

(iii) ,J xU nry;Ygbahd xg;ge;jj;jpy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs;
Nkw;gl;l mj;jpahtrpakhd $Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ>

mjhtJ> xg;ge;jk; my;yJ nghUs; my;yJ rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ
MFk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
1. ‘,yhg xg;ge;jk;’ vd;why; vd;d?
2. ‘cj;juthjk; xg;ge;jk;’ vd;why; vd;d?

,g;gpuptpy;> gpiz kw;Wk; cWjpnkhop gw;wpa fUj;JUit ePq;fs;
gbg;gPu;fs;.
xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 148 ,d; gb> ‘xU gpiz vd;gJ xU egUf;F
xU egu; xU rpy Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nghUl;fis toq;FtJ vd;gJ xU
xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> me;j Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;Wk; NghJ>
jpUg;gpaDg;gg;gLk; egupd; topfhl;Ljypd; gb jpUk;g my;yJ NtW
,lj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.’ ,g;gpuptpy;> gpiz kw;Wk; cWjpnkhop
gw;wpa fUj;JUit ePq;fs; gbg;gPu;fs;.
nghUl;fis tpepNahfpg;gtu; egu; ‘gpiz’ vd;W miof;fg;gLthu;>
mtu;fs; ahUf;F toq;fg;gLfpwhu;fNsh mtu;fs; ‘gpizau;’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;> kw;Wk; guptu;j;jid ‘gpiz vL’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU ‘gpiznaLg;G’ vd;gJ> ngWgtu;fspd; epge;jidapd;
mbg;gilapy; ruf;Ffis tpepNahfk; nra;J ,Wjpapy; mtw;iw
gpizaj;jpd; kPJ nfhz;L nrd;W my;yJ gpizaj;jpd; topfSf;F
Vw;g mtw;iw mg;Gwg;gLj;jyhk;. nghUl;fs;> miwfyd;fs; my;yJ
xU Row;rpia thliff;F vLj;jy;> xU ijay; my;yJ tz;bia
toq;Fjy;> ghJfhg;ghd tpepNahfj;Jf;F ruf;Ffis thq;Fjy; kw;Wk;
gOJghu;j;jy; Nghd;w nghUl;fis thq;Fjy; gpiz vLg;Gf;fhd
nghJthd cjhuzq;fs; MFk;.

gpizak; (i) ed;ik> kw;Wk; (ii) fl;rpfSf;F ntFkjp Mfpatw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; ,Ue;J tifg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
••gaDs;s fz;Nzhl;lk;: gpizg;gpd; ed;ikfis %d;W
tiffshf gpupf;fyhk;
(i) gpizaj;jpy; gpuj;Naf Mjhaj;jpw;fhf gpiz toq;Fjy;>
v.fh. gpiz my;yJ gzk; nrYj;jNtz;ba ve;j ,og;gPLk;
,y;yhky; gpizaj;jpd; ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fspy; ruf;Ffis
tpl;LtpLfpd;wdu;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 61

jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs; (ii) gpizaj;jpd; gpuj;Naf Mjhaj;jpw;fhf gpiz toq;Fjy;>
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> rpy fld;fSf;fhd jpl;lq;fs;. vdNt>
Nju;T miwapy; A ,d; eP&w;Wg; Ngdhitg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy;>
v.fh. xNu xU ed;ikf;fhf> gpizia nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; (iii) gOJ> thlif> Kjypad xg;ge;jq;fs; gpiz kw;Wk;
gpizahsupd; ed;ikf;fhd gpiznaLg;G kpfTk; nghJthd
tifahFk;. ,e;j tFg;gpy; cs;s tPo;r;rp> gpizay;> Nrit
kw;Wk; rpwg;G xg;ge;jq;fspd; Mjhaj;ijg; ngWk;> tifapy;
gpiz rYiffs;> fl;lzq;fs; fpilj;jjd; %yk; gpiz
eyd;fs; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
••‘ntFkjp’ ghu;itapy; ,Ue;J: ‘ntFkjp’ mbg;gilapy;
gpizaq;fs; tifg;gLj;jg;glyhk;:
(i) ed;nfhil gpizak;: gpiz my;yJ gpizaj;jpw;F ve;j
CjpaKk; fpilahJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU ez;gUf;F xU
Gj;jfj;ij fldhfg; ngw Ntz;Lk;> ve;j fl;lzKk; ,d;wp>
ghJfhg;ghd> xU Gj;jfj;jpw;fhf nghUl;fis itg;gNj
MFk;.
(ii) ed;nfhil my;yhj gpizak;: ,J ‘ntFkjp gpiz’ vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F> gpiz vd;gJ xU Cjpaj; jFjp
MFk;. v.fh Nkhl;lhu; fhu; thliff;F tpl;L> Jzpia
ijf;fTk;.
4.3.2 gpizak; mspg;gtu; kw;Wk; gpizak; ngWgtu; flikfs;

kw;Wk; cupikfs;
A. gpizaj;jpd; flikfs;
nghUl;fs; toq;fg;gLk; egUf;F xU gpiz vd;W ngau;. mtuJ
flikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;l nghUl;fspd; epahakhd guhkupg;G vLf;f
Ntz;ba flik: gpupT 151 ,e;j flikia nra;fpwJ "gpiz vLg;G
vy;yh re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;> xU rhjhuz Gj;jprhypahf ,Uf;Fk;
xU kdpjd;> mNj R+o;epiyfspd; fPo;> jd;Dila nrhe;jg;
nghUl;fs;> juk; kw;Wk; kjpg;G nfhz;l ruf;Ffisg; NghyNt>
mNj Nghd;w R+o;epiyfspy;> jd;Dila nrhe;j nghUl;fis
vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;". NtWtpjkhff; $wpdhy;> gpiz nghUs;fis
epahakhf ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ ruhrup tpNtfKs;s
kdpju; ,Nj Nghd;w R+o;epiyfspy; jdJ nrhe;j nghUl;fisf;
ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s vjpu;ghu;f;fyhk;. gpiz vd;gJ mtUf;F
gpiz nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fspd; fhg;GWjp my;y. epahakhd
ftdpg;G ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> ruf;Ffs; ,of;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld my;yJ
mopf;fg;gl;ld my;yJ rPuope;Jtpl;ld> mtw;wpd; gFjpapd;
ve;jtpj jaf;fKk; ,y;iy. nghUl;fSf;F ve;j Nrjj;jpw;Fk;
mtu; nghWg;gy;y.

2. jdf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs;
mq;fPfhukpd;wp gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba flik (gpupT 154): gpizaj;jpd;

tpjpKiwfSf;F ,zq;f ruf;Ffis fz;bg;ghfg;
gad;gLj;JtJ gpizaupd; flikahFk;. mtu; ruf;Ffis
mq;fPfupf;fg;glhj tifapy; gad;gLj;jhtpl;lhy;> mtu; Fwpg;Gfs;
gpizaj;jpw;F ,og;gPL toq;f> my;yJ mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk;
NghJ my;yJ me;j ruf;FfSf;F vOk; VNjDk; Nrjj;Jf;F
cs;shfpwhu;. ,e;j nghWg;G KOikahdJ. gpiz vLg;gpy; ve;j
xU ftdf;FiwTk; ,y;iy> my;yJ xU flTspd; nraiy
my;yJ jtpu;f;f Kbahj tpgj;jpd; tpisthf Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G
vd;W $l mjpy; vOfpwJ. ,ijj;jtpu> gpupT 153 d;gb> gpiz
vLg;Nghu; mq;fPfupf;fg;glhj ruf;Ffis gad;gLj;jhtpl;lhy;
gpizaj;ijAk; epWj;j KbAk;.
3. ruf;F nghUl;fs; gpizf;fg;glhj flik> jdJ nrhe;j
nghUl;fSld; (gpupT 155): gpizahsupd; mDkjp ,y;yhky;>
mtu; jdJ nrhe;j ruf;Ffis gpizag; nghUs;fSld; fyf;ff;
$lhJ vd;gJk; xU gpizaj;jpd; flikahFk;. nghUl;fs;
thq;Fgtupd; xg;GjYld; fye;jhy;> flikf;F ve;jtpjkhd
kPwYk; ,y;iy> gpiz vLg;gJk;> me;je;j gq;Ffspd; tpfpjj;jpd;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mdhy; gpiz> gpizahsupd; xg;Gjy;
,y;yhky;> gpizaj;jpd; ,Ug;Gld; jdJ nrhe;j ruf;Ffis>
Ntz;Lnkd;Nw fyg;gJ my;yJ jw;nrayhf ,Ue;jhYk;>
gpd;tUk; tpjpfs; nghUe;JfpwJ:
(a)
ruf;Ffs; gpupf;fg;glf;$ba my;yJ gpupf;fg;glKbahj
,lq;fspy;> nghUl;fspd; nrhj;J KiwNa fl;rpfspy;
cs;sJ. Mdhy; gpiz gpuptpidapd; nryTfisAk;>
fyitapypUe;J vOk; ve;j Nrjj;ijAk; (gpupT 156) jhq;fpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
(b) nghUl;fspd; fyitia gpupf;f KbahJ ,q;Nf> gpizahsu;
jdJ ,og;gpw;fhd gpizapid (gpupT 157) <Lfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
4. ruf;Ffisj; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd flikfs;: gpupT 160
,e;j tpjpfis fPo;f;fhZk; tifapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
‘gpizahsu;fspd; cj;juTfspd;gb> mtu;fs; gpizahf ,Ue;j
fhyk; tof;fw;Wg; NghdJ my;yJ mtu;fs; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s
Nehf;fk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lTld;> Njit ,y;yhky;> gpizapd;
jpirfspy; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;JtJ my;yJ toq;Ftjw;fhd
gpizapd; flik ,JthFk;.’ gy ,iz gpizaq;fs;
,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy;> gpizaj;jpd; nghUl;fs; VNjDk; xU ,iz
cupikahsupd; (gpupT 165) f;F ruf;Ffis jpUg;gp mspf;fyhk;.

Kiwahd Neuj;jpy; ruf;Ffis jpUk;gg; ngWtjw;F gpiz
Njhy;tpAw;why;> me;j Neuj;jpy; ,Ue;J nghUl;fs; ,og;G>
mopj;jy; my;yJ rPuopT Mfpatw;wpw;fhd gpiztpw;F mtu;
nghWg;Ngw;fpwhu; (gpupT 161).
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 63

jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs; 5. nghUl;fSf;F ve;jnthU tpyfYk; toq;Ftjw;fhd flik (gpupT
163): khwhf> xU xg;ge;jk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> gpiz vLf;fg;gl;l
ve;jnthU ,aw;if mjpfupg;G my;yJ ,yhgk; <l;lg;gl;l
nghUl;fspypUe;J ngWk; yhgj;jpw;Fk; gpizak; flikahFk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
B. gpiz vLg;Nghu; flikfs;
xU gpiz vd;gJ nghUl;fis toq;Fk; egu;. mtuJ flikfs;
gpd;tUkhW:
1. nghUs;fspd; Fiwfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd flik: ,e;jg;
gpupT> xU gpiz my;yJ gpiza gupRf;fhf xU NtWghl;il
fPo;f;fz;lthW toq;FfpwJ:
(a) xU ifnahg;gkplhj gpizapid gpizahsUf;F toq;fpAs;s
midj;J jtWfisAk; gpizahf mwptpf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;>
mtw;wpy; mtu; mwpe;jpUg;gJld;> mtw;iw gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
mrhjhuz mghaq;fSf;F gpizia mk;gyg;gLj;JtJ> kw;Wk;
mtu; Njhy;tpAw;why;> jtWfis Neubahf njuptpj;jpUf;fyhk;
vd;gjhy;> mj;jifa Nrjq;fis gpizahsUf;F nrYj;j mtu;
nghWg;Ngw;fpwhu;. xU jd;dpay;ghf nray;gl;l gpizahsuhy;
vOk; Nrjq;fSf;F mtu; nghWg;G ,y;iy.
(b) xU gpiz my;yJ ntFkjp vd;gJ nghUl;fspy; cs;s
midj;J FiwghLfs; gw;wp mtu; mwpe;Js;shuh my;yJ>
mtu; gpizaj;jpw;F mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;why;>
xU ed;nfhil gpiziag; Nghyy;yhky;> FiwghLfs; gw;wpa
mwpahikapNyNa mtUf;F ghJfhg;gpy;iy.
2. Njitahd nryTfis jpUg;gpr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba flik (gpupT
158): gpizaj;jpd; epge;jidfspd; %yk;> ruf;FfSf;F gpiz
my;yJ gpiz toq;fSf;fhd gpizag; nghUl;fis mtu;fs; kPJ
itf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ mtw;iw vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
mtu;fs; kPJ Ntiy nra;a Ntz;Lk;> gpizaj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
gpiz vLg;Gf;F Njitahd midj;J nryTfisAk; jpUg;gpf;
nfhLf;f Ntz;baJ gpizaj;jpd; flikahFk;. ,t;thwhf>
ghJfhg;ghd fhtYf;F ntFkjp ,y;yhky; xU Fjpiu gpiz
,lg;gl;lhy;> Fjpiuf;F tof;fkhf cztspf;Fk; nryTfSf;Fk;>
kUj;Jtr; nryTfSf;Fk;> VNjDk; xU tifapy; gpizaj;jpw;F
gzk; nfhLg;gJ gpizaj;jpd; flikahFk;.
3. ve;j xU ‘mrhjhuz’ nrytpdj;ijAk;> nrytw;w
gpizaj;jpd; Ngupy; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba flik: gpiz
vLg;G t
pjpfspd; fPo;> gpiz vd;gJ mtuJ NritfSf;fhd
Cjpaj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjhFk;. mJ gpiz vLg;gpy; ,Ue;J
xU mrhjhuz nryTfis> gpizahsu; nray;fs; njhlu;ghf>
VNjDk; ,Ue;jhy;> mrhjhuzkhd nrytpdq;fis jhq;f
Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa gpiz vLg;gpy;> gpiz vd;gJ rhjhuz
my;yJ tof;fkhd nryTfis jhq;fhJ. ,t;thwhf> xU

Fjpiuf;F ghJfhg;ghf fhtYf;F gpiz nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs;
gpiz vLg;G xU ehisf;F 80 ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W cs;sJ. ,e;j

gpiz vLg;G> Fjpiuf;F cztspf;Fk; rhjhuz nryTfSf;Fg;
nghWg;Ngw;fhJ. Mdhy; gpizahsupd; ghJfhg;gpd; NghJ> mtuJ
gq;fpw;F vt;tpj ftdf;FiwTk; ,y;yhky; Fjpiu Neha;tha;g;gl;L Fwpg;Gfs;
tpOe;JtpLfpwJ. gpiz vLg;Nghu;> xg;gilapWeUf;F> Fjpiuf;F
rpfpr;iraspf;f> ,it mrhjhuz nryTfNshL njhlu;Gila
kUj;Jtr; nryTfis jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. gpiz ,og;gPlopf;f Ntz;ba flik (gpupT 164): FiwghLs;s
jiyg;gpd; fhuzkhf> gpiz vLg;gtu; nghUl;fs; thq;Ftjw;F
cupik ,y;iy vd;w fhuzj;jhy;> gpiz vLg;ghy; Vw;gl;l ve;j
,og;Gf;Fk; gpiz toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. ruf;Ffis jpUk;gg; ngw flik: gpiz vLg;Gf; fhyk; Kbe;j
gpd;du;> mtw;iw jpUk;gg; ngWtJ my;yJ gpiz vLg;gjd;
Nehf;fk; epiwNtwpa NghJ mJ gpizaj;jpd; flikahFk;.
gpiz vLg;G rupahd Neuj;jpy; toq;fg;gLk; NghJ> ruf;Ffis
tpepNahfpf;f kWj;jhy;> gpiz vLg;Gf;F Njitahd midj;J
nryTfSf;Fk;> ghJfhg;ghd fhtYf;F ,og;gPL Nfhu KbAk;.
C. gpiz vLg;gtupd; cupikfs;:

1. gpiz vLg;gpd; flikfs;: gpizaj;jpd; flikfs;> gpiz
vLg;Nghu; cupikahFk;. MfNt> gpiz vLg;gjd; %yk;> NkNy
cs;s gpiz vLg;ghd; flikfisr; nray;gLj;jyhk;.
2. gy $l;Lg; gpiz vLg;ghsu;fs; xUtUf;F nghUl;fis
toq;Fk; cupik (gpupT 165): gy ,iz cilikahsu;fshy;
ruf;Ffs; gpiz vLf;fg;gl;bUe;j ,lq;fspy;> gpiz vLg;Gf;F
mtu;fis tpLtpj;jy; my;yJ xU $l;L cupikahsu;> midj;J
xg;Gjypd;wp xU ,iz cupikahsUf;F> my;yJ mjw;F khwhf
ve;j cld;gbf;ifAk; ,y;yhj epiyapy;> mtw;iw toq;f
cupik cs;sJ.
3. ruf;Ffs;> ey;y ek;gpf;ifapy;> ngauplg;glhj gpizag;
nghUl;fis toq;Fk; cupik (gpupT 166): cz;ikahd
cilikahsuplk; ve;jf; flikg; nghWg;Gk; ,y;yhky;> ey;y
ek;gpf;ifapy;> mjhtJ jiyg;gpd;wp gpizag; nghUl;fis
toq;Fk; cupik gpiz vLg;gjw;F cz;L.
4. kPs; cupik: rpy fld; my;yJ $w;W tiuapy; kw;nwhU
nrhj;J my;yJ nrhj;Jf;fis itj;jpUf;Fk; cupikia
jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;tJ kPs; cupik vdg;gLfpwJ. cupik
cilikf;FupaJ kw;Wk; ruf;Ffis ,oe;jTld; tpiutpy;
,of;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ‘kPs; cilik’ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
kPs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; — ‘Fwpg;ghf’ kw;Wk; ‘nghJ’.
‘Fwpg;gpl;l cupik’ vd;gJ> ,e;jf; Fw;wr;rhl;L njhlu;ghf
Fwpg;gpl;l nrhj;Jf;fis kl;LNk jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; cupik
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 65

jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs; vd;gjhFk;. ‘nghJ cupik’ vd;why; fl;rpf;F vjpuhf itj;jpUg;gtupd;
midj;J Nfhupf;iffSk; jpUg;jp nra;ag;gLk; tiu gpw fl;rpfspd;
midj;J nghUl;fisAk; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; cupikiaf;
Fwpf;fpwJ. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; nrhd;dhy;> fzf;fpd; nghJthd
Fwpg;Gfs; ,Ug;Gf;fhd xU ghJfhg;ghf kw;nwhU nghUl;fisj; jf;fitj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik ,Jjhd;.
gpizaj;jpd; nghJ cupik: nghJthd nghJ cupik vd;gJ xU
nghJr; Nrkpg;gf fzf;fpw;fhd xU ghJfhg;ghf kw;nwhU nghUl;fisj;
jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; cupik. vspa thu;j;ijfspy; nrhy;tjhdhy;>
,e;j cupik> me;j nghUl;fs; my;yJ NtW VNjDk; nghUl;fis
nghWj;jkl;by;> VNjDk; xU njhiff;fhf kw;nwhd;Wf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd
nghUl;fis itj;jpUg;gij xU egUf;F mspf;fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
xU tq;fpahsu; kw;Wk; fld; ngWgtupd; ,U gj;jpuq;fspy; ,uz;L fld;
gj;jpuq;fs;> ,e;jf; fld;fspy; xd;iw vLj;jpUe;jhy;> tq;fpahsu; ,U
gj;jpuq;fisAk; mtu; kw;w fld; nrYj;Jk; tiu jLj;J epWj;jyhk;.
D. gpiz vLg;Nghu; cupikfs;:

1. gpizg;gpd; flikfis mky;gLj;Jjy;: gpiz vLg;Nghu;
flikfs;> gpizaj;jpd; cupikfs; MFk;. gpizaj;jpd; vy;yh
flikfisAk; (Vw;fdNt tpthjpf;fg;gl;l) jdJ cupikfs;
vd;W gpiz %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;j KbAk;. gpizag; gpiz
vLg;gjw;F gpiz vLg;NghUf;F vjpuhf gpd;tUk; cupikfs;
cs;sd: (Kd;du; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l gpiz vLg;gtupd; flikfspd;
mbg;gilapy;):
(i) gpiz vLg;ghsu; ftdf;Fiwthy; gpiz ngw;w nghUl;fSf;F
Vw;gl;l ,og;Gf;fhd Nrjhuq;fis cupikNfhUk; cupik
(gpupT 151).
(ii) mDkjpaw;w nghUl;fspd; gad;ghL my;yJ mq;fPfupf;fg;glhj
gad;ghl;bypUe;J vOk; VNjDk; Nrjj;jpw;F ,og;gPL NfhUk;
cupik (gpupT 154).
(iii) jdJ nrhe;jg; nghUl;fNshL gpiz toq;fg;glhj nghUl;fs;
fyg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; VNjDk; ,og;Gf;fhf ,og;gPL NfhUk;
cupik (gpupT 155 kw;Wk; 56).
(iv)
nghUl;fis jpUk;g NfhUtjw;fhf> mtu;fs; gpiz
nra;ag;gl;l Neuk; fhyhtjpahfptpl;lJ> my;yJ mtu;fs;
gpiz nra;ag;gl;l Nehf;fk; epiwNtwpAs;sJ (gpupT 160).
(v) ve;j ,aw;if njhlu;ghd nghUs; gpiz nghUl;fs; kPJ
cupik NfhUk; cupik (gpupT 163).
2. xg;gilg;ghsu; ruf;Ffis jtwhd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jpdhy;
gpizg;ig epWj;Jtjw;fhd cupik (gpupT 153): gpizaj;ij
epWj;Jtjw;F gpiz vLg;G cupik cs;sJ. xg;gilg;ghsu;
ve;j xU nray;> gpiz vLg;Gld; Kuz;gl;lhYk;> gpizaj;jpd;

tpjpKiwfSf;F Kuzhf cs;s ve;j xU eltbf;ifAk; jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs;
fhyhtjpahfptpl;lhYk; my;yJ gpiz vLg;G Nehf;fk;

epiwNtwtpy;iy vd;whYk;> gpizaj;ij epWj;j cupikAz;L.
3. ve;j Neuj;jpYk; ruf;Ffis jpUk;g Nfhu cupik cs;sJ (gpupT.
159): nghUl;fis ntFkjp ,y;yhky; toq;fpa NghJ (mjhtJ> Fwpg;Gfs;
,ytrkhf)> mtu; tpUk;Gk; Nghnjy;yhk;> mtu; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf my;yJ Neuj;jpw;fhf nfhLj;j NghJk;> jtwhd
gad;ghl;bw;fhf xg;gilg;ghsu; fpilahJ. Mdhy;, nghUl;fspd;
Kd;$l;ba tUkhdk;> mj;jifa nghUl;fisg; cgNahfpg;gjpy;
,Ue;J ngwNtz;ba Mjhaj;jpy;> gpiz ,og;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ
vd;why;> ,og;gPl;Lj; njhifapidg; ngWk; Mjhaj;ij kPl;Lf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

gpiznaLg;G xg;ge;jk; gpd;tUk; R+o;epiyfspy; KbtilfpwJ:
1. gpiznaLg;G xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;fhf ,Ue;jhy;> Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyk; Kbtile;jTld; gpiznaLg;G KbtilfpwJ.
2. gpiznaLg;G vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf ,Ue;jhy;>
Nehf;fk; epiwNtwpaTld; gpiznaLg;G KbtilfpwJ.
3. gpiz vLg;Gld; Kuz;gl;Ls;s ruf;FfSld; gpiz vLg;gjd;
mbg;gilapy;> gpizaj;jpd; kPJ VNjDk; eltbf;if vLj;jhy;>
gpiz vLg;ghy; my;yJ gpiz vLg;G fhyk; fhyhtjpahfptpl;lhYk;
my;yJ gpiz vLg;G Nehf;fk; epiwNtwtpy;iy vd;whYk;
gpizaj;jpd; %yk; gpiz ePf;fg;glyhk; (gpupT 153).
4. ve;j Neuj;jpYk;> Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpw;F Kd;dhYk; my;yJ
Nehf;fj;ij miltjw;F Kd;du;> gpiz vLg;gpd; %yk;> ,og;gpw;F
mjpfkhd ,og;G Vw;glyhk; vd;w epge;jidapd; Ngupy;> vg;NghJ
Ntz;LkhdhYk; gpiz vLg;gtu; xU gpizapid epWj;jyhk;.
,og;gPL toq;fg;gl;l Mjhaj;ij kPWfpd;w msTf;F gpizg;ig
nraypof;f nra;Ak; (gpupT 159).
5. gpiz vLg;G vd;gJ gpizaj;jpd; my;yJ gpiz vLg;ghy;
Vw;gLk; ,wg;gpdhy; epWj;jg;gLfpwJ. (gpupT 162).

3. ePq;fs; gpizak; %yk; vd;d nrhy;fpwPu;fs;?
4. ‘gpizak;’ kw;Wk; ‘cupkk;’ Mfpatw;wpw;F cs;s tpj;jpahrk;
vd;d?
4.4 Kfthz;ik rl;lk;

xg;ge;j tpjpfspd; gpupT 182 ,y; gpd;tUkhW tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 67

jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs; ‘xU Kftu; > NtW VjhtJ xU nraiy nra; a my; y J %d; w hk;
egu; fspd; nfhLf; f y; thq; f ypy; ,d; n dhUtiu gpujpepjpj; J tk;
nra; A k; xU egu; . mj; j ifa nray; ahUf; F toq; f g; g l; lNjh>
my; y J gpujpepjpj; Jtk; nra; a g; gLgtUf; F> Kjy; tu; vd
Fwpg;Gfs; miof; fg; gLfpwhu; . ’
Kftu; xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; KftuhdJ> Kjd;ik (mtiu
gzpaku;j;Jgtu;) kw;Wk; %d;whk; jug;gpdUf;F ,ilNa cs;s
xg;ge;jj;ij jdpahu; kakhf;Ftjw;F mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jpUg;gijf;
fhzyhk;. xU Kftupd; nray;ghL Kf;fpakhf> Kjd;ik kw;Wk;
%d;whk; jug;gpdUf;fpilNa xg;ge;j cwTfis nfhz;L tUfpwJ.
vdNt xU tifapy;> xU Kftu; vd;gJ xU ,izg;G kl;LNk.
xU %d;whk; jug;gpdUld; Kjy;tupd; rhu;gpy; xg;ge;jk; xd;wpy;
Eioe;jTld;> Kftu; ntspNaWk;NghJ> xg;ge;jj;jpw;F xU
cupikahsu; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> xg;ge;jk; Kjd;ik kw;Wk;
%d;whk; jug;gpdiu mtu;fs; jq;fisj; jhq;fNs cUthf;fpaJ
Nghy; gpizf;fpwJ.

Kfthz;ikAld; ,uz;L Kf;fpakhd nghJ tpjpfs; cs;sd. mjhtJ>
1. xg;ge;jk; nra;a jFjp tha;e;jtuhf ,Ue;jhYk;> jdpg;gl;l
jpwik kw;Wk; jFjpfisj; jtpu NtW xU Kftu; %yk;
mtu; nra;ag;glyhk;. cz;ikapy;> nra;a Ntz;ba gzpfs;
ntspg;gilahf jdpg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. ve;j KftiuAk;
Ntiy nra;a KbahJ. cjhuzkhf> xU egu; xU Kftu; %yk;
jpUkzk; nra;a KbahJ. xU Kftu; %yk; xU glj;ij
tiutjw;F KbahJ kw;Wk; gy.
2. ‘kw;nwhUtd; jd; topNa nra;fpwhd;?’ NtW thu;j;ijfspy;
$Wtjhdhy;> ‘midj;J rl;l Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk;> Kjy;tupd;
nray;fSf;fhfTk; Kftu; nray;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.’
Kfthz;ikapd; rpy mk;rq;fis Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,it:
i. ahu; xU Kftiu gzpaku;j;jyhk;?

gpupT 183-,d; gb> ‘mtu; Ma; T f; F l; gLeuhf ,Uf; Fk; rl; lj; j pd;
gb ngUk; ghd; i k taijf; nfhz; l ve; j xU egUk; > xU
Kftiu epakpf; f yhk; . ’ xg; ge; j k; nra; a jFjp tha; e ; j ve; j nthU
egUk; xU KftiuAk; xU rpWghd; i kiaAk; epakpf; f yhk; . xU
igj; jpaf; f huu; my; y J xU Fbfhud; xU Kftiug; gad; g Lj; j
KbahJ.
ii. ahu; Kftuhf ,Uf;fyhk;?

gpupT 184 ,e;j tp\aj;jpy; ‘Kjd;ik kw;Wk; %d;whk; egu;fSf;F
,ilNa ve;j egUk; xU Kftuhf khwyhk;’ vd;W fPNo cs;sJ.

,jdhy;> xU rpW my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l kdk; nfhz;l xUtu; $l jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs;
Kftuhf epakpf;fg;glyhk;. Vnddpy;> Kftupd; nray;> Kf;fpakhd

nray; vd;gjhy;> xU rpwpa Kftupd; nray;fSf;F %d;whk;
jug;gpdUf;F nghWg;G cs;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
iii. guprPyid mtrpakpy;iy
‘xU Kfthz;ikia cUthf;f ve;j guprPyidAk; mtrpaKk;
,y;iy’ (gpupT 185). Kftuhy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W Kjy;tu; xg;Gf;nfhz;Ls;shu; vd;w cz;ik> epWtdj;jpd;
xg;ge;jj;ij Mjupg;gjw;F> mjhtJ> me;j jpwd; cs;s Kftuhy;
nra;ag;gLk; thf;FWjpia Mjupg;gjw;F> xU Nghjpa ‘jPq;F
tpistpf;Fk;’ vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.

5. tpjpKiwfs; ‘Kftu;’ kw;Wk; ‘Kjd;ik’ vd;gjd; mu;jj
; k; vd;d?
6. Kftuhf ahiu gzpaku;j;jyhk;?

1. xU jug;gpdu;> my;yJ NtW ve;j egupd; elj;ijahy;> jdf;F
Vw;gLk; ,og;gpypUe;J kw;wtiu fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;s thf;FWjp
mspj;j xg;ge;jk; ‘e\;l<L’ (gpupT 124) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,og;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; cz;ikapy; ‘fl;Lg;ghl;L xg;ge;jq;fspd;
nghJ tFg;gpd;’ xU gFjpahFk;. vjpu;ghu;j;j ,og;Gf;F vjpuhf
thf;FWjpfis ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L mJ EiofpwJ.
2 cj;juthjj;jpd; xg;ge;jk; thf;FWjpfis epiwNtw;w
xg;ge;jk; my;yJ mtuJ ,ay;Gepiyapy; %d;whk; egupd;
nghWg;ig tpLtpj;jy; (gpupT 126). cj;juthjj;jpd; xU xg;ge;jk;
fldhfNth my;yJ Ntiytha;g;G ngwNth my;yJ nghUl;fis
thq;fNth xU egUf;F cjTfpwJ.
3. xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 148-d; gb> ‘xU gpiznaLg;G vd;gJ
xU Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xUtuplk; kw;nwhU Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> me;j
Nehf;fk; epiwNtWk; NghJ> jpUg;gp mspf;fg;gLk; my;yJ
NtW egupd; topfhl;Ljy;gb mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. nghUl;fis
toq;Fk; egu;> ‘gpizahsu;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. mtw;iw
toq;fg;gLk; egUf;F ‘xg;gilapLeu;’ vd;W ngau;. kw;Wk;
guptu;j;jid ‘gpiz vLg;G’ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. cupk xg;ge;jj;jpy;> ruf;Ffs; cupikahsUf;F toq;fg;glkhl;lhJ>
gpiz vLg;gpy; nghUl;fs; gpizaj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wd> NkYk;
gpiz toq;fy;fs; mtu;fsJ ghJfhg;gpw;fhd nghWg;ghFk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 69

jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs; 5. xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; 182 tJ gpuptpy; gpd;tUkhW tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s
,uz;L nrhw;fs; ‘Kftu;’ kw;Wk; ‘Kjd;ik’ Mfpait gpd;tUkhW
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd: ‘xU Kftu; vd;gJ xU egUf;F kw;nwhU
nraYf;fhf my;yJ %d;whtJ egUld; njhlu;GgLj;jypy;
Fwpg;Gfs; xUtiu gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; xU eguhFk;. mj;jifa
nray; ahUf;F toq;fg;gl;lNjh> my;yJ gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;ag;gLgtUf;F> jiytu; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.’
6. gpupT 183-,d; gb> ‘mtu; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLeuhf ,Uf;Fk;
rl;lj;jpd; gb ngUk;ghd;ik taijf; nfhz;l ve;j xU egUk;>
xU Kftiu gzpaku;j;jyhk;’. xg;ge;jk; nra;a jFjp tha;e;j
ve;jnthU egUk; xU KftiuAk; xU rpWghd;ikiaAk;
epakpf;fyhk;. xU igj;jpaf;fhuu; my;yJ xU Fbfhud; xU
Kftiug; gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
4.6 RUf;fk;
••xU jug;gpdu;> gpwiu> jd;id my;yJ NtW ve;j egupd;
elj;ijahy; Vw;gl;l ,og;gpypUe;J kw;wtiu fhg;ghw;WkhW
thf;FWjp mspj;j xU xg;ge;jk; ‘,og;G xg;ge;jk;’. (gpupT 124)
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
••cj;jputhjj;ij nfhLf;Fk; egu;> ‘gpizak;’ vd;W miof;fpd;whu;;
ahUila ,ay;Gepiy cj;juthjkhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ vd;w
egUf;F> ‘Kjd;ik fldhsp’ vd;W ngau;. cj;juthjk;
mspf;fg;gLk; egUf;F ‘fldhsu;’ vd;W ngau;. xU cj;juthjk;
tha;nkhop my;yJ vOjg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fyhk; (gpupT 126).
••xU egu; xUtUf;F xU cj;juthjj;ij mspg;gtu;>
fldhsu; mijr; nra;gtuhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. kw;nwhUtu; mij
cWjpg;gLj;jp> kw;wtu; Nrutpy;iy vd;why; cj;juthjk;
jtwhdJ. (gpupT 144).
••xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 148-d; gb> ‘xU gpiz vd;gJ
xU egu; kw;nwhUtUf;F ruf;Ffis toq;FtJ> xU
xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> me;j Nehf;fk; epiwNtWk; NghJ> jpUg;gp
mspf;fg;gLk; my;yJ NtW egupd; topfhl;Ljy;gb
mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;gLk;’.
••khwhf> xU xg;ge;jk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> gpiz vLg;Nghu;> ve;j
,aw;if mjpfupg;G> ,yhgk; <l;lf; $ba my;yJ ,yhgj;jpw;F
toq;f Ntz;baJ gpizaj;jpd; flikahFk;.
••rpy fld; my;yJ $w;W tiuapy; kw;nwhU nrhj;J my;yJ
nrhj;Jf;fis itj;jpUf;Fk; cupikia jf;f itj;Jf;
nfhs;tJ kPs; cupik vdg;gLfpwJ. cupik cilikf;FupaJ
kw;Wk; ruf;Ffis ,oe;jTld; tpiutpy; ,of;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J
‘cupikahsu; cupik’ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

••gpizaj;ij epWj;Jtjw;F gpiz vLg;G cupik cs;sJ. jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs;
xg;gilg;ghsu; ve;j xU nray;> gpiz vLg;Gld; Kuz;gl;lhYk;>

gpizaj;jpd; tpjpKiwfSf;F Kuzhf cs;s ve;j xU
nray; fhyhtjpahfptpl;lhYk; my;yJ gpiz vLg;G Nehf;fk;
epiwNtwtpy;iy vd;whYk;> gpizaj;ij epWj;j cupikAz;L. Fwpg;Gfs;
••gpiz vLg;Gld; Kuz;gl;Ls;s ruf;FfSld; gpiz vLg;gjd;
mbg;gilapy;> gpizaj;jpd; kPJ VNjDk; eltbf;if vLj;jhy;>
gpiz vLg;ghy; my;yJ gpiz vLg;G fhyk; fhyhtjpahfptpl;lhYk;
my;yJ gpiz vLg;G Nehf;fk; epiwNtwtpy;iy vd;whYk;
gpizaj;jpd; %yk; gpiz ePf;fg;glyhk; (gpupT 153).
••‘xU Kftu;> NtW VjhtJ xU nraiy nra;a my;yJ %d;whk;
egu;fspd; nfhLf;fy; thq;fypy; ,d;ndhUtiu gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;Ak; xU egu;> mj;jifa nray; ahUf;fhf nra;ag;gLfpwJ
my;yJ gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ Kjy;tuhy;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.’
••Kftuhy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W Kjy;tu;
xg;Gf; nfhz;Ls;shu; vd;w cz;ik> epWtdj;jpd; xg;ge;jj;ij
Mjupg;gjw;F mjhtJ> me;j nraypy; nray;gl Kftupd;
thf;FWjpia Mjupf;f xU Nghjpa ‘jPq;F tpistpf;Fk;’ vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ.

••njhlu;r;rpahd cj;juthjk;: xU cj;juthjk; xU njhlu;
NtWgl;l kw;Wk; gpupj;jy; guptu;j;jidfSf;F ePl;bf;Fk;NghJ>
mJ ‘njhlu;r;rpahd cj;juthjk;’ vdg;gLfpwJ.
••cWjpnkhop: xU fld; my;yJ xU thf;FWjpia epiwNtw;wj;
Njitahd nghUl;fis ghJfhg;G vd;W gpiz toq;FtJ
‘cWjpnkhop’ vdg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tof;fpy; gpiz> ‘gpizak;
nfhLg;gtu;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. gpizahsu; ‘gpizak;
Vw;gtu;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
••kPs; cupik: rpy fld; my;yJ $w;W tiuapy; kw;nwhU nrhj;J
my;yJ nrhj;Jf;fis itj;jpUf;Fk; cupikia jf;f itj;Jf;
nfhs;tJ> kPs; cupik vdg;gLfpwJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,og;gPl;L kw;Wk; cj;juthjj;jpd; xg;ge;jq;fspy; xU rpwpa
Fwpg;ig vOJf.
2. njhlu;r;rpahd cj;juthjj;ij uj;J nra;tJ gw;wp RUf;fkhf
vOJf.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 71

jdptifahd xg;ge;jq;fs; 3.
fldspg;gtuplkpUe;J cj;juthjj;ij tpLtpg;gij gw;wp
RUf;fkhf vOJf.
4. Kfthz;ikapd; nghJ tpjpfs; gw;wpa xU FWfpa Fwpg;ig
vOJf.
Fwpg;Gfs;
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,og;gPL kw;Wk; cj;juthjk; Mfpatw;wpd; nray;ghLfis

tpsf;Ff.
2. gpiz kw;Wk; gpizahsu; MfpNahupd; flikfs; kw;Wk;
cupikfis tpsf;Ff.
3. rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjd; %yk; Kfthz;ikapid epWj;Jtjw;fhd
gy;NtW eltbf;iffis Muha;e;J ghUq;fs;.
4.9 NkYk; gbf;f

gjpg;gfk;).

gFjp – II 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; xg;ge;jk;
$l;lhz;ik kw;Wk; epWtd rl;lk; mikj;jy;
myF 5 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid rl;lj;jpd; Fwpg;Gfs;

fPo; xg;ge;jk; mikj;jy;
mikg;G
5.0 Kd;Diu
5.3 epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; fhg;GWjpfs;
5.4 jiyg;G kw;Wk; nrhj;Jfspd; khw;wk;
5.4.1 nrhj;J gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd tpjpfs;
5.6 xg;ge;j mbg;gilapy; tpw;gid
tpilfs;
5.8 RUf;fk;
5.11 NkYk; gbf;f
5.0 Kd;Diu
ruf;F tpw;gid rl;lk;> 1930 d;gb> ‘ruf;F tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ
tpw;gidahsu; gupkhw;wk; my;yJ ruf;Ffis tpiyf;F thq;FgtUf;F
khw;wr; rk;kjpf;Fk; xg;ge;jk;’ MFk;. vdNt> xU tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;Jf;F
,U NtWgl;l fl;rpfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ thq;Fgtu;> tpw;gtu;>
xUtu; jdJ nrhe;jg; gz;lq;fis thq;f KbahJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> xU
gFjp cupikahsUf;Fk;> kw;nwhUtUf;Fk; ,ilNa tpw;gid xg;ge;jk;
Nghlg;gLfpwJ. nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;Ak; xg;ge;jj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahg;
gz;G> ruf;Ffspy; nrhj;ij khw;WtJ, kw;Wk; ,aq;f $ba cupik>
gzk; jtpu xt;nthU tpjkhd mirAk; mirah nrhj;Jk; ‘ruf;F’
vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ey;nyz;zk;> tu;jj ; f rpd;dk;> gjpg;Gupikfs;>
fhg;Gupik> ePu>; vupthA> kpd;rhuk;> ePjpkd;wk; Mfpatw;wpd; Miz
midj;Jk; ruf;FNghy; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. gq;Ffs; kw;Wk; ifapUg;G
MfpaitAk; nghUl;fspy; Nru;ff ; g;gl;Ls;sd. ruf;F tpw;gid rl;lk; xU
Fwpg;gpl;l tbtj;ij> tpw;gid nra;Ak; xg;ge;jj;ij cUthf;f gupe;Jiu
nra;atpy;iy. nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;Ak;, xg;ge;jk; nra;tjd;
%yk; kl;LNk rYifAk;> Vw;wKk; ngw KbAk;. nghUl;fis tpw;gid
nra;tJ Fwpj;J> guprPyid nra;tjw;F gzkhdJ xU ‘tpiy’ vd
njupfpwJ. kw;wgb xg;Gf;nfhz;lhyd;wp> tpiy nkhj;jkhf nrYj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ rl;lg;gbahd Fj;jif gzj;jpy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 73

1930 ruf;F tpw;gid vd cWjpaspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ thf;FWjp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mikj;jy; ,jpy; fhNrhiy fl;lzk;> tq;fp itg;Gj;njhif Nghd;w tbtq;fspy;
gzk; nrYj;jglyhk;.
xU ‘epge;jid’ vd;gJ tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhdJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;j kPwy;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l fl;rpf;F <Lnra;a Kbahj Nrjj;ij
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ> me;j xg;ge;jj;ij kWjypf;Fk; tifapy;> ‘fhg;GWjp’
vd;gJ ,uz;lhk;epiy Kf;fpaj;Jtkhf kl;LNk ,Uf;f KbAk;. ,e;j
kPwy;> xU Nrjj;jpdhy; <L nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Nrjj;jpd; msit
kl;LNk Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. gpupT 13-d; gb epge;jid kPwy; fhg;GWjpapd;
kPwy; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j myfhdJ tpw;gid xg;ge;jk;> epge;jidfs; fhg;GWjp;>
jiyg;Gfs; nrhj;Jupik kw;Wk; gzk; nrYj;jhj tpw;gidahsiu
khw;WtJ Mfpatw;iw Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,e;j myF topahf nrd;w gpwF> cq;fshy;; :
••1930-Mk; Mz;bd;> nghUs; tpw;gid xg;ge;j rl;lk; gw;wp mwpe;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
••tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;ij tptupf;fTk;. nghUs;fspd; tiffis
mwpaTk; KbAk;.
••epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; fhg;GWjpia mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
••jiyg;G kw;Wk; gz;G khw;wj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
••xg;ge;jj;jpd; nray;jpwid tpsf;f KbAk;.
••gzk; nfhLf;fg;glhj tpw;gidahsu;fspd; cupikfisg; gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

ruf;F tpw;gid rl;lj;jpd; 4(1) gpupT, ruf;Ffis tpw;gid nra;Ak;
xg;ge;jj;ij tiuaWf;fpwJ. ,J tpw;gidahsu; ,lkhw;wj;jpd; %yKk;
kw;Wk; xU tpiyf;F thq;Fgtupd; nrhj;ij gupkhw;wk; nra;a xg;Gf;
nfhs;fpwJ. nghUl;fspd; tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; rpy Kf;fpa gz;Gfis
,e;j tiuaiw ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,jd; gz;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. ,U gq;Fjhuu;fs;: Kjyhtjhf> xU egu; jdJ nrhe;jg; nghUl;fis
thq;f ,ayhj epiyapy;> tpw;gtu; kw;Wk; tpw;gidahsuhf
xg;ge;jk; nra;a ,uz;L jdpj;Jtkhd fl;rpfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> xU gFjp-cupikahsUf;Fk; kw;Wk; kw;nwhU [gpupT
4(1)]-f;Fk; ,ilNa tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;glyhk;. vdNt>
xU $l;lhsp gq;Fjhuuhf ,Uf;Fk; epWtdj;jpypUe;J ruf;Ffis
thq;fpf; nfhs;syhk; my;yJ mjw;F vjpu;khwhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
2. nrhj;J gupkhw;wk;: ,q;F 'nrhj;J' vd;why;> ‘cilik’ vd;W
nghUs;. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> nghUl;fis

tpw;gid nra;Ak; xg;ge;jj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahj $W> ruf;Ffspy; 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid
nrhj;ij khw;WtjhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ruf;Ffis kl;Lk; mikj;jy;
cilikahf;fpf; nfhs;tJ vd;gJ ‘tpw;gid’ vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl
KbahJ. mJ tpw;gid xg;ge;jkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why;>
tpw;gtu; nghUl;fis thq;FgtUf;F gupkhw;wk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; Fwpg;Gfs;
my;yJ guptu;j;jid nra;a xg;Gf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
3. ruf;Ffs;: tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; Fwpj;j cld;gbf;ifapy; cs;s
nghUl;fs; ‘ruf;F’ ahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpupT 2(7)-d; gb>
‘nghUl;fs; vd;why; eltbf;iff;Fupa gzk; jtpu kw;w mirAk;
mirah nrhj;Jf;fs; vd;W nghUs;gLfpwJ. gq;Ffs;> tsUk;
gapu;fs;> Gy;> kw;Wk; tpw;gidf;F Kd; my;yJ tpw;gid
xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; Jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w xU gFjpapy;
,izf;fg;gl;l my;yJ cUthf;fg; nghUl;fs; mlq;Fk;.
4. tpiy: tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; Fwpj;j guprPyid gz guprPyidahf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J ‘tpiy’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. gpw
nghUl;fs; tpw;fg;gLfpwJ my;yJ guptu;j;jid nra;jhy;>
guptu;j;jid> nrhj;Jupik rl;lk; kw;Wk; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;a $lhJ vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy; nghUl;fSf;F nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gFjpfSf;F gzk;
rk;ghjpj;J ,Ue;jhy;> xg;ge;jk; tpw;gidapy; xd;whf
fUjg;gLfpwJ. (my;upl;[; kw;Wk; [hd;rd;).
5. tpw;gid kw;Wk; tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; ,uz;ilAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ: ‘tpw;gid xg;ge;jk;’ vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; xU
nghJthd nrhy; MFk;. NkYk;, ‘tpw;gid’ kw;Wk; ‘tpw;gid
xg;ge;jk;’ Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. (xU gpupT 4(1) vd;w
nrhw;nwhlu; tiuaiw ,Ue;J njspthf cs;sJ.
6. filgpbf;f Ntz;ba eltbf;iffspd; vz;zpf;if (gpupT 5):
ruf;F tpw;gid rl;lk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tbtj;ij> tpw;gid nra;Ak;
xg;ge;jj;ij cUthf;f gupe;Jiuf;ftpy;iy. nghUl;fis tpw;gid
nra;Ak; xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; rYifAk;> Vw;wKk; kl;LNk ngw
KbAk;. ,e;j rYifia tpw;gtu; my;yJ thq;Fgtu; %ykhfNt
nra;ayhk;> ,J kw;nwhU KiwiaAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.
xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; jtiz Kiwapy; tpiyiag; gzk;
nrYj;JtJ vd;gJ xU thliff; nfhs;Kjyhf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy. Mdhy;, mJ xU tpw;gidahf ,Uf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf,
‘jtiz nfhs;Kjy; Kiw’ vd;w Kiwapy;> ‘tpw;gid’ vd;w xd;W
cs;sJ. Vnddpy;, ,e;j Kiwapy; thq;Fgtu; jpUk;gp tu tpUg;gk;
,y;yhky; thq;FtJk;> ruf;Ffspy; nrhj;J thq;Fk; NghJ clNd
thq;FgtUf;F ruf;F jpUk;g tuyhk;.
ruf;Ffspd; tiffs;
‘ruf;Ffs;’ vd;gJ> tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; nghUs; rhu;e;j mikg;ghFk;.
ruf;Ffis gpd;tUk; tiffspy; tifg;gLj;jyhk;:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 75

1930 ruf;F tpw;gid 1. eilKiw ruf;Ffs;: tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpy; EioAk; Neuj;jpy;>
mikj;jy; cly; epiyapy; kw;Wk; tpw;gidahsupd; cilik kw;Wk;/
my;yJ cilik cs;s nghUl;fs;> 'jw;NghJs;s nghUl;fs;'
vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. tpw;gtu; vq;fpUf;fpwhu; vd;why;> mtw;wpy;
Fwpg;Gfs; nghJ cilik cs;sJ. tpw;gtu;> xU Kftu; vd;w Kiwapy;>
mtw;iw tpw;f cupik cs;sJ vd;W $w KbAk;.
jw;NghJ fz;lwpag;glhj nghUl;fs; kPz;Lk; ‘Fwpg;gpl;l’ my;yJ
mwpa Kbahj tifapy; ,Uf;fyhk;.
tpw;gidahsuplkpUe;J thq;Fgtuplk; ‘nrhj;J gupkhw;wk;’
njhlu;ghd tpjpKiwfs;> ‘Fwpg;gpl;l’ my;yJ ‘mwpa Kbahj’
nghUl;fSf;F ,ilNaahd NtWghL Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
2. vjpu;fhy ruf;Ffs;: tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;l gpd;du;
tpw;gidahsuhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L ifafg;gLj;jg;gLk;
ruf;Ffs; ‘tUq;fhy ruf;Ffs;’ vdg;gLk;. [gpupT 2(6)]
3. vjpu;ghuh ruf;Ffs;: nghUl;fs; ngUk; NghJ tpw;gtupd;
epr;rakw;w mtru epiyapdhy; vjpu;ghuhky; fpilf;Fk; ruf;Ffs;
vjpu;ghuh ruf;Ffs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. [gpupT 6(2)]
tpiy:
nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhd gzk; gw;wpa guprPyid
‘tpiy’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. [gpupT 2(10)] tpiyahdJ xt;nthU
xg;ge;jg;Gs;spapy; xU ,d;wpaikahj $W vd;W Vw;fdNt ePq;fs;
ghu;j;jpUg;gPu;fs;. mjhtJ> nghUSf;fhd tpiy ,y;yhky; rupahf
tpw;gid nra;a KbahJ. kw;wgb xg;Gf;nfhz;lhy; xopa> rl;lg;gb
Fj;jif gzj;jpy; tpiy nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; my;yJ thf;FWjp mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; fhNrhiy> fl;lzk;> tq;fp itg;Gj;njhif Nghd;w
tbtq;fspy; gzk; nrYj;jyhk;. Vnddpy;> mJ xU gzk; nrYj;Jk;
Kiw my;y kw;Wk; xU rupahd xg;ge;jkhf Ntz;Lk; vd;w gzk; xU
tpiy nrYj;j xg;ge;jk; MFk;.
tpiy epu;zapf;Fk; Kiwfs;

gpupT 9-,d; gb> tpiyahdJ gpd;tUk; gad;Kiwfspy; xd;W my;yJ
kw;witfspy; epiyahf ,Uf;fyhk;:
1. ,J jpl;ltl;lkhd xg;ge;jj;jhy; ,e;j tpiyahdJ
epu;zapf;fg;glyhk;.
2. xg;ge;jk; toq;fg;gl;l xU Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; tpiyahdJ
epu;zapf;fg;glyhk;:
3. ,J gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F ,ilapyhd nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; %yk;
jPu;khdpf;fg;glyhk;.
4. Nkw;$wpa ve;j xU gad;Kiwf;Fk; Vw;g tpiy epu;zak; nra;a
KbahJ vd;why;> thq;Fgtu;> tpw;gidahsUf;F xU ‘epahakhd
tpiyapid’ nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ruf;F cupikf;fhd Mtzq;fs; 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid
mikj;jy;
ruf;Ffspd; cilik my;yJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;fhd MjhukhfTk;, xg;Gjy;
mspg;gjd; %yk; mq;fPfhuk; toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;, mq;fPfhuk; mspg;gjw;fhd
Mtzk; toq;Ftjd; %yk; Mtzj;ij itj;jpUg;gtUf;fhfTk; mjd;
Fwpg;Gfs;
%yk; tpepNahfpg;gtu; my;yJ mjd; %yk; ruf;Ffis toq;Ftij
rhd;WgLj;Jjy; Nghd;w rhjhuz Nghf;Ffspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
ve;jnthU Mtzk; ruf;FfSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. [gpupT 2(4)].
,t;thW> cupik %y gj;jpuk; vd;gJ nghUs;fspd; cupikj;Jtj;jpw;F
rhd;whf tpsq;FfpwJ. mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F Kiwahd xg;Gjy; my;yJ Kiwahf njupTg;gLj;jy;
%yk; kw;nwhU egUf;F mj;jifa cupikia NkYk; gupkhw;wk;
nra;Ak; cupikahsuhf mq;fPfupf;fpwJ.
nghUs;fSf;fhd cupik %y MtzkhdJ epge;jidapd;wp
nghUl;fs; itj;jpUg;gtUf;F ruf;Ffis toq;Ftjw;F mjpfhuk;
toq;Fgtupd; xU gFjpahf cs;sJ. mj;jifa Mtzj;ij
toq;Fjy; my;yJ NknyOJjy; %yk; khw;w KbAk; vd;whYk;> mJ
Njhw;w nryhtzpf; fUtpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ> Vnddpy;> gupkhw;wj;jpd;
cupik %ykhdJ (,Ue;jNghjpYk; cz;ikahd) khw;wg;gl;lij
tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;fhJ. Vndd;why; mj;jifa Mtzj;ij khw;Wk;
tof;fhf ,J cs;sJ.
ruf;F kw;Wk; efy; njhlu;ghd nghJ Mtzq;fSf;fhd
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;: ,uapy; urPJ> fg;gy; Vw;Wkjp xg;ge;j rPl;L> fg;gy;Jiw
Nkil cupikahsu; rhd;wpjo;> xg;gilg;G Miz> gz;lf fhg;ghsu;
rhd;wpjo;> fg;gy;Jiw vOj;jhid Kjypad.

1. nghUl;fspd; tpw;gid xg;ge;jk; vd;why; vd;d?
2. ruf;Ffspd; tiffis gl;baypLf.
3. tpiy vd;why; vd;d?
5.3 epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; fhg;GWjpfs;

epge;jid vd;gJ xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU epge;jid
MFk;. ,e;j mj;JkPwy;> xg;ge;jj;ij kWgbAk; fhf;Fk; cupikia>
ghjpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;f;F mspf;fpwJ. [12(2)] NkYk;> ,e;j xg;ge;jk;
KOtJk; fiyf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;> tpw;gtu;fSf;F tpepNahfk; nra;a
Kbahj epiyapy; jtwhf ,Ue;jhy;> ,og;Gf;fhd Nrjhuj;jpw;fhd
xU nraiy mtu; guhkupf;fyhk;. (kpy;yu;]; nk\pNdup Nfh. ypl; vs
Nltpl; Nt & rd;).
‘fhg;GWjp;’ vd;gJ xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd xU
epge;jid MFk;. ,e;j mj;JkPwy;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l fl;rpf;F xU
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 77

1930 ruf;F tpw;gid Nrjhuj;jpw;F kl;LNk cupik nfhLf;fpwJ. NkYk;, ,J xg;ge;jj;ij
mikj;jy; jtpu;g;gjw;F cjttpy;iy. [gpupT 12 (3)].
Nkw;fz;l tiuaiwfs;> ‘epge;jid’ kw;Wk; ‘fhg;GWjp’ vd;gjd;
nghUs; kw;Wk; rl;l tpisTfs; ,uz;ilAk; tpsf;fpr; nrhy;Yk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; ,jw;Nfw;g xU epge;jid> tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> ,e;j
mj;JkPwy;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;f;F <L nra;a Kbahj Nrjj;ij
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; mtu; xg;ge;jj;ij kWjypf;Fk; msTf;F
$l> ,e;j fhg;GWjpapd; ,uz;lhk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; kPJ kl;LNk
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j Nrjj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;ig <L nra;a KbAk;.
cz;ikapy;> epge;jid kPwy; kw;w xg;ge;jq;fspy; Kd;khjpupapy; cs;s
epge;jidia kPWjy;> xg;ge;jk; kw;Wk; cupikNfhuy; Nrjq;fis
uj;J nra;Ak; cupikAs;sJ.
ve;j msTf;Fk;> ve;j xU fhg;GWjpAk; ,y;iy vd;gJ Nghd;w
fLikahd Ntfkhd tpjpahf ,J ,y;iy. gpupT 12(4) mNj
tpisTf;F fPNo cs;sJ. ,t;thW tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpy; xU
epge;jid my;yJ xU fhg;GWjp vd;gJ xg;ge;jj;jpd; mikg;gpy; cs;s
xt;nthU tof;fpYk; cs;sJ. ,ij xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU fhg;GWjp vd;W
mioj;jhYk; ,J xU epge;jidahf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,t;thwhf ePjpkd;wk;>
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; nrhy;yhly;fs; %yk; topelj;jg;gl;ljy;y. Mdhy;>
xg;ge;jj;jpd; epge;jidfis> mjd; mikg;G kw;Wk; mijr; Rw;wpAs;s
R+o;epiyfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> xU epge;jid my;yJ fhg;GWjpahf
,Uf;Fkh vd;W jPu;khdpf;f KbAk;.
epge;jid kw;Wk; fhg;GWjp ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs;

epge;jid kw;Wk; fhg;GWjpapw;F ,ilNa NtWghL Gs;spfs; fPNo
RUf;fkhf ,Uf;fyhk;:
1. kjpg;G: xU epge;jid vd;gJ xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fj;jpw;F
mtrpakhd xU epge;jid MFk;. Mdhy; xU fhg;GWjp vd;gJ
xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xUq;fike;j xU epge;jid
MFk;.
2. mj;JkPwy;: xU epge;jid kPwy; vd;gJ> xg;ge;jj;ij
kWjypf;Fk; cupik kw;Wk; Nrjq;fis cupik NfhUfpwJ. mNj
Neuj;jpy; fhg;GWjp kPWjy; vd;gJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdUf;F
Nrjj;ij kl;LNk mspf;fpwJ.
3. elj;JKiw: epge;jidia kPWjy; vd;gJ fhg;GWjp kPwyhf
fUjg;glyhk;. Mdhy;> fhg;GWjpia kPWtJ epge;jidia kPwpa-
jhf fUjg;gl KbahJ.
epge;jid kw;Wk; fhg;GWjpia kPWjy;

gpupT 13 epge;jidia kPWjy; vd;gJ xU fhg;GWjpia kPWtjhFk;.
,jdhy; xg;ge;jj;ij uj;J nra;Ak; cupikia ,oe;JtpLfpwhu;.

NkYk;, Nrjj;jpw;fhd xU $w;iw kl;LNk cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid
tptuq;fs; gpd;tUkhW: mikj;jy;
1. thq;Fgtupd; tpUg;g js;Sgb

2. thq;Fgtu; %yk; nghUl;fs; Vw;wy;
Fwpg;Gfs;
3. nghUs;fspd; xU gFjpia kl;LNk Vw;wy;
ntspg;gil, cl;gilapd; epge;jidfs; kw;Wk;

fhg;GWjpfs;
epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; fhg;GWjpfs; ntspg;gilahfNth my;yJ
cl;Fwpg;ghfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. mtu;fs; xg;ge;jj;jpy; EioAk; NghJ
gq;Fjhuu;fspd;; Kbit mtu;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;fs;. mtu;fs;
jq;fs; ,Ug;ig ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;whYk;, xg;ge;jj;jpy;
mtu;fspd; ,Uj;jiy Cfpf;Fk; NghJ mtu;fs; ,t;thW $Wfpd;wdu;.
nray;gLj;jf;$ba epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; fhg;GWjpfs; tzpf gad;ghL
%yk; gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F ,ilNa ifahSk; Nghf;F my;yJ xU
vjpu;kiwahd fUj;Jld; khWghL ,Uf;fyhk;. (gpupT 62). ,e;j tpjpKiw
vd;gJ rl;lj;ijg; gw;wpa nghJthd Nfhl;ghLf;F cupa gad;ghL MFk;.
ntspg;gilahf nray;gl $ba tifapy; jdpg;gad; kw;Wk; xg;ge;j
Nky;tpjp Mfpatw;wpd; KbTf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;spia itf;fpwJ.
A. nray;gLj;jypd; epge;jidfs;
kw;wgb xg;Gf;nfhz;lhyd;wp> rl;lk; fPo;f;fz;l nray;ghl;L
epge;jidfis> cs;slf;fpAs;s ruf;Ffspd; tpw;gidia xg;ge;jj;jpy;
Nru;j;Js;sJ:
1. jiyg;gpw;fhd epge;jidfs; [gpupT 14(a)].
2. tpw;gid tptuq;fspd; epge;jidfs; [gpupT 15].
3. tpw;gid khjpupapd; epge;jidfs; (gpupT 17).
4. khjpup kw;Wk; tptuq;fspd; %yk; Vw;gLk; tpw;gidapd; epge;jidfs;
(gpupT 15).
5. clw;jFjp kw;Wk; juj;ij gw;wpa epge;jidfs; [gpupT 16(1)].
6. tzpfj;jpwDf;fhd epge;jidfs; [gpupT 16(2)].
7. nkhj;j epiyapd; epge;jidfs;
B. nray;gLj;jypd; fhg;GWjpfs;
NtWtifapy; xg;Gf;nfhz;lhyd;wp> ,r;rl;lk; ruf;Ffis tpw;gid
nra;Ak; xg;ge;jj;jpYk; Nru;f;fpwJ. gpd;tUk; fhg;GWjpfs;:
1. mikjpahd cilikapd; fhg;GWjp [gpupT 14(b)].
2. Rje;jpu jilfSf;fhd fhg;GWjp; [gpupT 14(c)].
3.
nghUl;fspd; Mgj;jhd jd;ikia mwpahg; nghUs;
thq;FgtUf;F toq;f fhg;GWjp mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 79

1930 ruf;F tpw;gid cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf
mikj;jy; 4. fhg;GWjp vd;why; vd;d?
5. mspf;fg;gl;l epge;jid kPwy; vg;NghJ fhg;GWjpia kPWfpwJ?
Fwpg;Gfs; 6. epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; fhg;GWjpfs; Vd; ntspg;gilahf my;yJ
kiwKfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
5.4 ngau; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jfspd; khw;wk;

tpw;gtuplk; ,Ue;J thq;Fgtu; ruf;F thq;ff; $ba fhyk; gw;wpa
Jy;ypakhd Neuj;ij gy;NtW fz;Nzhl;lq;fspypUe;J ngupJk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf cs;sJ. ,tw;wpy;> gpd;tUk; rpwg;G
mwptpf;iffs; Njitg;gLfpwJ:
1. ,lu;ghL ‘Kjy; Nehf;fpy;;’ nrhj;J nfhz;L nry;Yk; Kiw: xU
nghJthd tpjpapy; cs;s nrhj;Jfs; ,of;Fk; mghak; vd;gJ>
nrhj;J Ftpg;G cs;s eguplk; njhlf;fj;jpNyNa cs;sJ. gpupT
26 mjw;fhd tpisit toq;FfpwJ. kw;wgb> mjpy; cs;s
nrhj;Jf;fs; thq;FgtUf;F khw;wg;gLk; tiu> tpw;gidahsUf;F
Mgj;jhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;> mjpy; cs;s nrhj;Jf;fs;
thq;FgtUf;F khw;wg;gLk; NghJ> nghUl;fs; thq;FNthu;
nray;fspy; ,Ue;jhYk;, mit khw;wg;gLtjpy;iy. ,t;thW>
xg;ge;jk; Kbe;j gpd; nghUl;fs; mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd my;yJ
Nrjkilfpd;wd. ,og;ig Vw;gtu;> gz;lq;fspd; cilik
vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,y;yhky;> nghUl;fspd; cilik vd;w
mbg;gilapy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. el;lk; Vw;gLk; Neuj;jpy; ruf;FfSf;fhd ,og;ig Vw;f
Ntz;bAs;sJ.
2. %d;whk; gq;Fjhuu;fs; kPjhd eltbf;if: tpw;gid xg;ge;jk;
nra;ag;gl;lgpd;> %d;whk; gq;Fjhuu;fshy; ruf;Ffs;;
Nrjkile;jpUe;jhy;> jtW nra;gtUf;F vjpuhf ahu; eltbf;if
vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Kd;Ng KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
3. tpiy Vw;wk;: nghJthf> ruf;F thq;Fgtuplk; nrhj;J
thq;fpapUe;jhy; kl;LNk tpw;gtu; tpiy nfhLf;f KbAk;.
4. tpw;gtu; my;yJ thq;Fgtupd; nehbg;Gepiy: tpw;gidahsu;
my;yJ thq;FNthUf;F nehbg;Gepiy Vw;gl;lhy;> mjpfhuG+u;tj;ij
ngWgtu; my;yJ jUgtu; ruf;Ffis vLj;Jf;
nfhs;syhkh my;yJ Nfs;tpf;F ,ilA+W tpistpf;Fk;
nghUis thq;Ftjw;Nfh> my;yJ ruf;F cs;s nrhj;Jf;fspd;
KbTf;F gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F nghWj;jkhf cs;sjh vd;gij mwpa
Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> nghUl;fis tpepNahfk; nra;Ak; Kd;>
ruf;FfSf;F gzk; nfhLg;gjw;F tpw;gidahsu; %yk; Vw;fdNt
tpiy nfhLj;J thq;Fgtuplk; Nju;r;rp ngw;why;> m jpfhuk;
ngWgtupd; nghUl;fSf;F vjpuhf cupik Nfhu KbahJ.

5.4.1 nrhj;J gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd tpjpfs; 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid
mikj;jy;
nrhj;J gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd tpjpfs; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L jiyg;Gfspy;
cs;sd. Fwpg;gpl;l my;yJ fz;lwpag;glhj nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; (ii)
nrhj;J gupkhw;wk; vd mwpa Kbahj kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyr; ruf;Ffspy;
Fwpg;Gfs;
nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; Fwpj;J tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
A. F
wpg;gpl;l my;yJ mwpa te;j nghUl;fSf;fhd nrhj;J
gupkhw;wk;
Fwpg;gpl;l my;yJ fz;lwpag;gLk; nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhd
xg;ge;jk; cs;s ,lq;fspy;> cs;s xg;ge;j jug;gpdUf;F mJ
khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd fUjpajhy;> mtw;wpy; cs;s nrhj;Jf;fs;
thq;FgtUf;F khw;wg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy;> fl;rpfspd; Nehf;fj;ijg;
nghWj;j tiu> fl;rpfspd; elj;ij> tof;fpd; R+o;epiyfs; Mfpait
Fwpj;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpjpKiwfSf;F mika Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW
Fwpg;gpl;l nghUl;fspd; tptfhuj;jpy;> gq;Fjhuu;fs; mjid flf;Fk;
NghJ> nrhj;J gupkhw;wk; eilngWfpwJ. xg;ge;jk; nra;Ak; NghJ
my;yJ nghUl;fis tpepNahfk; nra;Ak;NghJ ve;j Neuj;jpy; gzk;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; me;j nrhj;Jf;fis clNd vLj;Jr;
nry;y> gq;Fjhuu; epidj;jpUf;fyhk;.
20> 21> 22 kw;Wk; 24 Mfpa gpupTfspy; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjpfs;>
mtw;wpd; xg;ge;j my;yJ elj;ij kw;Wk; gpw R+o;epiyfspypUe;J
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl KbahjNghJ ,it gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. [gpupT 19(3)].
,jd; tpjpKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. ruf;Ffs; tpepNahfk; nra;af;$ba epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ (gpupT 20): xU epge;jidapd;wp (mjhtJ fl;rpfs;
epiwNtWtjw;F Kd;Djhuzkhd ve;j epge;jidf;F cl;gl;L
my;y)> Fwpg;gpl;l nghUl;fis tpepNahfk; nra;Ak; epiyapy;
tpw;gid nra;Ak; xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s nrhj;Jf;fs;> xg;ge;jk;
nra;ag;gl;l clNdNa thq;FgtUf;F toq;fg;gLk;. mJ kpfTk;
fUj;jpayhdjhf cs;sJ. mjdhy;, tpiy my;yJ tpepNahfk;
nra;Ak; Neuk; ,uz;LNk xj;jp itf;fg;gLk;.
tpsf;fq;fs;:
(a) A xUtu; khj fldhf & 300-f;F xU irf;fps; thq;Ffpwhu;.
filf;fhuuplk; mij jdJ tPl;bw;F mDg;GkhW Nfl;fpwhu;.
filf;fhuu; mg;gb nra;a rk;kjpf;fpwhu;. irf;fps; clNd
A-d; nrhj;jhf khWfpwJ.
(b) P xU thuf; fldhf & 100-f;F xU ehw;fhypia thq;Ffpwhu;.
mLj;j ehs; ehw;fhypia ngw Vw;ghL nra;fpwhu;. me;j
ehspd; khiyapy; kur;rhkhd;fs; filj;njU gFjpapy; jP
tpgj;J Vw;gl;L> ehw;fhypahdJ mope;J tpl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
me;j ehw;fhypf;Fupa tpiyia P nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 81

1930 ruf;F tpw;gid 2. ruf;Ffis tpepNahfk; nra;Ak; NghJ (gpupT 21) nra;ag;gl
mikj;jy; Ntz;bait: Fwpg;gpl;l nghUl;fis tpw;gjpy; xU xg;ge;jk; ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ> tpw;gtu; mjid ,ul;rpg;ghd tpsf;fkhf khw;w Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU nghUs; nra;a fl;Lg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;. ,J
Fwpg;Gfs; Nghd;w nrayhdJ nra;ag;gLk; tiu nrhj;Jfis mspg;gjpy;iy>
vd;gij thq;Fgtu; ftdpj;jpUf;fpwhu;. ,q;F xd;W vd;w
thu;ji
; japd; nghUs; mtw;iw uapy; my;yJ fg;gypy; Vw;WtJ
my;yJ xU epiwTw;w tbtk; nfhLf;f mtw;iw nfhs;fyd;fspy;
mtw;iw epug;Gjy; Nghd;w xU nraiy Fwpf;fpwJ.
3. nghUl;fspd; tpiyia epu;zapf;Fk; ruf;Ffis fzf;fpl
Ntz;Lk; (gpupT 22): Fwpg;gpl;l nghUl;fspd; tpw;gidf;F rpy
xg;ge;jkhdJ cs;sJ. Mdhy; xU tpw;gidahd mikg;gpy;>
tpw;gidahsu; eltbf;if gupNrhjid nra;tij fl;Lg;gLj;j,
NtW VNjDk; nray; my;yJ fhupaj;ij Fwpg;gpLtjd; nghUl;L
nghUl;fspd; Fwpg;NgLfs; mj;jifa nray; my;yJ fhupak;
nra;ag;gl;L> thq;Fgtu; mij ftdpf;fpwhu;.
4. xg;Gifr; rhkhd;fs; toq;fg;gLk; NghJ (gpupT 24): nghUs;fs;
tpepNahfk; nra;Ak;NghJ> xg;Gjiyg; thq;Fgtu;, tpw;gtu;
my;yJ NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> mjpy; cs;s
nrhj;Jfis thq;FgtUf;F mJ nry;fpwJ.
(i) mtu; jdJ xg;Gjiy tpw;gidahsu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk;
guptu;j;jidia filgpbg;gjd; %yk; NtW VNjDk; rl;lk;
cs;sjh vd;gij vLj;Jiuf;f Ntz;Lk;. v. fh. ruf;Ffis
gad;gLj;jp> nghUl;fis kPz;Lk; tpw;gij cWjp nra;fpwhu;.
(ii)
mtu; tpw;gidahsUf;F xg;Gjy; nfhLf;fNth> Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tNjh ,y;iy vd;why;> kPz;Lk; nghUl;fs; jpUk;gf;
nfhLf;f epu;zapf;fg;gl;l fhyj;ijj; jhz;b> my;yJ
xU epahakhd Neuj;jpw;F mg;ghy;> epuhfupg;G gw;wpa
Kd;dwptpg;gpd;wp> ruf;Ffis jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s mtu;
KbntLf;fpwhu;.
B. f
z;lwpag;glKbahj kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyr; ruf;Ffspd; nrhj;J
gupkhw;wk;
fz;lwpag;glKbahj kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyr; ruf;Ffspy; nrhj;J
gupkhw;wk; nra;tJ njhlu;ghd tpjp 18 kw;Wk; 23 gpupTfspy;
mlq;fpapUf;fpwJ. ,e;j gpupTfs;> tpw;fg;gl Ntz;ba nghUl;fs;
vq;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wd vd;gij mwpa Kbahj mstpy;
cs;s vjpu;fhyg; gz;lq;fs; MFk;. ruf;Ffis thq;Fgtu;fs;
,jid nra;a Ntz;bajpy;iy. mtw;iw tpw;gtu; my;yJ thq;Fgtu;
kw;wtu;fspd; xg;GjNyhL mtu;fSf;F tpepNahfk; nra;Ak; epiyapy;
,Uf;fyhk;. ,J Nghd;w xU epfo;thdJ> cl;Fwpg;ghfNth my;yJ
ntspg;gLj;jy; my;yhjjhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. ,J xJf;fPl;Lr;
nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dUk; my;yJ mjw;F Kd;dUk; $l toq;fg;glyhk;.

xg;ge;jj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu> nghUs; epu;zapj;jy; my;yJ 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid
xJf;fPl;Lr; nray;ghL vd;gJ> xg;ge;j mbg;gilapy; nghUl;fis mikj;jy;
xJf;fy; my;yJ mikg;gJ MFk;. ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba Fwpg;gpl;l nghUl;fis milahsk; fhZjy;
kw;Wk; jPu;khdpf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; $ba nghUl;fspd; njhlu;gpy;> Fwpg;Gfs;
vilapLjy;> mstply;> vz;Zjy; my;yJ xj;j nray;fis
nra;tJld; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

7. vg;NghJ tpw;gidahsu; epu;za tpiyia gad;gLj;Jthu;?
8. nrhj;J gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd tpjpKiwfis gl;baypLf.

nghUl;fis tpw;gtu;> ‘gzk; nfhLf;fhj tpw;gidahsu;, (a) KO
tpiy nfhLj;J nghUl;fis thq;fhjtu; my;yJ toq;fg;glhj NghJ
my;yJ (b) xU epge;jidg; gzk; nrYj;Jk; my;yJ NtW khw;wf;$ba
fUtp vd;w xU nraypd;> mjhtJ mjd; nray;Kiwf;F cl;gl;L>
mNj ,lj;jpy; mtkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.’
tpw;gtu; vd;w epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ve;j eguplKk; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;l
topKiwahdJ mq;fPfupf;fg;glNth my;yJ me;j tpiyf;Nf Neubg;
nghWg;G tfpg;gtu; ruf;F mDg;Ggtuhf my;yJ Kftupd; Kftupia
cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;. (gpupT 45)
,e;j tiuaiwahdJ> gzk; nrYj;jg;glhj tpw;gidahsUf;F
gpd;tUk; gz;Gfis typAWj;JfpwJ:
1. mtu; gz mbg;gilapy; nghUl;fis tpw;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;>
fld; kPJ ,y;yhky;> Cjpakpd;wp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> tpw;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. mtu; Cjpakpd;wp KOikahfNth my;yJ gFjpahfNth Ntiy
nra;thu;. Mdhy; tpiy rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; $l> gzk;
nrYj;jg;glhj tpw;gidahsuhf mtu; fUjg;gLtu;. guptu;j;jid
my;yJ khw;wf;$ba fUtp vd;w nray;Kiwapd; %yk; tpiy
nfhLf;fg;gLk; NghJ> mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
3. mtu; vg;NghJ gzk; nfhLj;jhu; vd;gij Vw;f kWf;ff;$lhJ.
tpiyahdJ thq;Fgtuplk; ,Ue;J gzk; nrYj;jg;gl;lhy;>
tpw;gtu; mij Vw;f kWf;fpwhu;. mtu; xU Cjpak; ngwhj
tpw;gidahsuhf ,Ug;ghu;.
gzk; nrYj;jhj tpw;gidahsupd; cupik

gzk; nrYj;jhj tpw;gidahsUf;F ,uz;L klq;F cupikfs;
cs;sd. mit gpd;tUkhW:
I. gzk; nrYj;jhj tpw;gidahsUf;F vjpuhf cupik kPwy;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 83

1930 ruf;F tpw;gid II.
thq;Fgtu; kPJ jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; gzk; nrYj;jg;glhj
mikj;jy; tpw;gidahsUf;F vjpuhd cupikfs;.
,e;j cupikfis ehk; ,g;NghJ tpupthf Muha;Nthk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; I. gzk; nrYj;jg;glhj tpw;gidahsUf;F vjpuhd cupikfs;

ruf;Ffspy; cs;s nrhj;J> thq;Fgtuplk; flj;jg; gl;lJ vd;w
cz;ik vJthf ,Ue;jhYk;> tpw;gidahsUf;F vjpuhf gpd;tUk;
cupikfs; cs;sd:
1. kPs; cupik (gpupT 47)
2. ruf;F Nghf;Ftuj;J epWj;jj;jpd; cupik
3. kWtpw;gid cupik [gpupT 46(1)]
1. kPs; cupik (gpupT 47): ruf;Ffis itj;jpUg;gtu;fSf;F cupa
tpiy toq;fg;gLk; tiu mtw;iw thq;FgtUf;F toq;f
kWg;gJ> ‘kPs;’ cupik MFk;. tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fis
itj;jpUg;gjpy; gzk; nrYj;jg;glhj tpw;gidahsu; gpd;tUk;
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jdJ nray;fisj; jd; kPJ gpuNahfpj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F cupik cs;sJ:
(a) fld; ngw ve;j epge;jidAk; ,y;yhky;, nghUl;fs; tpw;gid
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
(b) me;j nghUl;fs; flDf;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;lNghjpYk;
fld; jtizahdJ Kbe;J tpl;lJ.
(c)
fld; fhyk; ,d;Dk; Kbe;Jtpl;lhYk;> thq;Fgtu;
jpthyhfptpLfpwhu;.
2. ruf;F Nghf;Ftuj;J epWj;jj;jpd; cupik: Nghf;Ftuj;J
epWj;jj;jpd; cupik vd;gJ> nghUl;fis thq;Fgtu;fsplk;
nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU flj;jy; nra;Ak; NghJ> me;j ruf;F
NkYk; Nghf;Ftuj;J epWj;Jk; cupik vd;W nghUs;gLfpwJ>
kw;Wk; gzk; nrYj;j my;yJ Fj;jif nrYj;Jk; tiu
itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;;. vdNt> xU mu;j;jj;jpy; cupik
vd;gJ kPs; cupik ePl;bg;G MFk;. Vnddpy;> tpw;gidahsu;
ruf;F cilikahf;fg;gl;l NghJ tpw;gidahsiu kPz;Lk;
cilikahff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
i. ,e;j cupikahdJ vg;nghOJk; cgNahfpf;fg;gl KbAk;
(gpupT 50): gzk; nrYj;jhj tpw;gidahsu; ,e;j cupikia
kl;Lk; jhd; gad;gLj;j KbAk;:
(a) thq;Fgtu; flid jPu;f;f KbahJ.
(b) nrhj;J thq;Fgtiu nghWj;jJ.
(c) ruf;F uapy; ghijapy; cs;sJ.
ii. Nghf;Ftuj;J fhyk; (gpupT 51): ruf;F Nghf;Ftuj;J
epWj;jj;jpd; cupik> ruf;Ffs; nry;Yk; ghijapy;

,Uf;Fk; tiu kl;LNk gpuNahfpf;fg;gl KbAk; vd;gjhy;> 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid
,ilj;jq;fy; vg;NghJ njhlq;Fk;> vg;NghJ KbTf;F mikj;jy;
tUk; vd;W njupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
,ilj;jq;fy; KbTf;F tUk; NghJ> epWj;jj;jpd; cupikia
gpuNahfpf;f KbahJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
gpupT 51-,d; gb> thq;Fgtu; my;yJ mtuJ Kftu; ntspaPL
nra;Ak; tiu> thq;FgtUf;F gupkhw;wk; vd;w Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
gpizaj;jpw;F tpepNahfk; nra;ag;gLk; NghJ nghUl;fs;
flj;jg;gLk; fhyj;jpy; ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Mifahy;, nghUl;fs; thq;FgtUf;F my;yJ KftUf;F
ve;j tpjkhd nghUs;fSk; toq;fg;glhtpl;lhy;> mit
vt;tsT J}uk; ,Ue;jhYk; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhj;jpUg;G
my;yJ cz;ikahd gazj;jpy; ,Uf;fyhk;. tpw;gidahsu;
mtw;iw jpUk;g ngw kWj;Jtpl;lhYk;> mit thq;Fgtuhy;
epuhfupf;fg;gl;L> vLj;J nry;gtu; gpizaj;ij njhlu;e;jhy;
nry;YgbahFk;.
iii. Ntiy epWj;jj;jpd; cupik (gpupT 52): nrYj;jg;glhj
tpw;gidahsu; gupkhw;wj;jpd; jilia cupikNahL
gad;gLj;jyhk;:
(a)
nghUl;fspd; cz;ikahd cilikia vLj;Jf;
nfhs;tjd; %yk;>
(b)
me;j nghUl;fs; ahUilaJ vd;w epiyapy;>
nghUs;fis vLj;J (Vw;wp)r; nry;gtu; my;yJ gpw gpiz
vLg;Gf;F mtu; cupik NfhUtJ gw;wp Nehl;B];
nfhLg;gjd; %yk;.
3. kWtpw;gid cupik [gpupT 46(1)]: fl;lzkpy;yhj tpw;gidahsUf;F
mspf;fg;gl;l cupik> kWtpw;gid cupik MFk;. ,e;j cupik
,y;yhj epiyapy;> nghUl;fSf;F vjpuhf nrYj;jg;glhj
tpw;gidahsupd; kw;w cupikfs;> mjhtJ ‘cupkk;’ kw;Wk;
‘,ilepiyg;ghijapy; epWj;jg;gLjy;’ Mfpait kpfTk;
cgNahfkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fhJ Vndd;why;, ,e;j cupikfs;
nrYj;jg;glhj tpw;gidahsiu kl;LNk nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
thq;Fgtu; ,ay;G epiyapy; njhlu;eJ ; ,Ue;jhy;> tpw;gidahsu;
fhyjhkjkhf> nghUl;fisj; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd
; g;gl Ntz;Lk;, ntspg;gilahf ,J rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhf
vjpu;ghu;ff
,Uf;f KbahJ. gpupT 54 vdNt> tpw;gidahsu; gpd;tUk;
re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; nghUl;fs; kWtpw;gid nra;a cupik
nfhLf;fpwJ:
(a) ruf;Ffs; mope;J NghFk; ,ay;Gilait
(b)
thq;Fgtu; Kd;dpay;ghf nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;why;
xg;ge;jj;jpy; mj;jifa cupik jpl;ltl;lkhf
xJf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 85

1930 ruf;F tpw;gid (c) tpw;gtu; kWtpw;gid nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w jdJ
mikj;jy; tpUg;gj;ij thq;FgtUf;F mwptpg;G nfhLj;J> thq;Fgtu;
xU epahakhd Neuj;Jf;Fs; tpiyia nrYj;Jtjpy;iy
my;yJ Fj;jif nfhLf;f khl;lhu;.
Fwpg;Gfs; kWtpw;gid nra;Ak;NghJ tpw;gidahsUf;F ,og;G
Vw;gl;lhy;> mtu; mij thq;FtjpypUe;J kPl;f KbAk;. Mdhy;
kWtpw;gidapy; cgup ,Ue;jhy;> tpw;gidahsu; mtUld;
mij itj;jpUf;f KbAk; Vndd;why; thq;Fgtu; jdJ nrhe;j
jtWfisg; gad;gLj;j mDkjpf;f KbahJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
kWtpw;gid [tof;F (c) Njitg;gLk;NghJ] thq;FgtUf;F
nfhLf;fg;gl;lhy;> tpw;gidahsupd; cupikahsu; ,og;igf;
NfhuTk;> cgupj; njhifia kPl;nlLf;fTk; cupik NfhUfpwhu;.
NtW thu;j;ijfspy; nrhd;dhy;> nrYj;jg;glhj tpw;gidahsu;
kWtpw;gidia toq;Ftjpy; jtwpy;iy vd;why;> nghUl;fs;
mope;Jglf;$ba ,ay;Gilait my;y my;yJ mj;jifa
cupik ntspg;gilahf xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;> thq;Fgtupd;
,og;ig kWtpw;gidapypUe;J mtu; kPl;nlLf;f KbahJ. vdNt
xg;ge;jk; kPwg;gLtjw;F mtrpak; Njitg;gl;lhy;> thq;FgtUf;F
Njitg;gLk; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. ,J Nghd;w
xU mwptpg;G thq;Fgtu; tha;g;ig toq;FfpwJ vd;gjhy;
tpiyiar; nrYj;Jtjw;Fk;> nghUl;fis thq;Ftjw;Fk;
my;yJ tpw;gid nra;tij Nkw;ghu;itapl Kbahtpl;lhy;> mJ
xOq;fhfr; nra;ag;gl;ljh vd;gijg; ghu;f;fTk;.
II. j
dpg;gl;l Kiwapy; thq;Fgtu; kPJ nrYj;jg;glhj
tpw;gidahsupd; cupikfs;
NkNy tpthjpf;fg;gLk; nghUl;fSf;F vjpuhd cupikfs; jtpu>
nrYj;jg;glhj tpw;gidahsu; fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s %d;W cupikfs;
cs;sd:
1. epu;za tpiy (gpupT 55): nghUl;fspd; nrhj;J thq;FgtUf;Fr;
nrd;why;; my;yJ tpw;gidapd; tpiy rpy rkaj;jpy;
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ,Ug;gpDk; nghUl;fspd; nrhj;J
flf;fg;gltpy;iy kw;Wk; thq;Fgtu; jtwhf Gwf;fzpj;J
my;yJ xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpjpKiwfSf;F Vw;g tpiyia nfhLf;f
kWf;fpwhu;. tpw;gidahsu; thq;Fgtu; kPJ tof;Fj; njhLf;fhky;
nghUs;fis tpepNahfk; nra;tij nghUl;gLj;jhky; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. nghUl;fs; toq;fg;gltpy;iy vd;why; rpy rpwg;G
tupirapy; jahupf;fg;gLk; NghJ> tof;fkhf tpiyapy; jhf;fy;
nra;ayhk; kw;Wk; ,t;thW ,y;iynadpy; tpw;gidapy;yhky;
,Uf;fyhk;.
2. Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj ,og;gpw;fhd tof;F (gpupT 56): thq;Fgtu;
jtwhd Kiwapy; Gwf;fzpf;fpwhuh, Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWf;fpwhuh
my;yJ nghUl;fis thq;Ftjw;F kWf;fpwhuh vdf; $wyhk;. ,e;j
tp\aj;jpy; tpw;gidahsupd; jPu;T> KOikahd nghUl;fspd;

KO tpiyAldhd xU eltbf;ifia tpl Nrjj;jpw;F xU 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid
tof;fhf MFk;. mikj;jy;
3. rpwg;G NrjhuKk;> tl;bAk; (gpupT 61): ,e;jg; gpupT

tpw;gidahsUf;F> ,e;j ,og;Gf;fhd ‘rpwg;G Nrjhuq;fSf;F’
thq;FgtUf;F> mtu;fs; xg;ge;jj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa NghJ> mij Fwpg;Gfs;
kPWtjpypUe;J tpisitf; fhz KbAk; vd;w tifapy; tpw;gtu;
kPJ tof;F cs;sJ. gpupT 61 ,d; gb ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr;
rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 73 ‘rpwg;G Nrjq;fs;’ gw;wpa Nfhl;ghL
kl;LNk cs;sJ. tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fspd; nkhj;j
nrYj;jg;glhj tpiyapy; xU epahakhd tPjj;jpy; tl;b
ngw cupik ngwhj tpw;gidahsupd; cupikia ,e;j gpupT
mq;fPfupf;fpwJ> mJ cz;ikapy; gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;F Kd;Ng
,Ue;jJ. (njY uhk; [hk; mu;fd;thy; & rd;];).

9. xU ‘nrYj;jg;glhj tpw;gidahsuhf’ fUjg;gLgtu; ahu;?
10. nghUl;fSf;F vjpuhf nrYj;jg;glhj tpw;gidahsupd; cupik
vd;d?
5.6 tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; nray;jpwd;

‘tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpjpKiwfSf;F ,zq;f> mtw;iw thq;FtJ
nghUl;fis tpw;gtupd; flik’ (gpupT 31). vdNt> tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd;
nray;jpwd;> tpw;gidahsuhy; toq;fg;gl;L> nghUl;fs; toq;Ftij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL> thq;Fgtu; %yk; mtu;fSf;Ff; nfhLg;gdT
toq;fp xg;ge;jg;gb Vw;GilajhFk;. Neuk;> ,lk; kw;Wk; nghUl;fspd;
tpepNahfk;> Vw;ghL kw;Wk; tpiy nrYj;Jjy; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp
xg;ge;jj;jpy; tpUk;Gk; ve;j tpjpKiwfisAk; juf;$lhJ. Mdhy;
xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,e;j tp\aq;fisg; gw;wp mikjpahf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
vd;why;> nghUl;fs; tptfhuj;jpy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; tpjpfSf;F
nghUe;Jk;.
tpepNahfpj;jy;:
ruf;Ffis tpepNahfpg;gJ vd;gJ xU eguplk; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU
nghUisf; nfhs;Kjy; nra;tjw;fhd jd;dhu;t ,lkhw;wk; MFk;.
[gpupT 2(2)].ruf;Ffis itj;jpUg;gJ jd;dhu;tkhf ,y;yhtpl;lhy;>
mjhtJ> ifj;Jg;ghf;fpapd; fPo; ifg;gw;wg;gLjy; my;yJ jpULjy;
Mfpait ,y;iy.
tpepNahfpf;Fk; Kiwfs;
gpd;tUk; topfspy; VNjDk; nghUl;fis tpepNahfpj;jy;:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 87

1930 ruf;F tpw;gid 1. cz;ikahd tpepNahfk;: thq;Fgtu; (my;yJ mtuJ
mikj;jy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Kftu;) tpw;gidahsu; (my;yJ mtuJ
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Kftu;) %yk; nghUl;fs; cl;Gwkhf
xg;gilf;fg;gLk; ,lj;jpy;> tpepNahfpg;G cz;ikahdJ vdf;
Fwpg;Gfs; $wg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf> fhupd; tpw;gidahsu; fhupd; kPJ
thq;FgtUf;F tpw;Fk; nghUl;fspd; cz;ikahd tpepNahfpg;G
cs;sJ.
2. FwpaPl;Lg; gpurhuk;: mit vq;Nf ,Uf;fpd;wNjh mq;F ,Uf;Fk;
(mit gUkdhf ,Ug;gjhy;) nghUl;fis thq;Ftjw;fhd
topKiwfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> tpw;gtu;
thq;Fgtuplk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghUl;fs; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
fplq;F> my;yJ jiyg;G Mtzk; (mjhtJ> thfdk; my;yJ
uapy; urPJ kNrhjh) thq;FgtUf;F ruf;Ffis ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
nghUl;L fpilf;Fk;.
3. rl;lxOq;F %yk; Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd tpepNahfk;: tpw;gidahsupd;
nghUl;fis itj;jpUf;Fk; egu;> thq;Fgtupd; rhu;ghf ruf;Ffis
itj;jpUf;Fk; tpw;gidahsupd; cj;juTf;F ,zq;f fld;
thq;fpatu; mjid xg;Gf; nfhs;thu;. ,J Nghd;w tpepNahfj;jpy;>
tpw;gidahsupd; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; thq;Fgtu; fl;lhak; RUf;fpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf tpw;gidahsu; thq;FgtUf;F
‘tpepNahf fl;lis’ kPJ ifnaOj;jpLifapy;> tpw;gidahsupd;
gpizakhf ruf;Ffis thq;Fgtu; rhu;ghf mtu;fis
elj;Jtjw;F xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhu; kw;Wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;.
mNjNghy;> tpw;gidahsupd; rhu;ghf thq;Ftjw;F VJthf
xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhu;.
A. nghUl;fs; tpepNahfk; nra;tjw;fhd tpjpKiwfs;

nghUl;fs; tpepNahfk; njhlu;ghd tpjpKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. nlyptup vd;gJ cz;ikahd my;yJ FwpaPl;Lj;jdkhfNth
my;yJ Mf;fg;G+u;tkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk; (gpupT 33): tpw;gid
nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fis nlyptup nra;tJ ve;j xU jug;gpduhYk;
Vw;fg;gLk; VNjDk; xU nra;jpahy; nra;ag;glyhk;. my;yJ me;j
nghUl;fis thq;Fgtupd; trk; itj;jpUg;gjd; tpisT my;yJ mtu;
rhu;ghf mtu;fis elj;j mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l ve;j egupd; cilTk;
cs;sJ. ,jdhy; nghUl;fspd; tpepNahfk; cz;ikahdjhfTk;>
FwpaPlhfTk;> Mf;fG+u;tkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. (,e;j nrhw;fs;
Vw;fdNt Kd;gf;f jiyg;gpd; fPo; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd).
2. tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; fl;lzk; Mfpait xNu Neuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
epiyfs; (gpupT 32): nghUl;fspd; tpiyAau;T xg;Gjy; kw;Wk;
tpiyia nrYj;Jk; tiu> tpw;gidahsupd; tpiy kw;Wk;
thq;Fgtupd; tpiy jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> mjw;F gjpyhf
thq;Fgtu; nghUl;fis toq;f jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> xU

filapy; nuhf;f tpw;gidapy; ruf;Ffis itj;jpUg;gjw;fhf 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid
tpiyia nfhLf;f jahuhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mikj;jy;
3. nghUl;fspy; cs;s nrhj;Jfs; tpepNahfpg;gjpy; gq;Nfw;Fk;NghJ

tpepNahfj;jpd; tpisT (gpupT 34): nkhj;j toq;fypd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd nghUl;fspd; xU gFjpia xl;Lnkhj;jkhf Fwpg;Gfs;
toq;Ftjd; %yk; mj;jifa nghUl;fspy; nrhj;Jf;fis fle;J
nry;Yk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mNj tpisitf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. NtW
thu;j;ijfspy; nrhy;tjhdhy;> ruf;Ffspd; xU
gFjpia tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhd Nehf;fj;Jld; jahupf;fg;gLk; NghJ>
kPjKs;s nghUl;fs; midj;Jk; xU gFjpia toq;Fk;NghJ
tpiutpy; thq;FgtUf;F mDg;gg;gLk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.
4. tpepNahfpg;gij thq;Fgtu; (gpupT 35): xg;ge;jj;jpd; gb
nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tJ tpw;gidahsupd; flik vd;whYk;>
mtw;iw toq;FtJ fl;lhakpy;iy. tpepNahfpg;gtu; Nfl;gij
thq;Fgtu; nra;ahtpl;lhy; tpw;gidahsu; Fw;wk; nrhy;y
KbahJ. gq;Fjhuu;fs; NtWtpjkhf xg;Gf; nfhs;syhk;.
5. tpepNahf Neuk; [gpupT 36(2) & (4)]: tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd;
fPo;> tpw;gidahsu; thq;FgtUf;F nghUl;fis mDg;Gtjw;F
fl;lhakhf ,Uf;fpwhu;. Mdhy; mtw;iw mDg;Gtjw;F ve;j
NeuKk; epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs; mDg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;. thq;Fgtu;
my;yJ Fj;jif tpepNahfk; mspg;gjd; %yk;> tpw;gidahsuhy;
toq;fg;gLk; mjpfgl;r Njit epahakhf xU kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs;
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU kzpNeuk; vd;gJ cz;ikahd xU
Nfs;tpahFk;.
6. tpepNahfj;jpw;fhd ,lk; [gpupT 36(1)]: tpw;gidapd; xg;ge;jj;jpy;
tpw;fg;gl;l ,lk; Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;> NkYk; Ntiy ehl;fspy; tzpf
Neuq;fspy;> ngauplg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; nghUl;fis toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ve;j ,lKk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
gpd;tUk; tpjpfis gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;:
(i) ‘tpw;gid’ tof;fpy;> tpw;gidf;Fupa Neuj;jpy; mtu;fs;
,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; nghUl;fis tpepNahfj;jpw;fhd toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhd cld;gbf;ifapy;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(iii) vjpu;fhy nghUl;fspd; nra;jpahdJ> mit jahupf;fg;gLk;
my;yJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; ,lj;jpy; toq;fg;gLk;.
nghUl;fspd; tpw;gidahsu;> fldhspapd; tpw;gidia
tpw;Fk;NghJ> mtw;wpw;F gjpyhf NtW ,lj;jpNyNa jdJ nrhe;j
,lu;ghLfSf;F xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. mNj rkak;> nghUl;fspy;
rupT Vw;gLtjw;fhd mghaj;ij ve;jtpj Mgj;Jk; Vw;glhky;
jtpu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (gpupT 40).
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 89

1930 ruf;F tpw;gid 7. xU %d;whk; jug;gpdUf;fhd nghUl;fspd; tpepNahfk; [(gpupT 36(3)]:
mikj;jy; tpw;gidapd; Neuj;jpy; nghUl;fs; %d;whk; egUf;F nrhe;jkhdjhf
,Ue;jhy;> thq;FgtUf;F ve;j tpepNahfKk; toq;fg;glhtpl;lhy;>
%d;whk; egu; jdJ rhu;ghf nghUl;fis itj;jpUg;ghu; vd;gij
Fwpg;Gfs; xg;Gf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa tpepNahfk; ‘Mf;fG+u;tkhd
tpepNahfk;’ my;yJ ‘xg;Gf;nfhs;Sk; tpepNahfk;’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; %d;W gq;Fjhuu;fs;> tpw;gidahsu;>
thq;Fgtu; kw;Wk; nghUl;fis itj;jpUg;gtu; Mfpatw;wpd;
xg;Gjy; Njitg;gLfpwJ. tpw;gidahsUf;F ‘tpepNahfpg;gij’
ifg;gw;Wk;NghJ tpw;gidahsupd; nghUl;fSf;F mJ xg;Gf;
nfhs;shtpl;lhy; tpepNahfpg;gjpy;iy.
Mdhy; nghUl;fspd; jiyg;Gf;F Mtzj;jpd; khw;wj;ij
khw;Wtjd; %yk; nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;jhy;> v.fh.> uapy;
urPJ my;yJ kNrhjh tuk;G thq;Fgtu; mj;jifa Mtzk; %yk;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ug;gjhf
fUjg;gLfpwJ> NkYk; %d;whk; jug;gpdupd; mDkjpAk; Njitapy;iy.
8. tpepNahf nryTfs; [gpupT 36 (5)]: xg;Gf; nfhs;shtpl;lhy;>
nghUl;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd nryTfs; kw;Wk; tpw;gidahdJ
tpw;gidahsuhy; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
9. jtwhd msT my;yJ NtWgl;l juj;ij toq;fy; (gpupT 37):
Vw;nfdNt filg;gpbf;fg;gl;l tpw;gidahsu;> xg;ge;jj;jpd;
tpjpKiwfSf;F ,zq;f> thq;FgtUf;F nghUl;fis
toq;Ftjw;F flikg;gl;Ls;shu;. xU FiwghLila tpepNahfk;>
mjhtJ> xg;ge;jj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;glhj xU tpj;jpahrkhd
tpsf;fj;jpw;fhd nghUl;fSld; fyg;G my;yJ nghUl;fspd;
tpepNahfj;jpw;Fk; FiwthfNth my;yJ mjw;F mjpfkhfNth
tpepNahfj;ij toq;FtJ> thq;FgtUf;F cupj;jhdJ:
(i) KOtijAk; epuhfupf;f Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ
(ii) nkhj;jj;ijAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ
(iii) msT kw;Wk; juj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L kPjKs;s nghUl;fis
epuhfupj;J tpl;lhu;.
FiwghLs;s tpepNahfj;jpd; fhuzkhf nghUl;fspd; epuhfupg;G
fhuzkhf> mtw;iw tpw;gidahsUf;F jpUg;gp tplkhl;lhu;>
Mdhy; tpw;gidahsuplk; mtu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWf;fpwhu; (gpupT
43). NkYk;> ruf;Ffis epuhfupg;gjw;fhd cupikia xg;ge;jj;ij
uj;J nra;tjw;F cupik ,y;iy. thq;Fgtu; nghUl;fis
epuhfupf;fpwhu; vd;why;> tpw;gidahsUf;F xg;ge;jj;jpd; juk; kw;Wk;
msT Mfpatw;wpw;F kPzL ; k; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;>
thq;Fgtu; mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;
cupikAilatu;.
(tpyh]; cj;Nahf; ypkpnll; g;uf; td];ghjp 3).
mtu; cz;ikapy; xg;ge;j tpfpjj;jpy; nghUl;fis Vw;Wf;
nfhs;fpd;wdu;. thq;Fgtu; FWfpa fhy tpepNahfj;ij

Vw;Wf;nfhz;lNghJ> tpw;gidahsuplkpUe;J mNj msTf;F 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid
Nrjq;fisAk; cupik NfhUfpwhu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> gw;whf;Fiw mikj;jy;
mjpfg;gbahd msTf;F kpff; Fiwthdjhf ,Ug;gjhy; fzf;fpy;
vLj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy kw;Wk; thq;Fgtu; nghUl;fis Vw;Wf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j> ‘rl;lkhdJ fzf;fpy;yhj FiwghLfis Fwpg;Gfs;
fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;shJ.’
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tpjpfs; tu;j;jfj;jpd; ve;jnthU
gad;ghLk;> cld;gbf;if my;yJ gq;Fjhuu;fSf;fpilapy;
ifahSk; Nghf;fpw;F cl;gl;lit. [gpupT 37 (4)].
10. jtiz toq;fy;fs; (gpupT 38): ,y;iynadpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
nghUs;fis thq;Fgtu; jtizfshy; toq;Ftij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy;iy. fl;rpfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;fshdhy;>
ruf;Ffis tpepNahfpg;gjd; %yk; kl;LNk toq;f KbAk;.
juTfs; jtizfshy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
xg;Gf;nfhs;ifapy;> xt;nthU jtizAk; jdpj;jdpahf nrYj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;> thq;Fgtu; my;yJ tpw;gidahsu; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l jtizfspy; xg;ge;jj;ij kPWtjhy; mj;jifa kPwy;
xl;Lnkhj;j kPwy; xg;ge;jk; my;yJ g
Fjpapd; kPwy;? ,e;j Nfs;tpf;fhd
xg;ge;jj;jpd; epge;jidfisAk; tof;Ffspd; R+o;epiyfisAk;
rhu;e;jpUf;fpwJ. ,y;iynadpy;> ,uz;L fhuzpfSk; KO
nra;jpiaAk; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(a) xg;ge;jk; xU KO xg;ge;jj;ij rhu;e;jJ kw;Wk;
(b) mj;JkPwy;fs; kPz;Lk; tUtjw;fhd epfo;jfT (Nkg;gps;
gpshf; Nfh ypkpnll; vs Adptu;ry; gu;dpr;ru; ypkpl;nll; 4).
nghJthf jtizj; my;yJ gzk; nrYj;jj; jtwpdhy;> ,e;j
xg;ge;jj;jpd; rpwg;G R+o;epiyfspy; KO xg;ge;jj;ij kPWtjw;F
xU njhif ,y;iy (v. fh. ciog;gpd; Ntiy epWj;jk; fhuz-
khf Miy %lg;gLfpwJ my;yJ thq;Fgtu; ghJfhg;gw;wtu;)
vd;W ,NjNghd;w mj;JkPwy;fis jpUk;g ngw KbAk;.
11.
Jiw cilatu; my;yJ Vw;wp nry;gtu; (gpupT 39): tpw;gidahsu;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l my;yJ nghUl;fis mDg;g Ntz;Lnkd;W
thq;Fgtu; my;yJ thq;FNthu;> gupkhw;w Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> my;yJ
ruf;Ffis ghJfhg;ghd fhtypy; itg;gjw;fhf Kjd;ikahd
thq;FgtUf;F nghUl;fis tpepNahfpg;gjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
i. tpw;gidahsu; flik: thq;Fgtu; cupikahsu;fsplk;
tpw;gidahsupd; flik> mtu; nghUl;fis toq;Fk;NghJ
my;yJ ghJfhg;ghf thq;Fgtu; rhu;gpy; xg;ge;jj;jpy; Eiotjw;F
kw;Wk; mt;thW nra;ahtpl;lhy; nghUl;fs; ,of;fg;gl;L my;yJ
Nrjkile;jhy; thq;Fgtu; tpepNahfpg;gijf; Fiwf;f $Lk;
my;yJ tpw;gidahsu; nghWg;Ngw;why; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
ii. fly; Nghf;Ftuj;J: fldhspapd; tpw;gidahsuhy; fly;top
Nghf;Ftuj;J rk;ge;jg;gl;l xU topapypUe;J nghUl;fis
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 91

1930 ruf;F tpw;gid mDg;gpapUe;jhy; jq;fs; flypy; fhg;gPL nra;j nghUl;fis
mikj;jy; thq;Ftjw;F Neubahf njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpw;gidahsu; mt;thW
nra;ahtpl;lhy;> mj;jifa fly; gazj;jpd; NghJ nghUl;fs;
Mgj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhf fUjg;gLk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; 12. nghUl;fs; thq;Ftijg; Gwf;fzpj;J my;yJ thq;Fgtupd;
nghWg;G. (gpupT 44): tpw;gidahsu; ruf;Ffis toq;Ftjw;F
jahuhf>thq;Fgtu; epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs; tpepNahfpg;gij
NfhUfpwhu;> mj;jifa Ntz;LNfhis Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L
tpw;gidahsUf;F mtuJ Gwf;fzpg;G my;yJ kWg;G fhuzkhf
nghUl;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> ruf;Ffis guhkupg;gjw;Fk;
epahakhd fl;lzk; tpjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
B. thq;Fgtu; %yk; tpepNahfk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;:

thq;Fgtu; nghUl;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;l cz;ikia mtu;fs;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ ,y;iy. gpupT 42 ,d; gb> thq;Fgtu; fPo;f;fz;l
R+o;epiyfspy; xd;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjhf fUjg;gLfpwhu;> mjhtJ:
1. mtu; tpw;gidahsuplk; nghUl;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.

Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; gw;wp mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;>
thq;Fgtu; gpupT 41 d; fPo; juj;ij Muha;tjw;Fk;>
gupNrhjpg;gjw;Fk;> juk; njhlu;ghd xg;ge;jj;jpw;F ,zq;f cs;sjh vd
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;. Nrhjidapd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
mtrpakhdhy; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. v.fh.> xU Fjpiu
tpw;gidahdJ> xU kzp Neuj;jpw;F 25 fpNyhkPll ; upy; ,aq;ff; $ba
epge;jidf;Fl;gl;lhy;> Fjpiu xg;ge;jj;Jld; ,zq;Ffpwjh vd;gijj;
jPuk
; hdpf;f Fjpiu gad;gLj;j Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. Mdhy; mtu;
jpUg;jp milatpy;iy vd;why;> kWg;G gw;wp tpw;gidahsUf;F
njuptpf;f cldbahf eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2.
tpw;gidahsupd; cupikAld; nghUe;jhj nghUs;fSld;
njhlu;Gila eltbf;ifia mtu; nra;jhy;> v.fh.> Efu;T>
gad;fs;> cWjpnkhopfs; my;yJ kWtpw;gid nghUl;fs;
my;yJ mtw;wpd; milahsj;ij itf;fpwJ.

11 tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; nray;jpwd; vd;d?
12. nghUs; tpepNahfj;jpd; rpy Kiwfis gl;baypLf.
5.7 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk;

1. nghUl;fspd; tpwg; id gpupT 4(1)> tpwg ; idahsiu xU tpiyf;F
thq;FgtUf;F nghUs;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fis ,lkhw;WtJ my;yJ
xg;Gf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; xg;ge;jkhf tpwg
; id nra;tij tiuaWf;fpwJ.

2. ruf;Ffis gpd;tUk; tiffspy; tifg;gLj;jyhk;: 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid
i. jw;NghJs;s ruf;Ffs; mikj;jy;
ii. vjpu;fhy ruf;Ffs;

iii. cWjpahd ruf;Ffs; Fwpg;Gfs;
nghUl;fspd; tpw;gidf;fhd gzf; fUtp ‘tpiy’ vd;W
3.
mwpag;gLfpwJ. NtWtpjkhf xg;Gf; nfhs;shtpl;lhy;> tpiy
xg;ge;jk; my;yJ rl;luPjpahd Fj;jif gzj;jpy; nrYj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W cWjpaspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J fhNrhiy> gzk;>
tq;fp itg;G tbtj;jpy; gzk; nrYj;jg;glyhk;.
4.
xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU fhg;GWjpia
epge;jidAld; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;tJ> ghjpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fis
Nrjg;gLj;Jtjw;F cupik mspf;fpwJ.
5. gpupT 13> epge;jid kPWjy; vd;gJ fhg;GWjpia kPWtjhFk;.
,e;j xg;ge;jj;ij uj;J nra;Ak; cupikia thq;Fgtu;
,oe;JtpLfpwhu;. me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisthf> ,e;j xg;ge;jk;
uj;J nra;ag;gLk;. ,e;j tof;Ffs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. thq;Fgtupd; jd;dhu;t js;Sgb
2. thq;Fgtu; %yk; nghUl;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
6.
epge;jidfSk; fhg;GWjpfSk; ntspg;gilahfNth
kiwKfkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. mtu;fs; xg;ge;jj;jpy;
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; ntspg;gilahf
$wg;gLtJld;> jhdhfNt xg;ge;jj;jpy; jq;fs; ,Ug;ig
cWjpg;gLj;jpajhf mtu;fs; $wg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
7. nghJthf> nghUs; thq;Fgtuplk; nrhj;J ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk
tpw;gtu; tpiy nfhLf;f KbAk;.
8.
nrhj;J ,Ug;G gpd;tUk; ,uz;L epge;jidfspd; fPo;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ:
(i) Fwpg;gpl;l my;yJ mwpag;gl;l nghUl;fspy; nrhj;Jf;fis
khw;WtJ> kw;Wk;
(ii) ek;gfkw;w kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy nghUl;fspy; nrhj;Jf;fis khw;WtJ.
9.
nghUl;fis tpw;gtu; gzk; nfhLf;fhj tpw;gidahsuhf
fUjg;gLtu;.
(a) nkhj;j tpiyia nrYj;jNth my;yJ Fj;jif ,lNth
KbahJ.
(b) xU gupkhw;wk; my;yJ kw;w Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;l fUtp
xU epge;jid fl;lzkhf ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;> mjhtJ
mjd; czu;jpwDf;F cl;gl;lJ.
10. ruf;Ffspy; cs;s nrhj;J thq;FgtUf;F flj;jg;gl;l cz;ik
vJthf ,Ue;jhYk;> tpw;gidahsUf;F vjpuhf gpd;tUk;
cupikfs; cs;sd:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 93

1930 ruf;F tpw;gid i. cupikfspd; cupkk;
mikj;jy; ii. Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; nghUl;fis epWj;Jtjw;fhd cupik
iii. kWtpw;gid cupik
Fwpg;Gfs; 11. tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; nray;jpwd; vd;gJ> tpw;gidahsuplkpUe;J
nghUl;fis tpw;gjd; %yKk;> xg;ge;j mbg;gilapy; thq;Fgtuplk;
gzk; nrYj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Mfpatw;iw
Fwpf;fpwJ.
12. gpd;tUk; topfspy; VNjDk; nghUl;fis tpepNahfpj;jy;:
i. cz;ikahd tpepNahfk;
ii. FwpaPl;L toq;fy;
iii. fl;Lkhdg; nghUl;fs; my;yJ xg;Gf;nfhs;Sjy; %yk;
tpepNahfpj;jy;
5.8 RUf;fk;
••ruf;F tpw;gid rl;lk; gpupT 4(1)> nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;Ak;
xg;ge;jj;ij tiuaWf;fpwJ. ,J tpw;gidahsu; ,lkhw;wj;jpd;
%yk; tpiyf;F thq;Fgtuplk; nrhj;ij gupkhw;wk; nra;a xg;Gf;
nfhs;fpwJ.
••xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf epge;jid vd;gJ
ghjpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu; xg;ge;jj;ij kWjypg;gjw;fhd cupikia
mspf;fpwJ. $Ljyhf mtupd; ,og;G Nrjq;fs; eltbf;iffs;
guhkupf;fyhk;> KO xg;ge;jKk; cile;J tpl;lhy;> tpw;gidahsu;
my;yhj tpepNahfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
••jiyg;G Fwpg;gpLk; epiyapy;> tpw;gidahsuplk; fl;lhakhf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;> mtu; cupikahsuhf
,Uf;ff;$lhJ Mdhy; xg;ge;jj;jpd; nry;Ygbia epiyehl;l
KbAk;.
••tpw;gidapd; xt;nthU xg;ge;jj;jpYk;> tpw;gidahsupd;
gFjpapYs;s fhg;GWjpahdJ thq;Fgtu; kw;Wk; nghUl;fspd;
mikjpahd cilikfisg; ngWthu; vd;gjhFk;.
••xg;ge;jj;jpd; gpd;du; nghUl;fs; mopf;fg;gl;lhy; my;yJ
Nrjkile;jhy;> ,og;gPl;Lj; njhifahdJ cilikapd;
mbg;gilapy; my;y. khwhf nghUl;fspd; cupikfspd;
mbg;gilapy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••nrhj;J gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd tpjpfs; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L jiyg;Gfspd;
fPo; tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (i) Fwpg;gpl;l my;yJ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l
nghUl;fspy; nrhj;Jf;fis khw;WtJ kw;Wk; (ii) ek;gfkw;w
kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy nghUl;fspy; nrhj;Jf;fis khw;WtJ.
••nghUl;fspd; tpw;gidahsu; xU ‘nrYj;jg;glhj tpw;gidahsuhf’
fUjg;gLfpwhu;. (a) tpiy KOtJk; gzk; nrYj;jg;glhtpl;lhNyh>

my;yJ (b) xU gupkhw;wk; my;yJ kw;w Ngr;Rthu;ji
; jf;Fl;gl;l 1930 ruf;F tpw;gid
fUtp epge;jid fl;lzkhf ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;>mjhtJ mikj;jy;
mjd; czu;jpwDf;F cl;gl;lJ> NkYk; mJ mtkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
••tpw;gidahsu; cilikahf;fg;gl;L> nghUl;fis xU RahjPd
fhtypy; itj;jpUf;Fk; NghJ> tpw;gidahsupd; cz;ikahd Fwpg;Gfs;
cilikf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ kl;LNk cupkk; fpilf;fpwJ.
••xU kWtpw;gidapy; tpw;gtUf;F e\;lk; Vw;gl;lhy;> mij mtu;
thq;Fgtuplk; ,Ue;J kPl;f KbAk;. Mdhy; kW tpw;gidapy;
cgup ,Ue;jhy;> thq;Fgtu; jdJ jtiw rhjfkhf;fp mDkjpf;f
KbahJ vd;gjhy; tpw;gtu; jd;Dld; itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
••tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; nray;ghL> tpw;gidahsuhy; thq;Fgtupd;
%yk; gzk; nrYj;Jjy; kw;Wk; xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb nghUl;fis
thq;FNthu; %yk; tpepNahfk; nra;tij Fwpf;fpwJ.
••thq;Fgtu; (my;yJ mtuJ mq;ff
P upf;fg;gl;l Kftu;)
tpw;gidahsuhy; (my;yJ mtuJ mq;ff P upf;fg;gl;l Kftu;)
nghUl;fs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lhy;> tpepNahfkhdJ cz;ikahdJ vdf;
$wg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf xU thfd tpw;gidahsu;> thq;FNthuplk;
nghUl;fspd; cz;ikahd tpepNahfj;ij xg;gilf;fpwhu;.
••xg;ge;jj;jpd; gb nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tJ tpw;gidahsupd;
flik vd;whYk;> thq;Fgtu; tpepNahfpg;gpw;F nghUe;Jk; tiu
mtu; mtw;iwf; flikahf;f khl;lhu;.
••juTfs; jtizfshy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W xg;Gf;nfhs;ifapy;
xt;nthU jtizAk; jdpj;jdpahfTk;> thq;Fgtu; my;yJ
tpw;gidahsu; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jtizfspy;
xg;ge;jk; kPwg;gLtij xg;Gf; nfhs;ifapy;> mj;jifa kPwy;
nkhj;jkhf kPWtjhf xg;ge;jk; my;yJ g
Fjpapd; kPwy; cs;sJ?
••Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; gw;wp kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F Kd;> xU gpupT
41 d; fPo;> thq;Fgtu; xU cupikiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. mit
jutpd; mbg;gilapy; xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij cWjp
nra;Ak; tifapy; ruf;Ffis gupNrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

••epge;jid: xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fj;jpw;F epge;jid
vd;gJ kPwg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fspd; xg;ge;jj;ij kWjypg;gjw;fhd
cupikia kPWfpwJ.
••fhg;GWjp: xU fhg;GWjpia xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
epge;jid cs;sJ> ,e;j mj;JkPwy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; Nrjk; kl;LNk xU cupikia nfhLf;fpwJ.
••epu;za tpiy: tpw;gid xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo;> nghUl;fs;
flj;jg;gltpy;iy kw;Wk; xg;ge;jj;Jf;F ruf;F xJf;fg;gltpy;iy
vd;whYk; tpw;gtu; mtw;iw tpiyf;F toq;fyhk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 95

1930 ruf;F tpw;gid ••xg;Gf;nfhs;Sjy;: fl;Lkhd tpepNahfk;> xg;Gf;nfhs;Sjy;
mikj;jy; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
••Jiw cilatu;: ,J xU egupd; cupikahsUf;F xU
njhd;ikahd fhykhFk;. Jiw cilatiu fhtypy; vLj;J
Fwpg;Gfs; nghWg;Gld; nghUl;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
5.10 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1.
nghUs;fSf;fhd jiyg;G Mtzj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
RUf;fkhf vOJf.
2. epiy kw;Wk; fhg;GWjpw;F ,ilNaahd NtWghl;il rpWFwpg;G
tiuf.
3. nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;Ak; xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s kiwKf
epytuj;ijg; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.
4.
Fwpg;gpl;l my;yJ njupe;j ruf;Ffspy; nrhj;Jf;fis
khw;Wtjw;fhd RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig vOJf.
5. thq;Fgtu; kPJ nrYj;jg;glhj tpw;gidahsupd; cupikfs;
gw;wpa rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
6.
Mf;fG+u;tkhd tpepNahfk; my;yJ tpepNahfj;ij
xg;Gf;nfhs;Sjy; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
ePz;l tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ruf;F tpw;gid rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 1930 Mk; Mz;bd; fPo; xg;ge;jj;ij
cUthf;Fk; nray; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
2. ruf;Ffs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; xg;ge;jj;jpy; xU epge;jid kw;Wk;
fhg;GWjp rl;lg;G+u;t tpisTfis Muha;e;J ghu;f;f.
3. nghUl;fspd; tpepNahfk; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW tpjpfis Ma;T
nra;f.
5.11 NkYk; gbf;f

gjpg;gfk;).

myF 6 ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
nry;Ytjw;fhd rl;lq;fs;;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
6.0 Kd;Diu
6.2 Cu;jpfs; rl;lk;> 1865
6.3 ,uapy;Nt rl;lk;> 1890
6.3.1 ,uapy;Nt epu;thfj;jpd; flikfs;
6.3.2 ,uapy;Nt epu;thfj;jpd; nghWg;Gfs;
6.3.3 Nfhupf;iffspd; mwptpg;G (gpupT. 78b)
6.4 fly; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ruf;Ffs; Vw;wpr;nry;Yjy;, 1925
6.4.1 Cu;jpf; Fj;jif xg;ge;jk;
6.4.2 fly; topahf nry;Yeupd; flikfs;
6.4.3 fly; topahf nry;Yeupd; nghWg;Gfs;
6.5 1972 tpkhd rl;lk; %yk; vLj;J nry;Yjy;
6.5.1 ruf;Fjhuu; kw;Wk; ruf;F Vw;W cupikahsupd;
cupikfs;
6.5.2 ruf;F nry;Yeupd; nghWg;Gfs;
6.6 2007 rhiyr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Vw;wpr;nry;Yjy;
tpilfs;
6.8 RUf;fk;
6.11 NkYk; gbf;f
6.0 Kd;Diu
ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpf;fpwJ. ruf;F kw;Wk; ciog;ghsu;fspd; ,af;fj;jpw;F ,J
toptif nra;fpwJ. etPd tzpfj;jpd; xU khw;W Kiw mbg;gilapy;>
tzpf tsu;r;rpapy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; gq;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. vdNt>
‘ruf;F tz;b xg;ge;jk;’ njhlu;ghd rl;lk; Fwpj;j Ma;T fl;lhak;
Ntz;Lk;. Cu;jpfs; ,U gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (i) nghJ
Cu;jpfs; kw;Wk; (ii) jdpahu; Cu;jpfs;. xU nghJthd Cu;jp vd;gJ
xU jdpg;gl;l egu;> xU epWtdk;> xU egu;fspd; rq;fk; my;yJ xU
ngUepWtd gFjp MFk;. Mdhy; murhq;fk; xU nghJthd Cu;jp
my;y. xU nghJthd Cu;jp vd;gJ xU jdpg;gl;l egu;> xU epWtdk;>
rq;fj;jpd; egu;fs; my;yJ xU ngUepWtd FOkk; MFk;> Mdhy;
murhq;fk; xU nghJthd Cu;jp my;y. ,Ug;Gg;ghij (murhq;fj;jhy;
nrhe;jkhf ,aq;FfpwJ) Cu;jpfs; rl;lk; 1865> ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 97

ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; NghJk; mit epu;tfpf;fg;gLtJ ,y;iy. xU jdpahu; Cu;jp
MSilik rl;lk; 1865- My; epu;tfpf;fg;gLtJ ,y;iy. mtuJ
epiyg;ghL xU ruf;Ffs; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ltuplk; MFk;. vdNt mtu;
1872 k; Mz;bw;fhd ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lj;jhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwhu;. xU
Fwpg;Gfs; nghJthd nry;Yeu;> jdJ thfdk; Vw;nfdNt epuk;gpait my;yJ
NghJkhd msT fl;Lg;gl;lhyd;wp> thliff;F mku;j;jpf; nfhs;Sk;
ve;j xU egUf;Fk;> jdJ tof;fkhd ghijapy; vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F
jahuhf ,Uf;Fk; tFg;gpd; ruf;Ffis kl;Lk; vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F
fl;Lg;gl;ljhFk;.
ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;tJ> epyk; topahfNth my;yJ fly;
topahfNth my;yJ fhw;wpdhy; nry;yyhk;. MfNt> ehk; %d;W
njspthd jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;fpNwhk;> (1) epyk;
%yk; Vw;wpr; nry;Yjy; (2) fly; %yk; Vw;wpr; nry;Yjy; (3) fhw;wpd;
%yk; Vw;wpr; nry;Yjy;.
epyk; %yk; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; rl;lk; (cs;ehl;L
topnrYj;jy; cl;gl) (a) Cu;jpr; rl;lk;> 1865> kw;Wk; (b) ,e;jpa
,Ug;Gg;ghij rl;lk;> 1890. ,e;j ,uz;L rl;lq;fSk; jw;NghJ gy
Kiw jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;j myF epyk;> fly; kw;Wk; fhw;wpd; %yk; ruf;Ffis
Vw;wpr; nry;tjpy; cs;s gy;NtW rl;lq;fis Muha;tij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J nghJthd Cu;jpfspd; cupikfisAk;
nghWg;GfisAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

••nry;Yeu;fspd; tiffis mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
••nghJ nry;Yeupd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfis Muha KbAk;.
••epyj;jpd; %yk; ruf;Ffis Vw;wp nry;tij gw;wp mwpa KbAk;.
••fly; topahf ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;tJ gw;wp tpsf;f KbAk;.
••fhw;wpd; %yk; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;tJ gw;wp njupe;J nfhs;s
KbAk;.
••ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;tjpy; cs;s rhiy rl;lk; 2007-I Ma;T
nra;a KbAk;.
6.2 nry;Yeu; rl;lk; 1865

xU egu; my;yJ epWtdk; xU ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F
ruf;F my;yJ kf;fis nfhz;L nry;y cld;gLk; xU xg;ge;jk; xU
tz;b xg;ge;jk; vd;W mwpag;gLfpwJ. ruf;F my;yJ kf;fis gzk;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;L (cjhuzkhf gzj;jpw;fhf nghUl;fis my;yJ
kf;fis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; $l;lk;> nry;Yeu; vdg;gLfpwJ) vLj;Jr;
nry;Yk; jug;G Cu;jp vdg;gLfpwJ.

Cu;jpfis tifg;gLj;Jjy; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
nry;Yeu; vd ,U gpupTfshfg; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. (1) nghJthd
Cu;jpfs; (2) jdpahu; Cu;jpfs;.
1. nghJthd nry;Yeu; Fwpg;Gfs;
nry;Yeu;fs; rl;lk; 1865> nghJthd nry;Yeu;fs; ve;j xU rq;fk; my;yJ

FOkj;jpd; cWg;gpduhf ,izf;fg;gLfpwhu; my;yJ ,lg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J
thliff;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tpahghuj;jpy; gzpaku;jj ; y; my;yJ
Ntiyf;F mku;jj ; g; gl;l njhopypy; <LgLj;Jtjw;fhd nrhj;Jf;fis>
gFj;jwptpy;yhj midj;J egu;fSf;F epyk; my;yJ cs;ehl;L
topnrYj;jy; Mfpatw;iw xU nghJthd nry;Yeu; tiuaWf;fpwJ.
2. jdpahu; nry;Yeu;
xU jdpahu; nry;Yeu; vd;gtu; nghJthd rYifiag; ngwhky;>
Mdhy; jw;nrayhd xU njhopyhfr; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Yjy;
Mdhy; xU tpahghukhf my;yhky;> jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; rpy rpwg;ghd
tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l egu; Mthu;. vdNt> xU nghJthd
nry;Yeu;fis Nghyy;yhky;> mtu; midj;J nghUl;fisAk; Rke;J
nry;y Ntz;ba fl;lhak; ,y;iy. ruf;Ffis thq;Ftjw;fhd VNjDk;
jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tNjh my;yJ epuhfupg;gijNah mtu;fSf;F
tpUg;gKz;L.
xU jdpahu; nry;Yeu; MSilik rl;lk; 1865-My; epu;tfpf;fg;gLtJ
,y;iy. mtuJ epiyg;ghL xU ruf;Ffs; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ltuplk;
MFk;. vdNt mtu; 1872 k; Mz;bw;fhd ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lj;jhy;
epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwhu;.
nghJthd Cu;jpapd; flikfs;

nry;Yeu;fs; rl;lk; 1865> xU nghJthd nry;YeUf;F gpd;tUk;
flikfis tpjpf;fpwJ:
1. xU nghJthd nry;Yeu;> jdJ thfdk; Vw;nfdNt epuk;gpait
my;yJ NghJkhd msT fl;Lg;gl;lhyd;wp> thliff;F mku;j;jpf;
nfhs;Sk; ve;j xU egUf;Fk;> jdJ tof;fkhd ghijapy;
vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F jahuhf ,Uf;Fk; tFg;gpd; ruf;Ffis
kl;Lk; vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F fl;Lg;gl;ljhFk;.
2. nghJthd xU Cu;jp tof;fkhd my;yJ xg;Gf;nfhz;l topia
gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. Njitahdhy; mtu; mjpypUe;J tpyfpapUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mtrpakpy;yhtpl;lhy; mtu; tpyfptplf; $lhJ.
3. mtu; ruf;Ffis ftdkhf vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
4. xg;Gf;nfhz;l Neuj;jpy; my;yJ xU epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs;
(ve;j NeuKk; xg;Gf;nfhs;stpy;iy vd;why;)> ,yf;F cs;s
,lj;jpy; ruf;Ffis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 99

ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; 5.
ruf;Ffs; fle;J nry;Yk; NghJ> ruf;F mDg;Ggtu;
khw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L ruf;Ff; fg;gypd; topKiwfSf;F
fPo;g;gba Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; nghJthd nry;Yeupd; cupikfs;

1.
xU nghJthd nry;Yeu;> Vw;fj;jf;f Cjpak; (vJTk;
xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd;why;) my;yJ mtuJ NritfSf;fhd
epahakhd Cjpaj;jpw;F cupj;JilajhFk;. mtu; mNj Nghy;
Kd;$l;bNa gzk; vd;w ngaupy; ngw;Ws;sJ.
2. ruf;Ffis vLj;J nrd;wjw;fhd fl;lzj;ij nrYj;Jk; tiu>
ruf;Ffis jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; cupik mtUf;F cz;L.
NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> mtu; ruf;Ffspd; kPJ
Fwpg;gpl;l cupikiag; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
3.
ruf;F ngWgtu; ruf;Ffis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tij kWj;jhy;>
nry;Yeu;fSf;F ,J Nghd;w R+o;epiyfspy; epahakhd
eltbf;iffis vLf;f cupik cz;L. mope;JNghFk; jd;ik
cila nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;ayhk; my;yJ fplq;fpy;
Nrkpj;J itf;fyhk;. mtu; fplq;F fl;lzk; Nghd;wtw;iw ruf;F
ngWgtuplkpUe;J kPl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;. xg;ge;jj;jpd; jdpr;rpwg;G
,y;yhj epiyapy;> mj;jifa nrytpdq;fSf;F nghWg;ghsu;
nghWg;Ngw;f KbahJ.
4. mtUf;F Vw;gl;l ,og;gpd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; Nrjhuq;fis
mtuhy; kPl;nlLf;f KbAk;. Vnddpy;> ruf;Ffspd; mghafukhd
jd;ikapdhy; mtu; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu; (ghk;/gPy;L Vs Nfhay;
kw;Wk; n\/gPy;l; buhd;]; fk;gdp ypkpnll;).
nghJthd nry;Yeupd; nghWg;Gfs;

Mq;fpy nghJr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> xU nghJthd nry;Yeu; mtUf;F
toq;fg;gl;l ruf;Ffspd; fhg;ghsu; MFk;. vdNt> ,e;j ,og;G
Vw;gLk; NghJ jtpu> (xU tpgj;J my;yJ mtuJ rpwe;j ftdpg;G
kPwp xU tpgj;jpy; Nrjkile;jhYk;) ruf;Ffspd; ,og;G my;yJ Nrjk;
midj;jpw;Fk; mtu; nghWg;Ngw;ff; $Lk;:
(i)
flTspd; nray;fshd> cjhuzkhf kpd;dy;> G+fk;gk;> Gay;>
nts;sk;.
(ii)
ehl;bd; vjpupfs;> v.fh.> Nghupd; NghJ.
(iii) ruf;Ffspy; cs;s cs;shu;e;j my;yJ ,ay;ghd Jiz %yk;>
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> jputq;fis Mtpahf;Fjy;> goq;fs; mOjy;>
tpyq;Ffspd; Neha;.
(iv) ruf;Fjhuupd; ftdf;Fiwthy;> v.fh.> FiwghLs;s fl;Lkhdk;.
,e;jpahtpy; nry;Yeu;fs; rl;lk; 1865> Cu;jpfspd; nghWg;Gf;fhf
ruf;Ffis ,U gpupTfshfg; gpupj;J tifg;gLj;jpAs;sJ (m)
jpl;lkplg;gl;l ruf;Ffs;> kw;Wk; (M) jpl;lkplg;glhj ruf;Ffs;.

jpl;lkplg;gl;l ruf;Ffspy; jq;fk;> nts;sp> tpiyAau;e;j fw;fs;> ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
Kj;Jf;fs;> Mguzq;fs;> cz;bay;fs;> ehzaq;fs;> tiuglq;fs;>
muR gj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;w kjpg;Gkpf;f nghUl;fs; mlq;Fk;.
,JNghd;w nghUs;fspd; gl;bay; rl;lj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gl;baypy; Nru;f;fg;glhj nghUl;fs;> jpl;lkplg;glhj ruf;Ffs; vd Fwpg;Gfs;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,U tif ruf;Ffis nghWj;j tiu> nghJ
nry;Yeu; xd;wpd; nghWg;Gfs; Fwpj;J> nry;Yeu;fs; rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfis
fPo;f;fz;lthW njhFj;Jf; $wyhk;:
1. jpl;lkplg;glhj ruf;Ffisg; nghWj;j tiu: Mq;fpy nghJr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> xU nghJthd Cu;jp mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;l
ruf;Ffspd; fhg;ghsu; MFk;. vdNt> ruf;Ffis vLj;J nry;Yk;
NghJ Vw;gLk; ,og;G jtpu> xU tpgj;jpy; Nrjkile;jhYk;,
ruf;Ffspd; ,og;G my;yJ Nrjk; midj;jpw;Fk; mtu;
nghWg;Ngw;ff; $Lk;: rpy rpwe;j xg;ge;jq;fs; %yk; ,e;j ,og;ig
<L nra;ayhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> (v. fh. Ke;ija Fwpg;gpy;
cs;sgb)vjpu;ghuhj kw;Wk; jtpu;f;f Kbahj mtruepiyfs;>
nfhs;isf;fhuu;fs;> jpUlu;fs;> jP> kio> frpT kw;Wk; tpgj;J
Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; vOk; ruf;Ffspd; Nrjq;fSf;F nry;Yeu;
nghWg;Ngw;fkhl;lhu;.
2. jpl;lkplg;gl;l ruf;Ffis nghWj;j tiu: ,j;jifa
ruf;Ffspd; kjpg;G & 100 Ij; jhz;bapUe;jhYk;> mtuJ gq;fpw;F
ftdf;FiwT ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> ruf;Ffspd; kjpg;Gk;> tpsf;fKk;>
mtw;iw toq;Fk; Neuk; ntspg;gilahf mwptpf;fg; glhj
epiyapy; nry;Yeu; nghWg;Ngw;f KbahJ. Mdhy;>
ruf;Ffspd; kjpg;G kw;Wk; tptuk;> mjpy; cs;s tptuq;fs; %yk;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ> xU tpjptpyf;fhd R+o;epiyfspy;>
,e;j ,og;G Vw;gLk; NghJ jtpu> ruf;FfSf;F Vw;gLk; midj;J
,og;G my;yJ Nrjj;jpw;F Mq;fpy nghJ tpjpapd; fPo; NkNy
Fwpg;gpl;lit Nghy fhg;GWjp nra;gtNu nghWg;ghthu;. NkYk;>
ruf;Ff; fg;gy; jdJ nry;Yeu; ve;j Fwpg;gpl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd;
%ykhf ruf;Ff; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; (jpl;lkplg;gl;l ruf;Ffspd;
nghWj;jtiu) fl;Lg;gLj;j KbahJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> jpl;lkplg;gl;l
ruf;Ffisr; Rke;J nry;y $Ljy; fl;lzk; tR+ypf;f mtUf;F
cupik cz;L.
3. nry;Yeu;fspd; ftdf;FiwT (ruf;Ffs; jpl;lkplg;gl;l my;yJ
jpl;lkplg;gl;lit) my;yJ nry;Yeu;fspd; Copau; my;yJ
Kftu;fspd; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd nray;fs; (v.fh.> jdJ
nrhe;jg; gad;ghl;bw;F nghUl;fis khw;WtJ my;yJ xU
jtwhd egUf;F mtw;iw mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;) my;yJ jtwhd
elj;ijahy; (v.fh.> jpUl;L Nghd;w Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jtW) Vw;gLk;
ruf;Ffs; ,e;j ,og;G my;yJ Nrjj;jpw;F cs;shfpwJ. ,e;j
fl;Lg;ghL> ruf;FjhuUld; xU rpwg;G xg;ge;jj;jhy; jtpu;f;fg;gl
KbahJ vd;gijAk;> me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; ve;jg; gpupTk; G+[;akhfTk;
ntw;wplkhfTk; nrayw;wjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 101

ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; xU ,og;G my;yJ ghjpg;G Vw;gl;lhy;> mj;jifa ,og;G
my;yJ fhak; gw;wp Kjypy; njupe;J nfhz;l NjjpapypUe;J MW
khjq;fSf;Fs; me;j nry;YeUf;F cupik Nfhu Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Cu;jpfs; rl;lj;jpd; 10 Mk; gpupT njuptpf;fpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
1. ‘tz;b xg;ge;jk;’ vd;why; vd;d?
2. nghJthd Cu;jpapd; nghWg;G vd;d?
6.3 ,uapy;ghij rl;lk;> 1890

etPd cyfpy; epyg; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; jiyaha topfspy; xd;whf
,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J fUjg;gLfpwJ. Kd;djhfNt ghu;j;jgb>
ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; ,uapy;ghij> 1865 Mk; Mz;bd;
nry;Yeu;fs; rl;lj;jhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gltpy;iy> Vndd;why; mit
murhq;fj;jhy; nrhe;jkhf ,af;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,uapy;ghij %yk;
ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;tjw;fhd ,e;jpa ,uapy;ghij rl;lk; 1890>
mt;tg;NghJ jpUj;jg;gl;L epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ‘,uapy;ghij epu;thfk;’>
,uapy;ghijapd; epu;thfj;ijAk;> gzpepu;thfj;ijAk; ftdpf;fpwJ.
‘ruf;F uapy;fspy;’; my;yJ ‘gazpfs; uapy;fspy;’> ruf;Ffs;
nfhz;L nry;yg;glyhk;. mOFk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; rpwpa fl;Lkhdg;
nghUl;fs; Kf;fpakhf gazpfs; ,uapy;fspy; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLfpwJ.
,J tpiuthf ruf;Ffis xg;gilg;gij cWjp nra;fpwJ> Mdhy;
mjpf ruf;F fl;lzq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.
••Kd;dDg;Gjy; Fwpg;G (gpupT 72): xt;nthU tifahd ruf;Ffs;
my;yJ kpUfq;fspd; ruf;Fjhuu;fs;> ,uapy;ghij epu;thfj;jhy;
epu;zapf;fg;gl;l gbtj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpid epiwNtw;wp> kj;jpa
murhy; mq;ff P upf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Fwpg;G ‘Kd;dDg;Gjy; Fwpg;G’
my;yJ ‘xg;Gjy; Fwpg;G’ vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. gytifahd
ruf;FfSf;F ntt;NtW tifahd tbtq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
Kd;dDg;Gjy; Fwpg;ghdJ ruf;Ffspd; tptuk;> fl;Lkhdg;
nghUl;fspd; vz;zpf;if> vil> ngau; kw;Wk; Kftu;fspd;
ngau;fs; kw;Wk; Kftupfs; Mfpatw;wpd; tptuiz> ,og;G my;yJ
Nrjj;jpw;F nuapy;Nt epu;thfj;jpd; nghWg;gpd; msT Mfpatw;iw
nfhz;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; ‘ruf;F rk;gsk;’ my;yJ ‘gzk; nrYj;j’
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;Nfw;g> ruf;F gzk; nrYj;Jfpwhu;.
my;yJ> me;j ruf;Fjhd; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. uapy;ghijfs; %yk;
ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk;NghJ Vw;gLk; tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk;
epge;jidfs;> Fwpg;gpid gpd;Gwk; mr;rplg;gLfpd;wd.
••,uapy;ghij gw;Wr;rPl;L (R/R): ,uapy;ghij ‘rpg;g mYtyfk;’
mDg;Gk; Fwpg;ig rku;g;gpg;gjd; Ngupy;> me;j mDg;Gdu;>
ruf;Ffis Vw;Wtjw;F xU urPJ mspj;J> me;j tpjpKiwfspd;gb
NkyDg;G Fwpg;G mjw;fhd mwpTiufSf;F cl;gl;lJ. ,e;j urPJ

‘,uapy;ghij urPJ’ (R/R) vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;L ruf;FfSf;fhd ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
jiyg;G Mtzkhf gad;gLfpwJ. ruf;F mDg;Gdu;> ,uapy;ghij
urPij ruf;F ngWgtUf;F mDg;g Ntz;Lk;> Vnddpy;>
ruf;Ffis xg;gilg;G nra;a Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; ,uapy;ghij
mYtyfj;Jf;F mJ toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
6.3.1 ,uapy;ghij epu;thfj;jpd; flikfs;

,e;jpa ,uapy;ghij rl;lk; 1890 ,d; fPo;> ,uapy;ghij epu;thfj;jpd;
flikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. epahakhd Kiwapy; fhyjhkjkpd;wp Nghf;Ftuj;ij mDg;Gjy;>
mDg;Gjy; kw;Wk; toq;fYf;fhd epahakhd rfy trjpfisAk;
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba flik (gpupT 27).
2. ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l egUf;F my;yJ mjw;F MjuthfNth
my;yJ VNjDk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l egiuNah my;yJ Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;
Fwpg;ghd tpsf;fkhfNth ,y;yhky; my;yJ mjw;F
rhjfkhfNth my;yJ jFjpNah ,y;yhj Kd;Dupik my;yJ
mD$yj;ij mspf;f Ntz;ba flik VNjDk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l egUf;F
my;yJ ve;j Ma;Tf;Fl;gLtuhf ,Ue;jhYk; my;yJ ve;j xU
fhuzkhfNth my;yJ epahakw;w ghugl;rNkh my;yJ VNjDk; xU
kupahijNah my;yJ ve;j tifapYk; (gpupT 28) ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l
egiuNah my;yJ ve;j mk;rj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
3. ruf;F Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghf kj;jpa muR mspj;j ve;j
topfhl;Ljy;fSf;Fk; (gpupT 27 A) ,zq;f Ntz;ba flik.
gpupT 27 A ,d; fPo;> ve;j ,uapy;ghij epu;thfj;ijAk; (mjhtJ
uapy;Ntapd; Nkyhsu;) Miz %yk; Neubahf ,af;f kj;jpa
muRf;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ.
(a) mj;jifa nghUl;fs; my;yJ VNjDk; xU tif
ruf;Ffis> kj;jpa muR my;yJ ve;j khepy muR my;yJ
NtW VNjDk; muR my;yJ gpw nghUl;fs; my;yJ ruf;F
juTfspd; mbg;gilapy;> me;j cj;jutpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F Kd;Dupik mspj;jy;.
(b) mj;jifa ghij my;yJ ghijfshy; ve;jnthU
nghUl;fisAk; kw;Wk; nghUl;fspd; tiffisAk;
vLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tpiyfSk; tupirapy;
Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;.
mj;jifa gpupitg; gpd;gw;wp ,uapy;ghij epu;thfj;jhy;
vLf;fg;gl;l ve;j eltbf;ifAk; gpupT 28 ,d; xU kPwyhf fUjg;gl
khl;lhJ vd;W NkYk; $WfpwJ (NkNy Gs;sp 2 I ghu;f;fTk;).
kPz;Lk;> mt;thW nra;ag;gl;l ve;j cj;juTk;> mjd; NjjpapypUe;J
MW khjq;fs; Kbtile;j gpd;du; tpisT epWj;jg;gLk;> Mdhy;
mt;tg;NghJ mJ GJg;gpf;fg;glyhk;.
,t;thW> Njitahd ruf;Ffis nrYj;j jahuhf ,Uf;Fk;
xt;nthU egupd; ruf;FfisAk;> epahakhd fhyjhkjk; ,d;wp> ve;j
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 103

ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; xU jpirapYk;> ve;j xU topfhl;LjYf;Fk; nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;
vd;w tpjpKiwfis ,uapy;ghij epu;thfk; nra;J tUfpwJ. me;j
tifapy; kj;jpa muR nghJ eydpy; cs;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; 6.3.2 ,uapy;ghij epu;thfj;jpd; nghWg;Gfs;

1. gazj;jpd; NghJs;s nghWg;Gfs;: ,og;G> mopT> Nrjk; my;yJ
rPu;NfLfs;> tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ tz;bf;F Vw;wpr; nry;Yk;
ruf;Ffs; my;yJ mjw;F Vw;wtifapy;> me;j ruf;Ffs;
cs;sdth vd;gJ gw;wp ‘Kd;dDg;Gk; Fwpg;gpy;’ cs;s
tpjpKiwfisg; nghWj;jpUf;Fk;. ‘,uapy;ghijapd; Mgj;J’
my;yJ ‘cupikahsupd; Mgj;J’ Nghd;wit ,uapy;ghij
epu;thfj;jpd; nghWg;Gfshf vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mghaj;jpy; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nrd;why;>
gpd;tUgit jtpu VNjDk; xU fhuzj;jpypUe;J vOk;
nghUl;fis nghWj;j tiu> VNjDk; ,oj;jy; my;yJ mopT
Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;F uapy;Nt epu;thfk; nghWg;ghFk;:
(a) flTspd; nray;;
(b) Nghu; eltbf;if
(c) nghJ tpNuhjpfspd; nray;;
(d) rl;lG+u;t epfo;Kiwapd; fPo; ifJ nra;jy;> fl;Lg;ghL
nra;jy; my;yJ ifg;gw;WtJ.
(e) kj;jpa my;yJ khepy muR my;yJ ve;j mjpfhup my;yJ
mjpfhupahy; my;yJ ,jd; rhu;ghf kj;jpa my;yJ khepy
murpw;F fPo;g;gLj;jg;gLk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l cj;juT my;yJ
fl;Lg;ghLfs;;
(f) rl;lk; my;yJ tpyf;Fjy; my;yJ ruf;Fg; ngWgtu; my;yJ
ruf;F mDg;Gdu; my;yJ Kftu; my;yJ xU Copaupd;
myl;rpak;;
(g) nghUs;fspd; ,ay;ghd FiwghL> juk; my;yJ nghUl;fspd;
Jiz fhuzkhf> nkhj;j my;yJ vilapy; ,aw;if rPu;NfL
my;yJ tpuak;;
(h) cs;Siw FiwghLfs;;
(i) jP> ntbg;G my;yJ vjpu;ghuhj mghak;.
,og;G my;yJ mopT Kjypatw;wpy;> NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l
tpjptpyf;fhd epfo;Tfspy; VNjDk; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l tof;Ffspy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpait vd;W ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy;>
epu;thfk; mij gad;gLj;jpaJ vd;gij ep&gpf;Fk; tiu ,og;G
my;yJ Nrjj;jpw;fhd mjd; nghWg;ig ,uj;Jr; nra;a KbahJ.
kpUfq;fs; my;yJ ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; NghJ epahakhd
Kiwapy; Kd;$l;ba mwptpg;G kw;Wk; ftdpg;G Njit (gpupT
73). ,jd; tpisthfg; gpupT 73> ,uapy; epiya mghaj;jpd;

Ngupy; nghUl;fs; mDg;gg;gLk; NghJ> ,uapy;ghij epu;thfj;jpd; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
nghWg;igf; fhg;gPL nra;fpwJ. ,jdhy;> jd; gzpapy; myl;rpak;
fhl;lhky;> mjd; ftdpg;gpy; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk;NghJ>
ruf;Ffs; jpUlg;gl;lhy;> ,uapy;ghij epu;thfk; nghWg;Ngw;f
Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
ruf;Ffis cupikahsu; Mgj;jpy;> nfhz;L nry;Yk; ,lj;jpy;>
,uapy;ghij epu;thfk; ve;j xU ,og;G> mopT my;yJ Nrjk;>
ruf;Ffspd; ,lkhw;wk;> ,uapy;ghij epu;thfj;jpd; my;yJ mjd;
Copau;fspy; xU gFjpapdupd; myl;rpak; my;yJ jtwhd elj;ij
fhuzkhf ,og;G my;yJ Nrjk; Vw;gl;ljw;fhd rhd;iw jtpu
(gpupT. 74) ,uapy;ghij epu;thfk; nghWg;Ngw;fhJ. NtW thu;ji
; jfspy;
$Wtjhdhy;> cupikahsupd; mghaj;jpy; nghUl;fs; mDg;gg;gLk;
NghJ> ,uapy;ghij epu;thfk; xU ‘xg;GilAilatupd;’ nghUs;
,og;G my;yJ Nrjj;jpw;F nghWg;ghFk;.
‘,uapy;ghij mgha tpfpjk;’ cupikahsu; Mgj;J tpfpjj;ij tpl
mjpfkhf cs;sJ. mDg;Geu; my;yJ mtuJ Kftu; ,uapy;ghij
mgha tPjj;ij nrYj;Jtjw;F vOj;J %yk; Nju;en ; jLf;fg;glhjtiu>
tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ ruf;Ffspd; cupikahsu; mgha tPjj;jpy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLk;. gpe;ija gFjpapy;> me;j tpisTf;F
(gpupT 74) ,uapy;ghij epu;thfk; rhd;wpjo; toq;Fk;.
2. gazj;jpd; jhkjk; kw;Wk; jLg;Gf;fhd nghWg;Gfs; (gpupT.
76): jhkjk; my;yJ jLg;Gf;fhyk; mjd; gFjpapNyh my;yJ
mjd; Copau;fsplNkh myl;rpak; my;yJ jtwhd elkhl;lk;
,y;yhky; vOe;jhy;> ,og;G> mopT> Nrjk; my;yJ tpyq;Ffs;
my;yJ nghUl;fspd; jhkjk; my;yJ jhkjj;jhy; Vw;glf;$ba
ghjpg;G Mfpatw;wpw;F ,uapy;Nt epu;thfk; nghWg;ghFk;.
3. jtwhd tpepNahfj;jpw;fhd nghWg;G (gpupT. 76B): mry; ,uapy;
urPij cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; egUf;F ,uapy;ghij epu;thfk;
ruf;Ffis my;yJ tpyq;Ffis ey;y ek;gpf;ifapd; Ngupy;
toq;FfpwJ mj;jifa egu; rl;lG+u;tkhf epakpf;fg;glhky;
,uapy;ghij urPjpy; xg;Gjy; ngw;why; my;yJ gpwu; FiwghL
cilatuhf ,Ug;gJ Nghd;wtw;wpf;F mJ nghWg;G Vw;fhJ.
4. gazk; epWj;jg;gl;ljd; gpd; cs;s nghWg;G (gpupT 77): mguhj
fl;lzk; nrYj;jhky; uapy; tz;bapypUe;J ,wf;Ftjw;F
mDkjpf;fg;gl;l Xa;T Neuk; fhyhtjpahFk; NghJ (,yf;if
mile;j gpd;du; tUiff;F gpd;)> mJ mDkjpf;fg;glhj
fhytuk;gpw;Fs;> mt;thW Vw;wg;gLk; Xa;T Neuj;jpy;> Nghf;Ftuj;J
epWj;jg;gl;lhy;> uapy; epiya tshfj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpyq;Ffs;
my;yJ ruf;Ffis mfw;whky; ,Uj;jy;.
Nghf;Ftuj;J xg;ge;jk; Kbe;j VO ehl;fspy; ,uapy;ghij
epu;thfj;jpd; nghWg;G> ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk; (1872) d; 151> 152
kw;Wk; 161 gpupTfspd; fPo;> xU ,og;G> mopT Kjypatw;wpd; fPo;>
xU ‘xg;Gilatu;’ ruf;Ffs; ‘cupikahsupd; Mgj;J tpfpjj;jpy;’
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 105

ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; my;yJ ‘uapy;fspd; mgha tpfpjj;jpy;’ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wjh
vd;gijAk; ftdpAq;fs;. ,t;thwhf> ‘,uapy; Mgj;J tpfpjj;jpy;’
ruf;Ffs; Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; ,lq;fspy; $l> ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J
epWj;jg;gl;l VO ehl;fspd; NghJ ,uapy;ghij epu;thfj;jpd;
Fwpg;Gfs; nghWg;G xU xg;Gilatu; vd;w tifapy; FiwfpwJ. ,uapy;
epu;thfj;jpd; gzpahsupd; kPJ cs;s ftdf;FiwT my;yJ
jtwhd elj;ij fhuzkhf ,og;G my;yJ ghjpg;G Vw;gl;lhy;
kl;LNk ,uapy;ghij epu;thfk; nghWg;Ngw;Fk;.
jq;fk;> nts;sp> Kjypad rpwg;G kjpg;G nfhz;l nghUl;fs;
(,uapy;Nt rl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ)>
tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; ntbkUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; gpw Mgj;jhd
nghUl;fs; ,uapy;ghij %yk; vLj;Jnry;Yk; NghJk; kw;Wk;
gazk; Kbe;jgpd; ftdf;FiwT fhuzkhf mjd; gFjpapypUe;J
Vw;gLk; ,og;G> mopT Nghd;wtw;wpw;F ,uapy;ghij epu;thfk;
nghWg;G Vw;fhJ.
uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J epWj;jg;gl;lij mLj;J VO ehl;fs; fopj;J>
uapy;ghijapdhy; Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; ruf;Ffspy; Vw;gLk; ,og;G>
mopT Nghd;w ve;j xU nraYf;Fk; uapy;ghij epu;thfk;
nghWg;Ngw;fhJ.
,uapy; ngl;bfspy; ,Ue;J tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ nghUl;fs;
,wf;fhky; ,Uf;Fk; tiu> tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ nghUl;fspd;
cupikahsUf;F ve;jj; jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; nghWg;GlDk;
,y;iy vd;gJ uapy;ghij epu;thfj;jpd; nghWg;GfspypUe;J
ntspg;gilahdJ.
5.
tpyq;Ffis nghWj;jtiu nry;Yeu;fspd; nghWg;G (gpupT.
77A): tpyq;Ffisg; nghWj;j tiuapy;> ,og;G my;yJ
Nrjk; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd uapy;ghij epu;thfj;jpd; nghWg;G>
rl;lj;jpd; Kjy; ml;ltizapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s msTf;F
mjpfkhfhJ. Kjy; ml;ltizapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;gpd;
tuk;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW: ahidfs; - xd;Wf;F 1>500; Fjpiu - jiy
xd;Wf;F 750; NfhNtW fOijfs;> nfhk;Gfs; my;yJ xl;lfq;fs;
- jiyf;F 200; eha;fs;> fOijfs;> ML> gd;wpfs;> nrk;kwpahLfs;
my;yJ kw;w NkNy $wg;glhj tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ gwitfs; -
jiyf;F 30. ,Ug;gpDk;> ruf;F mDg;Gdu; Kd;dDg;Gk; Fwpg;gpy;
cau; kjpg;ig mwptpj;J kw;Wk; mjpf thlif nrYj;Jtjhy;>
uapy;ghij mjpfkhd nghWg;Gfis nrYj;j NeupLk;. ruf;Ffs;
fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; Rik my;yJ tpyq;Ffspd; fl;Lg;ghL
my;yJ ruf;F mDg;Gdupd; mjpf Rik my;yJ mtuJ Kftu;
Nghd;wtw;why; Vw;gLk; ,og;GfSf;F uapy;ghij epu;thfk; nghWg;G
Vw;fhJ.
6. nghUl;fspd; rpwe;j kjpg;G gw;wpa nghWg;Gfs; (gpupT 77B):
Kd;G $wpaJNghy; rl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; ml;ltizapy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sg;gb (mjhtJ> jq;fk;> nts;sp> ehzaq;fs; kw;Wk;

eiffs;> Nghd;w kjpg;Gkpf;f nghUl;fs;) ve;jnthU rpg;g my;yJ ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
fl;Lkhd nghUis xg;gilg;Gf;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; NghJ> me;j
nghUl;fspd; rpg;g my;yJ fl;Lkhd tpiy 500 &gha;f;F kPwp
,Ue;jhy;> uapy;ghij epu;thfk; ,og;G> mopT Kjypatw;wpw;F
nghWg;ghfhJ. ruf;Fg; ngl;lfk; ‘Kd;dDg;Gk; Fwpg;gpy;’ cs;s Fwpg;Gfs;
kjpg;igAk; cs;slf;fp mwptpj;jpUe;jhy;> rpg;g my;yJ fl;Lkhd
nghUl;fis epu;tfpg;gJ kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jhy; Nfhug;gl;lhy;
mjpfkhd Mgj;Jf;fhd ,og;gPL %yk; mjpf ruf;F
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. cupa mwptpg;G nra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;why;>
uapy;ghij epu;thfk; nghWg;gy;y.
7. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;J ntspNawy; (gpupT 78):
Kd;du; $wg;gl;bUe;j NghjpYk; (gf;f jiyg;gpd; fPo;: ‘uapy;ghij
epu;thfj;jpd; nghWg;Gfs;’)> gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,og;G>
mopj;jy;> Nrjk;> rPuopjy; my;yJ ve;jnthU nghUl;fspd;
my;yJ tpyq;Ffspd; tpepNahfj;jpw;Fk; ,uapy;ghij epu;thfk;
nghWg;G my;y:
(a) nghUl;fs; jtwhd tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; ,og;G my;yJ Nrjk;
%yk; mDg;gg;gl;lhy; jtwhd tpsf;fk; %yk; ve;j
tpjj;jpYk; ve;jnthU eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fg;glhJ.
(b) xU Nkhrb ruf;F mDg;Gdu; my;yJ ruf;F ngWgtu; my;yJ
Kftupapd; %yk; eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.
(c) mq;F> ,og;G my;yJ Nrjk; Nghd;wit Vw;gl;ljhf
uapy;ghij epu;thfj;jhy; ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy;> (i) ruf;F
mDg;Gdu; my;yJ ruf;F ngWgtu; my;yJ Kftupapd;
jtwhf Vw;Wkjp my;yJ ,wf;Fkjp my;yJ (ii) fyfk;>
cs;ehl;L ryryg;G> NtiyepWj;jk;> G+l;Ljy;> epWj;Jjy;
my;yJ xU gFjp my;yJ nghJkf;fSf;F Vw;glf;$ba
fhupaq;fisj; jLj;J epWj;Jjy;.
NkYk; ,uapy;ghij epu;thfk; ve;jnthU kiwKf my;yJ mjd;
tpisthf Vw;gLk; ghjpg;GfSf;Fk; my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l re;ijapd;
,og;Gf;Fk; nghWg;ghfhJ.
6.3.3 Nfhupf;iffspd; mwptpg;G (gpupT 78b)

xU egu; ,uapy;ghij %yk; Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; tpyq;Ffisg; my;yJ
nghUl;fis nghWj;j tiu gzj;ij jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jjy; my;yJ
,og;gPL Mfpatw;wpd; $w;W> mtuhy; my;yJ mtuJ rhu;ghf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lhy;> ,og;G> mopT> Nrjk;> rPuopT my;yJ ,og;gPL
Mfpait tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ nghUl;fis xg;gilf;fg;glhj epiyapy;
toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
(a)
tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ ruf;Ffs; uapy;ghij epu;thfj;jhy;
toq;fg;gLk; my;yJ
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 107

ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; (b)
,uapy;ghij epu;thfk; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
my;yJ ,og;G> mopT> Nrjk; my;yJ rPuopT Nghd;wit
ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j cupik Nfhuiy> uapy; %yk; tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ ruf;F
Fwpg;Gfs; tz;bf;F xg;gilg;G nra;j ehspypUe;J MW khjq;fSf;Fs; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. Nfhupf;if Fwpj;j mwptpg;ig jiyik tzpf fz;fhzpg;ghsu;
my;yJ uapy;ghij Nkyhsu; MfpNahUf;F mspf;fyhk;.

3. nry;Yeu;fs; rl;lk; 1865 -My; ,uapy;ghij Vd;
epu;tfpf;fg;gLtJ ,y;iy?
4. ,uapy;ghijapy; ,Ue;J xU gzj;ij jpUg;gp ngWtJ vg;gb?
6.4 fly; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ruf;Ffs; Vw;wpr;nry;Yjy;,

1925
flypy; ruf;Ffis Vw;wp nry;Yjy; rl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpakhf cs;sJ>
(i) ,e;jpa fg;gy; Vw;Wkjp xg;ge;j rPl;L rl;lk; 1856 (ii) ruf;Ffis
Vw;wp nry;Yjy; gw;wpa fly; rl;lk; 1958. ,e;j fl;Lg;ghl;Lld;
njhlu;Gila gpw rl;lq;fs; cs;sd. (a) tzpf fg;gy; rl;lk; 1958 (b)
fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;lk;> 1963. ,e;j rl;lq;fs; jw;NghJ gy Kiw
khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
6.4.1 nry;Yeu; Fj;jif xg;ge;jk;

ruf;Ffis fly; topahf Vw;wpr; nry;tJ> ‘nry;Yeu; Fj;jif
xg;ge;jk;’ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ‘nry;Yeu; Fj;jif’ vd;w nrhy;Yf;F
‘ghj;jpuk; my;yJ fg;giy thliff;F tpLjy;’ vd;W nghUs;. ,J
ruf;Ff; fg;gy; my;yJ fg;gy; Vw;Wkjp nra;gtu; kw;Wk; fg;gy;
epWtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd xU xg;ge;jkhff; fUjg;glyhk;> gioa
Ntiyf;F mku;j;Jk; my;yJ mDg;Gk; epWtdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
xg;ge;jk; vd;W tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;. xU xg;ge;jk; fg;gy; xg;ge;j
thlif my;yJ fg;gy; Vw;Wkjp xg;ge;j rPl;il cs;slq;fpapUf;fyhk;.
A. fg;gy; xg;ge;j thlif

xU xg;ge;jk; fg;gy; xg;ge;j thlif my;yJ fg;gy; Vw;Wkjp xg;ge;j
rPl;il cs;slq;fpapUf;fyhk;. xU JiwKfj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhUtUf;F
ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;tjw;F> nkhj;j fg;giy my;yJ xU Kf;fpa
gFjpia thliff;F mku;j;JtJ> xU ‘fg;gy; xg;ge;j thlif’ MFk;.
,J nghUl;fspd; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhf fg;gypd; KO my;yJ gFjp
gzpaku;j;jy; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwahd vOjg;gl;l
Mtzj;ijAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. fg;giy my;yJ mjpy; xU gFjpia
thliff;F mku;j;JtJ ‘cupik Mtzk;;’ vdg;gLfpwJ.

xU xg;ge;jk; fg;gy; xg;ge;j thlif (i) xU flw;gazr; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
xg;ge;jk; mjhtJ> xU Fwpg;gpl;l flw;gazj;Jf;F fg;gy; thliff;F
mku;j;jg;gLk;NghJ (ii) xU fhy xg;ge;jk;> mjhtJ fg;gy; thliff;F
vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy;
thliff;F vLf;fg;gl;lNghJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;j fg;gy; KOtijAk; thliff;F vLj;jNghJ> rhrdf;
fl;rpapd; tpjpKiwfs; rpy Neuq;fspy; fg;gypd; Fj;jif my;yJ
kiwT vd;w tifapy; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jd; %yk; fg;gypd; cupikahsu;
jw;fhypfkhf fg;gypd; cupikahsuhfTk;> jiyikahsuhfTk;
khwptpLfpwhu;. me;j FOtpdu; mtuJ Nrtfu;fshf khwptpLfpd;wdu;.
,jid ‘cupik Mtz kiwT’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. nghJthf>
xU rhrdf; fl;rp xU kiwT my;yJ Fj;jif ,y;yhky;> xU
rhjhuz nry;Yeu; xg;ge;jk; Nghy> fg;gy; %yk; mtu; ruf;Ffis Vw;wp
itf;Fk; cupikia kl;LNk ngWfpwJ. jiyikahsUk;> FOtpdUk;
jd; Ntiyf;fhuu;fshf khWtjpy;iy. mj;jifa xU Kiwapy; mJ
‘mopT ,y;yh cupik Mtzk;;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
fg;gypd; xU gFjpia thliff;F vLj;jhy;> mjhtJ fg;gypd;
cupikahsu; fg;gy; kw;Wk; FOtpdiu xU fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;Fk;
,lj;jpy;> ruf;Ffis tpepNahfpg;gjd; %yk;> ‘Nrjk; kw;Wk;
jilapd;wp’ fg;gy; cupikahsu; my;yJ jiytu; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l
xU cupik Mtzk;> nghUspd; urPij xg;Gf;nfhs;tjw;fhf
jutupirahsUf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. xU fg;gy; xg;ge;j thlifapd;
fPo; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk; xU cupik Mtzk;> ruf;Ffspd; urPJ kl;LNk
(xg;ge;jk; ‘fg;gy; xg;ge;j thlif’ vd;W ,Ug;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs;)
vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ> ,J fg;gy; xg;ge;jj;jpd; Mjhukhf ,Uf;Fk;
xU nghJ fg;gy; tof;fpy; toq;fg;gl;l kNrhjhtpd; rl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J
Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;ljhFk;.
i. fg;gy; thlif Mtzj;jpd; tpjpfs;: gl;lak; kw;Wk; fg;gy;-
cupikahsUf;F ,ilapyhd xg;ge;jj;jpd; midj;J
mbg;gil tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfis xU fg;gy;
thlif Mtzk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ii. cupa cj;juthjq;fs;
iii. mj;JkPwypy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;
B. Vw;Wkjp xg;ge;jr; rPl;L

xU ‘Vw;Wkjp xg;ge;jr; rPl;L’ vd;gJ fg;gy;-cupikahsuhy; my;yJ
fg;gy; mjpfhup my;yJ fg;gy; jiytu; my;yJ kw;w Kftu; %yk;
ntspaplg;gl;l Mtzk; MFk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;if Nehf;fp
vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;ba fg;gypy; nghUl;fs; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j gpd;du;>
Jizia ngw;wjw;fhd urPij gupkhwpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ruf;Ffs;
‘nghJ fg;gy;’ ruf;Ffspd; xU gFjpia kl;LNk Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak;
NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xU KO fg;giy thliff;F tpLk;
tp\aj;jpy;> fg;gy; thlif Mtzk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 109

ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; Vw;Wkjp xg;ge;jr; rPl;by;> fg;gy; cupikahsu; my;yJ mtu;fspd;
Kftu;> mjhtJ fg;gy; mjpfhup my;yJ fg;gy; jiytupd; Kj;jpiu
kw;Wk; ifnahg;gkplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ruf;F tz;br; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;>1925
Vw;Wkjp xg;ge;jr; rPl;by; Kf;fpa xg;ge;j tpjpKiwfs; jtpu> gpd;tUk;
Fwpg;Gfs; tpguq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;:
(a) ruf;Ffis milahsk; fhzj; Njitahd Kf;fpa FwpaPLfs;
,J Nghd;w FwpaPLfis> mjhtJ> flw;gazk; KbAk; tiu
rhjhuzkhfj; njhlu;e;J epiyj;J ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
tifapy; mj;jifa nghUl;fs; cs;s ngl;bfs; my;yJ
ciwfs; kPJ Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
(b)
nghjpfs; my;yJ Jz;Lfs; my;yJ msT my;yJ vil
Mfpatw;wpd; vz;zpf;ifia fg;gy; Vw;Wkjpahsuhy; vOj;J
%yk; gjpT nra;ayhk;.
(c) ruf;Ffspd;; ntspg;gilahd juk; kw;Wk; epiy.
ruf;Ffs; rpwe;j juj;jpYk;> epiyapYk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W Vw;Wkjp
xg;ge;jr; rPl;by; njuptpf;fg;gLk;NghJ> ,e;j Mtzk; ‘njspthd
Vw;Wkjp xg;ge;jr; rPl;L’ vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ngwg;gl;l ruf;Ffs;
Nkhrkhd epiyapy; cs;sd vd;W $wg;gLk;NghJ> me;j epiyapy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Vw;Wkjp xg;ge;jr; rPl;L> ‘jFjp tha;e;j Vw;Wkjp
xg;ge;jr; rPl;L’ vdg;gLfpwJ.
ruf;Fg; ngl;bahy; %lg;gl;l ruf;Ffs; XusT fly; %yk;
kw;Wk; XusT epyj;jhy; kw;Wk; flypy; xU fyg;G ruf;Ff; fl;lzk;
tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; epy Nghf;Ftuj;J %yk; vLj;Jr;nry;yg;gLk;>
,e;j Vw;Wkjp xg;ge;jr; rPl;L ‘CLUtyhd Vw;Wkjp xg;ge;jr; rPl;L’
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
i. Nghf;Ftuj;J epWj;jj;jpd; cupik
ruf;F tpw;gid rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nfhLf;fg;gl;lgb> ruf;Ff; fl;lzj;ijr;
nrYj;Jtjw;fhd cupikg; gj;jpuk; gw;wpa cupikia 1856 Mk;
Mz;bw;fhd ,e;jpa rl;lq;fSf;fhd rl;lk;> ghjpf;fhJ. mjd;gb>
ruf;Ff; fg;gy; ruf;Ffis epWj;Jtjw;fhd cupikiaf; ifahSk;
nghUl;L ruf;Ffis toq;Ftjw;fhd topKiwfis toq;fhtpl;lhy;
ruf;Ff; fg;gy; itj;jpUg;gtUf;F ruf;Ffis toq;f Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy.
6.4.2 fly; topahf nry;Yeupd; flikfs;

fly; topahf ruf;F Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; ruf;Fr; rl;lk;> 1925> fly;
topahf ruf;F Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; xt;nthU xg;ge;jj;jpd;fPo; ruf;F
gpd;tUk; nghWg;Gf;Fl;gl;L ,Ug;ghu;:
1.
fg;gy;-cilikahsu;> flw;gazk; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;Gk;>
gazj; njhlf;fj;jpYk;> ,J Nghd;w rq;flq;fisg; gpuNahfpg;gjd;
%yk; fl;Lg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;:
(a) fg;giyr; flw;gazj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhf Mf;Fjy;;

(b) Neu;j;jpahd Kiwapy; fg;giy Maj;jg;gLj;jp toq;fy;; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
(c) Fspu;gjdg; ngl;bfs; kw;Wk; Fspu;r;rpahd miwfs;> kw;Wk;
ruf;Ffs; Vw;wpr; tUk; fg;gypd; kw;w ghfq;fs;> jq;fs;
tuNtw;Gf;F Vw;w kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd Kd; Vw;ghLfis
mikj;jpUj;jy;. Fwpg;Gfs;
2. Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; ruf;Ffis vLj;Jr; nry;yTk;> ifahsTk;>
fw;fTk;> itj;jpUf;fTk;> ftdkhfTk;> ghJfhf;fTk; kw;Wk;
ntspNaw;w Ntz;Lk;.
3. ruf;Ffis mtuJ nghWg;gpy; ngw;w gpwF> fg;gy; Nrit
nry;Yeu; my;yJ jiyik mjpfhup my;yJ Kftu;>
mDg;Gifapy;> Fwpg;gpl;l tptuq;fs; mlq;fpa fg;gy; Vw;Wkjp
xg;ge;j rPl;L kNrhjhtpw;F mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
6.4.3 fly; topahf nry;Yeupd; nghWg;Gfs;

fly; topahf ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Yeupd;; nghWg;Gfs; rl;lk;> 1925
d; gb> fly; topahf ruf;F Vw;wpr; nry;Yeupd;; nghWg;Gfs; Fwpj;j
tpjpfs; fPo;f;fz;lthW:
fly; topahf ruf;Ffis vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; xU fg;gy;
cupikahsu;> mjhtJ> ,e;j rl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s flikfs;
kw;Wk; ,lu;ghLfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ,og;G my;yJ ghjpg;Gf;F
my;yJ mjd; fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba ,og;Gfs; my;yJ jtWfSf;F
kl;LNk nghWg;ghfpwhu;. jiytu;> fg;gNyhl;bfs;> thD}u;jp Xl;Leu;>
my;yJ fg;gy; epu;thfj;jpy; cs;s FOtpduhy; my;yJ fg;gypy;
,Uf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gl;l Gwf;fzpg;ghy; Vw;gLk; e\;lj;jpw;F $l mtu;
nghWg;Ngw;fkhl;lhu;. mtu; fg;gypy; Vw;wpr; tUk; ruf;Ff;F fhg;GWjp
nra;atpy;iy. fly; Nguy;fs; kPJ fhg;gPL nra;a> jdp ‘fly; fhg;gPl;L
nfhs;if’ mtu; vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xU fg;gy;-cupikahsu; jdJ ftdf;FiwT my;yJ flikfspd;
Njhy;tpahy; vOk; mtuJ nghWg;igf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;sNth my;yJ
Fiwf;fNth KbahJ. xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s ve;j xU cl;gpupTk;> mJ
nry;yhjJk;> jpwikaw;wJk; MFk;.
,J Nghd;w nghUl;fspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; kjpg;G> msT
fg;gy; rl;l%yj;jpy; Eiof;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;du; mDg;Gif %yk;
mwptpf;fg;gl;lhyd;wp> xU njhFg;gpw;F my;yJ myFf;F &.100 f;F
Nkw;gl;l ruf;FfSf;F Nrit ,og;G my;yJ NrjkilAk; ve;j
epfo;epiyapYk; ,J nghWg;Ngw;fhJ. Mdhy;> ,e;j gj;jpapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s
msittpl kw;nwhU mjpfgl;r njhifia vLj;Jr;nry;gtu; kw;Wk;
fg;gy; %yk; rup nra;J nfhs;syhk;> mj;jifa mjpfgl;r ngau;
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s vz;zpf;iff;F Fiwthf ,Uf;fhJ.
fg;gy; fl;lzkhdJ kNrhjhtpy; mDg;gg;gl;lhy;> mjd; jd;ik
my;yJ kjpg;G mwpe;jpUe;jhy;> nghUs; ,og;G my;yJ Nrjj;jpw;fhd
ve;j epfo;epiyapYk; nrYj;Jgtu; nghWg;Ngw;f khl;lhu;. vupaf;$ba
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 111

ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; xU ntbg;Gj; jd;ik nfhz;l my;yJ mghakhd ,ay;Gila
nghUl;fs;> nrYj;Jgtu;> mlf;fp Ms;gtu; my;yJ fg;gy; Kftu;
%yk; mDg;Gk; NghJ> mit ve;j Neuj;jpYk; mopf;fg;glyhk;. my;yJ
mopf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;du; ve;j rkaj;jpYk; mtu;fspd; ,ay;G kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs; Fzj;ijg; gw;wpa mwpTf;F xg;Gjy; jutpy;iy ,og;gPL ,y;yhky;
nrYj;jy; %yk; mj;jifa nghUl;fs; fg;gy; %yk; Neubahf my;yJ
kiwKfkhfNth vOk; midj;J Nrjq;fSk; kw;Wk; nryTfSf;F
nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> mj;jifa mwpT kw;Wk; xg;Gjy; %yk;
mDg;gg;gLk; VNjDk; nghUl;fs; fg;gy; my;yJ ruf;FfSf;F Mgj;jhf
MfptpLk; vd;why;> mtu;fs; ve;j ,lj;jpy; jiuapwf;fg;glyhk; my;yJ
mopf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nrYj;Jjy; %yk; gFjpahdJ xU gFjpapy;
flg;ghL ,y;yhky;> my;yJ xU nghJthdjhf ,Uf;fhJ.
nghUl;fs; tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l NjjpapypUe;J Xuhz;bw;Fs;
nghUl;fspy; Nrjk; my;yJ ,og;G Vw;gl;L> tof;F njhlug;gl;lhy;>
nghUl;fis nfhz;Lr; nry;gtu; midj;J flikg; nghWg;gpypUe;Jk;
ntspNaw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

xU ‘fg;gy; cupikahsu; cupkk;’ vd;gJ> xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; ruf;F
kw;Wk; gpw fl;lzq;fs; nrYj;jg;gLk;tiu mtuplk; Vw;wpr; nry;Yk;
ruf;Ffis (ruf;F) jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s cupikAz;L. ,J xU
nrhe;j cilik.
xU ‘fly;top cupik’ vd;gJ fg;gy;> ruf;Ffs; kw;Wk;
mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l Nrit Mfpatw;wpd; kPjhd xU cupik.
Mgj;J Neuj;jpy; fg;gy; my;yJ ruf;Ffis Nrkpf;f rpy Nrit
nra;j egu;fSf;F ,e;j cupik rl;lj;jhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
cupikapdhy; mtu;fs; jq;fs; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis fg;gy; cupikahsu;
my;yJ ruf;F-cupikahsuplkpUe;J kPl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;. mtu;fs;
fl;lzq;fs; nrYj;jg;gLk; tiu> fg;gy; JiwKfj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw
mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. NkYk;> flw;gil cupikahsu;fSf;F
Mjuthf fg;gy; my;yJ ruf;Ffis tpw;gid nra;a ePjpkd;wk;
cj;jutplyhk;.

1. ‘fg;giy thliff;F vLg;gjw;fhd xg;ge;jk;’ vd;why; vd;d ?
2. fg;gy; xg;ge;j thlifapd; nray;ghL vd;d ?
6.5 tpkhd rl;lk; 1972 %yk; vLj;J nry;Yjy;

,e;j rl;lk; 1972> tpkhdk; %yk; vLj;Jr;nrYj;jiy cs;slf;fpaJ.
,e;jr; rl;lk; ,e;jpa nry;Yeu; tpkhdr; rl;lk;> 1934 %yk; jpUk;gg;
ngwg;gLfpwJ. 1929 Mk; Mz;by; thu;rhtpy; ifnaOj;jpl;l ru;tNjr
tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; 1955 Mk; Mz;by; N`f; newpKiwfspd;gb

jpUj;jg;gl;ljhf $wg;gl;l rpy tpjpfis xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
khehl;bw;F eilKiwg;gLj;j Gjpa rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
khehl;by; mry; tbtj;jpy; kw;Wk; jpUj;jg;gl;l gbtj;jpy;
(tpjptpyf;Ffs;> jOty;fs; kw;Wk; jpUj;jq;fs; cl;gl;lJ) cs;s
ru;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fs; kw;Wk; mjDldhd njhlu;GfSf;F ru;tNjr Fwpg;Gfs;
tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhd tpjpKiwfis toq;fg;gl;lJ.
1972> tpkhdr; rl;lj;jpd;gb ,uz;L fhy ml;ltizfs;
cs;sd. Kjy; fhy ml;ltizg;gb> N`f; newpKiwfshy; ,d;Dk;
ifnaOj;jplhj ehLfspd; thd;topahf ru;tNjr nfhz;L nry;Yjypy;
nghUe;jf;$ba thu;Nrh khehl;L tpjpfs; cs;sd. fhy ml;ltiz
II jpUj;jg;gl;l tpjpfis nfhz;Ls;sJ (1955y; N`f; newpKiw
jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) N`f; newpKiw ifnaOj;jpl;Ls;s ehLfspd;
thd; %yk; ru;tNjr nfhz;L nrYj;jYf;F nghUe;Jk;. 57 ehLfs;
Vw;fdNt N`f; newpKiwf;fhd xg;Gjy; ngw;Ws;sd. Mdhy;> ,J
Nghd;w tpjptpyf;Ffs;> jftikTfs; kw;Wk; jpUj;jq;fs;> VNjDk;
,Ug;gpd;> mjhtJ> xU mwptpf;if %yk; tpkhd %yk; cs;ehl;by;
Vw;wpr;nry;tjw;fhd nghUe;jf;$ba> I kw;Wk; II Mfpa Kiwfspy;
mlq;fpAs;s tpjpfis kj;jpa muR> Fwpg;gplg;glyhk; (gpupT 8).
tpkhd ruf;F Nghf;Ftuj;J kpf mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;> tpkhd
Nghf;Ftuj;J vd;gJ xU gpugykhd ruf;F Nghf;Ftuj;JKiw my;y
vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;lyhk;. nghJthf> ,e;j Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw> xsp
kw;Wk; tpiyAau;e;j nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gazpfis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk;
Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Nf Vw;wJ.
1972 Mk; Mz;L tpkhd rl;lk; %yk;> tz;b ,uz;lhtJ
ml;ltizapy; mlq;fpaJNghy> ru;tNjr mstpyhd Ml;fs;>
fl;Lkhdk; my;yJ ruf;Ffs; njhlu;ghd jpUj;jg;gl;l tpjpfs; ,q;F
njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it gpd;tUkhW:
••cau; xg;ge;jf; fl;rp: ‘cau; xg;ge;jf; fl;rp’ vd;w
nrhy;Yf;F> N`f; newpKiwahy; jpUj;jg;gl;lgb> thu;Nrh khehl;L
tpjpfspy; ifnaOj;jpl;l midj;J murhq;fq;fSk;>
(mjhtJ jpUj;jg;gl;l rl;l%yj;Jld;) mijj; njhlu;e;J
filg;gpbg;gtu;fSk; Nru;e;J nray;gl;lJ. jpUj;jg;gl;l
khehl;bw;F ,e;jpah ifnaOj;jpl;lJ. ,J xg;ge;jf; fl;rp [tpjp
1 (2)] MFk;.
••ru;tNjr tz;b: ‘ru;tNjr tz;b’ vd;gJ> jug;gpdu;fSf;F
,ilapyhd xg;ge;jj;jpd; gb> Gwg;gLk; ,lk;> NrUk; ,lk;
vd;W nghUs;gLk;. my;yJ thfdj;jpy; ,ilNtis ,Uf;fpwjh
,y;iyah my;yJ xU cau; xg;ge;j jug;gpduhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;>
kw;nwhU khepyj;jpd; vy;iyf;Fs; xU xg;Gjy; jq;Fkplj;ij
itj;jpUe;jhy;> ,uz;L cau; xg;ge;j jug;gpdu; my;yJ xU cau;
xg;ge;j jug;gpdupd; vy;iyf;Fs; xU fg;gypypUe;J kw;nwhU
fg;gYf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. kw;nwhU khepyj;jpd;
vy;iyf;Fs; xU xg;ge;jk; epWj;jg;glhky; xU cau; xg;ge;jf;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 113

ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; jug;gpdupd; vy;iyf;Fs; ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;fpilNa cs;s
tz;b ru;tNjr tz;b my;y [tpjp 1 (3)].
6.5.1 ruf;Fjhuu; kw;Wk; ruf;F Vw;W cupikahsupd; cupikfs;

Fwpg;Gfs; ,r;rl;lk; (tpjp 15 (3)) y; khw;wj;jf;f tpkhd jlq;fy; gpur;rpidia
mDkjpf;fpwJ vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,q;Nf ehk;
ruf;F mDg;Geu; cupikahsu; kw;Wk; ruf;Fg; ngWeu; cupikahsu;
gw;wpa tpjpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;: mit
••cupikahshupd; epiyg;ghl;bd; cupik (tpjp 12): ruf;Ff;
fg;gy; Gwg;gLk; ,lk; my;yJ ,yf;F tpkhdepiyaj;jpy; mij
jpUk;gg; ngWk; nghUl;L ruf;Ffis mfw;Wtjw;fhd
cupikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ my;yJ ve;j ,wq;Fjsj;jpy;
gazk; nra;jhYk; my;yJ gazj;jpd; NghJ> gazj;jpy; mJ
tpepNahfk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ my;yJ tpkhdr;
re;jpg;gpy; ngauplg;gl;l ruf;Fjhuiuj; jtpu NtnwhUtuplk;
nry;Yk; gazj;jpd; Nghf;fpy; my;yJ Gwg;gLk; tpkhd
epiyaj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;g Ntz;Lk;. ruf;F Cu;jp my;yJ gpw
ruf;Fg; nghUs;fisg; Vw;ghL nra;tJ Nghd;wtw;wpy; mtu; ,e;j
cupikapd; kjpg;igg; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. NkYk; ,e;j cupikr;
nray;ghl;bdhy; Vw;gLk; nrytpdq;fis mtu; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j cj;jutpd; Mizia vLj;Jr; nry;tJ rhj;jpakw;wJ
vd;why;> cldbahf mtuplk; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tpkhd Nritf; fk; gdpapd; fl; l isapd; gb> topgl; baypd;
Mjhuq; f s; xU gFjp cw; gj; j pf; F j; Njitg; glhky; > ruf; F fspd;
cj; j uTfis vLj; Jr; nrd; w hy; > mJ gpw; gl; ltu; f Sf; F
tpepNahfk; nra; a g; gl; l J. mtu; jdJ nghWg; g pypUe; J
kPz; L tUk; cupikapd; kP J ghugl; rk; fhl; l hky; > mtu;
nghWg; N gw; f khl; l hu; . topgl; b aypd; Mjhuj; j py; me; j gFjp
cilikahff; fUjg; gLk; ve; j xU ,og; gP l ; bw; F k; ,J
fhuzkhf ,Uf; f yhk; .
ruf;Fjhuu; tpjpKiw 13 y; (Jiz cgNjrj;jpd; fPo;
tpthjpf;fg;gLtJ) njhlq;Fk; NghJ> ruf;Ff; fg;gy; cupikahsu;
toq;fpa cupik rupahdJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ruf;Ff; fg;gy; ruf;Ffs;
my;yJ ruf;Ffis Vw;f kWj;jhy;> my;yJ mtu; njhlu;G nfhs;s
Kbahtpl;lhy;> ruf;Fjhuu; jdJ Vw;ghLfis kPzL ; k; njhlu;fpwhu;.
••ruf;F ngWgtupd; cupikfs; (tpjp 13):
1. NtW topapy;yhtpl;lhy; ruf;F nry;Yeu; ,yf;F ,lj;jpw;F
te;JNrUk; ruf;Ffis tpiutpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
cupikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2. tpkhdj;jpw;F Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; ruf;F te;J NruNtz;Lk; vd;w
cupik ,Uf;fpwJ. tpkhd Nrit> thd; topghl;by; Mjhuq;fis

jd;dplk; xg;gilj;Jf; nfhz;L> ruf;Ffisf; fl;lzg; gzk; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
nrYj;Jtjd; Ngupy;> tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; cs;s tz;br;
R+oYld; ,zq;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
3. ruf;F ,og;ig ruf;F nry;Yeu; xg;Gf; nfhz;lhy;> my;yJ mJ
fhyhtjpahd NjjpapypUe;J VO ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwFk; ruf;F te;J Fwpg;Gfs;
Nru;e;jpUf;fhtpl;lhy;> ruf;Fjhuu; thq;FjYf;fhd xg;ge;jj;jpy;
,Ue;J ntsptUk; cupikahsUf;F vjpuhf eilKiwf;F
mku;j;j cupik cz;L.
6.5.2 ruf;F nfhz;L nry;Ydupd; nghWg;Gfs;

tpkhd Nritf; fg;gy; gpd;tUk; R+o;epiyfspy; ,og;gPl;bw;F
cs;shfpwJ.
1. xU gazpapd; ,wg;G my;yJ fhaj;jhy; Vw;gLk; capupog;G
my;yJ xU gazpf;F NtW VNjDk; cly; ghjpg;G Vw;gl;lhy;>
tpkhd Nritf; FO my;yJ VNjDk; eltbf;iffspd;
Nghf;fpy; me;j ,og;gPl;il Vw;gLj;jpa ruf;F nry;Yeu; ,jw;F
nghWg;ghfpwJ vdNt tpjp 17-y; ,Ue;J ,it ePf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. ruf;F nry;Yeupd; mopT my;yJ ,og;G Vw;gl;lhy; NrjkilTf;F
cs;shfpwJ my;yJ VjhtJ xU gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fl;Lkhdk;
my;yJ VjhtJ xU ruf;Ffs;> my;yJ Nrjhuj;jpd; ,og;G
Nghd;wit ,e;j Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa epfo;T ‘thd; ruf;F
nry;Yeupd; %yk;’ epfo;e;jJ. ,q;Nf tpkhdk; %yk; thd;top
fhyg;gFjpia cs;slf;fpaJ my;yJ ruf;F nry;Yeu;fs;
ruf;F fl;lzq;fSf;F my;yJ tpkhd epiyaj;jpw;Fk;>
my;yJ tpkhd FOtpw;Fk; nghWg;Ngw;fpwJ. my;yJ ve;j
,lj;jpYk;> xU thD}u;jpia jiuapwf;fyhk; vd;gij (tpjp
18) y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. (tpjp 19) d; fPo; gazpfspd;> ruf;Fg; Nghf;Ftuj;J my;yJ
ruf;F tpkhdj;jpd; %yk; jhkjj;jhy; Vw;gl;l Nrjj;jpw;Fk; ruf;F
nry;Yeu; nghWg;ghFk;.
••ruf;F nry;Yeu; nghWg;Gfspd; tuk;Gfs;: gpd;tUk;
R+o;epiyfspy;> ruf;F nry;Yeu; Nrjq;fSf;F nghWg;Ngw;fhJ:
(i) mtUk; mtuJ Copau;fSk; my;yJ Kftu;fSk; Nrjj;ij
jtpu;f;f Njitahd midj;J eltbf;iffisAk;
vLj;Js;shu;fs; my;yJ mj;jifa eltbf;iffis vLf;f
mtu;fshy;; nra;a KbahJ vd;gij ep&gpj;jhy;(tpjp 20).
(ii)
ghjpf;fg;gl;l egupd; ftdf;Fiwthy; Nrjk; Vw;gl;lJ
my;yJ gq;fspg;gjhf mtu; ep&gpj;jhy;. ,e;j tof;fpy;>
ePjpkd;wk; jdJ nrhe;j rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfSf;F
,zq;f> fldhsu; KOikahf my;yJ gFjpastpy; jdJ
nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fpf; nfhs;syhk; (tpjp 21).
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 115

ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; ••mjpfgl;r nghWg;G: nry;Yeu; Nritf; flikg; nghWg;G
gpd;tUk; njhiff;Fl;gl;ljhFk;. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb ,uz;lhtJ
ml;ltizapy; tpjp 22 ,d; fPo; cs;sJ:
(a) egu;fspd; tz;bapy;> kuzk; my;yJ fhak; Vw;gl;lhy;
Fwpg;Gfs; xt;nthU gazpfSf;Fk; cs;s nghWg;G 2> 50000
gpuhf;Ffs; kl;LNk MFk;. N`f; newpKiwapy; ,d;Dk;
ifnaOj;jplhj ehLfs; thu;Nrh khehl;L tpjpfspd; %yk;
epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 1972 y; thd; rl;lk; %yk; ruf;F
Cu;jpf;F Kjy; ml;ltizapy; mlq;fpaJNghy> xt;nthU
gazpfSf;fhd nghWg;Gk; 1> 25000 g;uhq;f;Ffs; kl;LNk.
Mdhy; rpwg;G xg;ge;jk; %yk;> ruf;F nry;Yeu; kw;Wk;
gazp xU cau; vy;iy nghWg;ig Vw;fyhk;.
(b) gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; ruf;F tz;bapd;
,og;G> Nrjk; my;yJ jhkjk; Vw;gLk; NghJ> xU
fpNyhtpw;F 250 gpuhf;Ffs; kl;LNk cs;sJ. me;j gazp
my;yJ ruf;F nry;Yeu; ,Ue;jhYk;> fl;Lkhdj;jpw;F
ifaspf;fg;gLk; Neuj;jpy;> fl;Lkhd kjpg;ig fhl;Lk;
rpwg;G mwptpg;G kw;Wk; ,e;j tof;F Njitg;gl;lhy; $Ljy;
ruf;F nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. me;j tof;fpy;> mwptpf;fg;gl;l
njhif> tpepNahfk; nra;ag;gLk; Neuk; kw;Wk; ,lj;jpy;
cs;s cz;ikahd kjpg;ig tpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ
vd;gij ep&gpf;ftpy;iy vd;why;> me;j njhif mwptpj;j
njhifiatpl mjpfkhd njhifia ruf;F nry;YeUf;F
nrYj;j Ntz;ba nghWg;G ,Uf;Fk;.
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fl;Lkhdk; my;yJ ruf;Ffspy; xU
gFjpapd; ,og;G> NrjNkh my;yJ jhkjNkh Vw;gl;lhy;>
ruf;F nry;Yeu; epWtdj;jpd; nghWg;G tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;Ls;s
njhifia epu;zapg;gjpy; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
vil> fl;Lkhdk; my;yJ fl;Lkhdj;jpd; nkhj;j vil
kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fl;Lkhdk;
my;yJ ruf;Ffspy; xU gFjpapd; ,og;G> NrjNkh my;yJ
jhkjNkh> mNj ‘fl;Lkhd fhNrhiy’ my;yJ mNj
‘thd; topgl;bay; Mjhuq;fs;’ cs;s kw;w njhFg;Gfspd;
kjpg;ig ghjpf;Fk; NghJ> mj;jifa njhFg;G my;yJ
fl;Lkhdq;fspd; nkhj;j vil $l ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba nghWg;gpd; tuk;ig epu;zapj;jy;
MFk;.
(c) gazp jd;idj; jhNd nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
nghUs;fisg; nghWj;j tiu> ,e;j nghWg;G xU
gazpf;F 5>000 g;uhq;f;fs; vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
NkNy $wg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghL tuk;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
‘g;uhq;f;’ ve;j xU njhifiaAk;> xU nry;Yeu; kPJ ve;j
eltbf;ifapd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfTk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l Njjpapy;

cs;s guptu;j;jid tpfpjj;jpy; &gha;fshf khw;wg;gLk;> ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
,J (1972 ,y; 6 tJ gpuptpy; ruf;F nry;Yeu; %yk;)
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nrYj;j Ntz;ba Nrjhuj; njhif MFk;.
VNjDk; xU tpjpKiw> nghWg;G flj;jg;gLjy; my;yJ
xU Fiwe;j tuk;ig epu;zapg;gJ vd;w tpjp 22 ,d; fPo; Fwpg;Gfs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lijtpl> NkNy $wg;gl;l xU Fwpg;gpl;l
tpjpf;F> cs;shu;e;j Fiwghl;bdhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;G my;yJ
Nrjj;jpw;F juk; my;yJ FiwT Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthf
nghWg;G tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (tpjp 23).
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fl;Lg;ghL tuk;Gfs;> Nrjhuk;
my;yJ nry;Yeu;> mtuJ Ntiyf;fhuu;fs; my;yJ
Kfthz;ikfspd; xU nray; my;yJ xirapd;
fhuzkhf Nrjk; tpistpj;jJ vd;W ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ
nghUe;jhJ. mNefkhf KbT tuk;Giuahf ,J Nghd;w
nray; my;yJ xU Copau; my;yJ Vn[z;l; vd;w
xU tof;fpy;> mtu; Ntiy nra;Ak; vy;iyf;Fs; mtu;
nray;gLfpwhu; vd;gJ ep&gzkhfpAs;sJ (tpjp 25).
••Nrjq;fis czUk; nray;Kiw: Nrjhuj;jpd; NghJ> tpepNahf
cupik ngw;w egu;> Nrjhuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lgpd; ,Wjpahf
ruf;F tof;fpy; ngwg;gl;l NjjpapypUe;J gjpdhd;F ehl;fs;
tiuapyhd VO ehl;fSf;Fs;> ,e;j Nrjhuj;jpd; fz;Lgpbg;gpd;
%yk; cldbahf Rikahy; kPJ Gfhu; mspf;f Ntz;Lk; [tpjp
27 (2)].
xU Ntis jhkjkhdhy;> mfw;wg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; ruf;Ffs;
vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; my;yJ ruf;Ffs; itf;fg;gLk; Njjp Kjy; ,UgJ
ehl;fSf;Fs; Gfhu; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; [tpjp 27 (2)].
xt;nthU GfhUk;> tz;bapd; Mtzj;jpd; kPJ my;yJ
jdpg;gl;l mwptpg;ghy;> Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; mDg;gg;gl;l
vOj;Jf;fspy; jdp mwptpg;G %ykhfNth vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fhy
Kiwg;ghL jtWjy;> ve;j eltbf;ifAk; nry;Yeu; Nritf;F vjpuhf
ngha; nrhy;y KbahJ> mtuJ gq;fpw;F Nkhrb tof;fpy; Nrkpf;fTk;.
[tpjp 27 (3) (4)].
cau; xg;ge;jf; cupikahsu;fspy; trpg;gplkhf ,Uf;Fk; ePjpkd;wk;
Kd;du;> xU gFjpapypUe;j thjpapd; tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; Nrjj;jpw;fhd
tof;F jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. tzpfj;jpd; gpujhd ,lk; xU
epWtdj;jhy; ,e;j xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;ljd; %yk; my;yJ ,yf;F
cs;s ,lj;jpy; ePjpkd;wk; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;F Kd;G (tpjp 29) cs;sJ.
NkYk; ,e;j tof;F> tpkhdk; te;j NjjpapypUe;J ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;Fs;
jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ tpkhdk; te;J Nru;ej
; pUf;f Ntz;ba
Njjp my;yJ tz;b epWj;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;ba Njjp> ,y;iynad;why;
Nrjq;fSf;fhd cupik mize;JtpLk; (tpjp 30).
xg;ge;jk; 1 (4) gb> gy;NtW njhlu;r;rpahd vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;
kw;Wk; xU gpupf;fg;glhj nry;Yeuhf fUjg;gLtjw;fhd tz;b
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 117

ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; tof;fpy;> xt;nthU nry;Yeu; xg;ge;jj;jpy; cld;gbf;if nra;Ak;
cupikahsu;fspy; xUtuhf fUjg;gLtu;. Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo;
epfo;j;jg;gLk; tz;bapd; jd;ik tof;fpy;:
(a) gazpfSf;F kuzk; my;yJ fhaj;jpw;fhf Vw;gLk; tof;Ffs;>
Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;j tpgj;J epfo;e;j NghJ> me;j tz;bapy; Vw;wpr; nry;Yk;
nry;Yeu; kPJ tof;Fg; gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tof;fpy;>
tpiuT xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk;> nry;Yeu; KOg; gazj;Jf;Fk;
nghWg;G Vw;Ws;sJ kw;Wk;
(b) ,og;G> ruf;F my;yJ Nrjj;jpw;fhd ,og;GfSf;fhd tof;Ffs;
jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. (i) Kjy; nry;Yeu; vLj;J nry;Yk;
ruf;Ff;F vjpuhf gazpfs; my;yJ ruf;Ff; fg;gy;> (ii) filrp
nry;Yeu; tpkhdpf;F vjpuhf gazpfs; my;yJ ruf;Ff; fg;gy; NkYk;>
tpgj;J> ,og;G> Nrjk; my;yJ jhkjk; Mfpatw;wpd; NghJ thfdk;
Xl;ba fhiu vjpu;j;J xt;nthUtUk; eltbf;if vLf;fyhk;.
6.6 rhiy nry;Yeu; rl;lk;> 2007

rhiy tpgu rl;lk;> 2007 nghJ Cu;jpfs;> tuk;Gf; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk;
mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l nghUs;fspd; kjpg;ig epu;zapj;jy;>
my;yJ Nrjkilahky; ,Ug;gjw;F mtu;fspd; nghWg;G Mfpatw;iw
epu;zapf;f> jfty; my;yJ fUj;jpd;ik jq;fisNah> mtu;fsJ
Nrtfu;fs;> Kftu;fs;> my;yJ mJ njhlu;ghd jw;nrayhd tp\
aq;fSf;fhf kl;LNk nray;gLk;. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPu; khepyk; jtpu>
,e;j rl;lk; ,e;jpah KOtJk; gutpAs;sJ.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; gb> xU egu; gjpT rhd;wpjo; toq;fhjtiu> nghJ
nry;Yeu; tpahghuj;jpy; ve;j egUk; <Lglkhl;lhu;. NkYk;> ,j;jifa
eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; xUtu; njhz;Z}W ehl;fSf;Fs;
gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. gjpthsu; mjpfhupAld; gjpT nra;tjw;F
tpz;zg;gpf;fg;glhtpl;lhy; mj;jifa Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l NjjpapypUe;J
180 ehl;fspd; fhyhtjp tiuapy; mj;jifa tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl
KbahJ vdTk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
rhd;wpjo; itj;jpUg;gtu;> rl;lj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l ve;j
tpjpKiwfNsh my;yJ rl;lj;ij kPWtjw;Nfh jtwptpl;ljhf
czu;e;jhy;> gjpthsu; mjpfhupahy; gjpT nra;ag;glyhk;. gjpthsu;
mjpfhuk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l jghy; my;yJ kpd;dZ Clfk; my;yJ
30 ehl;fSf;Fs; jpUj;jk; nra;a itj;jpUg;gtUf;F NtW VNjDk;
rupghu;f;Fk; topKiwiaAk; mwptpf;Fk;. xU Ntiy> jpUj;Jk;
nra;a itj;jpUg;gtu; mt;thW nra;aj; jtwpdhy;> gjpT nra;Ak;
mjpfhup gjpTr; rhd;wpjio jpUk;gg; ngwyhk;. Gfhu; ngwg;gl;bUe;jhy;
itj;jpUg;gtu; jdJ rhd;wpjioAk; ,of;fyhk;.
gjpT rhd;wpjopd; itj;jpUg;gtu; 1988 Mk; Mz;bd; Nkhl;lhu;
thfd rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sgb> murhq;f Nghf;Ftuj;J
Nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mWgJ ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpthsu;
mjpfhupaplk; KiwaPL nra;a cupik cz;L.

2007 rhiy jLg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk;> xt;nthU khepy my;yJ ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpYk; cs;s muRg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; FOkk;> rhiyg;
Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; neLQ;rhiy njhlu;ghd kj;jpa muR Jiw
khepy my;yJ A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; nghJ nry;Yeu;fs; Vw;wp tUk;
nghUs;fspd; tptuq;fis mikr;rfj;Jf;F Mz;LNjhWk; rku;g;gpf;f Fwpg;Gfs;
Ntz;Lk;.
kdpj capu;f;F Mgj;jhd my;yJ mghafukhd ,ay;Gila
nghUl;fspd; tz;b tptfhuq;fis ,e;j rl;lk; Ma;fpwJ. mj;jifa
eilKiwf;F ,zq;f> mj;jifa ghJfhg;Gf;F ,zq;Ftijj; jtpu>
xU nghJthd Nfupau; %yk;> kdpj capu;fSf;F Mgj;jhd my;yJ
mghafukhd ,aw;ifapd; ve;j nghUl;fSk; tpjpf;fg;gl khl;lhJ.
ve;jnthU fhak;> ,wg;G my;yJ nrhj;J cilikfSf;F VNjDk;
Nrjk; Vw;gl;lhy;> mj;jifa nghUl;fis nghWj;J fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jk;
G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2007 Mk; Mz;bd; tof;F rl;l eltbf;if $l ve;j ,og;Gf;Fk;
xU nghJthd nry;YeUf;F vjpuhf ve;j xU tof;ifAk; rl;l
eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ruf;Ffis
Kd;gjpT nra;j Njjp Kjy; 180 ehl;fSf;Fs; ,J njhlq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
rhjhuz Copau; vd;gJ> flTspd; nray;> Nghu; my;yJ nghJ
tpNuhjp> fytuk; kw;Wk; rptpy; rkurq;fs; jtpu NtW VNjDk;
fhuzj;jpypUe;J vOk; ,og;G> mopT> Nrjk; my;yJ Nghf;Ftuj;J
rPu;NfLfs; my;yJ flj;jypd; rpijTf;F fhuzkhf cs;sJ. kj;jpa
muR my;yJ khepy murhq;fj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; rl;l nray;Kiw
kw;Wk; xOq;F my;yJ fl;Lg;ghL Mfpatw;wpd; fPo; ifJ nra;jy;
my;yJ jil nra;jy;.
2007 Mk; Mz;bd; rhiy rl;lj;jpd; tz;b $l ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd;
tpjpfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf tpjpKiwfis cUthf;Ftjw;F kj;jpa
muirf; fUJfpwJ. NkYk;> ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfSf;F ve;jtpj
rpukKk; Vw;gltpy;iynadpy;> ,e;j f\;lq;fis mfw;Wtjw;fhf
kj;jpa muRf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
,e;j gpupTfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtJ uj;J
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf> 1897 Mk; Mz;bd; nghJ tpjpfs;
rl;lj;jpd; 6 Mk; gad;ghl;bw;F ghugl;rk; my;yJ jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jhJ vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

7. tpkhdr; rl;lk;> 1972 Mk; Mz;bd; fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhupapd;
fl;Lg;ghLfs; vd;d?
8. ‘cau;e;j xg;ge;jf; fl;rpia’ tiuaWf;fTk;.
9. 2007 Mk; Mz;bd; rhiyr; rl;lj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fl;Lg;ghl;L
mjpfhuk; vd;d?
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 119

ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
1.
gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;F xU egu; my;yJ epWtdk; xU
Fwpg;Gfs; ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F nghUl;fis vLj;Jr; nry;y
xg;Gf;nfhs;fpw xg;ge;jk;> xU ‘nry;Yeu; xg;ge;jk;’ mwpag;gLfpwJ.
2. ,e;jpahtpy;> tz;br; rl;lk;> 1865> ,uz;L gpupTfshf nry;Yeu;
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nghUl;fis tifg;gLj;jpAs;sJ;
(a) jpl;lkplg;gl;l nghUl;fs;> kw;Wk; (b) jpl;lkplg;glhj nghUl;fs;.
3.
ruf;Ff; fg;gy;fs; vd> ,uapy;Nt> 1865 Mk; Mz;bd;
tz;b rl;lj;jhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gltpy;iy> Vndd;why; mit
murhq;fj;jhy; nrhe;jkhf ,af;fg;gLfpd;wd. 1890 Mk; Mz;L
,e;jpa ,uapy;Nt rl;lk;> uapy;Ntapd; ruf;Ffis thq;Fjy;>
mt;tg;NghJ jpUj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ‘uapy;Nt epu;thfk;’
epu;thfj;ijAk;> gzpepu;thfj;ijAk; ftdpf;fpwJ.
4. uapy; %yk; tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ ruf;F Vw;wpr; nry;Yk;NghJ
toq;fpa Njjp MW khjq;fSf;Fs; Nfhupf;if itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,uapy;Ntapd; jiyik tzpf Nkyhsu; my;yJ NkyhsUf;Ff;
$w;Wf;fhd mwptpg;G toq;fg;glyhk;.
5. flypy; ruf;Ffis thq;Fk; xU xg;ge;jk; ‘gupTzu;T xg;ge;jk;’
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ ‘gupTzu;T’ vd;w thu;j;ij ‘fg;gy;
my;yJ fg;gypd; gzpaku;j;jy;’ vd;gjhFk;. ,t;thwhf>
ruf;Ffis vLj;Jr; nry;y fg;gypy; cs;s ,lk;> ‘ruf;F’
vdg;gLk; tpiyapy;> thliff;F vLf;f> Kd;dhs; xg;Gf;
nfhz;l xg;ge;jk; my;yJ fg;gy; epWtdj;jpw;F ,ilNa cs;s
xg;ge;jkhf ,J tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;. xU rhrd xg;ge;jk; my;yJ
thlif xg;ge;jk;> xU fg;gy; urPJ xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
6. xU ‘rhrd xg;ge;jk;’ vd;gJ xU JiwKfj;jpypUe;J
kw;nwhU Jiwf;Fr; nry;tjw;F KO fg;gy; my;yJ xU Kf;fpa
gFjpiaAk; gzpaku;j;Jtjw;F Eioe;j Kjd;ik xg;ge;jkhFk;.
,J nghUl;fspd; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhf fg;gypd; KO my;yJ gFjp
gzpaku;j;jy; xg;ge;jk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwahd vOjg;gl;l
Mtzj;ijAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. fg;gy; my;yJ mjd; xU gFjpia
gzpaku;j;Jk; xUtu; ‘jufu;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
7. 1972 Mk; Mz;L tpkhd rl;lk;> 1934 k; Mz;L ,e;jpa
nry;Yeu; uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;jr; rl;lk; ,e;jpa
tpkhdj;ij 1934 Mk; Mz;lstpy; tpkhd rl;lk; %yk; jpUg;gpr;
nrYj;JfpwJ. egu;fs;> ruf;Ffs; Nghd;w ru;tNjr nry;Yeu; njhlu;ghd
jpUj;jg;gl;l tpjpfs; rl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;lk;.
8. ‘cau; xg;ge;jf; fl;rp’ vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;> N`f; GNuhl;Nlhfhy;
(mjhtJ jpUj;jg;gl;l cld;gbf;ifAld;) jpUj;jg;gl;L
thu;rh khehl;L tpjpfSf;F ifnahg;gkplg;gl;l ehLfspd;
midj;J ehLfspYk; Kjypy; cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lJ.

jpUj;jg;gl;l khehl;bw;F ,e;jpah ifnahg;gkplyhf ,Uf;fpwJ> ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
Mifahy; cau; xg;ge;jf; fl;rp [tpjp 1 (2)] MFk;.
9. rhiy jLg;Gr; rl;lk;> 2007 nghJ nry;Yeu;fs;> tuk;Gf;
fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l nghUs;fspd;
kjpg;ig epu;zapj;jy;> my;yJ Nrjkilahky; ,Ug;gjw;F Fwpg;Gfs;
mtu;fspd; nghWg;G Mfpatw;iw epu;zapf;f> jfty; my;yJ
fUj;jpd;ik jq;fisNah> mtu;fsJ Nrtfu;fs;> Kftu;fs;>
my;yJ mJ njhlu;ghd jw;nrayhd tp\aq;fSf;fhf kl;LNk
nray;gLk;. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPu; khepyk; jtpu> ,e;j rl;lk;
,e;jpah KOtJk; gutpAs;sJ.
6.8 RUf;fk;
••1865> mjhtJ> epyk; my;yJ cs;ehl;L %yk; thliff;F
nrhj;Jilikia vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; tzpfj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s
my;yJ ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;> ve;j xU rq;fk; my;yJ egu;fspd;
mikg;G my;yJ egu;fs; cl;gl xU nghJ nry;Yeu; Nrit
topnrYj;jy;.
••xU egu; my;yJ epWtdk; xU tpiyf;F khw;whf nghUl;fis
my;yJ kf;fis xU ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F
nfhz;L nry;y cld;gLk; xU xg;ge;jk; ‘nry;Yeu; xg;ge;jk;’
vdg;gLfpwJ.
••fly; topahf ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; rl;lk; (i) ,e;jpa
rl;l%yq;fs;> 1856> kw;Wk; (ii) fly; topahf ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
nry;Yk; ruf;F nry;Yeu; rl;lk;> 1925. ,e;j tptfhuj;ijr; rhu;e;j
epu;tfpf;Fk; Vida njhlu;Gila rl;lq;fs; — (a) tzpfu; fg;gy;
Nghf;Ftuj;J rl;lk;> 1958> kw;Wk; (b) fly; fhg;GWjp rl;lk;>
1963.
••1890 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa ,uapy;Nt rl;lk;> uapy;Ntapd;
ruf;Ffis thq;Fjy;> mt;tg;NghJ jpUj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
‘uapy;Nt epu;thfk;’ epu;thfk; kw;Wk; ,uapy;Nt Copau;fisg;
ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
••xU fg;gy; fl;rp vd;gJ fg;gy; KOtijAk; xU JiwKfj;jpypUe;J
kw;nwhU ruf;Ff;F vLj;Jr; nry;yf;$ba KO fg;gy; my;yJ
xU Kf;fpa gFjpia thliff;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; rhrd
xg;ge;jkhFk;. ,J nghUl;fspd; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhf fg;gypd;
KO my;yJ gFjp gzpaku;j;jy; xg;ge;jk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;
Kiwahd vOjg;gl;l Mtzj;ijAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.
••ruf;F tpw;gid rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nfhLf;fg;gl;lgb> ruf;Ff;
fl;lzj;ijr; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd cupikg; gj;jpuk; gw;wpa
cupikia 1856 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd ,e;jpa rl;lq;fSf;fhd rl;lk;>
ghjpf;fhJ. mjd;gb> ruf;Ff; fg;gy; ruf;Ffis epWj;Jtjw;fhd
cupikiaf; ifahSk; nghUl;L ruf;Ffis toq;Ftjw;fhd
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 121

ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; topKiwfis toq;fhtpl;lhy; ruf;Ff; fg;gy; itj;jpUg;gtUf;F
ruf;Ffis toq;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
••‘fg;gy; cupikahsupd; cupik’ vd;gJ> tz;b xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo;
ruf;F kw;Wk; gpw fl;lzq;fs; nrYj;jg;gLk;tiu mtuplk; Vw;wpr;
Fwpg;Gfs; nry;Yk; ruf;Ffis (ruf;F) itj;jpUg;gij jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;s
cupikAz;L. ,J xU cilik cupikahFk;.
••tpkhd rl;lk;> 1972 ,y; tpkhdk; %yk; thfdk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
rl;lk; cs;slf;fpaJ. ,e;j rl;lk; tpkhd rl;lk; 1934 %yk;
,e;jpa tz;bfis jpUk;gg;ngWfpwJ.
••tpkhdr; rl;lk; 1972 ,y;> ,uz;L ml;ltizfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. fhy ml;ltizg;gb> N`f; GNuhl;Nlhfhypy;
,d;Dk; ifnaOj;jplhj ehLfspd; thd;topahf ru;tNjr
tz;bf;F nghUe;jf;$ba thu;Nrh khehl;L tpjpfs; cs;sd.
••2007 y; rhiy rl;lj;jpd; %yk; tUk; tz;b> nghJ
nry;Yeu;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk; nghWg;G kw;Wk;
mtu;fSf;F xg;gilg;G toq;f nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fspd; kjpg;ig
epu;zapj;jy;> my;yJ ghjpg;G Nghd;w nghUl;fis jfty; my;yJ
Fw;wk; rhl;Ltjd; %yk; Vw;gLk; e\;lj;jpw;fhd mtu;fspd;
nghWg;G Mfpatw;iw epu;zapf;f toptif nra;fpwJ.
jq;fisNah> mtu;fsJ Nrtfu;fs; my;yJ Kftu;fisNah>
my;yJ mJ njhlu;ghd my;yJ jw;nrayhd tp\aq;fSf;fhf
kl;LNk nray;gLk;.
6.9 Kf;fpa fUj;Jgbkq;fs;

••fly;rhu; cupik: fg;gy;> ruf;Ffs; kw;Wk; mtu;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;l NritfSf;F ruf;F Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ xU ‘fly;top
cupik’ vd;gJ xU $w;W. Mgj;J Neuj;jpd;NghJ fg;gy; my;yJ
ruf;Ffis fhg;ghw;w rpy Nritfis toq;fpa midtUf;Fk;
,e;j cupik rl;lk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
••tpkhd topurPJ: xU thD}u;jp my;yJ tpkhdr; ruf;Ff; Fwpg;G
vd;gJ xU ru;tNjr tpkhdg; nghUl;fs; xU ru;tNjr tpkhd
epWtdk;> ruf;F xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU rhd;whFk;. Mdhy; mJ
ruf;FfSf;F jiyg;G gw;wpa Mtzk; my;y. vdNt> thd;ntsp
urPJ Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;F ,lkpy;iy.
••efu; Rq;f tup: ,J Efu;Tf;fhf xU khtl;lj;jpw;F nfhz;L
tug;gl;l gy;NtW fl;Liufspy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l cs;Su; tup MFk;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. nghJthd nry;Yeupd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfspy; xU rpwpa
Fwpg;ig vOJf.

2. uapy;Nt epu;thfj;jpd; nghWg;G gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf. ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr;
3. ‘thlif xg;ge;jj;jpy;’ xU rpwpa Fwpg;ig vOJf.
4. fg;gy; ruf;F ,urPJ gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJq;fs;.
5. fg;gy; cupikahsupd; cupik kPjhd RUf;fkhd Fwpg;ig Fwpg;Gfs;
vOJf.
6. nry;Yeu; flg;ghLfs; nghWg;gpd; FiwghLfs; gw;wp xU rpwpa
Fwpg;G vOJf.
7. ruf;Ff; fg;gy; cupikahsupd; cupikfs; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd
Fwpg;ig vOJf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ruf;F Cu;jpfis epu;tfpf;Fk; gy;NtW rl;lq;fis tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; ruf;Fg; gazj;jpd; 1865 Mk; Mz;bd; Copaupd;
rl;lj;jpd; gq;if tptupf;fTk;.
3. Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; NghJ uapy;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fis Ma;f.
4. fly; topahf ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; gy;NtW rl;lq;fis
tpupthf tpthjpf;fTk;
5. rhiyr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; 2007 Mk; Mz;bd; gy;NtW fl;lq;fis
gFg;gha;T nra;f
6.11 NkYk; gbf;f

gjpg;gfk;).
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 123

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;; myF 7 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
7.0 Kd;Diu
7.2 khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lk;;: tiuaiw> rpwg;gk;rq;fs;>
tiffs; kw;Wk;; jug;Gfs;
7.2.1 khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gz;Gfs;
7.2.4 fhNrhiy
7.2.5 tq;fp tiuT
7.2.6 khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; Kjpu;r;rp
7.2.9 itj;jpUg;gtu;
7.3 khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;; rl;lj;jpid toq;fy;
7.4 Vw;fhj kw;Wk; ifkhwj;jf;f Mtzk; ntspNaw;Wjy; kw;Wk;
%yg;nghUs; jpUj;jpaikj;jy;
7.4.1 Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; jug;Gfs; ntspNaw;wk;;
tpilfs;
7.6 RUf;fk;
7.9 NkYk; gbf;f
7.0 Kd;Diu
‘khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;’ vd;gJ ‘tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk; xU vOjg;gl;l
Mtzk;’ vd;W nghUs;. khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; %d;W tifahd
khw;Wr;rPl;L Mtzq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd. mjhtJ cWjpnkhop
Fwpg;G> guptu;j;jid rPl;L kw;Wk; fhNrhiy MFk;. 1934 Mk; Mz;L
jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jhy; jpUj;jg;gl;l ,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fp rl;lk;> 1934-d;
31Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; ,e;j Mtzq;fs; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. mit
xUtuplkpUe;J kw;nwhUtUf;F ve;j rk;gpujhaj;jd;ikAk; ,y;yhky;
khw;wf;$baJ. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> ,e;jf; Mtzq;fspy;
cs;s nrhj;J (cupikahsupd; cupik)> xg;Gjy; %ykhfNth
(juj;jpw;F nrYj;jNtz;ba gzk;) my;yJ tpepNahfk; %yk; (vLj;J
nry;gtUf;F nfhLf;f Ntz;ba gzk;) kl;LNk mDg;gg;gLfpwJ> NkYk;
,lkhw;wj;jpw;F ve;j MjhuKk; Njitapy;iy. upru;t; tq;fp my;yJ
kj;jpa murpd; tpjpfspd; fPo; nray;gLk; khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;

rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb> ,e;j myF khw;W Kiwahtzq;fis 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
Ma;T nra;tij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Fwpg;Gfs;
••‘khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;’ vd;w nrhy;iy Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;
••khw;W Kiwahtzq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;a
KbAk;
••khw;W Kiwahtzq;fspd; tpsf;fTiu fw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
••khw;W Kiwahtzq;fspd; jug;Gfis tpsf;f KbAk;
••thf;FWjpr; rPl;L xd;wpd; mbg;gilf;$Wfs; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;s
KbAk;
••guptu;j;jid khw;wrPl;il Muha KbAk;
7.2 khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lk;;: tiuaiw> rpwg;gk;rq;fs;>

tiffs; kw;Wk;; jug;Gfs;
khw;W vd;w thu;j;ijapd; nghUs; ‘tpepNahfpg;gjd; %yk; khw;wj;jf;fJ’
kw;Wk; Mtzq;fs; vd;gjd; nghUs; ‘rpy egu;fSf;F Mjuthf xU
cupikia cUthf;fpa xU vOjg;gl;l Mtzk;’ MFk;. ,t;thW>
‘khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;’ vd;gjd; nghUs; ‘tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk; xU
vOjg;gl;l Mtzk;’ vd;gjhFk;.
khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 13-d; gb> ‘xU khw;W
Kiwahtzq;fs; vd;gJ xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L> guptu;j;jid urPJ
my;yJ elj;Jgtu; my;yJ nrYj;Jtjw;fhf nrYj;j Ntz;ba
fhNrhiy’ vd;W nghUs;gLk;. khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; ,uz;L
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Cjpak; xd;Wf;F nrYj;jg;glyhk; mJ
xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L khw;WfSf;F nrYj;jg;glyhk;> my;yJ xd;W
my;yJ rpy gy;NtWgl;l Cjpaq;fs; nrYj;jg;glyhk; [gpupT 13 (2)].
,e;j rl;lk;> %d;W tpjkhd khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;> mjhtJ
Fwpg;Giu> urPJfs; kw;Wk; fhNrhiyfs; vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. gpd;tUk;
tbtq;fspy; VNjDk; xd;wpy; mtu;fSf;F gzk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd mwptpf;fpd;wd:
1. juj;jpw;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba gzk;: xU Fwpg;Giu> urPJ
my;yJ fhNrhiy xU Fwpg;gpl;l egUf;F my;yJ mtuJ
xOq;FKiwf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba juj;jpw;F nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> (i) A gzk; nrYj;Jjy;> (ii) A f;F gzk;
nrYj;Jjy; my;yJ juk;> (iii) A ,d; juj;jpw;F gzk;
nrYj;Jjy;> (iv) A kw;Wk; B gzk; nrYj;Jjy; kw;Wk; (v)
A my;yJ B f;F gzk; nrYj;Jjy; Mfpatw;wpy; juj;jpw;F
nrYj;j Ntz;ba khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; gy;NtW
tbtq;fspy; cs;sd. Mdhy; mJ gupkhw;wj;ij jilnra;Ak;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 125

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; ve;jnthU thu;j;ijiaAk; nfhz;bUf;fhJ> v.fh.> ‘A f;F NtW
rl;lk;;
thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> ,e;jf; Mtzq;fspy; cs;s
nrhj;J (cupikahsupd; cupik)> xg;Gjy; %ykhfNth (juj;jpw;F
nrYj;jNtz;ba gzk;) my;yJ tpepNahfk; %yk;
Fwpg;Gfs; (vLj;J nry;gtUf;F nfhLf;f Ntz;ba gzk;) kl;LNk
mDg;gg;gLfpwJ> NkYk; ,lkhw;wj;jpw;F ve;j MjhuKk;
Njitapy;iy. vdNt> mj;jifa Mtzk; khw;W
Kiwahtdq;fshf fUjg;glkhl;lhJ> Vnddpy; mjd;
khw;WKiw tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU Mtzkhf
nry;Ygbahf;fk; nra;af;$ba ntspg;gilahd nrhw;fisf;
nfhz;l Mtzq;fs; nry;YgbahFk;. (mjhtJ> xU
cld;gbf;ifahf) Mdhy; mit khw;W Kiwahtzq;fshf
,y;iy NkYk; mit khw;wk; nra;a KbahJ vd Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
xU fhNrhiy fldpy; ‘fzf;F itj;jpUg;gtu; kl;LNk’
Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;j KbAk; NkYk;> tq;fpahsu; me;j tof;fpy;
$Ljy; ftdj;ij nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. vLj;J nry;gtu;f;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba gzk;: ‘vLj;J
nry;gtu;f;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba gzk;’ vd;gjd; nghUs;> ‘ve;j
egu; Ntiy nra;fpwhNuh mtUf;F nrYj;j $baJ’ MFk;. xU
Fwpg;Giu> urPJ my;yJ fhNrhiy vd;gJ ‘vLj;J nry;gtu;f;F
nrYj;j Ntz;ba xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nky; cs;s xNu
my;yJ filrp xg;Gjy; vd;gjd; ntw;wplj;jpy; cs;s xU
xg;Gjy; MFk;’;. vdNt> xU Fwpg;Giu> urPJ my;yJ fhNrhiy
vd;gJ ‘A my;yJ vLj;J nry;gtu;f;F nrYj;Jjy;’ my;yJ
‘A> B my;yJ vLj;J nry;gtu;f;F nrYj;Jjy;’> Mfpait
vLj;J nry;gtu;f;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba gzk; vd;w tbtpy;
,Uf;Fk;. NkYk;> xU Mtzq;fs; Kjypy; ‘juj;jpw;F nrYj;j
Ntz;ba gzk;’ vdpy;> gzk; nrYj;Jgtuhy; epue;jukhf xg;Gf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;> mJ ‘vLj;J nry;gtu;f;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba
gzk;’ vd khWk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU fhNrhiy A-f;F gzk;
nrYj;JtJ. A kPz;Lk; jdJ ifnahg;gj;ij gpd;dhy; itg;gjd;
%yk; mij xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhu; kw;Wk; mJ Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspd;
Nehf;fj;Jld; Bf;F toq;Ffpwhu;. (B my;yJ B-d;
juj;jpw;F gzk; nrYj;jg;glhky;;) B-d; iffspy;> cs;s
fhNrhiy xU gzpahsu; MtzkhFk;.
khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; 13 Mk; gpuptpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s
tiuaiw> khw;W Kiwahtdq;fspd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis
epu;zapf;ftpy;iy. rhj;jpakhd Ngr;Rthu;ji; jf;Fl;gl;l
Mtzq;fspd; kpfTk; ntspg;gilahd kw;Wk; midj;J R+o;epiy
tiuaiwia gpd;tUkhW jhk]; $Wfpwhu;:
‘gupkhw;wg;gLk; xU khw;wf;$ba fUtp vd;gJ rl;lg;gb
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l xU thzpfk; my;yJ rl;lj;jhy;>
nlyptup %yk; gupkhw;wg;gLk; my;yJ ,J Nghd;w R+o;epiyfspy;
mjd; cupikahsu; jdJ nrhe;jg; ngaupy; mjd; (a) tof;Fj;

njhluyhk; kw;Wk; (b) gupkhw;wj;jpd; jiyg;gpy; ve;j FiwghL 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
,Ue;jhYk;> mjd; kjpg;G> gq;Ffspy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L> kjpg;gpw;F
xU ey;y nghUis khw;wg;gLk;.
7.2.1 khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gz;Gfs; Fwpg;Gfs;

khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; vd;w tiuaiwia Muha;e;jhy;>
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fupa Mtzq;fs; gpd;tUk; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ> mit xU rhjhuz ciuahlypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wd:
1. vspjhf khw;Wjy;: mtu;fs; ve;jnthU rk;gpujhaKk; ,d;wp>
xUtuplkpUe;J ,d;ndhUtUf;F khw;Wjy; MFk;. NtW
thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> ,e;jf; Mtzq;fspy; cs;s
nrhj;J (cupikahsupd; cupik)> xg;Gjy; %ykhfNth
(juj;jpw;F nrYj;jNtz;ba gzk;) my;yJ tpepNahfk; %yk;
(vLj;J nry;gtUf;F nfhLf;f Ntz;ba gzk;) kl;LNk
mDg;gg;gLfpwJ> NkYk; ,lkhw;wj;jpw;F ve;j MjhuKk;
Njitapy;iy.
2. fldhsUf;F mwptpg;G nfhLf;fhkNy gupkhw;wp jdJ nrhe;j
ngaupy; tof;F njhluyhk;: xU urPJ> Fwpg;Giu my;yJ fhNrhiy
vd;gJ flidf; Fwpf;fpwJ. mjhtJ ‘tof;Ff;Fupa cupik’ vd;gJ
fldhspaplkpUe;J VjhtJ xd;iw kPlg ; jw;F fld; nfhLj;jtupd;
cupikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. fld; ngWgtu; ,e;jj; njhifiar;
Nru;ff
; yhk; my;yJ mtuJ cupikia NtW egUf;F khw;wyhk;.
mtu; jdJ cupikia khw;wpdhy;> xU khw;wf;$ba Mtzq;fspd;
gupkhw;wj; jd;ik> jdJ nrhe;jg; ngaupy; cs;s Mtzq;fspd; kPJ
tof;F gjpT nra;a cupikAs;sJ kw;Wk; me;j cz;ik Fwpj;J
fld;fhuUf;F mwptpg;G mspf;fhky;> mij itj;Jf;nfhs;thu;.
xU rhjhuz ‘eltbf;iff; Nfhupf;if’ khw;wy; my;yJ xJf;fy;
vd;gJ (mjhtJ> xU Gj;jff; fld; vd;gJ mtuJ fzf;Fg;
Gj;jfk; my;yJ gh`p Mfpatw;wpy; fld;fhuuhy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l)
gupkhw;wj;jpd; fPo; cs;sJ. nrhj;J rl;lk;> fldhsUf;F mwptpg;G
mtupd; nrhe;j ngaupy; tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjw;fhf mtrpakhf cs;sJ> ,y;iynadpy; mtu; vg;nghOJk;
jdJ gupkhw;wj;jpy; Nru Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ mry; fldhsp> mtu;
fld;fhuuplkpUe;J Kd;Ng mtuJ $w;iw kPlf ; KbAk;.
3. ek;gfkhd gupkhw;wj;jpd; kjpg;gpw;F rpwe;j jiyg;G: xU
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;l Mtzq;fspd; xU ek;gfj;jd;ik
gupkhw;wk; Mtzk; ‘midj;J FiwghLfspypUe;J t pLjiyAk;’
ngWfpwJ. khw;wpapd; jiyg;G my;yJ VNjDk; xU jug;gpdupd;
FiwghLfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. rhjhuz gjq;fspd;
tof;fpy; nghUe;jpa jiyg;G khw;wg;gLk; rl;lj;jpd; nghJ tpjp>
‘jdJ nrhe;j jiyg;ig tpl rpwe;j jiyg;ig ahUk; khw;w
KbahJ’ vd;gJ khw;W KiwahtzfSf;F nghUe;jhJ. xUtd;
kw;nwhUtuplk; jpUlg;gl;l thndhyp xd;iw tpw;fyhk;> Mdhy;
cz;ikahd cupikahsu; thq;fpatuplkpUe;J thndhypiaj;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 127

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; jpUk;gg; ngwyhk;> ,Ue;jhYk; mtu; mij fUj;jpy; nfhz;L
rl;lk;;
ey;y ek;gpf;if itj;jpUf;fyhk;.
4. mtu; kPJ Kd; fUj;Jf;fs;: Fwpg;gpl;l Kd;fUj;Jfs; midj;J
khw;W Kiwahtzq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. ,e;j Kd;fUj;Jfs;
Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;j myfpy; gpd;du; tpthjpf;fg;gLk;.
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;l> Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;F cl;glhj>
miu-Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;l kw;Wk; Kd;fUj;Jfs; Mfpatw;wpd;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
a. khw;wj;jf;f Mtzq;fspd; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

gpd;tUk; Mtzq;fs;> khw;wj;jf;f Mtzq;fshf rl;lj;jhy; my;yJ
gad;ghL my;yJ jdpg;gad; %yk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd: (i)
guptu;j;jid khw;wrPl;L; (ii) thf;FWjpr; rPl;L; (iii) murhq;f fhNrhiyfs;
(iv) thf;FWjpr; rPl;L; (v) jpiwNrup urPJfs;; (vi)gq;fhjhak; thupfs;;
(vii) gq;F thupfs;; (viii) Ntiyahs; fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs;; (ix)
JiwKf ek;gpf;if my;yJ Nkk;ghl;L mwf;fl;lis; (x) urPJfs;; (xi)
NtiyahSf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba ,uapy;Nt gj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wit
mlq;Fk;.
b. khw;wj;jfhj Mtzq;fSf;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:

,it: (i) gz cj;juTfs;;; (ii) jghy; cj;juTfs;; (iii) epiyahd
itg;G tuTfs;; (iv) gq;F rhd;wpjo;fs;; (v) fld; fbjq;fs;.
c. miu- khw;wj;jf;f MtzfSf;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

‘jiyg;G Mtzq;fs;’ vdg;gLk; rpy Mtzq;fs; cs;sd. v.fh: (i)
fg;gy; Vw;Wkjp xg;ge;jr; rPl;L (ii) fg;gy;Jiw cj;juT (iii) uapy;Nt
urPJfs; kw;Wk; (iv) fg;gy;Jiw Nkilcupikahsu; rhd;wpjo;fs;
Nghd;w khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;> xg;Gjy; kw;Wk;/my;yJ tpepNahf
%yk; khw;w KbAk; jpwd;> Mdhy; mj;jifa Mtzq;fis
khw;WNthu; jhdhfNt itj;jpUg;gijf; fhl;bYk; ve;jnthU rpwe;j
jiyg;gpdUf;Fk; nghUs;fis toq;f KbahJ. ,j;jifa Mtzq;fs;
‘miu-khw;wj;jf;f Mtzq;fs;’ vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;>
khw;wj;jf;f Mtzq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfspy; nghUe;jhJ.
d. khw;W Kiwahtzq;fSf;fhd Kd;fUj;Jf;fs;

gpupTfs; 118 kw;Wk; 119> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk;
Kd;fUj;Jf;fis nfhLf;fpd;wd. khwhf ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy;
1.
xt;nthU khw;W Kiwahtzq;fSk; tiuag;gl;l>
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l> kiwKfkhf my;yJ fUj;jpy; khw;wg;gl;L
nra;ag;gLfpwJ;
2. xU Njjpiaf; nfhz;l xt;nthU khw;W Kiwahtzq;fSk;
mj;jifa Njjpapy; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ my;yJ tiuag;gl;lJ;

3. xt;nthU gupkhw;w guptu;j;jidAk; mjd; Njjp kw;Wk; Kjpu;r;rpf;F 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
Kd;du; xU epahakhd Neuj;jpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ;
4. xU khw;W Kiwahtzq;fspd; xt;nthU gupkhzKk; mjd;
Kjpu;r;rpf;F Kd;du; nra;ag;gl;lJ;
Fwpg;Gfs;
5. xU khw;W Kiwahtzq;fspy; Njhd;Wk; xg;Gjy;fs; mit
mjpy; Njhd;wpa tupirapy; nra;ag;gl;ld;
6.
xU njhiye;j khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; Kiwahf
Kj;jpiuaplg;gl;bUe;jJ;
7. xU khw;W Kiwahtzq;fis itj;jpUg;gtu;> cupa Nghf;fpy;
itj;jpUg;gtu; Mtu;. Mdhy; me;j cupikahsu; mjd;
rl;lg;G+u;tkhd cupikahsuplkpUe;Njh my;yJ mjd; rl;lG+u;tkhd
fhtypy; cs;s ve;jnthU eguplkpUe;Jk; fUtpia ngw;Ws;shu;
vd;gij ep&gpf;Fk;NghJ> xU Fw;wk;> Nkhrb my;yJ rl;ltpNuhjkhf
fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> mj;jifa re;ju;gg ; j;jpy;> itj;jpUg;gtu; xU
cupa Nghf;fpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk;;
8.
me;j Mtzq;fs; mtkjpg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ> Vkhw;wg;gl;l
Mtzq;fspd; kPJ tof;F gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ> mJ ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;L> ‘vjpu;g;G’ vd;gJ ep&gzkhfpAs;sJ;
NkNy $wg;gl;l Kd;fUj;Jf;fs; gpujpthjpfshy; kWf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L vd;gJ> ‘xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifiar; (tq;fpf; Fwpg;G
my;yJ ehzaf; Fwpg;G my;y) nrYj;jNth my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l
egUf;F my;yJ Mtzq;fspd; Ntiyahs; kPJ kl;LNk gzk; nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidAld;> jahupg;ghsuhy; ifnahg;gkplg;gl;l
epge;jidaw;w xg;ge;jk; nfhz;l xU MtzkhFk;’.
rl;lj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tiuaiwapypUe;J> xU nry;Ygbahd
thf;FWjpr; rPl;L vd;w tifapy;> gpd;tUk; mj;jpahtrpa Njitfis
xU Mtzq;fs; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;:
1. ,J vOj;J tbtpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;: xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L
vOj;Jf;fspy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU tha;%y thf;FWjp vd;gJ
thf;FWjpr; rPl;L MfhJ. VNjDk; jhs; my;yJ gh`p my;yJ
Gj;jfq;fspy; vOjg;glyhk;. ,J v OJNfhy; my;yJ ikapy;
,Uf;Fk; kw;Wk; mr;rpLjy; my;yJ jl;lr;R MfpaitAk; mlq;Fk;.
ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l t btpyhd nrhw;fSk; mtrpakpy;iy> xU
fbjj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s thf;FWjp $l NghJkhdJ> NkYk;
gpupT 4 ,d; gpw Njitfs; ,zq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. epr;rakhf>
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nrhw;fs; xU njspthd thf;FWjpia mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> ‘cWjpnkhop’ vd;w thu;j;ijia (ghyKFe;j;
kw;Wk; Kd;dhyhy;) gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtrpakpy;iy.
2. xU thf;FWjpia nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
Cjpak; ngw Ntz;Lk;: ,J xU thf;FWjp my;yJ gzk;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 129

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. gzk; nrYj;JtJ> ntspg;gLj;jf; $ba
rl;lk;;
nrhw;fSf;F my;yJ Njitahd cl;nghUs; %yk; xd;W
jpul;lg;glyhk;. fld;jd;ik gw;wp ntWk; xg;Gifr; rPl;lhf mJ xU
cld;ghl;Lf;F nry;Ygbahdjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> ,J Nghd;w
Fwpg;Gfs; tifapy; nry;Ygbahff;$Lk;.
vt;thwpUe;j NghjpDk;> ,e;j Mtzj;jpy; cs;s fld;jd;ik
Fwpj;j xg;Gifr; rPl;L> Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
gzj; njhifapd;gb cs;sJ. ‘gzk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;’ vd;w
thu;j;ijfs; gad;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhYk;> xU nry;Ygbahd
thf;FWjpr; rPl;L cs;sJ. Vnddpy;> ,e;j nrhw;nwhlu; ‘Njitapd;
mbg;gilapy; nrYj;jg;glNtz;baJ’ vd;gJ ‘xUKiw my;yJ
cldbahfr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba xU thf;FWjpia’ Fwpf;fpwJ.
3. gzk; nfhLf;Fk; cWjpnkhop epge;jidapd;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;:
tu;j;jf cyfpy; cWjp kpfTk; mtrpakhdJ. ,t;thW>
xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L> epge;jidAld; $ba thf;FWjpia
mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. gzk; nfhLf;Fk; cWjpnkhop rpy
epr;rakw;w epfo;tpd; epfo;itr; rhu;e;J ,Uf;ff; $lhJ mjhtJ xU
epge;jid my;yJ xU epge;jidia G+u;j;jp nra;tJ MFk;.
xU Mtzj;jpy; epge;jidAld; $ba thf;FWjp ,Ue;jhy;> mJ
nry;Ygbahd thf;FWjpr; rPl;L my;y> epge;jid epfo;e;Jtpl;l
gpd;dUk; mJ nry;YgbahfhJ kw;Wk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;l
epiy tuhJ. (`py; kw;Wk; `y;Nghu;l;).
Mdhy; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba xU thf;FWjp epge;jid my;y>
njhif nrYj;Jtjpy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; my;yJ xU
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF my;yJ epfOk; epfo;tpd;NghJ
elf;Fk; epfo;Tfs; epr;rakw;wjhf ,Uf;fyhk; (gpupT 5> gj;jp 2).
vdNt> A Mtzq;fis Fwpg;gpLifapy;: C ,d; kuzj;jpw;Fg;
gpwF VO ehl;fSf;F B 500-ia nfhLg;gjhf xg;G nfhs;fpwhu;>
,e;j cWjpnkhop nry;YgbahFk; Vnddpy; ,J epge;jidahff;
fUjg;gltpy;iy> Vndd;why; mtuJ kuzj;jpd; rupahd Neuk;
epr;rakw;wjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> C ,wg;gJ epr;rak; MFk;.
4. cUthf;Fgtu; ifnahg;gkpl Ntz;Lk;: ,e;j thf;FWjpr; rPl;L>
jahupg;ghsupd; ‘ifnahg;gk;’ %yk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
fl;lhakhdjhFk;. ‘ifnahg;gk;’ vd;gJ xU egupd; ngaiu my;yJ
xU Mtzj;ij mq;fPfupg;gjw;fhd Nehf;fj;Jld; jdJ ngaiu
my;yJ mtupd; mjpfhuj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU
milahsj;ij vOJtjhFk;. ifnahg;gk; Mtzj;jpd; ve;j
gFjpapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; ,Uf;fyhk;> mJ fPNo ,Uf;f Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy. vdpDk;> ifnaOj;jpLk; Nehf;fk; vy;yh
re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ep&gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J vOJNfhy; my;yJ
ikapy; ,Uf;fyhk;. ngau;r;rpg;gbia cUthf;Fgtu; gbg;gwpT
,y;yhjtu; vd;why;> mtuJ fl;il tpuy; Fwp NghJkhdJ. Mdhy;
njhiyefy; gjpTfs;> mr;rpLtNjh my;yJ Jisg;gjhNyh
,izf;fg;gLjy; my;yJ NtW tbtj;jpy; kw;Wk; Kj;jpiu %yk;> me;j

jug;gpdu;fs; Fwpg;ghf mtu;fis elj;j xg;Gf;nfhs;shj tiu> 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
ifnaOj;jhf mq;fPfupf;fg;glhJ.
5. jahupg;ghsu; xU Fwpg;gpl;l eguhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;: ahu;
me;j egNuh my;yJ jhNk gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhf my;yJ
jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; egu;fs; vd;gij Mtzq;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;
cWjpg;gLj;jp nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xU egupd; ngauhy;
milahsk; fhl;lg;gl;lhy;> mtu; xU jahupg;ghsuhfg;
nghWg;Ngw;fg;gLfpwhu;. Vnddpy;> xU
jahupg;ghsu; mtUila tpsf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J xU
Fwpg;gpl;l tpsf;fj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> mtUila
milahsj;ijg; gw;wp NghJkhd Fwpg;igg; gpd;gw;Wfpwhu;. ,uz;L
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jahupg;ghsu;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy;>
mtu;fs; $l;lhf my;yJ $l;L kw;Wk; ,ilepiyahfj; jq;fis
gpizj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy; khw;W rl;l MNyhrfu;fs; rl;lj;jpy;
mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy; Vnddpy; ‘nghWg;G vq;NfAk; ,y;iy
vd;gJ njsptw;wJ’ vd;W nghJ tpjp cs;sJ. ,t;thW>
tbtj;jpy; xU Fwpg;G ‘mNyhf; Fkhu; gzk; nrYj;Jtjhf
thf;FWjpaspj;J> MNyhf; Fkhu; ifnaOj;jpl;lhu; my;yJ rjP\;
re;jpuh vd;gtu; mNyhf; Fkhu;f;F vjpuhf xU ey;y Fwpg;ig
vLj;Js;shu; vd;gjhFk;.
6. gzk; ngWgtu; cWjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;:
jahupg;ghsiug; NghyNt xU gpujpthjpapd; gzpahsUk;
Mtzq;fis i fahStjpy; cWjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU
Fwpg;G nry;YgbahFk; vdpy;> gzk; ngWgtupd; ngau; jtwhf
ngauplg;gl;lJ my;yJ mtuJ cj;jpNahfG+u;t gjtp kl;LNk
toq;fg;gLk; vd;why;> mtiu rhd;Wfs; %yk; mwpa KbAk;.
mJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gzk; ngWgtu;fs;
$l;lhf my;yJ ,uz;bw;F khw;whf xd;Wf;F gzk; nrYj;Jjy;
my;yJ xd;W my;yJ rpyu; gzk; ngWgtu;fs; nrYj;jj;jf;f
tifapy; nra;ag;glyhk;. ,t;thW khw;W gzk; ngWgtu;fs;
rl;lj;jpy; mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; mij Kjypy;
cj;juT nra;tjw;F gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpa upru;t;
tq;fpapd; rl;lk; 1934-d; gb> Kjypy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLk;
xU Fwpg;G> rl;ltpNuhjkhfTk; nry;Ygbaw;wjhfTk; cs;sJ.
NkYk;> Nghypahd egUf;F Mjuthd Fwpg;G rl;ltpNuhjkhdJk;>
nry;Ygbaw;wjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. Vnddpy;> mJ NtiyahSf;F
nrYj;jj;jf;fgb elj;jg;gLfpwJ. jahupg;ghsUf;F
nrYj;j Ntz;ba gpujpgypg;G xU G+[;ak;> fhuzk; thf;FWjp
nfhLg;gtUk;> ngWgtUk; mNj egu; Mtu;.
7. nrYj;j Ntz;ba njhif cWjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;: xU
nry;Ygbahd thf;FWjp Fwpg;Gf;F> gzk; nrYj;Jtjhf
cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l gzj;jpd; $l;Lj; njhif epr;rakhfTk;>
cWjpahdjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 131

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; nrYj;j Ntz;ba njhif $l;ly; my;yJ fopj;jy; jpwd;
rl;lk;;
nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
Mdhy;> gpupT 5> ghuh 3 d; gb> ,e;j njhif fhytiuaw;wJ
my;y> Vnddpy;:
Fwpg;Gfs;
(i) me;j njhifia tl;bAld; nrYj;Jk; tifapy;> tl;b
tpfpjk; toq;fg;gLk; vd;w thf;FWjp cs;sJ;

(ii) ,j;njhifia xU Fwpg;gpl;lg; gupkhw;w tPjj;jpy; my;yJ
guptu;j;jid gb nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;; my;yJ;
(iii) ,j;njhifia jtiz Kiwapy; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. xU
jtiz nrYj;Jtjpy; Kd;gpUg;G fhuzkhf> nrYj;jg;glhj
epYit nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;;
8.
gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba njhif ,e;jpahtpd; rl;lg;G+u;t
El;gj;jpd; gzj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;: xU thf;FWjpiaf;
nfhz;l Mtzk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhif ntspehl;Lg; gzj;ij
nrYj;JtJ my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l msT ruf;Ffis toq;FtJ
vd;gJ xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L my;y. ,NjNghy;> ney;Yf;F khwhf
toq;Ftjw;fhd xU thf;FWjp> my;yJ gzk; $Ljyhf ,Ug;gJ
vd;gJ xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L my;y. A %yk; ifnahg;gkplg;gl;l
xU Mtzk; $WtJ> B-f;F 500-ia nfhLg;gjhfTk; kw;Wk;
mLj;j [dtup 1 md;W jd; fUg;G Fjpiu toq;Ftjhf thf;FWjp
,Ue;jJ. ,J xU nry;Ygbahd thf;FWjp rPl;L my;y.
9. gpw Kiwikfs;: ,e;j njhif Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; nrYj;jg;gLtjw;F
Kd;Ng> me;j Njjpapy;> Njjp Fwpg;gplhky; ,Ue;jhy;> me;j Mtzj;ij
nry;YgbahftplhJ> epiwNtw;Wjy; Njjpia RahjPdkhf mwpa
KbAk; my;yJ ep&gpf;f KbAk;. ‘kjpg;G ngw;wJ’ vd;w nrhw;fs;
xU gpujp gbtj;jpd; xU ,d;wpaikahj gFjpahf ,y;iy. Vnddpy;>
gpupT 118-d; gb> ,J ep&gzkhFk; tiu guprPyid nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy;> ,e;jpa Kj;jpiur; rl;lj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;g xU thf;FWjpr;
rPlL; Kiwahf Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU Kj;jpiuAk;
fl;lhak; uj;J nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk.; Kj;jpiu KOtJk; Njjp
jahupg;ghsupd; ifnahg;gk; Kj;jpiuia jpwk;glj;ij uj;Jnra;fpwJ.
Kj;jpiuaplg;glhj my;yJ NghJkhd Kj;jpiu gjpj;j thf;FWjpr;
rPlL; nry;yhJ vd;whYk;> NtW tpjkhf ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy; fld;
njhifia kPlf ; KbAk;.

khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5-y; cs;s guptu;j;jid
khw;wrPl;il gpd;tUkhW tiuaWf;fpwJ:
‘guptu;j;jid khw;wrPl;L vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l egUf;F xU
Fwpg;gpl;l njhifia kl;Lk;> my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l egUf;F my;yJ
me;j Mtzj;jpd; Ntiyahs; kPJ nrYj;Jk; nghUl;L> epWtdk;
ifnahg;gkpl;l xU epge;jidaw;w Miz mlq;fpa xU MtzkhFk;’.

gpd;tUk; ,uz;L cz;ikfs; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;: 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
(i)
xU Fwpg;gpl;l egUf;F kl;LNk nrYj;j Ntz;ba xU
gupkhw;w kNrhjh nry;YgbahFk; vd;whYk;> mJ tiuaiwapd;
Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;J> mjd; khw;wj;jf;f jd;ik Fiwthf
,Ug;gjhy; khw;W Mtzkhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
(ii)
xU gupkhw;w kNrhjh Kjypy; gzk; nrYj;jg;glyhk;
vd;whYk;> mj;jifa tof;fpy; Njitg;gl;lhy;(Njitg;gl;lhy;
%d;W khjq;fs; fopj;J) mJ nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NtW
thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> xU kNrhjh Njitia G+u;j;jp
nra;a KbahJ. Njitf;Nfw;g nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;lhak;
,Ue;jhy;> mJ cj;juT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. (,e;jpa upru;t;
tq;fp rl;lj;jpd; 31 tJ gpupT).
gupkhw;w kNrhjhtpd; Njitfs;

gupkhw;wj;jpd; kNrhjhtpd; NjitahdJ> ,e;j khw;wpd NjitfSf;F
,zq;f Ntz;Lk;> ,J gpd;tUkhW:
1. vOj;Jf;fspy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. mJ nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;lisahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fzf;fpy;
gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lnkd;w Nfhupf;ifia mstpl KbahJ.
Mdhy; ,jid xOq;F fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
3. nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;lhak; epge;jidaw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. ,J vLg;gtu; %yk; ifnaOj;jplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
5. gzk; toq;Fgtu;> vLg;gtu; kw;Wk; nrYj;Jgtu; epr;rak;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp fhuzkhf> ,uz;L my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l tiuNtLfs; kPJ xU rl;ltiuit tiua
KbahJ. Vnddpy;> ngha; vd;gjpy; Fog;gkpy;iy. Mdhy; xU
kNrhjhtpw;F khw;whf ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l (gpupT
13) urPJ nrYj;jg;glyhk;.
6. njhif nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
7. kNrhjhtpy; gzj;ij kl;LNk nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
8.
,J Njjp> fUj;jha;T> Kj;jpiufs; Kjypatw;iwg;
nghWj;jkl;by; Kiwg;gb ,zq;f Ntz;Lk;.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s xU kNrhjhtpd; mbg;gil mj;jpahtrpakhdJ>
xU cWjpnkhopiaf; fhl;bYk; mjpfkhfNth my;yJ FiwthfNth
,Uf;Fk;. cWjpnkhop Fwpg;GfSf;F nghUe;jf;$ba tpjpfs; nghJthf
gupkhw;w urPJfSf;F nghUe;Jk;. (,e;j mj;jpahtrpa tptuq;fisg;
ghu;f;f> cWjpnkhopf;fhd Fwpg;Gfisf; fhz;f.)
7.2.4 fhNrhiy
gpupT 6> khw;W Mtz (jpUj;j kw;Wk; ,ju Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lj;jhy;
khw;wg;gl;L 2002> gpd;tUkhW fhNrhiy tiuaWf;fpwJ:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 133

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; ‘xU fhNrhiy xU Fwpg;gpl;l tq;fpahsu; kPJ tiuag;gl;l xU
rl;lk;;
gupkhw;w urPJ’ MFk;
Njitf;Nfw;g NtWtpjkhf nrYj;j Ntz;baJ mtrpak; kw;Wk;
kpd;dZ tbtj;jpy; kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; xU fhNrhiyia cs;slf;fpaJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
tpsf;fk; I: gpuptpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd> ntspg;ghL:
(a) ‘kpd;dZ tbtj;jpy; fhNrhiy’ vd;gJ xU fhfpj
fhNrhiyapd; Jy;ypakhd fz;zhbg; gpk;gj;ijf; nfhz;l
fhNrhiy vd;W nghUs;gLk;> NkYk; kpd;dZ gad;ghl;Lld;
Fiwe;j gl;r ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l> vOjg;gl;l
kw;Wk; ifnahg;gkplgl;l ghJfhg;G juepiyfis cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.
(b) ‘xU rpijf;Fk; fhNrhiy’ vd;gJ> jPu;Tf;fhf xU kpd;
cw;gj;jpapd; %yk; gzk; nrYj;Jfpwjh my;yJ
thq;fg;gLfpwjh vd;gij> xU Row;rpapd; NghJ jPu;g;gzpf;fg;gLk;
xU fhNrhiy vd;W nghUs;gLfpwJ. gpujpgypg;Gf;F cldbahf
gzk; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; gzk; nrYj;Jjy; vOjg;gLfpwJ.
tpsf;fk; II: ,g;gpuptpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> ‘fhNrhiyj; jPu;tfk;’
vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;> ,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fpapdhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ
xU jPu;itf; nfhz;l fhNrhiyj; jPu;tfk; ,e;jpa tq;fpfs; %yk;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l jPu;itf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
,t;thwhf> fhNrhiy vd;gJ ,U jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fSld;
guptu;j;jid nra;Ak; xU rl;lfk; MFk;. mitfs;>
(i) ,J vg;NghJk; tq;fpahsuhy; vLf;fg;gl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) ,J vg;NghJk; Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fhNrhiyapd; khjpup
fhNrhiy kw;Wk; guptu;j;jid khw;wr;rPl;bw;F ,ilNa cs;s

NtWghLfs;
nryhtzp khw;wr;rPl;bd; xU gFjpahfNt ,Uf;Fk; fhNrhiy> xU
Fwpg;gpl;l njhifiar; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidapd; Ngupy;>
xU egu; my;yJ Ntiyahs; Kjyhdtw;wpd; Mizapd; ngaupy;>
gzk; vLg;gtu; ifnahg;gkpl;l xU kNrhjhtpd; midj;J mbg;gilf;
$Wfspy; midj;ijAk; G+u;j;jpnra;a Ntz;Lk;. MapDk; ,uz;bw;Fk;
rpy NtWghLfs; cs;sd. mitahtd:

fhNrhiy guptu;j;jid khw;wr;rPl;L rl;lk;;
fhNrhiy vg;NghJk; tq;fpahsuhy; xU tq;fpahsu; cl;gl NtW egUk;
vLf;fg;gl;l Ntz;Lk;. guptu;j;jid khw;wr;rPl;L vLf;fyhk;.
fhNrhiy Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpwF>
kl;LNk vLf;f KbAk;. Njitahd epiyapy; my;yJ Fwpg;Gfs;
fhyhtjpahFk; NghJ gupkhw;wf;
fl;lzj;ij nrYj;j KbAk;.
‘Nfhupf;ifapd; Ngupy; Ntiyahs; ‘Nfhupf;ifapd; Ngupy; NtiyahSf;Fr;
nrYj;j Ntz;ba fhNrhiy’ nrYj;j Ntz;ba guptu;j;jidapd;’
nry;YgbahFk;. vLg;Gfs;> Kw;wpYk; ntw;whdJ kw;Wk;
rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ
fhNrhiyfSf;F ve;j Kj;jpiuAk; guptu;j;jid khw;WrPl;by; rupahd
Njitg;glhJ. Kiwapy; Kj;jpiuaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fhNrhiyia nghWj;j tiuapy;> fhy khw;W rPl;bd; NghJ Kjpu;T
Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; nrYj;jg;gl Njjpia fzf;fpl;L> mjhtJ
Ntz;ba njhifiar; rupghu;f;fTk; fhyhtjpahd gpwF ngwg;gLk;
ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if gz;Gfs; vLg;Gfshy; %d;W ehl;fs; gz;Gfs;
mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fhNrhiyapy; FWf;fhf Nfhbl;l guptu;j;jid khw;W rPl;by; FWf;fhf
KbAk;. Nfhbl;l KbahJ
fhNrhiyfspy; mwptpg;G kw;Wk; vjpu;g;G guptu;j;jid khw;W rPl;by; mwptpg;G
Nghd;w xU KiwAk; ,y;iy. kw;Wk; vjpu;g;G Nghd;w xU Kiw
,Uf;fpwJ.
fhNrhiyfs; vLg;Gfs; %yk; guptu;j;jid khw;WrPl;L rl;ltiuit
nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. vLg;Gfshy; nrYj;j KbahJ.
gioa gzk; nrYj;Jtjpy; jhkjk; guptu;jidapd; vLg;Gfs;
Vw;gl;lhy;> fhNrhiyapd; vLg;Gfis nghWg;gpypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nghWg;gpypUe;J tpLtpf;fKbahJ.
7.2.5 tq;fp tiuT

tq; f p tiuNthiyahf xU tq; f p kw; n whU tq; f papYk; my; y J
mjd; nrhe; j f; fpisapYk; (nghJthf mjd; nrhe; j f; fpisapy;
vLg; G fis nra; t J) cj; j uT MFk; . xU Fwpg; g pl; l egUf; F
my; y J mtuJ cj; j uit itj; J xU Fwpg; g pl; l njhifia
nrYj; j Ntz; L k; vd; W mwpTWj; J fpwJ. ,J xU khw; w j; j f; f
fUtpahFk; > ,J xU fhNrhiy Nghd; w J> ,J gpd; t Uk;
NtWghLfSld; cs; s J:
(a)
kw;nwhU tq;fp my;yJ mjd; gpw fpisapy; cs;s xU
tq;fpapdhy; kl;LNk> fhNrhiyapy; cs;s xU jdpegupd; kPJ
vLg;Gfs; nra;a KbAk;.
(b) fhNrhiyia kpf vspjhf ,uj;J nra;a KbahJ.
(c) ,J Ntiyayhy; nrYj;j KbahJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 135

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; 7.2.6 khw;wj;jf;f Mtzq;fspd; Kjpu;r;rp
rl;lk;;
‘Kjpu;T’ vd;gjd; nghUs;> xU Mtzj;ij nrYj;Jtjw;F Kd;
KbtilAk; NjjpahFk;;. fhNrhiy Nghd;w Njitf;Fg; gzk; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba xU Mtzk;, mJ fhyhtjpahFk; NjjpFs; cldbahf
Fwpg;Gfs;
nrYj;jg;gl;lhy;, mjd; Kjpu;r;rp gw;wpa Nfs;tpf;F ,q;F ,lkpUf;fhJ.
gzk; mjd; jPu;g;gpd; NjjpapypUe;J xUKiw tpyfpAs;sJ. Kjpu;r;rpapd;
Nfs;tp> xU cWjpnkhopapd; Fwpg;G my;yJ xU gupkhw;w guptu;j;jid
tof;fpy; kl;LNk vOjg;gLfpwJ.
xt;nthU thf;FWjpr; rPl;Lk; guptu;j;jid khw;Wr; rPl;Lapy;
Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy; nrYj;jg;glyhk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy fl;lj;jpy; mjd;
ghu;itf;Fg; gpwNfh> my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhyfl;lj;jpy;> epr;rakhd
xU epfo;T ele;J Kbe;j gpwNfh> nrYj;jg;glyhk;. my;yJ %d;whtJ
ehs; mjhtJ mJ Kjpu;tilAk; filrp ehspy; nrYj;jg;gl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(gpupT 22). %d;W ehl;fs; rYif fhyj;Jf;fhd fhy msT my;yJ
Fwpg;G vd;gJ> filrp ehspd; rYif mbg;gilapy; (my;yJ mjw;F
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba Njjp ,y;yhky;) Kjpu;r;rpailfpwJ. my;yJ
tPo;r;rpailfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> [dtup 1y; ngwg;gl;l guptu;j;jid
khw;Wr; rpl;L> %d;W khjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;bapUe;jhy;>
Vg;uy; 4k; Njjpapy; Kjpu;T epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;. mj;jifa xU
khw;Wr; rpl;L my;yJ Fwpg;G> rYifapy; ,Wjp ehspy; kl;LNk
nfhLg;gdtpw;F Kd;itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> Kjpu;r;rp mile;j gpd;du;
mLj;j ehNs tof;F jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l Njjpapy;
‘xU NghJk;’ vd;w thu;j;ij Nru;f;fg;gl;lhYk; $l> %d;whk; ehs;
rYifapd; NghJ gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd ve;j xU nghUj;jKk;
nry;yhJ.
Kjpu;T fzf;fpLtjw;fhd tpjpKiwfs;: 23 Kjy; 25 tiuapyhd
gpupTfs;> xU fhy khw;Wr; rPl;bd; Kjpu;r;rpia fzf;fpLtjw;fhd
gpd;tUk; tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;WfpwJ:
1. xU khjj;jpw;F gpwF> my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy epfo;Tf;Fg;
gpwF Fwpg;gpl;l msT gzk; nrYj;jg;gl;lhy;> mJ khjq;fspd;
Fwpg;gpl;l NjjpapypUe;J %d;W khjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF> (my;yJ
nrYj;jg;gLk;) Kjpu;r;rpailfpwJ.
2. fhyk; KbtilAk; khjj;jpy; ve;jj; NjjpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy
vd;why;> me;j khjj;jpd; filrp ehspy; epWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. mJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd ehl;fSf;F gpd;du; my;yJ
VNjDk; xU epfo;tpw;F gpd;du;> me;j fUtp> Vw;G fhl;rp epfo;T
epfOk; NghJ> me;j fUtpapd; %yk; vLg;Gfs; nra;ag;gLk;
ehisj; jtpu;j;J> Kjpu;T fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;Wf;F xU
ehs; kl;LNk xJf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
4. Kj;jpiuaplg;gl;l Njjp my;yJ Fwpg;G Kjpu;T milAk;
epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; Njjp> xU nghJ tpLKiwahf ,Ue;jhy;>

mLj;j Ke;ija tzpf ehspy; Mtzf;fis fUj;jpy; nfhs;s 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
Ntz;Lk;. nghJ tpLKiw jpdkhf mwptpf;fg;gl Qhapw;Wf;
fpoikAk; kj;jpa murpd; mwptpg;G %yk; murpjopy; ntspte;j
NtW ve;j ehspYk; ‘nghJ tpLKiw’ MFk;. xU Mtzj;jpd;
Kjpu;r;rp QhapW md;W Kbtile;jhy;> mjw;F rdpf;fpoikia Fwpg;Gfs;
nfL Njjpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ. xU mtrufhy tpLKiw ehspy;
Kjpu;T Kbtile;jhy;> mLj;j mLj;jLj;j tzpf ehs; me;j
Mtzj;jpd; nfL Njjpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
5. xU Mtzk; jtiz Kiwapy; nrYj;jg;gl;lhy;> xt;nthU
jtizf;Fk; (gpupT 67) %d;W ehl;fs; rYif mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

xU khwj;jf;f Mtzj;jpd; fPo; gzk; nrYj;Jjy; vd;gJ> vjpuhd
Mtzj;jpd; ‘cupa fhyj;jpy; gzk; nrYj;Jjy;’ vd;w njhifiag;
ngWtjhy; mit nry;YgbahFk; ntspNaw;wkhf nray;gLfpwJ.
10 tJ gpuptpd; gb xU njhif nrYj;Jk; tifapy; khw;wf;$ba
Mtzk; mjhtJ ‘cupa fhyj;jpy; gzk; nrYj;Jjy;’> gpd;tUk;
epge;jidfis epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;:
1. gzk; nrYj;Jjy;> Mtzk; ntspg;gilahd
nghUj;Jgb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;: ,tw;iw Kjpu;r;rp miltjw;F
Kd; my;yJ mjw;F gpd; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. xU Mtzk;
Kjpu;r;rp milAk; Kd; gzk; nrYj;Jjy; vd;gJ cupa
fhyj;jpy; nrYj;jg;gLtjhf fUjg;glkhl;lhJ. vdNt> xU
guptu;j;jid khw;Wr; rPl;L ,Wjp ehSf;F Kd;Ng nrYj;jg;gl;L>
ntspg;gilahf ifnahg;gkplg;gl;lhy;> mJ Kiwahd fhyj;jpy; xU
cupikahsupd; iffspy; ,Ue;Nj nry;YgbahFk;. NkYk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sgtu; Mtzj;ij kPz;Lk; nrYj;Jtjpy;
nghWg;ghf ,Ug;ghu;. mNj Nghy;> tq;fpahsu; mjpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s
Njjpf;F Kd;ghf Njjpapl;l fhNrhiyia nrYj;jpdhy;>
mtu; Mtzj;jpd; ntspg;gilahd nghUj;JeiuAk;> mjhtJ
vLg;Gfspd; cz;ikahd Nehf;fq;fSf;F vjpuhfTk;
nray;gLfpwhu;> vdNt gzk; nrYj;Jk; NghJ fl;lzj;ijg;
gl;Lthlh nra;a KbahJ.
2. ey;y ek;gpf;ifapd; ngaupYk;> ftdf;FiwT ,y;yhkYk;
gzk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;: gzk; nrYj;Jk; egu; mjw;F
rl;lG+u;tkhf cupik nfhz;ltu; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy; mtw;iw
Neu;ikahd Kiwapy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. gzk; nrYj;Jtjpy;
ve;j ftdf;FiwTk; nrYj;JgtUf;Fk; ngw;Wnfhs;NthUf;Fk;
,Uf;f $lhJ. re;Njfj;jpw;fplkhd R+o;epiyfs; kw;Wk;
nrYj;Jgtu;fs; Njitg;gl;l tprhuizia nra;aj; jtwptpl;lhy;>
FiwghLfis ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba gzk; nrYj;Jjy; nra;a
$lhJ. vdNt> xU rpwg;ghd xg;Gjy; ngwg;gl;l khw;Wr; rPlL;
guptu;jj; id nra;ag;glhkNyNa gzk; nrYj;jg;gl;lhy; Nghyp
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 137

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; ifnahg;gj;jpid xU fhNrhiy nfhLg;gtu; nrYj;Jgtupd;
rl;lk;;
myl;rpaj;ij mstpLthu;> NkYk; fl;lzk; nrYj;jg;gl khl;lhJ.
,t;thW rpwg;ghd xg;Gjy; mspj;j guptu;jj
; id khw;Wr; rPlb
; y;>
gzk; ngWgtiu tprhupf;fhky; Nghyp ifnahg;gj;Jld; fhNrhiy
Fwpg;Gfs; nfhLj;jhNyh my;yJ me;j fhNrhiyia ngw;W mDg;Ggtu; mij
nrYj;jpdhNyh> mJ gzk; nrYj;Jgtupd; ftdf;FiwthFk;>
fl;lzr;nryTf;F cupa fhyj;jpy; gzk; mspf;fg;gLk;.
3. Mtzq;fis itj;jpUf;Fk; xU egUf;F mtrpakhd
R+o;epiyapy; gzk; nrYj;JtJ re;Njfj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
,jdhy; mtUila Mtzj;ij itj;jpUg;gtuplk; ,Ue;J mjpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l njhifiag; ngWfpwhu;.
gzk; nrYj;Jjypy; cupa fhyj;jpw;fhd nfL Njjpia
toq;f KbahJ. vdNt Mtzj;jpd; jahupg;G Njitg;glhky;
cUthf;fg;gl;lhy;> gzk; nrYj;jg;gLtjw;F Kd; me;j
Mtzj;ij ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;> gzk; nrYj;Jtjpy; cs;s
Mtzj;ij ngw Ntz;Lk;.
4. gzk; NtW ve;j rhjdj;jpd; %yNkh fhNrhiy my;yJ
tiuNthiyapd; %yNkh Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F xg;Gf; nfhs;shtpl;lhy;
mit gzkhfNt nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
$l;Lj;njhif cupa fhyj;jpy; gzk; nrYj;JtJ Fiwe;J
,Ug;gij Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. (i) ,e;j Mtzj;jpd; Njhw;w epi-
yapd; gb my;yJ Kjpu;r;rp mile;j gpwF (ii) myl;rpak; ,y;yhj
ey;y ek;gpf;ifapd; ngaupy; (iii) gzj;jpd; %yk; (my;yJ
itj;jpUg;gtUf;F Vw;Gilajhf ,Ue;jhy; fhNrhiy %yk;) (iv)
xU egUf;F Mtzj;jpd; kPJ rl;lG+u;tkhd cupikAk; cz;L
mNjrkak; cilikAk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

tl;b nrYj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tpjpKiwfis> khwj;jf;f
Mtzk; rl;lk; gpd;tUkhW tFf;fpwJ:
1. tpfpjk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; NghJ: xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjj;jpy; tl;b vd;gJ
xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L gupkhw;wr; rl;ltiutpy; ntspg;gilahf
nrYj;jg;gLk;NghJ> Fwpg;gpl;l tPjj;jpy; tl;b fzf;fplg;gLk;>
mjhtJ> me;j Mtzj;jpd; NjjpapypUe;J> mjhtJ> xg;ge;j
Gs;sp my;yJ cz;ikahf ,J Nghd;w njhifia> ePjpkd;wk;
topfhl;bAs;s Kiwapy; ,j;jifa njhifia kPl;nlLf;fpwJ.
(gpupT 79).
2. tpfpjk; Fwpg;gplg;glhj NghJ: me;j Mtzj;jpd; tl;b
tpfpjk; vJTk; Fwpg;gplg;glhj NghJk;> mjd; Fwpg;gpy;

tl;bapLk;NghJk;> NkYk; mjpy; cs;s njhif kPjhd tl;bia>
xU jug;gpdUf;fpilNaahd tl;b njhlu;ghd Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapd;
kPJk; xg;ge;jk; ,Ue;jhy;> mNj tPjj;jpy; xU tUlj;jpw;F 18
rjtPjk; vd;gJ> me;j njhifapd; xg;ge;j Gs;sp mstplg;gLk;

tiu> me;j njhifia> ePjpkd;wk; topfhl;bAs;s Kiwapy; 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
(gpupT 80) kPl;gjw;F Vw;w xU nghUj;jkhd epWtdk; Fwpg;gpl;l
me;j ehs; tiu> gzk; nrYj;jpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. xU jug;gpdupd; fl;lzk; mwtplg;glhtpl;lhy;> Vw;fhj fhNrhiy
Mtzj;jpd; cupikahsu; mJ epuhfupf;fg;gl;l mwptpg;G (gpupT Fwpg;Gfs;
80 f;F tpsf;fk;) te;j fhyj;jpypUe;J kl;LNk tl;b nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
7.2.9 cupikahsu;
xU khw;wj;jf;f Mtzj;jpd; ‘cupikahsu;’ vd;gjd; nghUs;
vd;ntd;why;> jdJ nrhe;jg; ngaupy; me;j Mtzj;ij itj;jpUe;jhNyh
my;yJ mjd; %yk; (gpupT 8) xU jug;gpduplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk;
njhifiag; ngw;whNyh me;j egu; mij kPl;f cupikAs;s egu; vd;W
nghUs;gLk;. ,t;thW ‘mtu; cupikahsu;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
,t;tifapy; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L epge;jidfis me;j egu; G+u;j;jpnra;a
Ntz;Lk;.
1.
mtu; jdJ nrhe;j ngaupNyNa Mtzj;jpd;
cilikf;F cupik ngw;wpUf;fNtz;Lk;: Mtzj;jpd; cz;ikahd
cilik mj;jpahtrpakhdJ my;y. rpy rl;lG+u;t my;yJ
nry;YgbahFk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; cilik ngw vd;d NjitgLfpwJ.
mtu; xU Nl [_up cupikahsuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; Nl ghf;Nlh
cupikahsuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy. mjhtJ>
xU egUf;F Mtzj;jpy; ngauplg;gl;l Mtzk; Fwpg;gplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,we;jtupd; thupRjhupd; kPJ rl;lk;
,aw;wgLtjd; %yk; NtW ve;j egUk; mjw;F
cupikahdtuhf ,Ug;gtu;. Mdhy; mtu; gzk; ngWgtiu Mjupj;J
nray;gLgtuhf ,Uf;fkhl;lhu;.
xU egu; xU khw;wj;jf;f Mtzj;ij ngw;wpUe;jhy;> mjw;fhd
cupik mtuplk; ,y;iy vd;why;> mtiu cupikahsu;
vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. ,t;thwhf> xU jpUld; my;yJ
rhiyapy; ,Ue;J mij vLj;jtu; xU Nghyp Mtzj;jpd; fPo;
mij Mjupj;J nray;gLgtu; vd;whYk;> me;jf; Mtzj;jpd;
cilikiag; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. Vnddpy;> mtu; rl;luPjpahd
jiyg;ig ngWtjpy;iy> vdNt mtu; jdJ nrhe;jg; ngaupy;
cupik ngw;wtuy;y. ,NjNghy;> xU rhjfkhd cupikahsu;
ahUila rhjfkhd Mtzj;ij cUthf;f my;yJ vLg;Gfs;
nra;ag;gl;lNjh xU kDjhuu; %yk; $Wfpwhu;. Vnddpy; mtu; jdJ
nrhe;j ngaupy; itj;jpUg;gjw;F cupik ,y;iy kw;Wk; Mtzj;jpy;
(Rgh ehuhazDf;F vjpuhf uhkrhkpf;F vjpuhf) xU
eltbf;ifiaj; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;s KbahJ.
2.
mjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; njhifiag; ngwNth my;yJ
mjpypUe;J kPz;Lk; ngw mtu; cupikAilatuhfNth ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. xU cupikahsu;> jdJ nrhe;jg; ngaupy; me;j;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 139

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; Mtzj;jpd; cilikiaf; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
rl;lk;;
Fwpf;Fk;. me;j egu; me;j Mtz njhifia ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
cupikiaAk;> gzk; nrYj;JgtUf;F xU nry;Ygbahd
ntspNaw;wj;ijAk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW xUtu; xU
Fwpg;Gfs; Mtzj;ij ngWgtu; my;yJ gzk; ngWgtu; my;yJ xU
rhjidahsuhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> me;j Mtzj;jpd; kPjhd
njhifiag; ngWtjpy; xU ePjpkd;w cj;juT %yk; jil
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jhy; mtu; cupikahsuhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
vdNt> NkNy $wg;gl;l epge;jidfs; xUtuhy; jpUg;jp
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; me;j egiu cupikahsu; vd KbT nra;ayhk;.
cjhuzkhf> cj;juthjj;jpw;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba xU Mtzk;> jdJ
KftUf;F gzk; nrYj;Jgtuhy; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;> Kftu; mjd;
cupikahsuhf khWtjpy;iy> ,Ug;gpDk; mtu; gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;F
mDkjpf;fg;glkhl;lhu;> Mdhy;> jdJ nrhe;jg; ngaupy; me;jf;
Mtzj;ij ngw mtUf;F cupikapy;iy.
xU khw;wj;jf;f Mtzj;ij itj;jpUg;gtu;> ,e;j Mtzq;fspy;
ngupJk; Kf;fpakhdnjhU jug;ghf cs;shu;. xU khw;wj;jf;f Mtzj;ij
(rpy tpjptpyf;Ffis nfhz;L) gw;wp mtu; kl;LNk nrhy;y KbAk;>
mjw;F xU nry;Ygbahd ntspNaw;wj;ijAk; nfhLf;f KbAk;.

1. ‘khw;wf;$ba Mtzk;’ vd;why; vd;d?
2. ,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fp rl;lj;jpy; cs;s khw;wj;jf;f Mtzj;jpd;
tpjpKiwfis gl;baypLf.
3. khw;wj;jf;f Mtzq;fspd; rpy cjhuzq;fisg; gl;baypLf.
4. gupkhw;w rPl;bd; rpy rpwg;ghd gyd;fis gl;baypLf.
5. cWjpaw;w Mtzk; vd;why; vd;d?
6. %d;whk; jug;G vd;why; vd;d?
7.3 khw;wj;jf;f Mtzj;ij rku;g;gpj;jy;

ntspg;gLj;Jjy;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd xU khw;wj;jf;f Mtzj;ij
itg;gJ my;yJ rku;g;gpg;gJ> Vw;gtupd; Kd; cs;s ghu;it my;yJ
fl;lzk;> jahupg;ghsu;> ngWgtu; my;yJ gpw jug;gpd; rhu;gpy;
my;yJ rhu;ghf nghWg;Ngw;Fk; cupikahsu; ‘Kd;itg;ghsu;’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. ,t;thwhf gpd;tUk; %d;W Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf
ve;jnthU epfo;itAk; toq;fyhk;:
1. Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tpsf;fq;fs;.
2. ghu;itf;F toq;fy;.
3. fl;lzk; nrYj;Jjy;.

1. Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tpsf;fq;fs; 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
gupkhw;w rPl;Lfspd; Kiwapy; kl;LNk ‘Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; tpsf;fq;fs;’
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> xg;GjYf;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
ve;jnthU urPJfSk; ,jpy; ,y;iy. gupkhw;w rPl;Lfspd; ‘Njitf;Nfw;g
Fwpg;Gfs;
nrYj;j Ntz;ba guptu;j;jid’ my;yJ ‘Njjpapd; gpe;ija fhyfl;lk;
fhyhtjpahFk; epiy’ ($wpagb %d;W khjq;fSf;F gpwF gzk;
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;)> my;yJ ‘epfo;e;j rpy epfo;Tfs; eilngWk;
Njjpapy; nrYj;jg;glyhk;’ ($wpagb X ,d; kuzj;jpd; NghNj)
Mdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy> ,y;iyNay;
gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;F mJ fhuzkhfpwJ. vt;thwpUg;gpDk;> gpd;tUk;
urPJfs;;> jug;gpdUf;F nghWg;gspf;Fk; nghUl;L Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;Lk;:
(a)
,e;j urPJ Kbtiltij rupnra;a> ngWgtupd; ghu;it my;yJ
Vw;G vd;w tiuTf;F mj;jifa urPJ Kd;itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
(gpupT 61).
(b)
gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;F Kd; Vw;nfdNt Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W ntspg;gilahd epge;jid cs;s xU urPJ cs;sJ.
tpsf;ff;fhl;rp tpUg;gj;njupthd ,lj;jpy; $l> me;j urPjpd;;
(i) rPl;L Vw;Wf;nfhs;gtupd; ngaupyhd $Ljy; ghJfhg;G my;yJ
(ii) ,Og;ghsUf;F vjpuhf cldb cupik toq;fy; kw;Wk;
xg;Gjy;fs; VNjDk; ,Ue;jhy;> rl;ltiuT Vw;Wf;nfhs;shjjhy;
mtkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vw;Wf;nfhs;gtu;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gLk; ghu;itAk;
$l tpUk;gj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;fpwJ> Vnddpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWj;jhy;>
jhkjkpd;wp mtupd; tpisTfis mtuhy; ngwKbahJ vd;gjw;fhd
Muk;g mwptpg;igg; ngwyhk;.
i. Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
urPJ ngWgtu;> urPJ nfhLg;gtupd; xg;GjYf;F mtuJ vOj;J%yk;
jdJ xg;Gjiyf; Fwpf;Fk; NghJ> me;jr; rl;lj;ij ‘Vw;Wf;’
nfhz;Nlh my;yJ ,y;yhkNyh ifnahg;gkpLtjd; %yk; ifnahg;gk;
toq;FtijNah> my;yJ cupikahsUf;F xg;Gjy; mspj;jijNah
cupikahsu; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljhf ,e;j urPJ $WfpwJ. jdJ xg;Gjiy
toq;Fk; tiu> xU urPjpd; kPJ me;j ngWgtu; nghWg;Ngw;f khl;lhu;.
mjd; %yk; mJ Vw;ghdjhf khWfpwJ. mDg;Gdu; ifnaOj;jpLtjw;F
Kd; my;yJ mDg;Gdupd; kuzk; gw;wpa mwptpg;G te;j gpd; xU urPJ
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
ii. Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tiffs;
urPij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ (i) nghJthd Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; my;yJ (ii)

jFjpahd Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
i)
nghJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;: xU epge;jid my;yJ jFjp ,y;yhky;>
urPjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s njhifiag; ngw nfhLg;gtupd;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 141

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; Mizia ngWgtu; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
rl;lk;;
nghJthdjh> KOikahdjh my;yJ jFjpaw;wjh vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ. Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; fl;lzk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba
tq;fpiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;> ,J xU epge;jidfhdJ ,y;iy. xU
Fwpg;Gfs; tpjp> nry;YgbahFk; nghUl;L> xU xg;Gjy; ‘nghJthdjhf’
my;yJ epge;jidaw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ii)
jFjpahd Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; (gpupT 86): ,e;j urPij nfhLg;gtu;
rpy epge;jid my;yJ jFjpf;Nfw;g Vw;Fk; NghJ> mjd; %yk;
urPjpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjpKiwfs; khWgLk;> ,J jFjpahd
Vw;G vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> urPjpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sij
tpl Fiwthd njhifia Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ> my;yJ urPjpy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sij tplf; Fiwthd fhy epfo;tpd; Vw;ghL my;yJ
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,lk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lk; kw;Wk; NtW
,lj;jpw;F kl;Lk; my;y vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ my;yJ urPjpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ,lj;jpypUe;J NtWgl;l ,lj;jpw;F nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ xU jFjpahd Vw;G MFk;. ,uz;L my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ngWtu;fspd; kPJ ,e;j urPJ tiuag;gLk;NghJ>
gq;Fjhuu;fs; vd;W ,y;yhky;> xd;W my;yJ rpyu; kl;LNk
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ> mJ xU jFjpngw;w Vw;G MFk;.
$l;lhspfis nghWj;jtiuapy;> $l;lhspfspdhy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ xU nghJthd Vw;G MFk;.
xU jFjpngw;w Vw;G Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glh tpl;lhy;>
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glhj rl;l urPij Vw;Wf; nfhs;s cupikahsu;
kWj;Jtplyhk;. cupikahsu; jdJ tpUg;gj;ijg; nghWj;J> jFjpngw;w
xg;Gjiy Vw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. ,JNghd;w jFjpngw;w xg;Gjiy>
Ke;ija jug;Gfspd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; mtu; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy;>
mjd; gpw;gFjp mtu;fspd; nghWg;gpypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
jFjpngw;w Vw;G> ,e;j urPij nry;Ygbahfhj khw;wj;jf;f Mtzkhf
khw;wpaikf;fpwJ> mjd;gpd;du; ,e;j urPJ fld; Vw;Wf;nfhs;gtupd;
xU rhjhuz xg;ge;jkhf fUjg;gLk;.
ii. ahuhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ?

,e;j rPl;by; xU ‘cupikahsu;’ my;yJ mtupd; Kftu; kl;LNk>
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba xU urPij Kd;itf;f KbAk;. ,jd; nghUs;
vd;dntd;why;> urPij Vw;Fk; Kd; khw;wKiw elj;jg;gl;lhy;> my;yJ
mtupd; Kftu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tiuT urPij Kd;itf;ff;$Lk;
vd;gjhFk;.
iii. ahUf;F toq;FtJ?

gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; VjhtJ xd;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F xU urPJ
toq;fg;glyhk;:
1. ngWgtu; my;yJ mtuhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Kftupd; urPJ. (gpupT
61 kw;Wk; 27).

2. mq;Nf gy ngWgtu;fs; cs;sdu;. Mdhy; rpyu;> 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
kw;wtu;fsplk; ,Ue;J mjpfhuk; ngw;why;> $l;lhz;ik epWtdj;jpd;
nray;Kiwapy;> mj;jifa xU mjpfhupNah my;yJ xU
gq;Fjhuupd; xU egUf;F kl;LNk NghJkhdJ. gq;Fjhuu;fshf
,y;yhj gy ngWgtu;fs; %yk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU urPJ> Fwpg;Gfs;
mij Vw;fhjtu;fs; kw;Wk; mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj kw;wtu;fs;
kl;LNk> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba xU jFjp ngw;w Vw;G (gpupT 34)
MFk;.
3. ngWgtu; ,we;Jtpl;l tof;fpy; rl;lG+u;t gpujpepjp (gpupT 75). Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;> rl;lg;G+u;t gpujpepjp mj;jifa xg;GjYf;F
jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; nghWg;ghthu;. (gpupT 29).
4. ngWgtu; flid nfhLf;f Kbahj gl;rj;jpy; fld; nrhj;J
epu;thfp mYtyu; nfhLg;gu; (gpupT 75).
5. Njit Vw;gl;lhy;> mjhtJ> me;j urPjpd; ngaiu> mjhtJ mry;
ngWgtu; %yk; mJ mtkjpf;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy;> me;j urPJ
ahUf;F toq;fg;gLk; vd;W rPl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ (gpupT 33
kw;Wk; 115).
6. kupahijf;fhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;. rpy R+o;epiyfspy;> rl;ltiutpy;
cs;s xU Gjpatu; ve;jnthU jug;gpd; ngWgtu; my;yJ
xg;GjYf;fhd kupahijiaAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. ,J
‘kupahijf;fhd Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;’ my;yJ ‘vjpu;j;Jk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;Sjy;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpupT 108 ,t;thW $WfpwJ: ‘gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd xU urPJ
ftdpf;fg;gLk;NghJ my;yJ Vw;fg;glhj my;yJ rpwe;j
ghJfhg;gpw;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpf;Fk; NghJ> xU egu; Vw;fdNt
nghWg;Ngw;fhj xU jug;gpduhf ,Uf;Fk; ve;j egUk;> ,e;j
urPjpd; xg;GjNyhL> ,e;j urPjpy; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;’. vdNt>
kupahijf;fhf rupahd Vw;ghf mJ nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;;
(i) urPJ Fwpg;gpl;lgpd; my;yJ vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jgpd;;
(ii) urPjpw;F Gjpatu; %yk; (iii) urPJ Fwpj;J vOj;J %yk;;
(iv) cupikahsupd; mDkjpAld;.
Neu;ikf;fhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ltu;> urPij vOJtjd; %yk;>
jho;j;jg;gl;ltupd; Neu;ikahf mtu; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
xg;GjYf;fhf my;yJ nghJthf nfsutj;jpw;fhf (gpupT 109)
vjpu;g;gjhf xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhu;.
Neu;ikahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs;:
Vw;gJ Fwpj;J nfsutpf;Fk; nghWg;G Vw;gtu;> fl;rpapd; nfsutj;ij
Vw;Fk; mNj epiyg;ghl;ilj;jhd; vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;. mtUila
cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs;> mtupd; nghWg;G epge;jidf;F cs;s
xNu tpj;jpahrj;jpy; jhd; xNu khjpupahditahFk;.
(i)
,e;j urPJ mry; ngWgtUf;F kPz;Lk; toq;fg;gl;L> mjd;
Kjpu;r;rpapy; gzk; nrYj;jp> mtuhy; mtkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ> kw;Wk;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 143

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; (ii)
mj;jifa mtkjpg;gpw;Fupajy;yhjgb fz;lwpjy; kw;Wk;
rl;lk;;
Mu;g;ghl;lk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
kupahijf;fhf Vw;gtu; Nkw;gb epge;jidfis epiwNtw;whky;
mry; ngWjiy $l mtu; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy. (gpupT 111 kw;Wk; 112)
Fwpg;Gfs;
Neu;ikf;fhd fl;lzk;: Neu;ikf;fhf nry;YgbahFk;
nrYj;Jjypd; mtrpaq;fs;:
(a)
,e;j urPJ ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L tuhj fl;lzj;jpw;F vjpu;g;G
njuptpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(b)
nfsut nfhLg;gdTf;fhd Vw;Gupikia xU rhd;W
cWjp mYtyUf;F Kd; mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk; ahUila
Neu;ikahf mtu; gzk; nrYj;JfpwhNuh me;jf; gq;Fjhuu;
nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J ,uj;J nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. (gpupT 113)
Neu;ikf;fhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ltu;> urPJ nry;YgbahFk;
gzk; nrYj;Jtjpy;> mj;jifa gq;Fjhu; Kd;dhs; gq;Fjhu;fsplk;
,Ue;J ngw;Ws;s gzj;jpid kPl;f cupik cz;L> mjDld; tl;b
nrYj;Jfpd;w midj;J njhifAk;> mj;jifa gzk; nrYj;Jtjpy;
mj;jifa nrytpdq;fSk; rupahf toq;fg;gLk;. ,e;j gq;FjhuUf;F
mLj;J tUk; midj;Jf; gq;FjhuUf;Fk; ,e;j nfhLg;gdit toq;Fk;
nghWg;G tpLtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpupT 114) ,e;j gpupT> gq;Fjhuu; toq;fpa
njhifia Neu;ikahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F mDkjpg;gjd; %yk;>
mj;jifa gq;Fjhuu; gzk; ngw;Wtpl;lhy;> ‘ve;jnthU egUk; kw;nwhU
flid nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; jd;idf; fldhspahf;f KbahJ’ vd;gJ
rl;l tpjp MFk;.
iv. fhy mtfhrk;

Vw;fNtz;ba Neuk; Fwpj;j tpjpKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. fl;rpfs; tu;j;jfu;fs; my;yJ tu;j;jf my;yhjtu;fsplkpUe;Njh>
tzpf kzpNeuj;jpw;Fs; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLtjw;fhd Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; (gpupT. 61).
2. Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjw;Fupa Kd;itg;G> mjhtJ> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyj;jpy; ,e;j urPJf;F gzk; mspf;fg;gl;lhy;> mjpy; gq;FjhUf;F
NeuKk; Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;bapUe;jhy;> mJ ngwg;gl;l gpwF
epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
3.
urPJapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; fhyk;> me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
v. ,lk; toq;fy;
urPJapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; fhyk;> me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;W urPjpapy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhy;> mJ me;j ,lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
khjpup Neuj;jpy;> epahakhd NjlYf;F gpwF> jw;Nghija Njjpapy;
thq;f Kbatpy;iy vd;why;> me;j urPJ mtkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. (gpupT

61) urPjpapy; ve;j ,lKk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy vdpy;> mJ tof;fkhd 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
,lj;jpypUe;Njh my;yJ mtuJ ,y;yj;jpypUe;Njh toq;fg;glyhk;.
v. rhd;W toq;fy;
Vw;W nfhs;tjw;fhd jpl;ltl;lkhd rhd;Wk;> mNj Nghy; ngWgtupd; Fwpg;Gfs;
kWg;igAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; ‘Vw;fhj tifapy;’
mtkjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; ‘vd;W mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> ,e;j
urPJ> cz;ikapy; mtuJ Vw;Gf;F> my;yJ epahakhd NjLjYf;F
gpd;du; mij ngWgtuhy; fz;Lgpbf;f Kbatpy;iy vd;W rhl;rpfspd;
cjtpAld; nghJ kf;fs; Kd; ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk;> kw;Wk; mj;jifa
Mjhuk; nghJkf;fshy; Kiwahfg; gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
xg;ge;jk; my;yJ gad;ghL %yk; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy;>
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fbjj;jpd; %yk; jghy; mYtyfk; %yk; ngwg;gl;l
xU jw;fhy tptuk; NghJkhdJ (gpupT 61) MFk;.
vi. ngWgtUf;fhd tpopg;Gzu;T Neuk;

ifnahg;gk; Njitg;gl;lhy; mtuplk; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l xU guptu;j;jidapd;
gpujpnahd;W Njitg;gl;lhy;> mtu; mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;syhkh
vd;gijg; guprPypf;f nghJ tpLKiw jpdq;fisj; jtpu;j;J ehw;gj;jp
vl;L kzpNeuj;ij mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk; (gpupT 63). ,jdhy;>
nghWg;ig vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F Kd;du; ngWgtupd; Kd;tupirf;F
Neuk; Njitg;gl;lhy;> itj;jpUg;gtu; mtiu ehw;gj;jp vl;L kzpNeu
Neuj;jpw;F mDkjpf;f fl;lhakhf ,Uf;fpwhu;. itj;jpUg;gtu;> ehw;gj;jp
vl;L kzp Neuj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf> nghJ tpLKiw jpdq;fis jtpu;j;J>
thjj;jpw;F mDkjpf;fpwhu; vd;why;> mj;jifa ePl;bg;Gf;F Kd;$l;b
mDkjpf;fg;glhj midj;J Ke;ija gq;FfisAk;> itj;jpUg;gtu;
Mtu; (gpupT.83). ngWgtu; urPij Vw;Wf;nfhs;shtpl;lhy;> ehw;gj;jp vl;L
kzpNeuj;Jf;Fs; me;j urPJ Vw;fg;glhJ.
vii. kd;dpf;fg;gLk;NghJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd tpsf;fq;fs;

gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; epfo;tpy; kd;dpg;G
Nfhug;gLtNjhL xg;Gjy; ngwhky; xg;Gjy; ngwhjjw;fhf urPJ vdf;
fUjg;gLfpwJ:
1. jFjpaw;w xg;ge;jk; nra;a ,ayhj NghJ my;yJ mtu; xU
fw;gidahd egu; (gpupT.91).
2. jw;nrayhf> xU epahakhd Njliyf; $l fhzKbahj NghJ
(gpupT 61).
viii. tpsf;fkw;wfhl;rpapd; tpisT

Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tpsf;ff;fhl;rp vd;gJ fl;lhaj;jpw;FupaJ> mjhtJ> xU
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; urPJ nrYj;jg;gLk;NghJ> kw;Wk; cupikahsu;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tiuTf;fhd midj;Jf; fl;rpfspYk;> mjhtJ>
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 145

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; ,Og;ghd; kw;Wk; xg;GjYldhd VNjDk; xU ntspNaw;wk; mj;jifa
rl;lk;;
cupikahsUf;F mtu;fsJ nghWg;G MfpaitahFk; (gpupT 61).
2. ghu;itf;fhf itj;jy;
Fwpg;Gfs; ghu;itf;F toq;fy; vd;gJ> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; nrYj;jg;gl
Ntz;ba xU cWjpnkhopg; gj;jpuj;jpy; kl;LNk mtrpakhfpwJ>
vdNt Fwpg;G Kjpu;r;rpia cWjpnra;ag;glyhk;. gpupT 62-d; gb> ‘xU
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs;> xU cWjpf; Fwpg;G> gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;F
cupik cs;s egUf;F> epahakhd Neuj;jpy; xU tzpf Neuq;fspy;
mJ jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa Kd;dpay;ghf> ve;j gq;FjhuUk;
mj;jifa ,ay;Gepiyia cUthf;Fk; egUf;F ngWg;Ngw;fkhl;lhu;.’
3. fl;lzk; nrYj;Jjy;
cWjpnkhop Fwpg;G> guptu;j;jid kw;Wk; fhNrhiyfSf;Ff; fl;lzk;
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba NjjpfSf;Fs; fl;lzk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mj;jifa epfo;tpd; ,ay;Gepiyapy;> jahupg;ghsu;> Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;
my;yJ thq;Fgtu; jtpu> Mtzq;fis itj;jpUg;gtUf;F
nghWg;Ngw;fhJ. (gpupT 64 (1))
i. fldspg;gtUf;fhd rupahd ntspNaw;wj;ij toq;ff;$ba
eguhy;> mjhtJ> itj;jpUg;gtu; my;yJ mtuJ mq;ff P upf;fg;gl;l
Kftu; %yk;> my;yJ mtuJ ,wg;G my;yJ nehbg;nghOjpy;>
mtuJ rl;l gpujpepjp my;yJ mjpfhug;G+u;t MSeuhy;>
tof;fpy; ,Uf;fyhk;. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fbjj;jpd; %yk; jghy;
epiyaj;jpd; %yk; xU xg;ge;jk; my;yJ tpahghug; gad;ghL
%yk; mq;ff P upf;fg;gLtNj NghJkhdJ MFk;. (gpupT 64(1)).
ii. thf;FWjpr; rPl;L toq;Fjy;> guptu;j;jid kw;Wk; fhNrhiyfs;
nrYj;Jjy; Mfpait> KiwNa (gpupT 64(1) mjd; jahupg;G
epWtdj;jtiuAk;> Vw;ghd; my;yJ tbtpaiyNah nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,jid cUthf;Fgtu;> Vw;ghu; my;yJ ngWgtu; vd
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Kftuplk; $l mspf;fyhk;> ,e;j tof;F>
my;yJ jahupg;ghsu;> Vw;gtu; my;yJ ngWgtu; ,we;Jtpl;l
epiyapy;> mtUila rl;lG+u;t gpujpepjpaplk; ,Uf;fyhk;
my;yJ> mtu; xU nehbg;G epiyau; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;L>
cj;jpNahfG+u;t cupikkhw;wk; ngWgtu; (gpupT 75).
xU Jz;bf;fg;gl;l fhNrhiy xU kpd;dZ gzj;ij
nrYj;Jtjw;fhf toq;fg;gl;lhy;> tq;fpapy; ,Ue;J Jz;bf;f gl;l
fhNrhiyf;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l ve;jnthU jftiyAk; NfhUtjw;F> fUtpapd;
ntspg;gilahd jzpf;if gw;wpa epahakhd re;Njfj;jpw;Fk;> Nkhrb
kw;Wk; Nrjhuk; my;yJ Mtzk; mopg;G> kw;Wk; mJ kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
fhNrhiyia toq;Ftij NkYk; NfhUtjw;F cupik cs;sjh
vd jd;id rupghu;gg ; jw;fhf kw;Wk; Jz;blg;gl;l fhNrhiy jf;f
itj;J nfhz;L> gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; (jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; gy;NtW

Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lk;> 2002 (tpfpjq;fs; 6-2-2003) rl;lj;jpd; fPo; (gpupT 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
64-y; Eiof;fg;gl;l) xU gpuptpy; itj;J gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
A. gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd Neuk;

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd Neuk; Fwpj;j tpjpfs; gpd;tUkhW: Fwpg;Gfs;
1. tof;fkhf tzpf Neuq;fspy; gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd fl;lzk;
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tof;fkhf tq;fpf; fzf;fhdJ (gpupT 65)
tq;fpaplk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2.
Njitf;Nfw;w khw;W Mtzk; vd;gJ> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyfl;lj;jpy; fhNrhiy nrYj;Jtjw;F jtiz KbTfis
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; (gpupT 66). Ke;ija epfo;thdJ nray;jpwd;
kpf;fjhf ,y;iy> NkYk; xU ehs; jhkjk; Mdhy;> gq;Fjhuu;fs;
gpujhdkhf nghWg;Ngw;fNtz;Lk;.
3. Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; gzk; nrYj;jf;$ba MtzkhdJ>
ngwg;gl;l gpd;du; epahakhd Neuj;Jf;Fs; nfhLg;gdit toq;f
Ntz;Lk;> ,y;iynadpy;> mjd; mbg;gilapy; cs;s gq;Fjhuu;fs;
jq;fs; nghWg;gpypUe;J (gpupT 74 kw;Wk; 73) mtu; e\;lj;ij
fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4.
Njitapy; vg;nghOJk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba fhNrhiy>
ntspaPL nra;ag;gl;l gpwF epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs; kl;Lk;
nrYj;jg;glNtz;bajy;y> NkYk; ngWgtu; kw;Wk; mtuJ
tq;fpahsu; ,ilNa cs;s njhlu;G ngWgtupd; ghugl;rj;jpw;F
khw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf> (mjhtJ tq;fp nraypoe;jJ)
gq;Fjhuu; Kjd;ikahf nghWg;Ngw;f khl;lhu;> mjhtJ ntspaPL
nra;ag;gLk;> ,e;j jhkjj;jhy; Vw;gl;l ,og;gpd; fhuzkhf mtu;
mila Ntz;Lk; (72 kw;Wk; 84).
Kd;itf;fg;gLk; jhkjj;ij jtpu;ff ; yhk; (gpupT 75A). fl;Lg;ghl;bd;
mg;ghw;gl;l R+o;epiyfshy; Vw;gl;Ls;sjh my;yJ mtuJ ,ay;Gepiy>
jtwhd elj;ij my;yJ myl;rpak; Mfpatw;wpw;F nghUj;jkw;wjh
vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ (Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; my;yJ gzk; nrYj;Jjy;)
jhkjkhFk;. ,jdhy;> mQ;ry; Ntiy epWj;jk; fhuzkhf> gzk; nrYj;Jk;
,lj;jpw;F fUtpia mDg;Gk; eilKiw rhj;jpakpy;yhky; Nghdjhy;
fhyjhkjk; Vw;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; jhkjk; nra;tjhy; nray;gl Kbahky;
Nghf fhuzkhfpwJ. ,J xU epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
epahakhd Neuk; (gpupT 105). Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; my;yJ gzk;
nrYj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd xU epahakhd Neuk; vd;d vd;gij jPu;khdpg;gjpy;
Mtzj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; xNu khjpupahd Mtzq;fSld; ifahSk;
tof;fkhd Nghf;F Mfpait ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; NkYk;> mj;jifa
Neuj;ij fzf;fpLtjpy;> nghJ tpLKiwfs; jtpu;f;fg;gLk;.
B. fl;lzk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd ,lk;

,r;rl;lk;> gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd ,lk; njhlu;ghd tpjpfis
gpd;tUkhW tFf;fpwJ:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 147

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; 1.
xU Mtzj;jpy; fl;lzk; nrYj;Jk; ,lj;jpd; Kftupia
rl;lk;;
Jy;ypakhf jahupg;ghsu; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. ngWgtu; my;yJ
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sgtu;> gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhf me;j ,lj;jpw;F
toq;f Ntz;Lk; (gpupT. 68 kw;Wk; 69). cjhuzkhf> xU tq;fpahy;
Fwpg;Gfs; ‘tq;fpahsu;fsplkpUe;J gzk;’ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;> me;j urPJ
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l tq;fpapy; rku;gg ; pf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; egUf;F xU tpsf;ff;fhl;rp NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;fhJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> khw;wl
P L
; ,lq;fspd; ngau;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhy;>
Mtzq;fis ,U ,lq;fspYk; nrYj;jyhk;.
2. gzk; nrYj;Jk; ve;j ,lKk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iynadpy;> Fwpg;G
my;yJ urPJ tzpfj;jpd; ,lj;jpy; (VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy;)> my;yJ
jahupg;ghsupd; ,lj;jpy;> tof;fkhf (gpupT 70) ,y; toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
3.
jahupg;ghsu;> nfhLg;gtu; my;yJ Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;l
Mtzj;jpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ltUf;F tpahghu my;yJ
epiyahd trpg;gpl ,lk; vJTkpy;iy> Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; my;yJ
gzk; nrYj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F toq;fg;gLk; Mtzj;jpy; ve;j
,lKk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy (gpupT 71).
Nkw;fz;l tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L> Kd;Dupik mspg;gjpy;
xU Kd;dpUg;G ,Ue;jhy;> jahupg;ghsu;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; my;yJ
miytupiriaj; jtpu NtW ve;j Mtzj;ijAk;> itj;jpUg;gtuplkpUe;J
nghWg;Ngw;fhJ. thf;FWjpr; rPl;L (gpupT 68-69 cld; gbf;fTk;). VNjDk;
,Ug;gpd;> gzk; nrYj;Jjy; vd;w guptu;j;jidapy; cs;s urPJ
kw;Wk; xg;Gtpg;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpy; kl;LNk> fl;lzk; nrYj;jhjitahf
fUjg;gLk;.
fl;lzk; nrYj;j Njitapy;yhj NghJ (gpupT 76)

gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;F ve;jnthU mtrpaKk; Njitapy;iy> gpd;tUk;
ve;jnthU tof;FfspYk;> me;j Mtzk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba Njjpapy;
mtkupahij nra;ag;glyhk;:
1. toq;fy; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jLf;fg;gLk;NghJ: jahupg;ghsu;>
Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; my;yJ nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Nw
VjhtJ xU Mtzj;ij toq;Ftijj; jLf;fpwJ. v.fh.> xU
thf;FWjpr; rPl;L njhiye;J> jahupg;G epWtdk; xU efy;
nfhLf;f kWf;fpwJ.
2. tzpf ,lk; %lg;gl;lJ: Mtzk; tzpf ,lj;jpy;
nrYj;jg;gl;lhy;> mtu; tof;fkhd tzpf Neuq;fspy; xU
tpahghu jpdj;jpy; mj;jifa ,lj;ij %btpl Ntz;Lk;.
3. gzk; nrYj;Jgtu; nrYj;Jk; ,lj;jpy; tuhjJ: NtW
rpy Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy; Mtzk; nrYj;jg;gLk;NghJ>
tof;fkhd tzpf Neuq;fspy; nrYj;Jgtu; my;yJ fl;lzk;
nrYj;Jtjw;F mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l ve;j egUk; ve;j ,lj;jpYk;
fye;J nfhs;s khl;lhu;fs;.

4. gzk; nrYj;Jgtu; fhz Kbahj NghJ: ve;j Fwpg;gpl;l 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
,lj;jpYk; Mtzk; nrYj;jg;gltpy;iynadpy;> Njjpapidj;
Njl Kbahtpl;lhy; gzk; nrYj;j KbahJ.
5. toq;fy; js;Sgb: toq;fy; vd;w jiyg;gpy; egu;> mjhtJ> gzk;
nrYj;Jgtu; toq;fy; kw;Wk; thf;FWjpfis toq;Ftjpy;iy Fwpg;Gfs;
vd;whYk; $l js;Sgb nfhLf;fg;gl khl;lhJ. ,j;jifa js;Sgb
vd;gJ ntspg;gilahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth nra;ag;glyhk;.
Kd;$l;bNa Klf;fp itf;fg;glyhk;. ,J> ‘toq;fy; js;Sgb’
vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; thu;ji ; jfspy; ntspg;gilahf Nru;ff
; g;gLfpwJ.
‘toq;fy; js;Sgb’ vd;w me;j Mtzj;jpy; ntspg;gilahf
Nru;gg
; jd; %yk; xU ntspg;gilahf js;Sgb Kjpu;rr ; pailAk;
Kd; nra;ag;glyhk;. jahupg;ghsu;> Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sgtu;> nfhLg;gtu;
Mfpatw;wpd; elg;gpypUe;J xU kiwKfkhd js;Sgb tpyf;fg;gLk;.
Kjpu;rr; papd; gpd;du;> KO my;yJ gFjpfshy; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
njhifia nrYj;Jtjw;fhd Mtzk; my;yJ thf;FWjpfspd;
mbg;gilapy; gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;F mtu; xU gq;if nrYj;Jfpwhu;.
6. gzk; vLg;ghsUf;F Nrjk; Vw;glhJ: gzk; vLg;ghsu; gzk;
nrYj;jhky; ,Ue;jhy; ghjpg;G Vw;gLk; tha;g;G ,y;iy. v.fh.>
gzk; ngWgtu; vd;gJ xU Nghypahd egu; my;yJ xg;ge;jj;jpw;F
jFjpaw;wtu; my;yJ vLg;ghsu; kw;Wk; gzk; ngWgtu; xNu eguhf
,Uf;Fk; NghJ> me;j vLg;ghsu;> gzk; ngWgtu; kw;Wk; gzk;
itj;jpUg;gtu; MfpNahUf;F vjpuhf ,Uf;fyhk;. tpsf;ff;fhl;rp
,y;yhky; vLg;ghsiu nghWg;Ngw;f nra;aKbAk;.

7. ‘Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tpsf;fq;fs;’ Vd; mtrpak;?
8. ‘ghu;it toq;fy;’ vg;NghJ Njitg;gLfpwJ?
7.4 khw;wj;jf;f Mtzk; kw;Wk; nghUs;

jpUj;jpaikj;jy; Mfpatw;iw Neu;ikaw;W
ntspNaw;wy;.
xU Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;l Mtzk; (i) Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj my;yJ
(ii) gzk; nrYj;jg;glhjjpd; %yk; mtkjpf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fyhk;.
guptu;j;jid vd;w rl;l%yq;fs; kl;LNk Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;w epiyapy;> gupkhw;w urPJ kl;LNk Vw;fg;glh tpl;lhy; mJ
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glhj xd;whf fUjg;gLk;. epr;rakhf ve;jnthU
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;l Mtzk;—cWjpnkhop Fwpg;G> gupkhw;wk;
my;yJ fhNrhiy urPJ my;yhj fl;lzk; %yk; mtkjpg;G ,Uf;fyhk;.
Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj tifapy; mtkjpf;fg;gl;lJ

xU guptu;j;jid urPJ fPo;f;fz;l tof;Ffspy; Vw;fg;glhj tifapy;
mtkjpf;fg;gLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 149

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; 1. gzk; ngWgtu; my;yJ gy ngWgtu;fs; ($l;lhspfshf ,y;yhj)
rl;lk;;
NghJ> me;j urPJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F Kiwahd xg;Gjy; Njit.
mtu; Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhkh ,y;iyah vd;gijg; guprPypf;f 48
kzp Neu Neuk; (nghJ tpLKiw jpdq;fis kl;Lk; jtpu;j;J)
Fwpg;Gfs; Njitg;glyhk; vd;gij ,J epidT $WfpwJ (gpupT 63).
2. ,e;j xg;Gif Vw;fg;gLk; NghJ> urPJ Vw;fg;gLtjpy;iy> mjhtJ
Vw;fg;glhkNyNa cs;sJ.
3. ngWgtu; xg;ge;jk; nra;a jFjpaw;w epiyapy; cs;sJ.
4. ngWgtu; Vw;Giuapy; ,lk; ngWfpwJ.
5. ngWgtu; xU Nghypahd eguhf ,Ue;jhy; my;yJ epahakhd
NjlYf;F gpwF fz;Lgpbf;f KbahJ (gpupT 61).
xU nryhtzp urPjpy; ngauplg;gl;Ls;s xU ‘ngWgtu;’ vd;w
ngaupy;> ,e;j urPJ> mj;jifa ngWgtu; (gpupT 115) mtkjpf;fg;gLk;
tiu mtkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhFk;.
Neu;ikaw;w tifapy; gzk; nrYj;jhjJ

xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L> guptu;j;jid my;yJ fhNrhiy Vw;Wf;nfhs;gtu;>
gzk; nrYj;jg;gLjy; %yk; mtkjpf;fg;gLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jf; Fwpg;gpd; ngWgtu; my;yJ fhNrhiy ngWgtu;> fhNrhiy
Mfpatw;iw Vw;gtu;> nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpy; nrYj;jg;gLk;NghJ>
xU cWjpnkhop> gupkhw;wk; my;yJ fhNrhiy gw;whf;Fiwahy;
jpUg;gg;gl;ljhf $wg;gLfpwJ. (gpupT 92). NkYk;> xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L
my;yJ guptu;j;jid urPJ fl;lzk; nrYj;jg;glhky; mtkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gzk; nrYj;Jjy; vd;gJ urPjpd; Fwpg;gpid my;yJ Vw;ghid
cUthf;Fgtu;fspdhy; ntspg;gilahf Vw;fg;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;G my;yJ
urPJ Kjpu;T (gpupT 76) my;yJ mjw;F gpd; nfhLf;fg;glhj epiyapy;
cs;sJ. mtkjpg;Gld; njhlu;Gila rpy mk;rq;fSk; cs;sd.
Fwpg;G tiujy;
‘Fwpg;G tiujy;’ vd;gJ> xU khw;wj;jf;f fUtpapd; cz;ikahd kw;Wk;
cj;jpNahfG+u;t ep&gzk; MFk;. xU fhNrhiy mtkjpg;G tof;fpy; vOk;
Nfs;tp vd;dntd;why;> mj;jifa re;ju;gg ; j;jpy;> tq;fp kWjypg;Gld;>
fhNrhiyfis kWguprPyid nra;a vOJk; fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtjd;
%yk; jpUk;g nfhLf;fpwJ> NkYk; mJ jhdhfNt xU cz;ikahd
Mjhukhf nray;gLfpwJ. cs;ehl;L rl;l%yq;fs; my;yJ Fwpg;Gfspy;
$l> Rl;bf;fhl;lf; $ba fl;lhakpy;iy (gpupT 104).
gpupT 99 fUj;Jg;gb> xU thf;FWjpr; rPlL
; my;yJ guptu;jj
; id
urPJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glhj my;yJ fl;lzkw;w tifapy; mtkjpf;fg;gLk;
NghJ> me;jf; Mtzj;jpd; kPJ xU nghJ Mtzk;> my;yJ mjpy;
,izf;fg;gl;l xU jhspy; my;yJ xt;nthd;wpd; kPJ my;yJ xU
gFjpiag; gw;wp xU Fwpg;igf; Fwpg;gpLtu;. ,jw;fhf cupikahsu;
my;yJ Fwpg;ig vLf;Fk; Mtzk; nghJ kf;fSf;F Vw;Wf;nfhs;tNjh

my;yJ gzk; nrYj;Jtjhf Nfhup Vw;Wf;nfhs;gtu;> jahupg;ghsu; my;yJ 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
jahupg;ghsu; kPJ KiwaPL nra;tJ urPJ my;yJ Fwpg;gpy; mt;thwhd
Fwpg;Gfis nra;a kWg;gJ gw;wpaJ. ,t;thW ‘Fwpg;G tiujy;’ vd;gJ>
Neu;ikaw;w Mtzj;jpy; cs;s Neu;ikaw;w my;yJ Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
mjDld; ,ize;j xU Mtzj;jpy; gjpT nra;tjhFk;. mtkjpg;Gf;Fg;gpd; Fwpg;Gfs;
xU epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;: (i) Neu;ikaw;w Njjp;
(ii) mj;jifa mtkjpg;Gf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l fhuzk;; (iii) Mtz nryTfs;
MfpaitahFk;.
vjpu;g;G
‘vjpu;g;G’ vd;gJ mtuJ Nfhupf;ifapd; Ngupy; nghJ Mtzj;jhs;
toq;fg;gl;l mtkjpg;Gf;fhd xU rhjhuz rhd;wpjo; MFk; (Fwpg;ghff;
Fwpg;Ngl;by; cs;s xU gjpT kl;Lk; my;y) (gpupT 100).
7.4.1 Mtzk; kw;Wk; cupikahsupd; ntspNaw;wk;

Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;l Mtzq;fspd; njhlu;gpy; ‘ntspNaw;wk;’ vd;w
thu;j;ij ,uz;L fUj;jhf;fq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ: (i) Mtzq;fis
ntspNaw;WtJ> kw;Wk; (ii) Mtzj;jpy; nghWg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J xd;W
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cupikahsu; ntspNaw;wk;.
(i) Mtz ntspNaw;wk;

xU khw;wf;$ba Mtzk;> Kw;wpYk; gadw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ>
mJ NkYk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;j KbahJ vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. xU
khw;wj;jf;f Mtzkhf midj;Jf; fl;rpfSf;Fk; vjpuhd cupikia
KbTf;F nfhz;LtUtjd; gpd;du; KbTf;F tUk;> ve;jf; xg;ge;jKk;>
cupa Nghf;fpy; xU cilikahsu; $l ve;jf; xg;ge;jj;jpypUe;Jk;
me;jf; Mtzj;jpd; njhifia cupik nfhz;lhl KbahJ.
Mtzj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; xg;ge;jj;jpy; gpujhdkhf
kw;Wk; ,Wjpapy; Mtzkhf nghWg;Ngw;ff; $ba xg;ge;jj;jpd; KbT
ntspaplg;gLk;.
(ii) xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l xg;ge;jk; ntspNaw;wk;

Mtzk; kPJ jdJ flik KbtilAk; NghJ xU xg;ge;jk; jdJ
nghWg;GldpypUe;J ntspNaw;wk; nra;ag;gLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
xU Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;l Mtzj;jpw;F rpy xg;ge;jk; kl;LNk
ntspNaw;wk; nra;ag;gLk; NghJ> Mtz Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;lJ
kw;Wk; kWf;fg;glhj xg;ge;jq;fs; mjw;F nghWg;Ngw;fpd;wd. vdNt>
xU Mtzj;jpy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fspd;
ntspNaw;wj;ij Mtzj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;w KbahJ kw;Wk;
mjw;fpilapyhd cupikfs; ,d;dKk; nghWg;Ngw;ff; $ba me;jf;
xg;ge;jq;fSf;F vjpuhf nray;gl KbAk;.
,t;thwhf> xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fis xU
,lj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wpaJ> me;j Kiwiag; gpd; njhlu;tjpy;iy>
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 151

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; NkYk; mjd; fPo; cs;s cupikfs;> njhlu;e;J nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;ba
rl;lk;;
gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F vjpuhf mky;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;.
,J xU khw;wj;jf;f KiwahfTk; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F gpd;tUk; topfspy; nghWg;gpypUe;J
Fwpg;Gfs; tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; %yg;nghUs; jpUj;jpaikj;jy; gw;wp
tpupthf tpthjpg;Nghk;.
1. uj;Jnra;jy; [gpupT 82 (a)]
2. tpLtpj;jy; [gpupT 82 (b)]
3. nrYj;Jjy; [gpupT S2 (c) kw;Wk; 78]
4. 48 kzpNeuj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd Neuj;ij mDkjpj;jy; (gpupT 83)
5. jFjpngw;w xg;Gjiy vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; (gpupT 86)
6. Neu;ikaw;wij Kd;dwptpg;gjpy;iy
7. xU kNrhjhtpd; xg;Gjiy Vw;fhjJ (gpupT 61)
8. fhNrhiy Kd;itg;gjpy; jhkjk; (gpupT 86)
9. %yg;nghUs; jpUj;jpaikj;jy;: xU khw;wf;$ba
fUtpapd; ve;j xU nghUSk; xNu ntw;wplj;ij>
mjhtJ> mjd; nraiy mg;gbNa khw;wp tpLfpwJ> ,e;j
khw;wj;jpw;F xg;Gjy; juf;$lhJ vd;W midj;J gq;Fjhuu;fSk;>
,e;j khw;wj;jpid nra;Ak; NghJ (gpupT 87)> mjd; rl;lk; ,Ue;J
tpLtpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;> jpUj;jpaikj;jgpd;> me;j
rhjdj;Jf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; egu;fs;> khw;wj;jpd;gb mikg;gpd;
fPo; nghWg;ghfpd;wdu;. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> khw;wg;gl;l
mikg;gpid nrhy;gtu;fs; gw;wp vJTk; $w KbahJ. (gpupT 88).
,e;jf; Kiwapd; %yg;nghUs; khw;wpaikj;jy;> mj;jifa
khw;wpaikj;jiy nra;Ak; Neuj;jpy; midj;Jf; gq;Fjhuu;
flikg; nghWg;igf; nfhs;fpwJ> NkYk; me;j khw;wk; ve;j
Kiwf;F gaDs;sjhf cs;sJ my;yJ jPq;Ftpistpf;fpwJ
vd;gjw;F khw;wkhf cs;sJ. Mtzj;ij itj;jpUg;gtu; my;yJ
xU ntspegupd; %yk; cs;s me;j Mtzj;ij itj;jpUg;gtu;
my;yJ xU ntspegupd;> me;j Mtzj;jpd; nraypy; ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ> mJ mjd; Neu;ik (Nltpl;rd; kw;Wk; $g;gu;) mij
ghJfhf;f fl;Lg;gl;lJ Vnddpy;. Mdhy;> ghJfhg;G ve;j xU
ftdf;FiwTk; ,y;yhky; xU ntspeguhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ
(FNuhre;jpu kw;Wk; f;U\;zh rhu;dh) ,J mq;F cs;s
fl;rpfspd; nghWg;ig ghjpf;fhJ.
%yg;nghUs; jpUj;jpaikj;jy; vt;thW mikfpwJ?
,J xU Mtzk; my;yJ cupikfs; nry;YgbahFk;
jd;ikia ghjpf;Fk; vd;W xt;nthU jpUj;jpapYk; cs;sJ.
khw;wpaikj;jy; ‘nghUs;’-Mf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk> me;jf;
fUtpapd; nry;Ygb my;yJ fl;rpfspd; cupikfs;
Nfs;tpf;Fwpahf tUk;. khw;wj;jf;f Mtzj;jpd; rl;lk;

vd;gJ> xU nghUis jpUj;jpaikj;jy; vd;w Nfs;tpf;F 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
mikjpahf cs;sJ? vdNt> ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fs;>
Mq;fpyr; rl;lj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp> gq;Fjhuu;fSf;fpilNa cs;s
rl;lG+u;t cwTfis my;yJ Mtzj;jpd; jd;ik my;yJ gzk;
nrYj;Jjw;Fupa njhifg; nghUs; jpUj;jpaikj;jiy khw;Wtjd; Fwpg;Gfs;
tpisitf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
%yg;nghUs; jpUj;jpaikj;jy; cjhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
(i) gzk; nrYj;Jk; Neuj;ijAk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba ,lj;ijAk;
nrYj;j Ntz;ba Njjpapd; khw;wj;ijAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.
(ii) xU Gjpa gq;Fjhuupd; Mtzj;ij khw;wpaikj;jy;
(Njhl;lf;fhuu; kw;Wk; Nthy;\;)
(iii) tl;b tpfpjj;ij khw;wpaikj;jy; (ntu;Nfh gpiuNtl;
ypkpnll; kw;Wk; epA+e;jpuk;).

(iv) Mtzj;jpd; %yg;nghUis khw;wpaikj;jy;.
Mtzj;jpd; gpd;tUk; nray;fspy; cs;s Mtzq;fis
khw;wk; nra;tjw;F ve;jnthU ruf;FisAk; khw;wp
mikg;gjpy;iy> Vnddpy; mit gq;Fjhuu;fspd; cupikfs; kw;Wk;
nghWg;Gfisj; Vw;gjpy;iy.
(i) xU jtW my;yJ xU ,urhag; gpioia jpUj;Jtjd;
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nra;ag;gl;l khw;wpaikj;jy;.
(ii) xj;j gq;Fjhuu;fspd; nghJthd Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;w
khw;wpaikj;jy;.
(iii) Mtzj;jpw;F Kd; toq;fg;gLk; khw;wq;fs;.
(iv) me;jf; Mtzj;jpd; kPJ nghWg;G nfhz;l gq;Fjhuu;fspd;
xg;GjYld; khw;wpaikj;jy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
(v) VNjDk; xU fhNrhiyia gupNrhjpf;Fk;gb khw;Wjy;
(vi) Kbtilahj my;yJ KOikailahj Mtzq;fspd;
ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy;. (gpupT 20). ,t;thW> gzk;
ngWgtupd; fhNrhiy Fwpj;j Njjpiag; FwpapLtJ.
Mtzj;jpd; ntw;wplj;ij jpUj;jpaikj;jjpy; cs;s
%yg;nghUs; jpUj;jj;jpw;F msT ,y;iy. (gh];fud;
re;jpuNrfud; kw;Wk; ,uhjhfpU\;zd;)
(vii) Kbtpy;yhky; xU KOikahf;fYf;Fs; jpUj;jk; nra;jy;.
(gpupT 49)
(viii) jFjpngw;w Vw;Gfis nra;jy;. (gpupT 86)
(ix) khw;Wk; kw;Wk; khw;wKbahj fhNrhiyfs; (gpupT 125)
(x) tpgj;J tpisthf Vw;gLk; khw;wk;. fOTjy; %yk;
mopj;jy;> nts;is vWk;Gfs; my;yJ vypfs; %yk;
R+iwahlg; gl;lJ> xU Foe;ijahy; fpopf;fg;gl;l Mtzk;>
xU rpfnul;bd; R+lhd Kbtpy; vupf;fg;gl;l Mtzk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 153

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; (n`hq;nfhq; kw;Wk; \hq;fha; tq;fp fhu;g;gNu\d;f;F
rl;lk;;
vjpuhf Nyh yP \p).
khw;wpaikj;jy; gw;wpa Mtzj;jpd; kjpg;G ntspg;gilahdJ
,y;iy: rpy Neuq;fspy;> xU khw;wf;$ba Mtzj;jpd; cjtpahy;
Fwpg;Gfs; khw;wpaikf;fg;gLfpwJ> Mdhy; mt;thW khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ljhfj;
mJ Njhd;wtpy;iy. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> & 500-f;F xU fhNrhiy>
,U nrhw;fs; kw;Wk; gzk; ngWgtupd; Nkhrj; njhif & 3500
Mfpatw;wpd; msit tpl ntspg;gilahf mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
mj;jifa R+oe ; piyfspy;> xU egu; my;yJ tq;fpahsu; gzk;
nrYj;Jifapy;> ntspg;gilahd egupd; NtW tifapNyh gzk;
nrYj;Jfpwhu; vd;why;> mtu; nghWg;gpypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLfpwhu;>
Mdhy; me;j MtzkhdJ khw;wg;gl;l Mtzj;jpd; nray;fspd;
%yk; mj;jifa gzk; tprhupf;fg;glKbahJ [gFjp.89 (1)].
fhNrhiy vd;gJ xU rpijg;gl;l fhNrhiyapd; xU kpd;dZ gpk;gk;
MFk;. ,J Nghd;w kpd;dZ gpk;gj;jpd; Njhw;w tisTk;> rpijj;j
fhNrhiyf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s nghUs; khw;wk; MFk;. mJ tq;fp
my;yJ fhNrhiyj; jPut ; fj;jpw;F flikahf ,Uf;f $Lk;. ,e;j
Nghd;w epfo;Tfspy; cs;sJ Nghy;> cUtj;ijf; khw;wpaikf;fTk;>
ntspg;gLj;jTk; nra;Ak; NghJ> rpijTWk; fhNrhiyapd; kpd;dZtpd;
Njhw;w tistpd; jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;JtJ mtrpak;. [gFjp.89
(2)]. xU khw;wpaikf;fg;gl fhNrhiyahdJ kpd;Ndw;wk; ngw;w
kpd;dZ gpk;gj;ij ngWk; ve;j xU tq;fpiaNah my;yJ xU
jPui
; ttPlL ; > mjd; gpk;gj;ijg; ntspg;gLj;jpa gq;Fjhuuplk; ,Ue;J
rupghu;ff
; Ntz;Lk;> mjd; gpk;gk;> mjd; %yk; mJ ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L>
ngwg;gLtNj MFk;. [gFjp.89 (3)].
10. xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; gpd;idilT urPJ: gupkhw;wj; jpUj;j
cld;gbf;ifapd; %yk;> ‘xg;ge;jg; gpd;dilT’ %yk;
Vw;ghsUf;F kPz;Lk; tUk;NghJ> mtu; mjd; cilikahsu;
Mfpwhu;. Nguk; NgrpAs;s xU guptu;j;jid kNrhjh> jdJ nrhe;j
cupikapy; Vw;fduhy; elj;jg;gl;lhy; mJ Kjpu;r;rp mile;j
gpwF> midj;J eltbf;iff;fhd midj;J cupikfSk; mjpy;
,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. [gFjp 90].

9. xU khw;W Mtzq;fs; my;yhj Vw;Wf;nfhs;sjhjy; mtkjpg;G
nra;ag;gLk; tof;Ffis gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd.
10. xU khw;W Mtzk; vg;NghJ ntspNaw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ?

1.
khw;WKiw Mtzk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F> tpepNahfj;jhy;
khw;wf;$ba vOj;J %ykhd Mtzk; vd;W nghUs;.

khw;WKiw Mtz rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 13-d; gb> ‘xUkhw;wKiw 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
Mtzk; vd;gJ xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L> guptu;j;jid Mtzk;
my;yJ elj;Jgtu; my;yJ nrYj;Jtjw;fhf nrYj;j Ntz;ba
fhNrhiy vd;W nghUs;gLfpwJ. xU khw;W MtzkhdJ
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nrYj;jf;$batu;fis $l;lhf Fwpg;Gfs;
nrYj;jyhk;> my;yJ xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L my;yJ rpy
nrYj;jf;$batu;fis khw;whf nrYj;jyhk; [gpupT 13 (2)].
2.
,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fpapd; rl;lk;> gpupT 31d; rl;lj;jpw;F
khw;wj;jf;f MtzkhdJ cl;gl;Ls;sJ. 1946 Mk; jpUj;jr;
rl;lj;jpd;gb khw;wj;jf;f MtzkhdJ jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
i. ,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fp my;yJ kj;jpa muR jtpu NtW ve;j
egUk;> Ntiyahs; xUtUf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba thf;FWjpr;
rPl;Lfis cUthf;fNth my;yJ ntspaplNth KbahJ.
ii. ,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fp my;yJ kj;jpa muR jtpu NtW ve;j
egUk; Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; NtiyahSf;Fr; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba nryhtzp kNrhjhit tiuaNth my;yJ Vw;fNth
KbahJ.
iii. Njitapy; Ntiyahs; fzf;fpy; nrYj;j Ntz;ba fhNrhiy>
xU tq;fpAld; xU egupd; fzf;Fld; tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;.
3. ,tu;fs;: (i) gz cj;juTfs;; (ii) jghy; fl;lisfs;; (iii) epiyahd
itg;G tuTfs;; (iv) gq;F rhd;wpjo;fs;; (v) fld; fbjq;fs;.
4.
cyf tu;j;jf cyfpy; guptu;j;jid kNrhjhf;fis
gad;gLj;Jtjd; rpwg;G gad;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
i. khw;W Kwp vd;gJ ,ul;ilg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l MtzkhFk;.
,e;j Mtzk; Vw;gtuhy; mtkjpf;fg;gl;lhy;> gzk;
nfhLg;gtu; my;yJ gzk; ngWgtupd; njhif>
fl;lzj;jpw;fhd tpepNahfj;jpid ghu;f;ff;$Lk;.
ii. gzkhdJ cldbahf Njitg;gl;lhy;> gzk; ngWgtupd;
tq;fp %yk; ,e;j Mtzj;ijf; js;Sgb nra;ayhk;.
iii. ,U jdpj;jdpahd tu;j;jff; fld;fis nryhtzp rl;l%yk;
%yk; ntspNaw;w KbAk;. vdNt> ,q;F A vd;gtu; B 1000
&ghia %d;W khjq;fspy; jpUg;gp jUtjhf $wp fld;
thq;Ffpwhu;. rpy ehl;fSf;F gpwF B mNj Kiwapy; mNj
&ghia C tplk; ,Ue;J thq;Ffpwhu;. gpwF B vd;gtu;
A tplk; 1000 &ghia C tplk; jUkhW $Wfpwhu;. ,jd;
jdpj;jdpahd tu;j;jf fld;fis ntspNaw;w KbAk;.
5. nryhtzp my;yJ xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L vd;W fUjg;gLk;
xU MtzkhdJ> xU njsptw;w Mtzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
mg;gbg;gl;l epiyapy;> cupikahsuhf ,Ug;gtu; mij xU
guptu;j;jid my;yJ thf;FWjpr; rPl;L vd;W khw;wf;$Lk;> Mdhy;
mtu; jdJ tpUg;gj;ij Kd;itj;jNghJ> me;jf; MtzkhdJ
mjw;F Vw;whu; Nghy [gpupT 17] elj;jg;gLk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 155

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; 6. xU khw;wj;jf;f Mtzj;ij mq;fPfupj;jgpd;> epge;jidapd;wp
rl;lk;;
my;yJ rpwg;G Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf kl;Lk; cs;sJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
my;yJ> gpiz my;yJ ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; my;yJ>
mjpy; cs;s nrhj;Jf;fis Kw;wpYk; khw;Wk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
Fwpg;Gfs; my;yhky;> mJ %d;whk; jug;G fzf;F vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
7.
khw;Wr;rPl;Lfs; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk Vw;G vd;gJ
mtrpakhfpwJ. Mdhy;> xg;GjYf;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
xt;nthU MtzKk; ,jpy; ,y;iy. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpd;
fhyhtjpahFk; NghJ Njit my;yJ nrYj;jNtz;ba gzk;
nrYj;Jjw;Fupa khw;Wr;rPl;L> my;yJ epr;rakhd epfo;T epfOk;
Njjpapy; nrYj;jg;glNtz;baij (jpU X ,d; kuzj;jpy;)
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba Njit ,y;iy> NkYk; mJ gzk;
nrYj;Jtjpw;F fhuzkhf MfptpLfpwJ.
8.
ghu;itf;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; nrYj;jj;jf;f xU
thf;FWjpr; rPl;L> Fwpg;Gtpd; Kjpu;r;rpia mwpa KbAk;.
vdNt> ghu;itf;F ,J mtrpakhdjhFk;. gpupT 62-,d;
gb> ‘xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyf;fl;lj;jpw;F nrYj;jj;jf;f
thf;FWjpr; rPl;L> mjd; ghu;itf;F mij cUthf;Fgtuplk;
rku;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs;>
mJ nra;ag;gl;l gpd;du;> tzpf Neuj;jpy; tu;j;jf ehshf
khw;wg;gLk;. ,j;jifa Kd;dpay;ghf> nray;fis ve;j
gq;FjhuUk; mj;jifa ,ay;Gepiyia cUthf;Fk; egUf;F
nghWg;Ngw;f khl;lhu;’
9. xU guptu;j;jid kNrhjh fPo;f;fz;l tof;Ffspy; Vw;fg;glhj
tifapy; mtkjpf;fg;gLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ:
i. ngWgtu; my;yJ nrYj;Jgtu; ($l;lhspfshf ,y;yhky;)>
,e;j kNrhjhit Njitahd Neuj;jpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ
,ay;Gepiy jpUk;GfpwJ. nrYj;Jgtu; 48 kzp Neuk; (nghJ
tpLKiw ehl;fs;) Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;fsh ,y;iyah vd;gij
guprPypf;f (gpupT 63) Njitg;glyhk;.
ii. Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Kd;nkhopT Nfhug;gLk;NghJ> kNrhjh
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glhJ> mjhtJ> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
iii. ngWgtu; xg;ge;jk; nra;a jFjpaw;wtu;.
iv. ngWgtu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd jFjp cilatu;.
v. ngWgtu; xU fw;gidahd eguhf ,Ue;jhy; epahakhd
Njliy fhz KbahJ. (gpupT 61).
10. xU khw;W Mtzk; vd;gJ Kw;wpYk; gadw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
ntspaPL nra;ag;gl;ljhf $wg;gLfpwJ> mJ ,d;Dk;
Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jg;glhJ. xU khw;W Mtzk; midj;J
fl;rpfSf;Fk; vjpuhd cupikfis KbTf;F nfhz;LtUk;
gpd;du; KbTf;F tu ve;jnthU gq;Fjhuupd; fl;rpAk; fhuzkhf
,Uf;f KbahJ.

7.6 RUf;fk; 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
••khw;W Mtzk; vd;gJ tpepNahfpg;gjd; %yk; khw;wj;jf;fJ’>

kw;Wk; nrhy; fUtp vd;gJ ‘rpy egu;fSf;F Mjuthf cupikia
cUthf;fpa vOjg;gl;l Mtzk;’ vd;gjhFk;. ,t;thW> khw;W Fwpg;Gfs;
Mtzk; vd;w thu;j;ijapd; mu;j;jk; ‘tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l
vOjg;gl;l Mtzk;’ MFk;.
••‘jhq;fpf;nfhs;sf;$baJ’ vd;gJ ‘vtNuDk; nrYj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij jhq;FfpwJ. xU Fwpg;G> kNrhjh my;yJ
fhNrhiy mjw;F kl;LNk nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
ve;jnthU filrp my;yJ xg;Gjy; thf;F%yk; ngwg;gLk;.
••xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L vOjp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU tha;%y
thf;FWjp vd;gJ xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L MfptplhJ. jhspy; vOjp
Gj;jfj;jpy; ,Uf;fyhk;.
••,jpy; ngd;rpy; my;yJ ,q;f; cld; Nru;j;J mr;rpLjy; my;yJ
jl;lr;R nra;jy; mlq;Fk;.
••tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Njitfs; G+u;j;jp nra;jhy; Fwpg;gpl;l
egUf;F kl;Lk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba xU guptu;j;jid kNrhjh
nry;YgbahFk;> Mdhy; mJ khw;Wtjw;fhd jil
tpjpf;fg;gLtjhy; tpyq;fpay; rl;lj;jpd; mu;j;jj;jpw;Fs;
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fupa fUtpahf ,Uf;f KbahJ.
••xU fhNrhiy gupkhw;w kNrhjhtpd; xU gFjpahf ,Ug;gJ>
kNrhjhtpd; vy;yh mj;jpahtrpaq;fisAk; jpUg;jpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;> v.fh. xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnahg;gkpl Ntz;Lk;.
••xU KOikaw;w my;yJ ntw;W Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;l fUtp
xOq;fhf Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gl;L ifnahg;gkplg;gLtJ xU ‘Jtf;F
Mtzk;’ vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
••Kjpu;T vd;gJ Mtzj;jhy; gzk; nrYj;Jk; Njjp FiwAk;.
Nfhupf;if my;yJ fhNrhiy vd;gJ nrYj;jg;gLk;
fUtpf;F Njjp cldbahf nrYj;jg;gLtNjhL mjd; Kjpu;r;rpia
Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;jhJ.
••Kf;fpakhd gq;Fjhuu;fs; khw;W Mtzj;ij itj;jpUg;gu;. ,J
khw;W Mtzj;jpd; kPJ tof;F njhlu KbAk; jdpahf (rpy
tpjptpyf;Ffs;) me;j Ngr;R thu;j;ijfis Kbf;f KbAk; kw;Wk;
ntspNaw;w KbAk;.
••gupkhw;w urPJfspd; nra;jpapy; kl;LNk Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
tpsf;fq;fs; mtrpak;. Mdhy; xt;nthU kNrhjhitAk;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;bajpy;iymit xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
••toq;fy; cWjpnkhopapd; Fwpg;Gf;F kl;LNk Njitg;gLfpwJ
,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyfl;lj;jpw;Fs; nrYj;jg;glj;jf;fJ vdNt
Fwpg;G Kjpu;r;rp cWjpnra;ag;glyhk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 157

1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; ••xU khw;W Mtzk; %yk; (i) xg;Gf;nfhs;Sjy;
rl;lk;;
my;yhjJ (ii) gzk; nrYj;Jjy; my;yhjJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F
Kd;itf;fg;gLtJ kl;LNk tof;fpy; Njitg;gLfpwJ. mJ
Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj Kiwapy; gupkhw;w urPJfs; kl;LNk cs;sd.
Fwpg;Gfs; ••xU thf;FWjpr; rPl;L nrythzpapd; kNrhjh my;yJ
fhNrhiy vd;gJ fhNrhiyapd; tiuit cUthf;Fgtu;>
fhNrhiy Vw;Fk;NghJ gzk; nrYj;JtjpypUe;J
mtkjpf;fg;glyhk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; gzk;
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w Fwpg;gpd; NghJ mJ gzk;nrYj;JfpwJ.
••mtkjpg;G mwptpf;fg;gLk; egUf;F Kiwahf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l
Kftu; %yk; toq;fg;gLk;. xU Mtzk; vd;gJ KftUld;
ifnahg;gkplg;gl;L> mtkupahij nra;ag;gLk; NghJ Kftupapd;
rhu;ghf gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F mwptpf;f KbAk;.
••gpupT 94-d; gb> mtkjpg;G gw;wpa mwptpg;G tha;nkhopahf
vOjg;glyhk;. mt;thW vOjpdhy; jghy; %yk; mDg;gyhk;.
,J jtwhf elj;jg;gl;lhYk; Kiwahfg; Ngrg;gl;L> jghy;
nra;ag;gLk; xU mwptpg;ghFk;.
••xU khw;wj;jf;f fUtpapd; cz;ikahd cj;jpNahfG+u;t
ep&gzk; vd;gJ Rl;bf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ. fhNrhiy mtkjpf;fg;
gl;l tof;fpy; Fwpg;gpl;l Nfs;tpfs; vOtjpy;iy> Vnddpy;
mj;jifa epiyapy; tq;fp kWf;Fk; NghJ gzk; nrYj;Jjy;
vd;gJ> Neu;ikahf vOJtjw;fhd fhuzq;fisj; jUk;
fhNrhiy MFk;.
••khw;W Mtzq;fs; ,uz;L khw;wq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. (i) Mtz
ntspNaw;wk; (ii) Mtz nghWg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J xd;W my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fspd; ntspNaw;wk;
••xU Mtzq;fspy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; ntspNaw;wj;ij Mtzq;fspy; ,Ue;J
ntspNaw;w KbahJ kw;Wk; mjd; fPo; cs;s cupikfs;
njhlu;e;J nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F vjpuhf
nray;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
••,e;j fUtpapd; %yg;nghUs; khw;wpaikj;jy; vd;gJ midj;J
jug;gpdupd; nghWg;igAk; ,j;jifa jpUj;jpaikj;jiy
nra;Ak; Neuj;jpy; nra;fpwJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ> mJ ve;j
fl;rpf;Fk; ed;ik my;yJ jPq;F tpistpf;ff; $ba tifapy;
khw;wpaikj;jy; vd;gJ ve;j tpj;jpahrj;ijAk; nfhLf;fhJ.

••Mtz urPJ: kNrhjh %yk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gl;l nghUl;fs;
njhlu;ghd Mtzq;fs;> v.fh> xg;ge;j rPl;L my;yJ uapy;Nt
urPJ> tpiyg;gl;bay;> fly; fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;if Mfpait

kNrhjhTld; ,izf;fg;gLk;> ,e;j kNrhjh Mtz kNrhjh 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs;
rl;lk;;
vdg;gLfpwJ.
••Kjpu;r;rp: Kjpu;r;rp vd;why;> xU Mtzf; fl;lzj; njhifapy;
tPo;r;rp milAk; Njjpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
••mjpfhuG+u;tkhf ngWgtu;: ,e;j epakpf;fg;gl;l egu; xU
Kbit mikf;Fk; nghUl;L xU jw;fhypf fiyg;gjpfhupahf
nray;gLfpwhu;.
••mjpfhuG+u;tkhd gzpahsu;: fhyhtjpahd nrhj;Jf;fis fld;
toq;Fgtu;fSf;F rl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tpepNahfpf;Fk; mjpfhupahf
cs;shu;. fldhspfSf;F mtuJ flikfis eptu;j;jp nra;a
mtu; cjTfpwhu;.
••khw;W Mtzq;fis ntspNaw;WtJ: Kf;fpakhf> ,Wjpapy;
Mtzj;jpd; kPjhd nghWg;Gfs; KbTf;F tUk; NghJ> me;j
Mtzk; ntspNawptpLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
••,e;jpa vy;iy tiuaiw rl;lk;: 1963 Mk; Mz;bd; ,e;jpa tuk;Gr;
rl;lj;jpd; 5 Mk; gpupT> tof;FiuQu;fSf;F cjTtjw;fhd xU
nray;ghlhFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l fhy fl;lj;jpy;> gy;NtW rl;lq;fspd;
fPo; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

FWfpa gjpy; Nfs;tpfs;
1. khw;W Mtzq;fspd; gy;NtW tbtq;fs; gw;wp rpwpa Fwpg;G
vOJf.
2. khw;W Mtzq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisg; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.
3. rhd;W rPl;L gw;wpa mj;jpahtrpakhd Fwpg;igf; Fwpg;gpLf.
4. gzk; nrYj;JtJ gw;wp rpwpa Fwpg;G vOJf.
5. xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fspd; ntspNaw;wk;
gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
ePz;l tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. xU Mtzk;> thf;FWjpr; rPl;L nry;YgbahfNtz;ba khw;W
Mtzk; vd;gJ mj;jpahtrpakhdJ my;y. ,e;j mwpf;ifia
epahag;gLj;Jf.
2. khw;W Mtzj;ij khw;Wtjw;fhd mbg;gilf;fhd Njitfis
tptupf;f.
3. khw;W Mtzq;fspd; tpsf;fj;ij Ma;T nra;f.
4. khw;W Mtzq;fspd; mtkjpg;Gf;fhd gy fhuzpfis tpthjpf;f.
5. khw;W Mtzq;fspd; fUj;J kw;Wk; jd;ikapd; tptuq;fis
Muha;f.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 159

rl;lk;;
7.9 NkYk; gbf;f
Fwpg;Gfs; Fr;rhy;> M.C. kw;Wk; tpNtf; Fr;rhy;. 2012. tzpfr; rl;lk;> vl;lhtJ
gjpg;gfk;).

fhg;gPL
myF 8 fhg;gPL
mikg;G Fwpg;Gfs;
8.0 Kd;Diu
8.2.2 ePjpj;Jiw mikg;G kw;Wk; rl;lf; Nfhl;ghLfs; fhg;GWjp
8.2.3 ,e;jpahtpy; fhg;GWjpr; rl;lq;fspd; tuyhW
8.3 fhg;gPL xU xg;ge;jk;
8.3.3 MAs; fhg;GWjp
8.3.4 jP fhg;GWjp
8.3.5 flw;Jiw fhg;GWjp
tpilfs;
8.5 RUf;fk;
8.8 NkYk; gbf;f
8.0 Kd;Diu
fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;lk; 1938> gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; 1938-,y; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lk;>
fhg;gPl;L Jiwia Kiwg;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ njhopy;Jiw nray;gLk;
gue;j rl;l tiuaiwia toq;FfpwJ. ,r;rl;lk; vy;yhtpjkhd
fhg;GWjpfis %btpl;lJ. ,e;j rl;lj;jpy;> murpayikg;G> Nkyhz;ik
kw;Wk; fhg;gPl;L epWtdq;fis epu;tfpj;jy; njhlu;ghd tpjpfSk;
cs;sd. fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;lk;> 1938> MAs; kw;Wk; nghJthd fhg;gPl;L
,uzLk; tzpfj;jpw;F nghUe;Jk;. Vnddpy;> mit epu;tfpf;Fk; rpwg;G
rl;lq;fspy; mlq;fpatu;fSf;F ,J Kuzhdjhf ,y;iy.
1963 y; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahTf;fhd Gjpa fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ. fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> fhg;gPl;L fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;G
xU xOq;FKiw cUthf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
ngupa fhg;gPl;L epWtdq;fis Njrpakakhf;fpaijj; njhlu;e;J>
,e;jpa MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fof rl;lk;> 1956 kw;Wk; nghJ fhg;GWjp
tzpfk; (Njrpakakhf;fy;) rl;lk; 1972-,y; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Fiwatpy;iy. vg;gb ,Ue;jhYk;> ,e;jpahtpd; fhg;gPl;L Jiw jdpahu;
epWtdq;fSf;F njhlq;fg;gl;lJ Nghy> fhg;GWjp ,e;jpa xOq;FKiw
kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lf; FOkk; (IRDA) 1999-,y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;
fPo; ,e;jpa epWkk;> 1956 epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;J>
,e;jpahtpy; ,aq;f mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ. fhg;gPl;L re;ijapd; ngUk;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 161

fhg;gPL kpd;dOj;jk; kw;Wk; fhg;gPL nra;a Ntz;ba Njit> Fwpg;ghf MAs;
fhg;gPL> gue;j mstpy; fpilf;Fk; tifapy; muR fhg;gPl;L Jiwia
jdpahu; epWtdq;fSf;F epWtpaJ. ,jd; ntspehl;L epWtdj;jpw;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd cupik ,e;jpahtpd; IRDA cupkk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;jpahtpy; fhg;gPl;L njhopypd; xOq;fhd tsu;r;rpia Kiwg;gLj;jTk;>
Cf;Ftpf;fTk;> cWjp nra;aTk;> xU rl;lg;G+u;tkhd mjpfhuj;ij
epWTtJ ,e;j IRDA rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fspy; xd;whFk;.
,e;j myF ,e;jpahtpy; fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;jpd; gupzhkj;ij
Ma;T nra;J mjd; gy;NtW nfhs;iffisAk;> rl;l tiuaiwAk;
tpsf;FfpwJ.

,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;;,
••‘fhg;gPL’ vd;w nrhy;iy czu KbAk;
••fhg;gPL rl;lj;jpd; %yq;fis Muha KbAk;
••fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;jpw;fhd ePjp mikg;ig fw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;
••fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;ltiutpd; tuyhw;iw tpsf;f KbAk;
••fhg;gPL nra;Ak; rl;l Nfhl;ghLfis mwpa KbAk;
••fhg;gPL xg;gizahf Muha KbAk.
••tho;tpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;> neUg;G
kw;Wk; fly;rhu; fhg;GWjpia tpsf;f KbAk;

,d;iwa nghUshjhu mikg;gpd; tsu;eJ ; tUk; rpf;fy; jd;ik fhuzkhf>
fhg;gL
P nra;ag;glf;$ba mghaq;fs; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; msTf;F
mjpfupj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,t;thwhf> etPd cyfpy; fhg;gL P Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg;
gpbj;Js;sJ. ,J xt;nthU Fbkfdpd; tho;tpYk; xU Kf;fpa gq;if
tfpf;fpwJ. rkPg fhyj;jpy; gy tifahd fhg;GWjpg; gupzhk tsu;rr ; pf;F
,l;Lr; nrd;W nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy;> ,g;Nghnjy;yhk;> fpl;lj;jl;l
ve;j Mgj;J fhg;gL P xg;ge;jk; nra;a KbfpwJ. 1938 vd;w fhg;gl P L
; r;
rl;lk; gpupT 2-,d; Gjpa cl;gpupT (7a)d;gb> ,e;jpa fhg;gl
P L
; epWtdk;
ve;j fhg;GWjpj; epWtdkhf cs;sJ vd;W nghUs;gLk;:
(a) mJ cUthf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; rl;lk; 1956 fPo;
gjpT.
(b) xU ntspehl;L epWtdk;> mjd; Jiz epWtdq;fs; my;yJ
mjd; epakdq;fs; %yk; gq;Ffspd; nkhj;j ,Ug;Gf;fs;>
,J Nghd;w ,e;jpa fhg;gPl;L epWtdj;jpd; nrYj;jg;gl;l
KjyPl;L %yjdk; 26 rjtPjk; kpfhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(c) MAs; fhg;gPl;L tzpfk;> nghJ fhg;GWjp tzpfk; my;yJ
kW fhg;GWjp njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;tJ ahUila xNu

Nehf;fk; MFk;. fhg;gPL
tpsf;fk;: ,e;j cl;gpuptpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ‘me;epa epWtdk;’

vd;gJ tUkhd tupr; rl;lj;jpd; 2 Mk; gpuptpd; (23a) ,d; fPo;> 1961
vd;w nghUspy; tFj;jikf;fg;gl;l nghUs; MFk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
fhg;gPl;L tzpfk; ,uz;L gpujhd fpisfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
1. MAs; fhg;gPl;L tzpfk;
2. nghJthd fhg;gPl;L tzpfk;.
nghJthd fhg;gPl;L tzpfk; vd;why; neUg;G> fly; my;yJ ,ju
fhg;gPl;L tzpfk;. Ntiyaspg;Nghu;> nghWg;Gf; fhg;gPL> nfhs;isf;
fhg;GWjp> fhy;eil fhg;GWjp> gapu;f; fhg;gPL> Nkhl;lhu; thfdf; fhg;GWjp
Nghd;w ,dq;fs; gy;NtW fhg;GWjpj; njhopypd; fPo; cs;sd. capu;>
neUg;G> fly; fhg;GWjp Mfpa %d;W tifahd fhg;GWjpj; njhif
gw;wp tpupthf ehk; tpupthff; fhz;Nghk;.
8.2.2 ePjpj;Jiw mikg;G kw;Wk; rl;lf; Nfhl;ghLfs; fhg;GWjp

,e;jpahtpy; fhg;gPl;L tzpfk; gpd;tUk; rl;lq;fspd; %yk;
epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ:
1. 1938 fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;lk;> (,d;W tiu khw;wk;)
2. 1956 MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fofr; rl;lk;>
3. 1963 fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;lk;>
4. 1972 nghJ fhg;gPL tzpfk; (Njrpakakhf;fy;) rl;lk;
5. 1999 fhg;gPl;L xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpf; FOkk; rl;lk;.
fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;lk; 1938> fhg;gPL kw;Wk; fhg;gPL Mizak;> Kftu;
cupkk; toq;Fjy;> Kftu;fs; epakdk;> gzpahsiu epakpg;gJ>
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; cupik Nfhuy;fis gjpT nra;jy;> fhg;GWjpf;
fl;Lg;ghl;lhsupd; mjpfhuq;fs;> nfhs;if %yk; xg;gilg;G kjpg;G
mfit mwpf;if> itg;Gj;njhif> KjyPL kw;Wk; fld;fs;> nrhj;Jf;fs;
kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs; kjpg;gPL> fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk; ,Ug;Gepiyf; Fwpg;G
kWfhg;gPL Nghd;wit. ,e;j rl;lj;jpy; murpayikg;G epu;thfk;
njhlu;ghd tpjpfSk; cs;sd. 1938> fhg;gPl;L rl;lk; nghUe;Jk;, MAs;
kw;Wk; nghJthd fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;jpw;F ,it ,uz;Lk;> mtw;iw
epu;tfpf;Fk; rpwg;Gr; rl;lq;fspy; cs;s Kuzw;w epiyapy; ,y;iy.
,it> mtw;NwhL njhlu;Gila rpwg;Gr; nray;fspy; mlq;fpatu;fSf;F
Kuzhf ,y;iy. ,r;rl;lk; jtpu> %d;W tifahd fhg;gPLfSk;
Fwpg;gpl;l rl;lq;fspd; %yk; epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. (i) MAs; fhg;gPL
tzpfKk; MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fof rl;lk;> 1956 MFk;. (ii) jP fhg;GWjp
tzpfKk; nghJ fhg;GWjp njhopy; (ehl;Lilik) rl;lk;> 1972 nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ. (iii) fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L tzpfKk; epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fly; fhg;GWjpr; rl;lk;> 1963> kw;Wk; nghJ fhg;GWjp tzpfk;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 163

fhg;gPL (Njrkakhf;fy;) rl;lk;> 1972 fhg;gPl;L xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L
Mizak; (IRDA) rl;lk; 1999-f;F gpd;du;> MAs; fhg;GWjp kw;Wk;
nghJ fhg;GWjp tu;j;jf epWtdq;fSk; 1999 IRDA rl;lk;> 29 Kjy;
brk;gu; 1999 tiu epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Fwpg;Gfs;
8.2.3 ,e;jpahtpy; fhg;GWjpr; rl;lq;fspd; tuyhW
A. fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;ij ehl;Lilikahf;fy;:
,e;jpahtpy; midj;J tifahd fhg;gl P L
; tzpfKk; KOikahf
nghJ cilik kw;Wk; kj;jpa murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; 1999 brk;gu;
28 tiu ,Ue;jJ. 29 brk;gu; 1999 Kjy;> fhg;gl P L
; Jiw> jdpahu;
epWtdq;fSf;fhf epWtpaJ. ,J fhg;gl P L; xOq;FKiw kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghl;L Mizar; rl;lk;> 1999 Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthf cs;sJ.
MAs; fhg;gl P L
; tzpfk; 1956 y; ehl;Lilikahf;fg;gl;lJ. nrg;lk;gu; 1>
1956 Kjy; 28 brk;gu; 1999 tiu MAs; fhg;gl P L; tzpfk; ,e;jpa MAs;
fhg;gl
P L
; f; fofj;jhy; gpuj;jpNafkhf elj;jg;gl;L> MAs; fhg;gl P L
; f; fof
rl;lk;> 1956 My; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nghJthd fhg;GWjp tzpfk; %yk;
ehl;Lilikahf;fg;gl;lJ. nghJthd fhg;GWjp tzpfk; ehl;Lilik
rl;lk;> 1972 ,aw;ww ; g;gl;lJ. [dtup 1 Kjy; 28k; Njjp tiu 1974
tiu nghJ fhg;gl P L
; tzpfk;> ,e;jpa nghJ fhg;GWjpf; fofk; (GICI)
%yk; kl;LNk> NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ:
(i) Ne\dy; ,d;\_ud;]; Nfh ypkpnll;> nfhy;fj;jh. (ii) epA+ ,e;jpah
m\;A+ud;]; Nfh ypkpnll;> Kk;ig. (iii) GJjpy;ypapYs;s fPoj ; j
; pir
neUg;G kw;Wk; nghJ fhg;gl P L
; $l;LwT ypkpnll;. kw;Wk; (iv) If;fpa
,e;jpah jP kw;Wk; nghJ fhg;GWjp epWtdk; ypkpnll;> nrd;id.
tpjptpyf;F: nghJ fhg;GWjp tzpfr; (ehl;Lilik) rl;lk; 36 ,d;
gpupT> tpyf;fspg;Gfs; (i) fy;fj;jh kUj;Jtkid kw;Wk; nrtpypau;
,y;y eyd;fs; rq;fk; ypkpnll; (ii) Vw;Wkjp fld; kw;Wk; cj;juthj
fhu;g;gNu\d; ypkpnll; kw;Wk; (iii) itg;Gj;njhif fhg;GWjpf; fofk;
(itg;Gj;njhif fhg;GWjpf; fofk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; epWtg;gl;l 1961).
,J ,e;jpa nghJ fhg;gPl;L epWtdk; kw;Wk; mjd; ehd;F Jiz
epWtdq;fs; jtpu> nghJthd fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;ijAk; Nkw;nfhs;sfpwJ.
B. f
hg;gPl;L xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Mizak; (IRDA)
rl;lk;> 1999
,e;jpahtpy; fhg;gPl;L tzpfk; Ie;J gj;jhz;LfSf;F Nkyhf nghJj;
Jiwapd; fPo; te;Js;sJ. re;ijapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f CLUty;fis
vl;l Kbatpy;iy. fhg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l kf;fspy; 22 rjtPjk; Ngu;
kl;LNk MAs; fhg;gPlhf cs;sdu; vd;w cz;ik ep&gzkhfpAs;sJ.
fhg;gPl;L re;ijapd; kpfg; ngupa Mw;wiy milahsk; fhZjy;>
Fwpg;ghf MAs; fhg;gPL> gue;j mstpy; fpilf;fr; nra;tJ> muR
fhg;gPl;L Jiwia jdpahu; epWtdq;fsplk; njhlq;fpdu;. mjd;gb> 1999>
brk;gu; 29 Kjy; 1999 tiu fhg;gPL xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L
Mizar; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

%yjd Njit: fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;> Gjpa gjpyPL nra;ag;gl;l fhg;gPL
gpupT 6-d;gb> 1938> fhg;gPl;lhsu; xUtupd; %yjdj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu

Njitg;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb> MAs; fhg;GWjp> nghJ
fhg;GWjp my;yJ kW fhg;GWjp Mfpa tpahghu epWtdq;fs; vijAk;
fhg;GWjp nra;atpy;iy. IRDA rl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;l my;yJ gpd;du; Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;jpahtpy;> 1999 (mjhtJ 29 brk;gu;> 1999) mtu; ,Ue;jhy; jtpu
gjpT nra;ag;gLk;:
(i) MAs; fhg;GWjp my;yJ nghJ fhg;GWjpj; njhopiy
Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; xU egu; ,Ug;gpd; Fiwe;jgl;r nrYj;jg;gl;l
gq;F 100 Nfhb MFk;. my;yJ
(ii) xU egu; xU kPs; fhg;GWjpf;F kl;Lk; gpuj;Nafkhf tzpfk;
nra;Ak; NghJ> 200 Nfhb Mff; Fiwe;jgl;rf; fl;lzk;
nrYj;jg;gl;l %yjdk; MFk;.
gpupT (i) my;yJ gpupT (ii) ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Cjpak; %yjd
%yjdj;ij epu;zapg;gjpy;> gpupT 7 d; fPo; nra;ag;gLk; itg;G kw;Wk;
epWtdj;jpd; cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; gjpTf;F cl;gl;l ve;jnthU Muk;g
nryTk; tpyf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;;.
fhg;gPl;lhsu; MAs; fhg;gPL> nghJ fhg;gPl;L fhg;gPl;ilf; my;yJ
ifahSjy; Mfpatw;wpw;F cl;gl;lJ IRDA rl;lk; 1999> (mjhtJ>
brk;gu; 29> 1999) Jtq;Ftjw;F Kd;du; ,e;jpahtpy; kW fhg;gPL kw;Wk;
,e;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;batu;> tpjpKiwf;Nfw;g xU
Cjpa %yjd %yjdk; Ntz;Lk; (i) kw;Wk; gpupT (ii)> gpupT vdpy;>
me;j rl;lj;jpd; njhlf;fk; MW khjq;fSf;Fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> xU EioT jilia cUthf;f> kpf mjpf %yjdk;
Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; jPtpukhd tPuu;fs; kl;LNk ,e;j njhopypy;
Eiofpwhu;fs;.
IRDA-,d; flikfs;> mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs;

IRDA ,d; Kf;fpa flikfs;> mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; gpd;tUkhW
njhFf;fg;glyhk;:
(i) fhg;GWjp njhopy; kw;Wk; kPs; fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;jpd;
xOq;fhd tsu;r;rpia xOq;FgLj;Jjy;> Cf;Ftpj;jy;
kw;Wk; cWjp nra;fpwJ.
(ii) tpz;zg;gjhuUf;F gjpTr; rhd;wpjo; toq;Fjy;> GJg;gpj;jy;>
jpUj;jk;> tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sy; my;yJ uj;J nra;fpwJ.
(iii) nfhs;if xg;gilj;jy;> nfhs;ifjhuu;fs; epakdk;>
fhg;GWjpj; njhif NfhUjy;> fhg;GWjp cupik Nfhuy;fs;
jPu;T> nfhs;if kjpg;G kw;Wk; fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jq;fspd;
epge;jidfs; Mfpait njhlu;ghd tptfhuq;fspy;
nfhs;if itj;jpUg;Nghupd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
(iv) fhg;gPl;L epWtdq;fshy; epjp KjyPl;bid Kiwg;gLj;JfpwJ.
(v) Njitahd jifikfs;> elj;ij newp kw;Wk; nra;Kiwg;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 165

fhg;gPL gapw;rpfis ‘fhg;GWjp ,ilj; jufu;fs;’ kw;Wk;
Kftu;fSf;F Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. fhg;gPl;L jufu;fs;> fhg;gP
l;L jufu;fs;> fhg;GWjp MNyhrfu;fs;> epy msitahsu;fs;
kw;Wk; el;lf; fzf;fPl;lhsu;fs; MfpNahu; mlq;Ffpwhu;fs;.
Fwpg;Gfs; (vi) epy msitfs; kw;Wk; el;lf; fzf;fPl;lhsu;fs; elj;ij
tpjpKiwfis Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
(vii) fhg;gPl;L njhopiy elj;Jtjpy; jpwikia Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
(viii) fhg;GWjp kw;Wk; kPs; fhg;GWjp tpahghuj;Jld;
njhlu;Gila njhopy;Kiw mikg;Gf;fis Cf;Ftpj;J
xOq;FgLj;Jf;fpwJ.
(ix) fhg;GWjp kw;Wk; fhg;GWjpj; jfuhWfSf;F ,ilapyhd
rr;ruTfisj; jPu;j;jy;.
(x) fpuhkg;Gw my;yJ r%fj; Jiwapy; fhg;gPl;lhsu;fshy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; MAs; fhg;gPl;L tzpf kw;Wk; nghJ
fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;jpd; rjtPjj;ij Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
C. fhg;gPl;L rl;lq;fspd; jpUj;jq;fs;.

i. fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;lj;jpy; 1938> Kjy; ml;ltizapd; %yk;> IRDA
rl;lk; 1999: IRDA rl;lk; 1999 ,d; gpupT 30> fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;
rpy tpjpfspy; 1938 Mk; jpUj;jq;fis NfhUfpwJ. me;j tifapy;>
rl;lj;jpd; Kjy; ml;ltizapy; epu;zaf;fg;gLfpwJ. fhg;gPl;Lr;
rl;lj;jpy; cs;s jpUj;jq;fs;> fhg;gPl;L njhopypd; xOq;fhd tsu;r;rpia
Kiwg;gLj;jTk;> Cf;Ftpf;fTk; kw;Wk; cWjp nra;aTk;> ‘fhg;gPl;L
xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Mizaj;jhy;’ (IRDA) mjpfhuk;
mspf;Fk; tifapy; ,aw;ifapNyNa tpisfpd;wd. vdpDk;> xU rpy
Kl;Lf;fl;ilg;nghUs; jpUj;jq;fs; fPNo tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd:
ii. MAs; fhg;gl P L
; f; fof rl;lj;jpy; jpUj;jk; 1956> kw;Wk; nghJ fhg;GWjp
tzpfk; (Njrkakhf;fy;) rl;lk; 1972 ,uz;lhtJ kw;Wk; %d;whtJ
,izg;Gr;rl;lk; 1999 %yk;: gpupT 31 kw;Wk; 32 IRDA rl;lk; 1999> MAs;
fhg;gl
P L
; f; fof rl;lk; 1956 ,y; jpUj;jk; nra;a Kidfpd;wdu; kw;Wk; nghJ
fhg;GWjp tzpfk; (ehl;Lilik) rl;lk; 1972> KiwNa ,uz;lhtJ kw;Wk;
%d;whtJ ml;ltizapy; epu;zag;gLk; tifapy; 1999 ,e;j jpUj;jq;fs;>
MAs; fhg;gl P L
; f; fof ((LIC)) kw;Wk; nghJf; fhg;gl P L
; f; fofk; gpuj;Naf
rYifia toq;Ffpd;wd. (GIC) kw;Wk; mjd; ehd;F Jiz epWtdq;fs;
jq;fs; tho;ehs;/MAs; my;yhj fhg;GWjp tzpf nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
(mjhtJ 29 brk;gu; 1999) kw;w ,e;jpa fhg;gl P L
; epWtdq;fs; fhg;gl P L
;
njhopiy nra;a VJthf ,Uf;Fk;. NtW thu;ji ; jfspy; $Wtjhdhy;>
LIC kw;Wk; GIC ,d; VfNghf cupik xU KbTf;F tUk; vd;Wk;>
fhg;gl
P L
; j; Jiw> jdpahu; Jiwapy; cs;s gpw epWtdq;fSf;F 29 brk;gu;
1999 Kjy; njhlq;fp itf;fg;gLk; vd;Wk; njuptpj;Js;sJ.
xU l[d; jdpahu; MAs; fhg;gPl;L epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; miu
l[d; jdpahu; MAs; fhg;gPl;L epWtdq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fs;
nray;ghLfis njhlq;fpAs;sd. ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhd fhg;gPl;L

epWtdq;fs; ntspehl;L epWtdq;fSld; $l;L Kaw;rp xg;ge;jq;fspy; fhg;gPL
ifnaOj;jpl;Ls;sd. Kf;fpa ru;tNjr fhg;GWjpahsu;fs; —

g;Nuhnld;\pay; kw;Wk; ];lhz;lu;l; iyg; Mg; jp UK> rd; iyg; Mg;
fdlh> kw;Wk; AIG kPl; iyg; kw;Wk; epA+ ahu;f; iyg; Mg; jp USA>
kpfg; gue;j mstpy; Ruz;bf;nfhs;sKbahj fhg;gPl;Lr; re;ijia Fwpg;Gfs;
miltjw;F ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kd;dzp epWtdq;fSld; xU
rpytw;iw ngauplg;gl;lJ gpugy jdpahu; fhg;gPl;L epWtdq;fs;: ICICI
GUnld;\pay; MAs; fhg;gPl;L epWtdk;> lhlh AIG MAs; fhg;gPl;L
epWtdk;> gpu;yh rd; MAs; fhg;gPl;L fof epWtdk;> ,d;[p t;a];aj;
MAs; fhg;gPl;L $l;LwT epWtdk;. ICICI Nyhk;ghu;L nghJ MAs;
fhg;gPl;L epWtdk;.> lhl;lh AIG nMAs; fhg;gPl;L $l;LwT epWtdk;.>
kw;Wk; g[h[; myd;rp]; nghJ MAs; fhg;gPl;L fof epWtdk;.
fhg;gl
P L
; Jiwia jdpahu; kakhf;FtJ> thbf;ifahsu;fspd; kdk;
ftu;ej
; khw;wkhFk;. mtu;fs; ,g;NghJ KO ghJfhg;G %yk; epiyahd
jpUk;gp toq;Fk; KOikahd epjp jPuT; vd;W fhg;gL
P ghu;ff; pwhu;fs;. ,jd;
tpisthf> jdpg;gl;l fhg;gl P L
; epWtdq;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l thbf;ifahsu;
Njitfisg; G+u;jj ; p nra;a> thbf;ifahsu; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; Nrit
kw;Wk; njhopy;Kiw MNyhridfs;> tYthd Nghl;bapd; rfhg;jj;jpy;
capu; gpiof;f gyjug;gl;l jahupg;Gfs;/nfhs;iffis toq;Ffpd;wd.
iii. fhg;gPL (jpUj;jk;) rl;lk;> 2002: fhg;gPL (jpUj;jr;) rl;lk;> 2002>
1938 vd;w fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;lj;jpy; jpUj;jk; nra;a Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. ,J
2002 nrg;lk;gu; 23 Kjy; rpwg;ghf nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUj;jr; rl;lk;
toq;Ffpd;wJ> ‘fhg;gPL $l;LwT rq;fk;’ mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpupT
2-,y; Gjpjhf Eiof;fg;gl;l cl;gpupT (18a) gb> ‘fhg;gPl;L $l;LwT
rq;fk;’ vd;why;> ve;j fhg;gPlhsu; rq;fk; vd;W nghUs;gLk;.
(a) $l;Lwtpd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; $l;LwTr; rq;fkhf gjpT
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. $l;Lwtpd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; $l;LwTr;
rq;fkhf gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
(b) rq;fq;fs; rl;lk; 1912> my;yJ $l;LwT rq;fq;fs;
njhlu;Gila ve;j khepyj;jpy; mkypy; ,Uf;Fk; fhyk;
my;yJ gpw khepy $l;LwT rq;fq;fs; rl;lq;fs;
1984 mky;gLj;JfpwJ. Fiwe;j gl;r Cjpak; ngWk;
%yjdj;ijg; ngw;W (gpupT 7-d; fPo; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba
itg;Gj; njhif jhdhf) 100 Nfhb
(c) ,jpy; ve;j xU $l;lhz;ik mikg;G> mjhtJ> ,e;jpahtp
w;F ntspNa gjpT nra;ag;gl;l/nra;ahtpl;lhy; my;yJ
mjd; Jiz epWtdq;fs;> epakdf; fhg;gPL> ve;j
Neuj;jpYk;> mj;jifa $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; jiyefupy;
26 rjtPjj;jpw;F Nky; cs;sJ kw;Wk;
(d) ,jd; xNu Nehf;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; MAs; fhg;gPl;L tzpfk;
my;yJ nghJ fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tJ MFk;.
,e;j jpUj;jr; rl;lk; NkYk; xt;nthU fhg;GWjp $l;LwTr;
rq;fKk; ‘fhg;GWjpapLeu;’ vdf; fUjg;gLk;. xU ,e;jpa fhg;GWjp
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 167

fhg;gPL epWtdkhf ,Uf;Fk; xU ‘fhg;GWjp’ epWtdj;jpw;F nghUe;jf;$ba
midj;J tpjpKiwfspd;gb> xU fhg;GWjp $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpw;F
tpz;zg;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tuk;Giuahf fhg;gPl;L xOq;FKiw Nkk;ghl;L
Mizak; (IRDA) rl;lj;jpd; ve;j tifaiwAk; mwptpf;if %yk;
Fwpg;Gfs; Neubahf mwptpf;fyhk;. (a) fhg;GWjp $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpw;F nghUe;jhJ
my;yJ (b) ,e;j mwptpg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tpjptpyf;Ffs;
kw;Wk; jftikTfNshL kl;LNk xU fhg;gPl;L $l;LwT rq;fj;jpw;F
tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

1. nghJthd fhg;gPL vd;why; vd;d?
2. gy;tif fhg;GWjp tiffis gl;baypLf.
8.3 fhg;gPL xU xg;ge;jk;

fhg;glP L
; f; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ xU jug;gpdu;> fhg;gL P vd;w xU
guprPyidf;Fg; gjpyhf> kw;nwhU jug;gpdUf;F> Fwpg;gpl;l xU epfo;Tf;fhf
xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifia (xU Fwpg;gpl;l taJ tiu ,wg;G my;yJ
miljy;) nrYj;Jk; xU xg;ge;jkhFk; my;yJ ,lu; fhg;GWjp %yk; vOk;
el;lj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU jug;gpdUf;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLj;Jk; (nrhj;Jf;Ftpg;G
tof;fpy;). xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifia nrYj;JkhW thf;FWjp nfhLf;Fk;
jug;gpdu;> my;yJ> kw;w jug;gpdu; fhg;gl P l
; hsu; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ
[rpy Neuq;fspy; fhg;GWjp nra;gtu; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ (MAs;
fhg;gLP tof;fpy;) my;yJ FiwvOJgtu; (fly;rhu; fhg;GWjp tof;fpy;)>
NkYk;> ,e;j ghJfhg;G fhg;gl P L
; gupkhw;wj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdu;
fhg;gLP (my;yJ cj;juthjk;) vdg;gLfpwJ.
fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfs; mlq;fpa
Mtzk; xU nfhs;if vdg;gLfpwJ. vdNt fhg;gL P vd;gJ nfhs;if-
itj;jpUg;gtu; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fhg;gl P L
; f; fhg;gl
P l
; hsupd; fhg;gl
P L
;
njhif mtUf;F toq;f Ntz;ba ghJfhg;G fhg;GWjp vdg;gLk;. xU
nfhs;if gpwg;gpj;Js;s njhif> fhg;GWjpj; njhif my;yJ nfhs;ifj;
njhif vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fhg;gL P vd;w nghUs; my;yJ nrhj;Jupik>
fhg;gL
P gw;wpa tp\ak; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. nghUs;-tp\aj;jpy;
fhg;gl
P l
; hsupd; tl;b mtuJ fhg;GWjpj; njhif vdg;gLfpwJ.

fhg;GWjpj; njhif vd;gJ xU tifahd xg;ge;jkhFk;. xU xg;ge;jk;
vd;gJ> VNjh xU epfo;T> mj;jifa xg;ge;jj;jpd; xUq;fike;jit>
my;yJ elf;ftpy;iy vd;why; (,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 31)
my;yJ elf;fhJ vd;W xU xg;ge;jk; MFk;. ,t;thwhf> B50>000
&gha; nrYj;j rk;kjpj;J> B-f;F <lhf 1>000 fhg;GWjp> B ,d; tPL
vupf;fg;gl;lhy;> xU gpupT xg;ge;jk; cs;sJ> ,jd; nray;jpwd; xU
epr;rakw;w epfo;T epfo;epiyiag; nghWj;jJ. fhg;gPl;Lf; fl;lzk; vd;gJ

VNjh xU tifapy;> xU $ypg; gzk; my;yJ R+jhl;l xg;ge;jj;Jf;F fhg;gPL
xj;jjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> fhg;GWjpg; ge;ja> mtuJ tPL vupf;fg;gl;L>

fhg;gPl;Lf;F vjpuhd mjd; kjpg;ig mtUf;F mspj;jpUf;Fk;. Mdhy;
cz;ikapy;> gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fSf;fhf mJ xU rhjhuz xg;ge;jk;
my;y: Fwpg;Gfs;
1. xU fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jj;jpy;> epr;rakw;w vjpu;fhy epfo;T Vw;gl;lhy;>
el;lj;jpw;F vjpuhd fhg;GWjpia ghJfhg;gNj Nehf;fkhFk;. xU
Cjpa xg;ge;jj;jpy;> gzk; kw;Wk; gzk; kl;LNk R+jhl;lk; vd;W
nghUs;. Mf> ,d;W kio nga;jpUe;jhy; B 100 &gha; nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;. kio nga;ahtpl;lhy; B.A.> f;F 100 nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. fhg;gPL xg;ge;jj;jpy;> fhg;gPL nra;a Kad;w MAs; my;yJ
nrhj;Jfspy; fhg;gPL nra;a Kbahj Mu;tk; cs;sJ. xU
Cjpaf; xg;ge;jj;jpy;> ve;j fl;rpf;Fk;> mjd; tpisthf Vw;gLk;
Mjhak; my;yJ ,og;igj; jtpu NtW ve;j cld;ghLk; ,y;iy.
,J xU $ypahd xg;ge;jj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy;> nry;YgbahFk;
xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rk; MFk;. ,U jug;gpdUf;Fk; VjhtJ
fhg;gPL ,Ue;jhy;> mjhtJ xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s jdpAupik tl;b>
mJ xU $ypahf ,Uf;fhJ.
3. fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd xg;ge;jk; (capu;> tpgj;J kw;Wk; cly; eyf;Fiwit
jtpu) fhg;gPL vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ.
Mdhy; xU Cjpa xg;ge;jj;jpy;> ve;j ,lu;ghLk; ,y;iy vd;W
xU FiwghLfs; vd;w Ngr;Rf;Nf ,lkpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.
4.
fhg;gl
P b
; w;fhd xg;ge;jk;> mghaq;fis tpQ;Qhd Kiwapy;
fzf;fpLtij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. NkYk;> mghaj;ijg;
ghjpf;Fk; gy;NtW fhuzpfis fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L> gpuPp
kpaj;jpd; njhifia mwpa KbfpwJ. xU $ypapy;> ntWk; R+jhl;lk;
vd;W ve;j fzf;fLP vd;w Ngr;Rf;Nf ,lkpy;iy vd;W $WfpwJ.
vdNt> fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ xU KOikahd xg;ge;jkhFk;.
xg;ge;j tpjpapd; nghJthd Nfhl;ghLfs; ,j;jifa xg;ge;jj;Jf;F
rkkhf nghUe;JfpwJ. ,J Nghd;w> xU rupahd xg;ge;jk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; mJ gpd;tUk; Njitfis epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;: (i)
fl;rpfSf;fpilNa cld;ghL ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> (ii) xg;ge;jk; Ntz;Lk;
guprPyidf;F MjuT> (iii) jug;gpdu; xg;ge;jk; nra;a jpwd; ngw;wpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;> (iv) cld;ghl;L jug;gpdu; rk;kjk; ‘,ytr rk;kjk;’ ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;> kw;Wk; (v) nghUs; rl;ltpNuhjk; my;yJ xOf;fnewp
gpwohky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

midj;J tifahd fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;Jf;Fk; rpy mbg;gilf;
Nfhl;ghLfs; (my;yJ gz;Gfs;) cs;sd. ,it gpd;tUkhW:
1. G+uz ed;ek;gpf;if: nghJ tpjp ‘vr;rupf;ifAld; thq;Fjy;’
(thq;Fgtu; vr;rupf;fl;Lk;) rhjhuz tu;j;jf xg;ge;jq;fSf;F
nghUe;Jk;> fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jq;fSf;F nghUe;jhJ. fhg;gPl;L
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 169

fhg;gPL xg;ge;jq;fs; vd;gJ kpFe;j ey;y ek;gpf;if my;yJ cngw;upNk
/ngil xg;ge;jq;fs; MFk;. mjd;gb> midj;J jug;gpdupd;
KOikahd kw;Wk; epahakhd ntspg;gLj;JjYf;fhd fhg;gPL
xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ ,U jug;gpdUf;Fk; cs;shu;e;j flikahFk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; ,jd;gb> cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;l fhg;GWjpj; njhif njhlu;ghd
midj;J Mjhuq;fis cz;ikfisAk; KOikahfTk; epa-
hakhfTk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F xU xg;ge;jk;> fhg;GWjp vd;w
,U jug;gpdupd; cs;shu;e;j flikahFk;. fhg;gPl;L Kiwapy;
fhg;gPL nra;tjhy;> xU jug;gpduplkpUe;J kw;nwhU jug;gpdUf;F
fhg;gPL Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU nghUs;rhu;
cz;ik vd;dntdpy;> mtu; xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; Eiothu; my;yJ
xU fhg;gPl;L tPjj;jpy; my;yJ NtW VNjDk; xd;wpy; Eioa
KbAkh vd;W fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> xU Gj;jprhypahf fhg;GWjp
nra;J nfhs;Sk; jPu;g;ig ghjpf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf> MAs;
fhg;gPl;by; M];Jkh my;yJ ru;f;fiu Neha; Nghd;w Nehahy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F ,ilapilNa jiytyp vd;gJ xU
nghUs; cz;ik my;y vd;gjhFk;.
tpjptpyf;Ffs;: gpd;tUk; tifahd cz;ikfs; Kd;nkhope;jtu;
%lg;gl Njitapy;iy. mjhtJ> mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jhky;
,Ug;gJ xg;ge;jj;jpw;F capupog;ig MfhJ:
(i) ve;j xU cz;ik Mgj;J FiwfpwJ.
(ii) ve;j cz;ik vJ vd;W mwpag;gl;lNjh> my;yJ fhg;GWjpf;F
mwpag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W Cfpf;fg;gLk;.
(iii) nghJ mwptpd; jd;ik my;yJ ehl;bd; rl;lj;jpw;F
njhlu;Gilait vJ vd;gJ gw;wpa cz;ikahFk;.
(iv) fhg;GWjpf;F ve;jj; jftiyj; js;Sgb nra;fpwJ vd;gJ
gw;wpa cz;ikahFk;.
mj;JkPwypy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;: xU ey;y ek;gpf;if> ,U
jug;gpduhy; filgpbf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;why;> me;j xg;ge;jk;
ntspg;gLj;jg;glhj my;yJ epuguhjp vd;W ,y;yhky;> jug;gpdu;
tpUg;gj;jpd;gb> mJ jtWjypd;wp MfptpLfpwJ. epr;rakhf> epu-
guhjp jtwhfg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;jhy;> xg;ge;jj;ij jtpu;g;gjpy;
fhg;GWjp kW epjp cz;L vdg;gLfpwJ.
2. ,og;gLP fs;: ,uz;lhtJ mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghL> fhg;GWjp gw;wpa
midj;J xg;ge;jq;fSk;> capu; ,og;G my;yJ cly; ghjpg;G Vw;gLk;
NghJ gzk; nrYj;Jjy; ,y;yhj> jdpg;gl;l tpgj;Jf; fhg;glP hFk;. fly;
kw;Wk; jP fhg;gl
P hFk; NghJ> Fwpg;gpl;l ngy;]; %yk; Vw;gLk; ,og;G
my;yJ Nrjj;jpw;fhd fhg;gl P b; id fhg;gL
P nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,og;igg;
nghWj;j tiuapy;> fhg;GWjpapd; msit fhg;GWjp nra;jpapypUe;J
kPlf
; KbfpwJ. nfhs;ifapd; fPo; ,og;G VJk; Vw;gltpy;iy vd;why;>
fhg;GWjp nra;jtUf;F fhg;gL P nra;a Ntz;ba fl;lhakpy;iy. ,e;j
epfo;tUKd; cldbahf mtu; Mf;fpukpj;Js;s mNj epiyapy;>
e\;lj;Jf;Fg; gpwF fhg;gi P lr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,og;ghsupd;

Nehf;fkhFk;. ve;jr; R+oe
; piyapYk;> fhg;gl
P L
; j; njhif mtUf;F fhg;gPL
Vw;gl;l ,og;ig tpl mjpfkhf gadspf;Fk;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;>

mg;gb ,Ue;jhy;> fhg;GWjp epfo;it Mirg; gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w
tpUg;gk; vg;NghJk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
jP my;yJ fly;rhu; fhg;GWjp gw;wpa xg;ge;jq;fs; $l> Fwpg;Gfs;
cz;ikahd ,og;Gf;fhd ve;j rhd;Wk; Nfhuhky;> xl;Lnkhj;j
,og;G my;yJ mopT Vw;gl;lhy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhiff;F
gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu;fs; toq;Fk; NghJ> mJ
,og;G xg;ge;jq;fs; cs;sd. ,J ‘kjpg;G tha;e;j nfhs;iffs;’
vd;w tplaj;jpy; ,t;thW cs;sJ. ,J Nghd;w nfhs;iffspy;>
gFjpasT ,og;G ,Ue;jhy;> fhg;gPL vd;gJ kl;Lkpy;yhtpl;lhy;>
mtuJ ,og;ig ahUk; yhgkhf nra;a mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
NkYk;> ,e;j fhg;gPL ‘fhg;gPL nra;a $ba tl;bAld;’
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;Wk; $wyhk;. xU-ehd;fhtJ rf cupi-
kahsu; KO nrhj;J fhg;gPL ngWfpwhu; vd;why;> mtu; jdJ
tl;b my;yJ gq;F ve;j msT mtu; nrhj;J fhg;gPL xl;Lnkhj;j
mopg;G tof;fpy; kl;LNk cs;sJ.
3. fhg;GWjpj; njhif: fhg;gPL xg;ge;jj;ij nfhz;L tUtjw;F
xU ,d;wpaikahj Kd; epge;jidahFk;. fhg;GWjpj; njhif>
fhg;GWjp Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; fhg;gPL njhlu;ghd tp\aj;jpy;>
fhg;gPL ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; ,y;iynadpy;> fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jk;
vd;gJ xU eilKiwg;gLj;j Kbahj xg;ge;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
MAs; fhg;gPl;by;> xg;ge;j Neuj;jpy; kl;Lk; (mjhtJ fhg;gPL
nra;ag;gLk; NghJ) kl;LNk fhg;gPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;. kuz
Neuj;jpy; mJ mq;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy my;yJ
cupik Nfhug;gLk; NghJ mJ ,y;iy. ,t;thwhf xU MAs;
fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;if> Rje;jpukhf epakpf;ff;$baJ.
jP fhg;gPL tl;b> fhg;gPL nra;ag;gLk; NghJ kw;Wk; e\;lj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk; Neuj;jpy; ,uz;ilANk cldpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU fhg;gP
l;Lf;fhd xg;ge;jkhf ,Ug;gjhy;> xU jP fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;ifia
xU thq;Fgtu;> Nkhu;l; my;yJ cWjpnkhop vd;W nghUs; kPJ
rpy tl;b ngw;wJ Vnddpy;> ,og;G Neuj;jpy; Mu;tk; ,Ue;jhy;
xopa> mtu; nra;a KbahJ.
fly;rhu; fhg;gPL nghWj;j tiu> nghUs; ,og;G Vw;gLk; Neuj;jpy;
fhg;GWjpj; njhif fl;lhak; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> fhg;gPL nra;Ak;
Neuj;jpy; fhg;GWjp nra;a Ntz;ba tl;bia cWjp nra;a
Ntz;baJ mtrpak; my;y vd;gjhFk;.
4. mz;ik fhuzp: mLj;j fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtk;> fhg;gPl;Ljhuu;>
,e;j ,og;Gf;fSf;F kl;LNk nghWg;G vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. NtW
thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> xU ,og;Gf;F fhg;gPL nra;tjw;F
nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf> mUfhikapYs;s> cldbah
my;yJ filrp fhuzk; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; fhg;gPL
nra;ag;gl;ltu;fSf;F vjpuhf fhg;gPL nra;jhy; kPl;f KbfpwJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 171

fhg;gPL ,Jjhd; fhuz fhupa tpjp MFk;. fhg;gPl;lhsu;fs;> njhiyJ}
u fhuzq;fshYk;> njhiy J}uf; fhl;rpfspYk;> fhg;gPL
nra;ag;gl;l Nguplu; tifiar; Nru;e;jtu;fshf ,Ue;jhYk;
nghWg;Ngw;fkhl;lhu;fs;. ‘xU ,og;Gf;F fhuz fhupakhd Nfs;tp>
Fwpg;Gfs; mLj;jLj;J gy fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; kl;LNk vOfpwJ.
xU KbT ,uz;L fhuzq;fshy; nfhz;L tug;gLk; NghJ> ePq;fs;
fl;lhak;> fhg;gPl;L rl;lj;jpd;Ngupy;> ,jd; tpisT> njhiyJ}
u fhuzk; ,y;yhky; epfo;e;jpUf;fhJ vd;whYk;> mUfpYs;s
fhuzj;ijg; ghUq;fs;. ,e;j tpjp> e\;lj;jpw;fhd mry; fhuzk;
vd;d vd;gij mwpa> mLj;jLj;J tUk; fhuzq;fshy; kPz;Lk;
nry;y cWjp Vw;f KbahJ’ (gpq;f; vs gpnskpq;).
vdNt> ,e;j ,og;G fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;l ve;j mghaj;jpd; %yk;
Njhd;wpajh vd;gij KbT nra;tjpy;> neUf;fkhd my;yJ
filrp fhuzq;fisg; ghu;j;J kw;wtu;fs; epuhfupf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
xNu Neuj;jpy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Nguplu;fis ,af;fpdhy; ,og;G
Vw;gLfpwJ. vd;why;> mjpy; xd;W kl;Lk; tpjptpyf;fhFk;. (mjhtJ
fhg;gPL nra;aKbahj) Nguplu;> fhg;gPL nra;Ak; NghJ Vw;gLk;
ghjpg;Gfspdhy; fhg;GWjpf;F nghWg;ghthu;fs; jdpj;jdpahf
mwpa Ntz;Lk;. fhg;gPl;lhsupd; ghjpg;G kw;Wk; tpjptpyf;fpdhy;
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfis gpupf;f KbahJ vd;why;> fhg;GWjp jhuu;
nghWg;Ngw;f khl;lhu;fs; vd;gjhFk;.
fhuz fhupa mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghL ngUk;ghYk; fly;tho;
kw;Wk; jP fhg;gPl;by; nghUe;jpdhYk;> mJ MAs; fhg;GWjpj;
jpy; nghUe;Jtjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rup> Vnddpy; ‘jdpegu; tpgj;Jf;
nfhs;iffs;’ kuz fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd neUf;fkhd fhuzk; tpgj;J
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;if kuzk; Vw;gl;lhy; fhg;GWjpf;F mJ
nghWg;Ngw;fhJ.
5. Mgj;ij ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;: mLj;j fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtk;> xU
nry;Ygbahd fhg;GWjpg; xg;ge;jj;jpw;F Mgj;J xd;W ,izf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. fhg;GWjp njhlu;ghd Ma;Tf;Fl;gLeu;-nghUs;
,Ue;jhy; (cjhuzk; nghUl;fs; vupf;fg;gLfpd;wd) my;yJ
fhg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l fg;gy; Vw;fdNt te;Jtpl;lJ ghJfhg;ghf>
fhg;GWjp vLf;fg;gLk; Neuj;jpy;> Mgj;J ,izf;fg;gltp
y;iy> ,jd; tpisthf fhg;GWjp nrYj;j Ntz;ba njhif
fhg;gPl;Lf; fhg;gPl;blkpUe;J gpbj;jk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ> Vnddpy;
fhg;GWjpfhd guprPyid Kw;wpYk; nraypoe;jJ. vdNt> Mgj;ij
xUNghJk; ,aq;f tplhky;> guprPyid Njhy;tpailAk; vdNt
fhg;GWjp jpUg;gp nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. ‘fhg;gPl;Ljhuu;fs; xUNg-
hJk; Mgj;jpd; kPJ ,Ue;jjpy;iy vd;why;> mtu;fs; gpuPkpaj;ij
rk;ghjpj;jhu;fs; vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ’ vd;w nghJthd
Nfhl;ghlhf mJ cs;sJ. Mgj;J NkYk; ,izf;fg;gltpy;iy
vdNt fhg;GWjp jpUg;gp nra;ag;gLfpwJ mq;F xU nfhs;if
xU rpy FiwghL fhuzkhf ab-njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj vd;W
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpW my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fl;rpfNsh>

tpsk;gu-,lNkh ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. fhg;gPL
Mdhy; xU nfhs;if ntw;wplj;jpy; cs;sJ> Vnddpy; ‘fhg;GWjp

nra;a KbahJ’> jtiz nrYj;j KbahJ kPl;G Vnddpy;>
mJ fly; fhg;gPL tof;F jtpu ‘$ypau;’ vd;W> xg;ge;jj;jpy;
EioAk; Neuj;jpy; xU fhg;gPL nra;a KbahJ vd;W cWjp> Fwpg;Gfs;
mq;F (ù;]; vs Kj;J MAs; cWjp ,iz). NkYk; fhg;gP
l;lhsupd; fhg;gPl;L njhif kPjhd fhg;GWjpf;F fhg;gPL jtpu;f;fg;gl
Ntz;ba ,lj;ij gpbj;jk; nra;a KbahJ.
6. ,og;ig jzpf;Fk;: jP tpgj;J Vw;gLk; NghJ xU jP fhg;GWjp
nfhs;if tof;fpy;> vLj;Jf;fhl;L> xU tpgj;J fhg;gPL NghJ>
mtUf;F fhg;gPL ,y;iy Nghd;w ,og;igj; jzpf;f my;yJ
Fiwf;f eltbf;if vLg;gJ nfhs;if itj;jpUg;gtu; flik>
kPjKs;s ghJfhg;G mtuJ rpwe;j nra;a Ntz;Lk; nrhj;J
,y;iynadpy;> fhg;gPl;lhsu; jdJ ftdf;Fiwthy; Vw;gl;l
e\;lj;ijg; gzk; nrYj;Jtijj; jtpu;f;fyhk;. fhg;gPl;lhsupd;
,j;jifa eltbf;iffis vLj;jjpy;> mtUf;F Vw;gl;l
e\;lj;jpw;F ,og;gPL Nfhu Ntz;Lk; vd;w cupikAs;sJ.
7. fld; gw;Wupik khw;wPL Nfhl;ghL: fld; gw;Wupik khw;wPL vd;w
Nfhl;ghL> mJ> jP kw;Wk; fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;Lf;Fg; nghUe;jf;$ba
tifapy;> FiwghLfs; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUe;JfpwJ.
fhg;gPL vd;w nfhs;ifapd; gb> fhg;gPlhdJ> Nguplu; fhg;gPL
nra;j e\;lj;jpd; cz;ikahd njhifia kl;LNk kPl;f KbAk;>
,jdhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;ig tpl mjpf gyd; ngw mDkjpf;f
KbahJ. fhg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l nrhj;jpd; kPjhd ,og;G> ahUila
gq;fpw;F ve;j jtWk; ,y;yhky; tha;g;ghy; vOe;jpUe;jhYk;>
fhg;gPl;lhsu; kPJ kl;LNk cupik Nfhu KbAk;. VNjDk; xU
%d;whk; jug;gpduhy; ,og;G my;yJ FWk;Gj;jdj;jpdhy; e\;lk;
vOe;jhy;> fhg;gPlhsu; kw;Wk; jtW nra;gtUf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj;
njhlu cupik ngWfpwJ. Mdhy; fhg;gPL xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ xU
fhg;gPLf;fhd xg;ge;jkhFk; vd;gjhy;> fhg;gPlhsu; ,UtuplkpUe;J
kPz;L> mjd; %yk; jdJ fhg;gPl;bypUe;J ,yhgk; <l;Ltjw;F
mDkjpf;f KbahJ mtu; fhg;GWjp nra;gtiu my;yJ jtW
nra;gtiu vjpu;j;J cupik Nfhu KbAk;.
8. gq;fspg;G jj;Jtk;: fld; gw;Wupik khw;wPL vd;w Nfhl;ghl;ilg;
NghyNt> gq;fspg;Gr; rpj;jhe;jKk;> mjhtJ> jP> fly;rhu;
fhg;GWjp Nghd;w xg;ge;jq;fSf;F kl;LNk nghUe;JfpwJ.
gq;fspg;G muRfspd; Nfhl;ghL: ‘,ul;ilg; fhg;gPl;by;> midj;J
fhg;GWjpj; njhifAk;> xt;nthU KiwAk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;l
njhiff;F Vw;g fl;lzr; Rikia gfpu;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
xU fhg;GWjpjhuu; e\;lj;jpd; tpfpjj;ijtpl mjpfkhf gzk;
nrYj;Jfpwhu; vd;why;> mtu; jdJ rf fhg;GWu;fsplkpUe;J
tUk; kpif cupikia kPl;f cupikAz;L. mtw;wpd; tpiy
tpfpjj;ijf; fhl;bYk; FiwthfNt Cjpak; ngw;Ws;sdu;.’
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 173

fhg;gPL gq;fspg;Gr; rpj;jhe;jj;ijg; ngw rpy mj;jpahtrpa epge;jidfs;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
9. nfhs;if tpjpKiwfs;: jP fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd xg;ge;jk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
fhy msT> tof;fkhf Xuhz;L fhyk; tiu> fhg;gPl;lhsu; kPjhd
Fwpg;Gfs; nghWg;G jhdhfNt KbTf;F tUfpwJ. fly; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jk;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;F my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l flw;gazj;jpw;F
,Uf;fpwJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;F> fg;gy; gazk; ,d;Dk;
Kbthftpy;iy vd;whYk;> me;jf; fhyk; fhyhtjpahd gpwF>
fhg;GWjpfhuupd; nghWg;G KbTf;F tUfpwJ. mJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l
flw;gazk; vd;why;> xU tUlj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd fhyk; MFk;
tiu> me;jf; fhg;GWjpfhuupd; nghWg;G njhlu;fpwJ. MAs;
fhg;gPl;by; xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ xU tUlj;jpw;F kl;Lk; xg;ge;jk;
my;y> ,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd Mz;LfshfNth
my;yJ fhg;gPl;lhsupd; tho;f;ifapd; rkepiyNah MFk;.
8.3.3 MAs; fhg;GWjp

MAs; fhg;gPl;L tzpf fhg;gPL rl;lk;> 1938 (jpUj;jk; Kjy; Njjp tiu)
MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fof rl;lk;> 1956 kw;Wk; 1999 fhg;gPl;L xOq;FKiw
kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Miza rl;lk;> 1956 Mk; Mz;L MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf;
fof rl;lk;> ,e;jpahtpy; ,dkakhf;fg;gLjy;> MAs; fhg;GWjp
tzpfk; Mfpatw;iw toq;f ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. mj;jifa midj;J
njhopiyAk; ,e;jpa MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fofj;jpw;F (ICICI) khw;Wtjd;
%yk;> mjw;fhd tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfSf;F toptif
ICICI Ntiy nra;fpwJ. mjhtJ mjd; epu;thfk;> epjp xJf;fPL> epjp>
fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk; jzpf;if Mfpait njhlu;ghdit MFk;.
nrg;lk;gu; 1k; Njjp Kjy; 28k; Njjp tiu 1956 brk;gu;> 1999 tiu
MAs; fhg;gl P L
; tzpfk;> ,e;jpa MAs; fhg;gl P L
; f; fofj;jhy; gpuj;jpNafkhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. kw;Wk; MAs; fhg;gl P L
; f; fofj;jhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;
rl;lk;> 1956 MFk;. ‘fhg;GWjp xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Mizaj;
rl;lk;> 1999 (mjhtJ 29 brk;gu;> 1999) njhlq;fg;gl;l gpwF> MAs;
fhg;gl
P L
; tzpfk; kw;w ,e;jpa fhg;gl P L
; epWtdq;fSk;> ,e;jpa MAs;
fhg;gl
P L
; f; fofj;jpd; VfNghf cupikAk; KbTf;F te;Js;sJ.
‘MAs; fhg;gl ; y; xg;ge;jk;’ vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhg;gl
P b P i
; l
fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> cj;juthjk; my;yJ epakdjhuu;/xJf;fL P ngw;wtu;>
rl;l thupRf;F my;yJ rl;lG+u;tkhd thupRjhuu;> mtuJ kuzk; Fwpj;j
tof;fpy; cWjp nra;ag;gl;l xU njhif> xU Fwpg;gpl;lg; gzk; my;yJ
ed;ik gaf;fpwJ. fhg;gl P l
; hsupd; kuzk; njhlu;ghf khje;NjhWk;>
fhyhz;L> miuahz;L my;yJ tUlhe;jpu jtizfspy; gzk;
nrYj;Jjy;.(ahUila tho;fi ; f fhg;gL
P nra;ag;gLfpwJ) my;yJ xU
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy;> xU mwf;fl;lis nfhs;if tof;fpy;> kw;Wk; xU
KO MAs; nfhs;if fPo>; kw;Wk; fhg;gL P kuzk; kPJ nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
1938> fhg;GWjp rl;lj;jpd; 2 (11) ,d; gb> ‘MAs; fhg;GWjp
tzpfk;’ vd;gJ> kdpj tho;fi ; fapd; kPJ fhg;gl
P L
; g; xg;ge;jq;fis

nfhz;LtUk; tzpfk; vd;W nghUs;gLk; mjpy; gzk; nrYj;Jjy; fhg;gPL
vd;gJ> kuzk; Fwpj;J cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ (tpgj;jpy; ,wg;igj;

jtpu) my;yJ kdpj tho;fi ; fia rhu;ej; ve;j xU neUf;fbAk; epfo;eJ
;
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ> kw;Wk; xU jtiz rhu;eJ ; xU gjtpf; fhyj;jpy;
fhg;GWjpia nrYj;Jtjw;F cl;gl;L VNjDk; xg;ge;jk; kdpj tho;fi ; f Fwpg;Gfs;
kPJk;> gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhff; fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
(a) fhg;gPL xg;ge;jj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;lhy; Cdk; kw;Wk; ,ul;il
my;yJ Kk;klq;fhd tpgj;Jf;fhd rYiffs; toq;Fjy;;.
(b) kdpj tho;f;ifapd; kPJ md;dpaq;fis toq;FtJ kw;Wk;
(c) ve;j xU gpwtpapYk; ,Ue;J nrYj;jj;jf;f cjtpj;njhiffs;
kw;Wk; md;dpaq;fis toq;Fjy;. Fwpg;gpl;l njhopy;>
tzpfk; my;yJ Ntiy tha;g;gpy; <Lgl;Ls;s egu;fspd;
epthuzk; kw;Wk; guhkupg;Gf;F kl;Lk; nghUe;Jk; epjp
my;yJ ,J Nghd;w egu;fis rhu;e;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd gy;NtW mk;rq;fis ,g;NghJ tpthjpg;Nghk;.
,it gpd;tUkhW:
I. fhg;gPL nra;j tl;b:

‘fhg;GWjpj; njhif> fhg;GWjp ,y;iy’ vd;gJ fhg;GWjp rl;lj;jpd;
mjpfk; cs;sJ. ,t;thwhf> MAs; fhg;gPl;by; cj;juthjk;
mspf;fg;glhjtiu> MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd xg;ge;jk; ntw;wplj;jpy;
cs;sJ. fhg;GWjp itj;jpUg;gtu; (mjhtJ nfhs;ifjhuu;) kw;Wk; MAs;
fhg;gPl;lhsu; MfpNahUf;F ,ilNa ,Uf;Fk; xU njhif cwtpy;>
fhg;GWjp Mu;tk; vOfpwJ> fhg;gPlhsu; ,we;jjd; %yk; ,of;fg;gl;L>
mtu; capNuhL ,Uf;Fk; tiu njhlu;e;J Mjhak; ngw;W tUfpwhu;.
NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> MAs; fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;l egu;
njhlu;e;J ,Ug;gjhy; jhd; nghUshjhu uPjpahf Mjhak; ngw KbAk;>
my;yJ fhg;gPl;L egupd; ,wg;gpdhy; mtu; epjp ,og;Gf;F cs;shf
NeupLk; NghJ kl;LNk> xU fhg;GWjpf;fj;jf;f Mu;tj;ij mtuhy; ngw
,aYk;. vdNt> fhg;gPL nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba xU epjp my;yJ gzk;
rhu;e;j mf;fiwiag; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,uj;jk; kw;Wk; ghrj;jpd;
ntWk; cwTfSk;> typikahdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jdhy;> xU kfDf;F
je;ijapd; tho;f;ifapy; ve;j mf;fiwAk; ,y;iy.ahu; mtu; Vio
jhd; kfdplk; Mjuit ngWfpwhu;.
MAs; fhg;gPl;by;> fhg;gPL xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;splg;gLk;NghJ
fhg;gPl;by; ve;j Neuj;jpy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij cWjp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. me;j egupd; ,we;j Neuj;jpy; my;yJ fhg;gPL vg;NghJ tUk;
vd;w NghJ mJ epfohky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tpjpf;F fhuzk;>
MAs; fhg;gPl;by; xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ> ,d;];A+ud;]; xg;ge;jk; my;y
vd;gjhFk;.
i. fhg;gPL nra;a ,ayhj tl;b: gpd;tUk; %d;W re;ju;g;gq;fspy;>
fhg;GWjp nra;af;$ba tl;b ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> mjw;F Mjhuk; vJTk;
Njitapy;iy:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 175

fhg;gPL (a) nrhe;j tho;tpy;: ,e;j tp\aj;jpy; tl;b Cfpf;fg;gLk;> Vnddpy;
xUtu; mtUila Njhl;lj;ij ghJfhf;f KbAk;> mtUila
tUq;fhy Mjhaq;fs; my;yJ Nrkpg;gpd; ,og;G mtUila
mfhy kuzj;jpd; tpisthf ,Uf;fyhk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; (b) fztd; tho;tpy; kidtp: ,e;j tp\aj;jpy;> fztu;
rl;lg;gb jdJ kidtpf;F MjuT nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjhy;> tl;b Cfg;gLfpwJ> vdNt mts; fztdpd;
tho;f;ifapy; fhg;GWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
(c) kidtp tho;tpy; fztd;: ,e;j tp\aj;jpy;> kidtp
fy;tpawpT ngw;W> cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk tl;b
Cfg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> fhg;GWjp nra;a Ntz;ba njhiff;F
vy;iyNa ,y;iy (mjhtJ> tl;b tuk;gpy;yhj msTf;F ,Uf;fyhk;)>
kw;Wk; mtu; tpUk;gpagb ve;j xU njhifAk;> my;yJ ve;j xU
njhifiaAk; cWjp nra;a KbfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> eilKiwapy;
cWjp nra;ag;gl;l njhif> fhg;GWjp nrYj;j Ntz;ba epjp epiy
kw;Wk; jpwd; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
ii. fhg;gPL nra;a Kbahj tl;b: fhg;GWjp nra;a Ntz;ba tl;b vd
Cfpf;fg;gl Kbahj tof;Ffis> tl;b gw;wpa xU rhd;iw ,uz;L
jiyg;Gfspy; (i) egu;fs; njhlu;G nfhs;s KbahJ. (ii) egu;fs;
njhlu;Gilatu;fs;.
(i) egu;fs; njhlu;ghdit: fztd; kidtpiaj; jtpu NtW
cwTfs; ,Ue;jhy;> je;ij kw;Wk; kfd;> rpj;jg;gh kw;Wk;
kUkfd;> rNfhjup> rNfhjud; MfpNahUf;F fhg;gPL nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. mtu; kw;nwhU cwT MjuT vd;gij ep&gpj;jhy;>
mtu; kl;LNk kw;w cwT tho;f;if cWjp nra;a KbAk;.
,t;thwhf> xU je;ijf;F kfidr; rhu;e;jpUf;fpwhu;
vd;gij ep&gpdhyd;wp> jd; kfdpd; tho;f;ifapy; ve;j
xU fhg;GWjp Mu;tKk; ,y;iy. mJNghy> xU kfDf;F>
jdf;F Mjuthf ,Uf;Fk; jhapd; tho;f;ifapy;> ahUf;Fk;
fhg;gPL fpilahJ. xU tpjit rNfhjup mtis Mjupf;Fk;
mtuJ rNfhjud; tho;f;if kPJ fhg;gPL nra;fpwJ.
,j;jifa cwTfspy;> gz tl;b ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy;>
fhg;GWjpj; njhifiag; nghWj;j tiu tuk;G VJkpy;iy.
Mdhy; tof;fkhf fhg;Gupik nrYj;Jk; jpwd; fhg;gPl;L
jpl;lk; njhifia jPu;khdpf;fpwJ.
(ii) njhlu;gpy;yhj egu;fs;: tzpfk; my;yJ xg;ge;j cwthy; fhg;gPL
ngwj;jf;f Mu;tj;ij gpd;tUgit nfhz;Ls;sd:
(a) fldhspapd; tho;ehspy; fldspg;gtu; 'fldhspapd; mstpw;F'
fld; toq;Fgtu;. Mthu;.
(b) xU fldspg;gtupd; tho;f;ifapy; xU fld; toq;Fgtu;>
mtUila Kf;fpa fldhspapd; tho;f;ifapy; kw;Wk; mtuJ
cWjpahd> mtuJ cj;juthjk; mstpw;F epr;rapf;fg;gl;ltu;

(c) xU $l;lhsp (xU epWtdj;jpy;)> gpe;ijatu; KjyPL nra;j fhg;gPL
%yjdj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu> xU rf gq;fhspf; $l;lhspahf

,Uf;Fk; NghJ> mtUila %yjdj;jpd; gq;F mtuJ
thupRfSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; tpisthf epjp
gw;whf;Fiw Vw;glyhk;. $l;lhspfSf;F ngUk; epjp ,og;G Fwpg;Gfs;
mspf;fpwJ.
(d) Ntiy nra;Ak; gjtpf;fhyj;jpd; rk;gsk;> my;yJ rhjhuz
rk;gsk; tiu mtuJ Kjyhsp xUtupd; tho;f;ifapy; xU
Copau; xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
(e) mtuJ Kf;fpa Copau; tho;f;ifapy; xU njhopyjpgu;> v.fh.
nghJ Nkyhsu; my;yJ jiyikg; nghwpahsUf;F ,og;G
Vw;gLk; tiu rk msT nfhz;l kw;Wk; mDgtk; nfhz;l
xU kdpjd; fpilf;Fk; tiu> mj;jifa Copau; jpwd; kw;Wk;
mwpT ,og;G fhuzkhf Kjyhspaplk; yhgk; Vw;fpwhu;.
Nkw;fz;l tof;Ffspy;> fhg;gPL nra;ag;gLk; ve;jnthU egupd;
kiwT fhuzkhf epjp ,og;G Vw;gLk; msTf;F> fhg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;
kw;nwhUtupd; tho;ehspy; xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tl;b cs;sJ vd;gij
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> ,d;ndhUtupd; tho;ehspy;
mtuJ tl;bf;F mjpfkhf fhg;gPL ,y;iy vd;gijAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> cupik Nfhuiy ntspg;gLj;Jk;
Neuj;jpy; fhg;gPL nra;jtUf;F> tho;tpy; ve;j xU cs;shu;e;j
mf;fiwAk; ,y;iy vd;w cz;ikia mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,J vJthf ,Ue;jhYk;> fhg;gPL KOj; njhifia nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;Ff; fhuzk;> MAs; fhg;gPL vd;gJ xU fhg;gPl;Lg; gzp my;y.
vdNt> xU fldhspapd; tho;thjhuj;jpw;F fhg;gPL mspf;fg;gl;lhy;>
fldhsu; flid jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jpdhy;> fldhsu; fldhspapd; fldpy;
ve;jtpjkhd tl;bAk; ,y;yhjNghJ> fldhspapd; kuzj;jpd; kPJ
<Lnra;a Kbahj msT kPl;fg;glyhk;. flid jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jgtupd;
tho;ehs; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jg;gLk;.
II. tho;f;iff; nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;

ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;Ws;s xU egu;> rupahd xg;ge;jj;jpy; Eioe;jhy;>
MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;ifia RakhfTk;> me;j fhg;gPL ahu; kPJ MAs;
fhg;gPl;L nfhs;ifahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gijAk; fz;lwpayhk;. xU rpy
epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;L> xUtupd; tho;f;ifj; Jizia my;yJ
Foe;ijapd; tho;f;ifapd; kPJ nfhs;iffis ntspNa vLj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. ngz;fspd; tho;f;if gw;wpa Kd;nkhopTfs;> <l;lf;$ba
tUkhdk; my;yJ tUkhd tupia <u;f;Fk; my;yJ nry;tj;ij <l;bj;
je;j tUkhdj;Jld;> Mz; capu;fSf;F ,izahf elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
kw;w R+o;epiyfspy;> $Ljyhf fhg;gPL tR+ypf;fg;gLfpwJ.
MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;ifia vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; xUtu;>
fhg;GWjpj; jpl;lk; (mjhtJ> ,e;jpahtpd; MAs; fhg;gPl;L fofk;) %yk;
toq;fg;gLk; xU Kd;nkhopT gbtj;ij epug;g Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 177

fhg;gPL tifahd nfhs;iff;Fk; ntt;NtW tifahd Kd;nkhopT tbtq;fs;
cs;sd. ,e;j Kd;nkhopag;gl;l gbtj;jpd; MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F mtuJ
FLk;g tuyhW> taJ> tho;f;if Kiw> gof;f tof;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
nfhs;ifapd; msT> tif kw;Wk; fhy tiuaiw Mfpatw;iwg;
Fwpg;Gfs; gw;wpa jfty; Njitg;gLfpwJ. ey;y ek;gpf;ifapy; cs;s vy;yhf;
Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;ltu;fs; gjpy; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
mtu;> vy;yh cz;ikfisAk; KOikahf ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;nkhopag;gl;ltu;fs; kUj;Jtg; gupNrhjidAk; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,e;j Kd;nkhopT gbtk; Kjy; fhg;gPL njhifAld;>
mNj epge;jidapd;wp Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;> Kjy; fhg;gPL urPjpy;
(Vw;G fbjkhf nray;gLfpwJ)> mq;F> xU gpizg;G xg;ge;jk; kw;Wk;
,ilA+W nra;ag;gl;l urPJ Mfpait xNu Njjpapy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Kd;nkhopT gbtk; fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilahFk;. MAs;
fhg;gPL xg;ge;jk; xU ‘kpfr; rpwe;j ek;gpf;if’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
mjhtJ> KO ey;nyz;zj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> Kd;nkhopT gbtj;jpy;
VNjDk; mwpf;if ngha;ahdJ my;yJ nghUs;rhu; cz;ikfis %b
kiwf;fhky; ,Ue;jhy;> fhg;gPl;lhsu; nfhs;ifiaj; jtpu;j;Jtplyhk;.
III. xg;gilg;G kjpg;G

‘xg;gilg;G kjpg;G’ vd;gJ fhg;gPl;lhsu; nfhs;if ehzaj;jpd;
ve;j Neuj;jpYk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba kjpg;G my;yJ fUj;jpidf;
Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F gpd;du;> ,af;fg;gLk;
xg;ge;jj;jpd; nkhj;j ntspNaw;wj;jpy;> jdJ nfhs;ifia xg;gilj;J>
mjd; kPJ jdJ cupikfis mKy;gLj;JfpwJ. RUf;fkhf> ,e;j
ruzile;jy; kjpg;G> xg;ge;jj;ij epWj;j KbT nra;jhy;> fhg;GWjp
itj;jpUg;gtUf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba nuhf;f kjpg;ig Fwpf;fpwJ.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; ,aq;Fk; ,e;j nfhs;ifahdJ>
xU xg;gilg;G kjpg;ig ngWfpwJ. ,e;jpa MAs; fhg;gPl;L fofk;> ,J
njhlu;ghf rpy tpjpfis toq;FfpwJ.
xt;nthU KiwAk; fhg;gPl;by; njhifg; gzj;ij nrYj;jpdhYk;>
xg;gilg;G kjpg;G mjpfupf;fpwJ. cz;ikahd xg;gilg;G kjpg;G
fzf;fPL tpsf;fg;glk;> nfhs;ifapy; Nru;f;fg;gLfpwJ. nghJthf> Kjy;
Mz;bd; fhg;gPL kw;Wk; tpgj;J Mjhaj;jpw;fhf nrYj;jg;gl;l> midj;J
$Ljy; fhg;gPLfisAk; jtpu;j;J> fhg;gPl;bd; %yk; nrYj;jg;gLk;
nkhj;j njhifapy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 30 rjtPjj;jpw;F rkkhd xg;gilg;G
kjpg;G ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk;> ,e;j nfhs;if ,yhgj;jpy; xd;whf ,Ue;jhy;
kl;LNk> jw;NghJs;s VjhtJ xU Cf;fj;njhif Nru;f;ifapd; gz
kjpg;ig mDkjpf;Fk;.
IV. fl;lz kjpg;G

,e;jf; nfhs;if xU ‘xg;gilg;G kjpg;ig’ ngw;w gpd;du;> nfhs;ifjhuu;
fhg;gPL nrYj;Jtij epWj;jtpy;iy vd;why;> nfhs;if Kw;wpYk;
ntw;wplkhfptplhJ. Mdhy;> ‘gzk; nrYj;Jk; nfhs;if’ njhlu;e;J

nray;gLk;. mj;jifa epiyapy; nfhs;if itj;jpUg;gtu;> ‘gzk; fhg;gPL
nrYj;Jk; kjpg;ig’ cupikahf;fyhk;. epr;rakhf> mj;jifa kjpg;G

nfhs;ifapd; Kbtpy; kl;LNk nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;; ,e;j fhuzj;jpw;fhf
jhd;> ,e;j kjpg;G vg;NghJk; ‘xg;gilg;G kjpg;ig’ tpl mjpfkhf
cs;sJ. ,e;j nfhs;if> xg;gilg;gjw;f;F Kd;Ng gzk; nrYj;jg;gl Fwpg;Gfs;
Ntz;Lk;.
‘gzk; nrYj;Jk; kjpg;G’ vd;gJ> nfhs;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
fhg;gPl;Lj; njhiffspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;> cz;ikapy; nrYj;jg;gl;l
fhg;gPl;Lj; njhiffspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; Vw;g cWjp nra;ag;gl;l
njhiff;Fk; xNu tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. xU R+j;jpuj;jpd; tbtj;jpy;:
V. fld; kjpg;G
,e;jpa MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fofk; ntspapl;Ls;s nfhs;iffSf;F
,zq;f ‘xg;gilg;G kjpg;ig’ ngw;Ws;s epiyapy;> mJ xU ‘fld;
kjpg;igAk; ngWfpwJ’. fld; kjpg;gpd; KO njhifia cWjp nra;a
eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; nfhs;iffspy; 90 rjtPjk; xg;gilg;G kjpg;ig
fzf;fpLfpwJ. kw;Wk; gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba nfhs;ifapy;> 85
rjtPjk; xg;gilg;G kjpg;ig fzf;fpLfpwJ. gpd;du;> me;j njhif
5-f;F mUfpYs;s fPo;kl;lj;jpy; KOikahf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 150
f;Fk; Fiwthd njhiffSf;fhf fld;fs; toq;fg;gltpy;iy. 1976
[dtup 1 md;W ntspaplg;gl;l nfhs;iffisg; nghWj;j tiuapy;>
250 f;Fk; Fiwthd njhiffSf;fhd fld;fs; toq;fg;gltpy;iy.
MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fofk;> mt;tg;NghJ rup nra;J tUk; epiyapy;>
,JNghd;w tpjpKiwfSf;Fk; epge;jidfSf;Fk; cl;gl;L fld;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. jw;NghJ tR+ypf;fg;gLk; tl;b tpfpjk; Mz;Lf;F 9
rjtPjk; MFk;. ,J miuahz;lhf cs;sJ. MW khjq;fis tpl
Fiwthd fhyj;Jf;F fld;fs; toq;fg;glkhl;lhJ. gzk; ,of;fg;gLk;
msTf;F ve;j Mgj;Jk; ,y;iy vd;gjhy;> ,e;epWtdk; nra;a $ba
rpwe;j KjyPlhf ,J cs;sJ. Vnddpy;> xg;Gf;nfhz;l Neuj;Jf;Fs;
flid jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy. ,e;jf; nfhs;if ,Wjpahf
xg;gilf;fg;gLk; NghJ my;yJ fPNo tpOe;jhy;> tl;b jpul;ly; njhif
Nfhupf;if njhifapy; ,Ue;J fopf;fg;gLfpwJ.
VI. tho;tpay; nfhs;iffs; xg;gilg;G

xU MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;if xg;ge;jj;Jf;fhd rhd;W> xU nrhj;J
MFk;. fhg;gPl;lhsupd; ,wg;G Fwpj;J> fhg;gPl;L epWtdj;jpd; rl;lg;
gpujpepjpfs;> fhg;gPl;bd; fhuzkhf NtW ve;j flidAk; xNu
khjpupahf ngwhky;> fhg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l kidapd; cWjp nra;ag;gl;l
xU gFjpapd; njhifia tR+ypf;fyhk;. fhg;gPl;lhsupd; ,wg;G Fwpj;J>
fhg;gPl;L epWtdj;jpd; rl;lg; gpujpepjpfsplk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;l
njhifiar; Nrfupf;f KbAk;. ,J fhg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l Njhl;lj;jpd;
gFjpahf cs;sJ. xU tho;tpay; nfhs;ifapd; cupikahsu; vy;yh
nrhj;Jf;fisAk; NghyNt ,e;j nrhj;ijAk; ifahs KbAk;. mtu;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 179

fhg;gPL mij tpw;f my;yJ fldhf ngw my;yJ mij guprhf nfhLf;f
KbAk;.
VII. nfhs;if - cupikahsu; %yk; epakdk;

Fwpg;Gfs; jdJ nrhe;j tho;f;if Fwpj;j xU tho;tpay; nfhs;ifia
itj;jpUg;gtu;> nfhs;if Kjpu;tjw;Fs; mtuJ kuzk; Vw;gl;lhy;>
nfhs;if gzj;ij ngw ve;j xU egiuf; epakpf;fTk;> rl;lg;gbahd
cupik cs;sJ. epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba egu;> ‘epakpf;fg;gl;ltu;’
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fhg;gPl;lhsu; ,we;jhy;> nfhs;if gzj;ij
epakdjhuUf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.nfhs;if Kjpu;T mile;J fhg;gPL
nra;ag;gl;l gpwF> xU epakdjhuUf;F cWjp nra;ag;gl;l njhifiag;
ngWtjw;F epakpf;f KbahJ vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
nfhs;if Kjpu;r;rpailtjw;F Kd;> fhg;gPl;lhsu; ,we;Jtpl;lhy;>
nfhs;ifapy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l njhifia> epakdjhuUf;F nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;if itj;jpUg;gtupd; tho;ehspy;> epakdk; nra;tjd;
%yk;> fhg;gPl;lhsu;fs; ,e;j nfhs;ifia epWj;jptplyhk;. nfhs;ifapy;
cs;s cupikfis mtUf;F gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. mtu; mjd;
kPJ mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhu;.
‘epakpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;’ nfhs;if gzj;ij epakdjhuUf;F
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> fhg;gPl;lhsupd; thupRjhuu;fSf;F fhg;gPL
nra;a Ntz;bajpy;iy vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ. D.M. Kjypahu; vs ,e;jpa
fhg;GWjp kw;Wk; tq;fpapay; ngUepWtdk; (1957)> ,e;j epakdjhuu;>
jiyg;G njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidia KbT nra;ahky; fhg;gPl;lhsu; %yk;
gzk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s 'ngWeu;' vd;W epakpf;fg;gl;ltu;. kD jhf;fy;
toq;fg;glhj epiyapy;> rl;l eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjhy;> cupik
Nfhuiy jhkjg;gLj;jp ,Uf;fyhk;. fhyjhkjk; kw;Wk; nrytpdj;ij
cs;slf;fpa xU jpwikahd rl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J ‘thupRupik
rhd;wpjio’ toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j jhkjk; kw;Wk; nryit jtpu;f;f>
nghJthf nfhs;if itj;jpUg;gtu;fspd; epakdk; Kd;Dupik
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;ifia jdJ nrhe;j tho;f;ifapy;
itj;jpUg;gtu; kl;LNk epakdk; nra;a KbAk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
nfhs;ifapd; tFj;jik my;yJ khw;wk; Mfpatw;iw ngaupl
,ayhJ. NkYk;> $l;L tho;T nfhs;if fhuzkhf> cWjp nra;ag;gl;l
capu;fs; Kjy; ,wg;G tiu cs;s njhif> capu; gpioj;jtUf;F
nrYj;jg;gLtjhy;> fhg;gPl;L egu;fis epakpf;f KbahJ. mt;thwhd
epiyapy;> fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;l midj;J epakdhjuu;fSf;F xNu
Neuj;jpy; kuzk; Vw;gl;lhy; kl;LNk> gzk; ngWtjw;F Ntl;GkD
jhf;fy; nra;a KbAk;.
gpupT 39> fhg;GWjp rl;lk; 1938> nfhs;if itj;jpUg;gtupd;
‘epakdk;’ njhlu;ghd rpy tpjpfis cUthf;FfpwJ:

8.3.4 jP fhg;GWjp fhg;gPL
jP fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd xg;ge;jq;fs;> 1938> (jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;l Njjp)>

nghJ fhg;gPl;L tzpfk; (Njrpakakhf;fy;) rl;lk;> 1972 kw;Wk;
fhg;gPl;L xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Mizar; rl;lk;> 1999> kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fs;. ,e;jpahtpy; jP
fhg;GWjp tzpfk; Njrpakakhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W> 1972 nghJ
fhg;gPl;L tzpf (ehl;Lilik) rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. [dtup 1k; Njjp>
1974 Kjy; brk;gu; 28k; Njjp> 1999 tiu jP fhg;GWjp tzpfk;> ,e;jpa
nghJ fhg;GWjpf; fofk; (GICI) %yk; kl;LNk khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nkw;$wpa rl;lk; kw;Wk; mjd; ehd;F Jiz epWtdq;fs;> (i) Njrpa
fhg;gPl;L fof epWtdk;> nfhy;fj;jh> (ii) epA+ ,e;jpah m\;A+ud;];
fk;ngdp ypkpnll;> Kk;ig (iii) Xupaz;ly; gau; kw;Wk; nghJ fhg;gPl;L
fof epWtdk;> GJ nly;yp kw;Wk; (iv) Aidnll; ,e;jpah gau; kw;Wk;
nghJ fhg;gPl;L fof epWtdk;> nrd;id.
NkYk;> ‘fhg;gPl;L xOq;FKiw’ kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Mizar;
rl;lk;> 1999> (mjhtJ 29 brk;gu; 1999) njhlq;FtjpypUe;J> gpw ,e;jpa
fhg;gPl;L epWtdq;fSf;F jP fhg;GWjp tzpfk; jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ>
,e;jpa nghJ fhg;gPl;Lf; fofj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;L cupik kw;Wk; mjd;
ehd;F Jiz epWtdq;fs; (NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy;) nghJ fhg;gPl;L
tzpfj;ij nray;gLj;j xU KbTf;F te;jd.
2002 nghJ fhg;GWjp tzpf (Njrpakakhf;fy;) jpUj;jr; rl;lk;>
mjd; ehd;F Jiz epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J> ,e;jpa nghJ fhg;GWjpf;
$l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; (GICI) ,d; fPo; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;s
Kw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> jpUj;jj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ehd;F fhg;gPl;L
epWtdq;fs; tof;fk;Nghy; nghJ fhg;gPl;L tu;j;jfj;ij elj;Jk;
vd;W njuptpf;fpwJ. Mdhy;> GICI nghJ fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;ij nra;a
epWj;JtNjhL> mJ kW fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;ij kl;LNk Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
jP fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jk;: ‘jP fhg;GWjp’ vd;why;> neUg;gpdhy;
Kl;Lf; fl;il my;yJ Nrjhuj;jpw;F Nrjk; VNjDk; Vw;gl;lhy;
mjw;F vjpuhf fhg;gPL vd;W mu;j;jk;. jP fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd xg;ge;jk; xU
xg;ge;jk; MFk;. cz;ikahd njhif nfhs;ifapd; msit tpl
xUNghJk; mjpfupf;fhJ vd;w epge;jidf;F cl;gl;L> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyj;jpy; neUg;G> fhg;gPl;L njhif> fhg;gPl;L nrYj;jg;gl;lijj;
fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghUs; fhuzkhf>
mJ epiyngwf;$Lk; my;yJ mjd; %yk; mopf;fg;gLk;.
jP fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis tpupthf ghu;g;Nghk;.
,it gpd;tUkhW:
I. jP fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

jP fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd xg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs;:
1. ,J xU ,og;gPL xg;ge;jk; MFk;. jP nfhs;ifapy; Vw;gLk;
,og;igf; fhg;gPL nra;jhy;> mJ fhg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l njhifia
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 181

fhg;gPL tpl mjpfkhf ,y;yhj msTf;F> cz;ikahd ,og;gpypUe;J
kPs KbAk;.
2. ,J kpfTk; ey;y ek;gpf;if nfhz;l xg;ge;jk; MFk;. mjhtJ>
‘cngw;upNk /gpNjap’. Kd;nkhopgtu;fs;> fhg;gPL nra;ag;gl
Fwpg;Gfs; Ntz;ba tp\ak; njhlu;ghd tpupthd jfty;fis mspf;f
Ntz;ba fl;lhak; cs;sJ. mtu; midj;J %yg;nghUs;
cz;ikfisAk; rupahfTk;> KOikahfTk; ntspg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk. ,y;iynadpy;> fhg;GWjp fhg;gPl;lhsu; vd;w Kiwapy;
,e;j xg;ge;jk; ,lk; ngwf;$baJ.
3. ,J Mz;L Kjy; Mz;L tiu xg;ge;jk; MFk;. vdNt> xU tUl
fhyj;Jf;F kl;LNk jP fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;ifia gpwg;gpf;fyhk;.
4. ‘fld; gw;Wupikkhw;wPL’ kw;Wk; ‘gq;fspg;G’ vd;w Nfhl;ghLfs;>
jP fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd xg;ge;jj;Jf;F nghUe;Jk;.
5. kpf neUf;fkhd neUg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;ig ,J cs;slf;fpaJ.
6. xU MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;ifiag; Nghd;W ,y;yhky;> xU jPf;
nfhs;if> ruziljy; kjpg;G my;yJ gzk; nrYj;Jk; kjpg;ig
nfhz;L tUtjpy;iy.
7. rk;ge;jg;gl;l tp\ak;> mjhtJ> xg;ge;j Neuj;jpy; kw;Wk;
e\;lj;jpd; NghJ> nrhj;J fhg;gPL nra;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xU
MAs; fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; Nghy; my;yhky;> xU jP fhg;gPL
xg;ge;jk; tl;b ,og;G Neuj;jpy; $l ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy;>
mJ xU ,og;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; MfpwJ. cWjp my;yJ xJf;fPL
,og;G Neuj;jpy; fhg;gPL nrhj;J tl;bahf ,Ue;jhy;> mtu;fshy;
xd;Wk; nra;a KbahJ. fhg;gPL nra;a Kbahj msTf;F rpy
tof;Ffs; cs;sd.
II. ‘neUg;G’ kw;Wk; ‘neUg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;G my;yJ Nrjj;jpd;’

nghUs;
neUg;G nfhs;ifapd; nghUSf;Fs; 'neUg;G' vd;gJ> vy;iyiaj;
jfu;j;J> mjd; ,ay;gpy; cs;s xU nghUs; MFk;. jw;nrayhfNth
my;yJ NtW tifahfNth ,Ue;jhy;> cz;ikahd jPg;gw;witg;G
my;yJ vupr;ry; ,Uf;Fk;. gf;fj;Jizaw;wjd; %yk; ntg;g Gusp vd;gJ
neUg;G my;y. vdNt> cz;ikahd jPg;gw;witg;G kw;Wk; ,og;G Nghd;w
jP %l;Lgitfspd; %yk; kpf mz;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk; tiu> fhg;GWjp
nra;gtu;fs; nghWg;gpy;iy. ,jdhy;> GifNghf;fp %lg;gl;Ls;s xU
fhw;Nwhl;bapd; ngUk; ntg;gj;jhy; ru;f;fiu nfl;Lg;NghdJ. Mdhy;>
mjpy; cz;ikahd jPg;gw;witg;G ,y;iy. cWjp nra;ag;gl;ltu;
(M];bd; vs l;Nuhk;) MfpNahu; kPl;f Kbatpy;iy. mNj Nghy>
R+upadpd; ntg;gk; gy Neuq;fspYk; kuj;jhy; MdJ. Mdhy;> mJ
neUg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;ghff; fUjg;gl KbahJ. ru;f;fiu my;yJ
kuj;Jz;Lfis itj;jpUf;Fk; tshfj;jpd; cz;ikahd jPg;gw;witg;gpd;
%yk; ntg;gk; cz;lhFkhdhy;> Nrjkjpg;G ‘neUg;gpdhy; NrjkilAk;’
vd;W fUjg;gLk;. Mdhy;> fUj;J-nghUs;> mjhtJ ru;f;fiu my;yJ

kuj;Jz;Lfs; cz;ikapy; vupf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,J xU fhuz fhupa fhg;gPL
jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
III. fhuz fhupa jP fhg;GWjp

fhuz fhupa Nfhl;ghL jP fhg;gl P L
; f;Fg; nghUe;JfpwJ. capu; ,og;G my;yJ Fwpg;Gfs;
Nrjj;jpd; neUf;fkhd nghUSld; jP Vw;gl;lhy;> ,og;G kPlf ; g;gLfpwJ. fhg;gL
P
Njit vd;w fUj;J-nghUs; vupf;fg;gltpy;iy. jPgg ; w;witg;G (mjhtJ
vupe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;) nghUl;fs; fhg;GWjp my;yJ tshfj;jpNyNa
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nghUs; ,og;G my;yJ Nrjk; jpBupLjy;> Efug;gl;L
jpl;lk; jPgg
; w;witg;G %yk; ,og;G my;yJ Nrjk; Vw;gLfpwJ. my;yJ
me;j tshfj;jpd; xU gFjpia nfhSj;jpdhy;> jpl;lk; NrjkhfpwJ: xU
tof;fpy; ,og;G kw;Wk; ghjpg;G Nghd;wit xU Nrjk; ‘jpBupLjy; jP’
vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW> ‘kUe;Jfspd; ifapUg;G’ jP tpgj;Jf;F
vjpuhf fhg;gL P nra;ag;gl;lJk;> filapd; tshfj;jpy; jPgg ; w;witg;G
fUtp nghUj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; tpisthf> ngUk;ghyhd kUe;Jfs; Nrjk;
mile;jd. Vnddpy;> mjpfg;gbahd ntg;gk; fhuzkhf> mJ neUg;gpdhy;
Vw;gLk; ,og;G my;yJ Nrjkhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
(a) ,og;G my;yJ Nrjk; vd;gJ nghUs;-nfhs;if rk;ge;jj;Jld;
njhlu;Gilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;;
(b) jPg;gw;witg;G my;yJ jP tpgj;J my;yJ Nrjk; fz;bg;ghf
Vw;gLk;. kw;Wk;
(c) jPg;gw;witg;G vd;gJ> mJ itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUl;fs;
my;yJ fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fSf;F ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
jP fhg;GWjp $w;Wf;F> jP tpgj;Jf;fhd fhuzk; vd;d vd;gij
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jP tpgj;J Vw;gl;lhy;> mJ fhg;GWjp
nra;jpapypUe;J kPl;fg;gLk;. mJ Ntz;Lnkd;Nw cWjp nra;ag;gl;l
my;yJ mtuJ Kftu; %yk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lhy;> Rlu; vupAk; vd;W
vt;thW fz;lwpa KbAk; kw;Wk; me;j tpgj;J my;yJ tbtikg;gpd;
tpisthf ,Uf;Fkh vd;W mJ nghUl;gLfpwJ. cWjp nra;ag;gl;l
my;yJ mtuJ mbahu;fspd; ftdf;Fiwtpdhy; $l fhg;GWjpjhuu;
njhlu;e;J nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk; (^l;n[d; vs ngg;gpwNf).
ePjpj;Jiw KbTfspd; mbg;gilapy;> ‘neUg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk;
,og;G my;yJ ghjpg;G’ vd;gJ> ,og;ig jzpj;jy; vd;w Nehf;Fld;
jPia mizf;Fk; Kaw;rpfshy; Vw;gLk; ,og;G my;yJ Nrjj;ijAk;
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,t;thwhf> gpd;tUk; ,og;Gfs; jP fhg;GWjp %yk;
Vw;gLfpd;wd:
(a) jP mizf;f gad;gLj;jpa ePuhy;> nfl;Lg;Nghd nrhj;J
Nrjk; my;yJ nghUl;fs;;
(b) jPg;gpok;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij jLf;f
jPaizg;Gj;Jiwapdu; gf;fj;J tPl;il mopf;fpd;wdu;;
(c) jPia mizf;f <Lgl;Ls;s egu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; $yp;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 183

fhg;gPL (d) jP tpgj;jhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfisj; jtpu;f;f Kaw;rpfshy;
vOk; ,og;G> v.fh. neUg;G nghq;fp vOk; fl;blj;jpy;
,Ue;J nghUl;fis mfw;Wjy;> [d;dy; topahf
jl;LKl;Lg; nghUl;fis vwpe;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; Nrjk;
Fwpg;Gfs; mlq;fptpLfpwJ.
vdpDk;> gpd;tUk; tifahd ,og;Gfs;> xU jP nfhs;ifahy;
%lg;gltpy;iy:
(i) jP tpgj;J epfOk; NghJ my;yJ mjw;Fg; gpwF Vw;gLk;
,og;G.
(ii) mjd; nrhe;j nehjpj;jy; my;yJ jd;dpr;irahd
vupg;G %yk; nrhj;J ,og;G my;yJ Nrjk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU Fz;L fhg;gPL nra;jhy;> jd;idj;
jhNd Ruz;bf; nfhs;Sk;. cs;shu;e;j FiwghL fhuzkh-
fNt> e\;lk; Vw;gltpy;iy.
(iii) nghJ mjpfhuj;jpd; nghUl;L nrhj;ij vupg;gjhy; Vw;gLk;
,og;G.
(iv) Ruq;f (ghjhs) neUg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;G Nghd;wit
Vw;gLfpd;wd.
(v) G+fk;gk;> Nghu;> gilnaLg;G> ntspehl;L vjpup> Nghu;
nray;fs; my;yJ Nghu; eltbf;iffs; %yk; Vw;gLk;
,og;G> (Nghu; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lkh my;yJ
,y;iyah)> cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu;> fyfk;> fytuk;> ,uhZtr;
rl;lKk; ,uhZt vOr;rpAk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
Nkw;$wpa re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> fhg;GWjpf;F gpuj;Nafkhf toq;fg;glhj
gl;rj;jpy; fhg;GWjpf;fhuu; nghWg;Ngw;fkhl;lhu;.
mLj;jLj;j ,og;Gfs;: xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;F xU jPf; nfhs;if>
tof;fk;Nghy; nkhj;jf; nfhLg;gdTk; nfhs;ifj; njhifiatpl
mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mLj;jLj;j ,og;GfSf;F fhg;GWjp nfhLg;gtu;
nghWg;ghtu;. gFjp ,og;ig cldbahf KOikahf ,oe;jhy; kl;LNk>
nkhj;j ,og;ig kPl;f KbAk;.
IV. jP fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd topKiwfs;

xU jPf; nfhs;ifia vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F> rhu;ghsu; xU Kd;nkhopT
gbtj;ij G+u;j;jp nra;J> ,Ug;gplk;> njhif> taJ> cilik
Nghd;w Njitahd tptuq;fis nrhj;jpd; %yk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Kd;nkhopT gbtj;ij epug;Gk; NghJ> Kd;nkhopgtu;fs; kpFe;j ey;y
ek;gpf;ifiaAk;> midj;J nghUs;fspd; cz;ikfisAk; ntspg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. Kd;nkhopT gbtj;ijg; ngWk; NghJ> fhg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;
mghaj;ijf; fhg;gPl;Ljhuu; kjpg;gPL nra;fpwhu;. ,e;j nrhj;J> Jy;ypakhf
mghaj;jpd; msit epu;zapf;Fk; Nkw;ghu;itahsuhy; tprhupf;fg;gl;L
Muhag;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. fhg;gPl;Ljhuu; nrhj;ij fhg;GWjp nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidj;jhy;> ,e;j Kd;nkhopit Cf;f Cjpaj;jpd;

fl;lzj;Jf;F cl;gl;L Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;. Cf;f Cjpaj;ij fhg;gPL
nrYj;jpdhy; kl;LNk Mgj;J Jtq;FfpwJ. Cf;f Cjpaj;ij ngw;w

gpd;> ,ilf;fhy ghJfhg;ig Fwpg;gpd; jd;ikapy; cs;s ‘fhg;gPL
Fwpg;NgL’ xd;iw fhg;gPl;L ml;ilapy; toq;Ftjd; %yk;> ,Wjp
nfhs;if gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; tiu nrhj;Jfis cs;slf;fp ,Uf;Fk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
nfhs;if tptfhuj;jpw;F Kd; ,og;G Vw;gl;lhy;> e\;lj;jpw;fhd
fl;lzj; njhifia fhg;gPl;lhsu; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ‘fhg;gPL
Fwpg;NgL’ $WfpwJ. ,Wjpahf> xU jP fhg;gPl;Lf; nfhs;if Kiwahf
Kj;jpiuaplg;gl;L> fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfs;
fhg;gPl;lhsupd; %yk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
8.3.5 fly; fhg;GWjp

fly;rhu; fhg;glP L
; f;fhd xg;ge;jq;fs; fhg;gl
P L; r; rl;lk;> 1938 (jpUj;jj;jpd;
gb) epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; fly;rhu; fhg;glP L; rl;lk; 1963> nghJ fhg;glP L
;
tzpfk; (ehl;Lilik) rl;lk; 1972> fhg;gL P xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L
Miza rl;lk;> 1999. fly;rhu; fhg;gL P tzpfj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jk; Kf;fpa
rl;lk; fly;rhu; fhg;gL P rl;lk; 1963> kw;wgb Fwpg;gplg;glhj tiu ,e;j
mj;jpahaj;jpd; xg;gL P fSk; me;jr; nraYf;F tUfpd;wd.
1972 nghJ fhg;GWjp tzpfk; (Njrpakakhf;fy;) rl;lk; %yk;
fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L tzpfk; Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;lJ. [dtup 1 Njjp>
1974 Kjy; brk;gu; 28k; Njjp 1999 tiu> fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L tzpfk;>
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l rl;lk; kw;Wk; mjd; ehd;F Jiz epWtdq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa nghJ fhg;gPl;L
fofj;jhy; (GICI) kl;LNk gupkhw;wg;gl;lJ. (i) Ne\dy; ,d;\_ud;];
Nfh ypkpnll;> nfhy;fj;jh (ii) epA+ ,e;jpah m\;A+ud;]; Nfh ypkpnll;
Kk;ig> (iii) fPio jPaizg;G kw;Wk; nghJ fhg;gPl;L $l;LwT ypkpnll;>
GJjpy;yp kw;Wk; (iv) Aidnll; ,e;jpah /gau; kw;Wk; nghJ fhg;gPl;L
fof epWtdk;> nrd;id.
1999 fhg;gPl;L xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp Mizar; rl;lk;
njhlq;fg;gl;l ehspypUe;J> fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L tzpfk; gpw ,e;jpa
fhg;gPl;L epWtdq;fSf;Fk;> ,e;jpa nghJ fhg;gPl;Lf; fofj;jpw;Fk;>
mjd; ehd;F Jiz epWtdq;fSf;Fk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. nghJ fhg;gPl;L
epWtdk; tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F NkNy $wg;gl;l epWtdq;fs;
KbTf;F te;jd.
2002 nghJ fhg;GWjp tzpf (Njrpakakhf;fy;) jpUj;jr; rl;lk;>
mjd; ehd;F Jiz epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J> ,e;jpa nghJ fhg;GWjpf;
$l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; (GICI)-I NjLfpwJ. ,e;j rl;lk;> $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpy;
cs;s ehd;F fhg;gPl;L epWtdq;fis nghJthf nghJ fhg;gPl;L
tzpfj;ij (fly;rhu; fhg;gPL cl;gl) njhlu;e;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. Mdhy;>
GICI nghJ fhg;gPl;L tu;j;jfj;ij epWj;JtNjhL> mJ kW-fhg;gPl;L
tu;j;jfj;ij kl;Lk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.
fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jk;: ‘fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jk;’ vd;gJ
xU xg;ge;jk; MFk;. ,jd; %yk;> fly; ,og;GfSf;F vjpuhf>
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 185

fhg;gPL cWjp nra;ag;gl;l cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gLk; tiu> mJ NkYk;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. (gpupT 3). ,e;j xg;ge;jk; mjd; tpiuT
tpjpKiwfspd;gb> tzpfj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L ePl;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,jdhy;> cs;ehl;L ePu; kPJ Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fis ghJfhf;fTk; my;yJ
Fwpg;Gfs; epy mghaj;jpypUe;J fhg;ghw;Wtjw;Fk; [gpupT 4(1)] gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd rpy Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis tpthjpg;Nghk;.
,it gpd;tUkhW:
I. nghUs;-njhopy; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jk;

nghUs;-njhopy; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpd; xt;nthU rl;lG+u;tkhd rhfrKk;
(gpupT 5) xU xg;ge;jj;jpd; fly;rhu; tp\akhf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,t;thwhf>
fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;by; cs;s midj;J eyd;fisAk; njhlu;GgLj;jp
fly;rhu; fhg;gPL nra;ayhk;. fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;by; kpfTk; gpugykhd
tiffs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. flYly; fhg;GWjp: fg;gy; kw;Wk; mjd; cgfuzq;fspd; fhg;gPL
(mjhtJ miwfyd; kw;Wk; nghUj;Jif> ,ae;jpuq;fs;> fUtpfs;>
epyf;fup kw;Wk; ,ae;jpu mq;fhb Nghd;wit) flYly; fhg;GWjp
njhifAld; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU fg;gypd; cupikahsu;
flYly; fhg;GWjpia ghjpf;fyhk;.
2. ruf;F fhg;gPL: ruf;Ffs; kw;Wk; nghUl;fis fhg;gPL nra;tJ>
FOtpdu; kw;Wk; gazpfspd; jdpg;gl;l clikfs; my;y.
3. thlif fhg;gPL: gy epfo;Tfspy;> xg;ge;j tpjpKiwfspd;gb>
fg;gy; epWtdk; Kd;$l;bNa nrYj;jg;gl;ljh ,y;iyah
vd;gij> ruf;Ffs; ghJfhg;ghf vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gltpy;iy
vd;why;> ruf;F tpw;f Kbatpy;iy vd;W mu;j;jk;. ,t;thW>
ruf;F mopf;fg;gl;l my;yJ topapy; fg;gy; njhiye;J
Nghdhy;> fg;gy; epWtdk; me;j ruf;if ,of;fpwJ. mj;jifa
xU KbTf;F vjpuhf> ghJfhg;G fg;gy; epWtdk; ruf;F fhg;gP
l;L ghjpf;fyhk;.
4. nghWg;G fhg;gPL: nghWg;G fhg;gPL Nkhjy; Nghd;w mghaq;fs;
fhuzkhf> xU %d;whk; jug;gpdupd; nghWg;Gf;Fs; mlq;Fk;.
fly;rhu; fhg;gPL xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s Ma;Tf;Fl;gLgtupd;
fhg;gPl;il cWjpahff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. fg;gy;> fhu;>
ruf;F kw;Wk; nghWg;G Mfpatw;iw fly; nfhs;if fg;gYf;Fs; mNj
nfhs;ifAld; %l Ntz;Lk;.
II. fly; rhu;e;j Nguplu;

Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;lgb> fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L nfhs;iffs; fly;tho;
capupdq;fSf;nfjpuhd cWjpia mspj;J ghJfhf;fpd;wd. gpupT 2(e)-
,d; gb> fly;fs;> neUg;G> Nghu; Nguplu; my;yJ jw;nrayhd flypd;
topeilfs;> Nghu;f; fisfs;> flw;nfhs;isau;fs; kw;Wk; %o;Fk;
fg;giyf; fhf;f ruf;Ffis vLj;J vwpjy;> jpUlu;fs;> ifg;gk;Gfs;>

typg;G> fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; kf;fs;> kpd;fyk;> flik jtwy; Nghd;w fhg;gPL
NtW ve;j xU tifahd nfhs;ifapd; %yKk; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

‘fly;fspd; Mgj;Jfs;’ vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;> fly;fspd;
tpgj;Jf;fisNah my;yJ ,wg;Gf;fisNah kl;LNk Fwpf;fpwJ vd;gJ
ftdpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. ,J rhjhuz Nja;khdk; kw;Wk; fpopry;> v.fh. Fwpg;Gfs;
fhw;W kw;Wk; miyfspd jtpu;ff ; Kbahj eltbf;ifapd; fhuzkhf
nfhjpfyd; my;yJ jbkd; ciljy;. mJ ‘flw;ghrp’ vd;w kiwKf
cj;juthjj;jhy;> Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. xU fg;gy; rhjhuz miyfs;
kw;Wk; fhg;gl
P L
; f; fhw;Wfis jhq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy;>
fg;gy; Jtq;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhf fg;gy; %o;fpapUe;jhy; (v.fh.> FiwghLs;s
nfhjpfyd; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpuk;) fly; jpzwy; Mgj;J my;y. mj;jifa
,og;Gf;F fhg;GWjpjhuu; nghWg;Ngw;fhJ. kWGwk;> fg;gy; cupikahsu;
fhg;gl
P l
; hsUf;F ,og;gL P toq;Ftjw;F nghWg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;>
ruf;F cupikahsu;fSf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba ve;jnthU gzj;jpw;Fk;>
‘fly;fspd; Nguy;fs;’ nghJthf ,wg;Gf;fSf;F njhlu;Gilait>
mit Vw;glf;$ba capu;fSf;F my;y.
III. fly;rhu;nfhs;if
fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jj;ij fhg;gPl;lhsu; kw;Wk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;ltu;
,ilNa Eiof;Fk; tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfisj; jpul;Lk;
fUtp fly; nfhs;if vdg;gLk;. mJ epiwNtw;wg;glyhk; kw;Wk;
xg;ge;jk; Kbf;fg;gl;lNghJ my;yJ mjd; gpd;du; (gpupT 24) md;W
toq;fg;gl;lJ. fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jj;ij epiwNtw;wf;$ba xg;ge;jk;
fhg;GWjpf;F cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;> me;jf; nfhs;ifia
gpwg;gpf;fpwjh ,y;iyah? Kd;nkhopT Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; NghJ>
Fwpg;Giu ‘jtW’ nra;a> ‘Fwpg;gpid cs;slf;fpa Fwpg;G’ my;yJ gpw
kuGtop kD xg;ge;jk; Kj;jpiuaplg;gltpy;iy vd;whYk; (gpupT 23).
fhg;GWjpj; jpl;lj;ij fhg;GWjp nra;gtu;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy;> me;jf;
nfhs;if gpd;du; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh my;yJ ,y;iyah vd;gJ
Fwpj;J> fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd xg;ge;jk; KbT nra;ag;gLk; vd;W
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Kd;nkhopT Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; NghJ> ‘eOtp’>
‘Fwpg;Giu’ my;yJ xg;ge;jj;jpd; kw;w tof;fkhd kD (gpupT23) f;F
Kj;jpiuaplg;gltpy;iy.
fly; rhu;e;j nfhs;if gpd;tUtdtw;iw Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;:
(i) cWjp> my;yJ mtuJ rhu;ghf fhg;gPL ghjpg;G ahu; rpy
egu;;
(ii) Ma;Tf;Fl;gLeu;-nghUs; fhg;gPL kw;Wk; ,lu; fhg;gPL;
(iii) flw;gazk; my;yJ fhyj;jpd; fhyk;> my;yJ ,uz;L
Nkfhg;gPL %yk; %lg;glyhk;;
(iv) fhg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l njhif my;yJ njhiffs; kw;Wk;
(v) fhg;GWjpjhuu; my;yJ fhg;GWjpahsupd; ngau;my;yJ
ngau;fs; (gpupT 25).
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 187

fhg;gPL fly;rhu; nfhs;if fhg;GWjpf;F my;yJ mjd; rhu;ghf
ifnahg;gkplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fhg;GWjp
nra;jtu;fspd; rhu;gpy; my;yJ mjd; rhu;ghf re;jh nrYj;jg;gl;lhyd;wp>
,jw;Fkhwhf> cWjpNahL (gpupT 26) xU jdpj;Jtkhd xg;ge;jkhFk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLeu;-nghUs; fhg;gL P nfhs;ifapy; epahakhd cWjpAld;
Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk; .,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j tp\aj;jpy; cWjpNaw;f
Ntz;ba jd;ik kw;Wk; mjd; msT-nghUs; fhg;gL P nfhs;ifapy;
(gpupT 28) Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;bajpy;iy. ,e;j nfhs;if Kj;jpiuj;jhs;
rl;lj;jpd; fPOk; Kiwahf Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
IV. fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jq;fspd; gz;Gfs;

fly;rhu; fhg;gPL xg;ge;jj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. ,J xU ,og;gPl;Lf;fhd xg;ge;jk; MFk.; (kjpg;gplg;gl;lnfhs;if)
vd;w mbg;gilapy;> fhg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l njhiff;F cl;gl;L>
mtu; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;> cz;ikahd ,og;G njhifia
kl;LNk kPl;f KbAk;.
2. ,J G+uz ed;ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapyhd xg;ge;jk; MFk;.
(mjhtJ xU xg;ge;jk cngupkhNd /gpNjap)> G+uz ey;y
ek;gpf;if ,Ujug;gpduhy; filgpbf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;why;>
xg;ge;jj;ij kw;w fl;rp (gpupT 19) jtpu;j;J tplyhk;. ,e;j
xg;ge;jk; Kbtjw;F Kd;Ng> fhg;GWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W
cWjp mspj;jtu;> cWjp nra;ag;gl;l xt;nthU nghUspay;
R+o;epiyikfSk;> me;j cWjp> tzpfj;jpd; rhjhuz Nghf;fpy;
mtUf;F njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb ntspaplj; jtwpdhy;>
fhg;GWjp nra;gtu;fs; xg;ge;jj;ij (gpupT 20) jtpu;j;J tplyhk;.
3. ‘fld; gw;Wupik khw;wPL’ kw;Wk; ‘gq;fspg;G’ vd;w Nfhl;ghL
fly;rhu; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;Jf;F nghUe;Jk;.
4. fly; rhu;e;j nfhs;if vd;gJ ruhrupahd $whf ,Uf;Fk;.
5. midj;J fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jq;fSk;> rpy Fwpg;gpl;l
‘tpiuT kw;Wk; cl;$WfSf;F’ cl;gl;lit.
6. xU fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jj;jpy;> fhg;gPL nra;ag;gLk; xUtupd;
fhg;GWjp nra;ag;glf; $lhJ vd;w epiyapy;> fhg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l
xUtupd; fhg;GWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w cj;juthjj;ij
nfhLf;fpwJ. (gpupT 8)

3. fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; vd;why; vd;d?
4. gq;fspg;Gr; jj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d?
5. xg;gilj;jy; kjpg;G vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ?
6. jP fhg;GWjp tzpfj;ij epu;tfpf;Fk; rl;lk; vJ?
7. fly;rhu; nfhs;if vd;why; vd;d?

8.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; fhg;gPL
1. nghJ fhg;gPL epWtdk; vd;why; neUg;G> fly; my;yJ ,ju
fhg;gPl;L tzpfk;. Ntiyaspg;Nghu; fhg;GWjp> nfhs;isf; Fwpg;Gfs;
fhg;GWjp> fhy;eil fhg;GWjp> gapu;f; fhg;gPL> Nkhl;lhu; thfd
fhg;GWjp Nghd;w nghUl;fs; gy;NtW fhg;GWjp tpahghu gpuptpd;
fPo; tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sd.
2. Ntiyaspg;Nghu; fhg;GWjp> nfhs;isf; fhg;GWjp> fhy;eil
fhg;GWjp> gapu; fhg;gPL> Nkhl;lhu; thfd fhg;GWjp Nghd;w
nghUl;fs; gy fhg;GWjp tpahghu gpuptpd; fPo; tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sd.
3. fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ xU jug;G xg;ge;jk; MFk;. xU jug;gpdu;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;tpd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhif my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l
xU taij miltjw;F> kw;nwhU jug;gpdUf;F gzk; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w xU xg;ge;jj;ijg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> kw;w
fl;rpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,lu; fhg;gPL vd;gJ (nrhj;J
tof;fpy;) ,Ue;J vOk; xU ,og;G MFk;.
4.
fld; gw;Wupik khw;wPL vd;w Nfhl;ghl;ilg; NghyNt>
gq;fspg;Gr; rpj;jhe;jKk;> mjhtJ> jP fly;rhu; fhg;GWjp Nghd;w
xg;ge;jq;fSf;F kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;. gq;fspg;G muRfspd;
Nfhl;ghL> ‘,ul;ilg; fhg;gPl;by;> midj;J fhg;GWjpj; njhi-
fAk;> xt;nthU KiwAk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;l njhiff;F Vw;g
fl;lz Rikia gfpu;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xU fhg;gPl;Ljhu;
mtupd; ,og;gPl;il tpl mjpfkhf gzk; nrYj;Jfpwhu; vd;why;>
mtuJ rf fhg;GWjpg; NguplupypUe;J $Ljy; njhifia kPl;gjw;F
cupik mspf;fg;gLk;.
5. ‘xg;gilg;G kjpg;G’ vd;gJ> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;F> xg;ge;jj;jpd;
nkhj;j ntspNaw;wj;jpd; NghJ> mjhtJ> cWjp nra;ag;gl;l
xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyf;fl;lj;jpw;F gpwF> mjd; kjpg;G my;yJ
guprPyidiaf; fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; NghJ> jdJ nfhs;ifia
xg;gilj;J tpl;L mjd; kPJ jdJ $w;iw mizf;f Ntz;Lk;.
RUf;fkhf> ,e;j xg;ge;jj;ij epWj;j KbT nra;jhy;> fhg;gPL
itj;jpUg;gtUf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba nfhs;ifapd; nuhf;f kjpg;G
xg;gilg;G kjpg;G vdg;gLk;.
6. jP fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd xg;ge;jq;fs;> 1938 vd;w fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;lk;>
(,d;W tiu jpUj;jg;gl;lthW) nghJ fhg;gPl;L tzpfk;
(Njrpakakhf;fy;) rl;lk;> 1972 kw;Wk; fhg;gPl;L xOq;FKiw
kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Miza rl;lk; 1999.
7.
fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jj;ij fhg;gPl;lhsu; kw;Wk;
cWjpahsUf;F ,ilNa gjpT nra;Ak; tpjpKiwfs;
kw;Wk; epge;jidfis> fly; rhu;e;j nfhs;if vd;fpNwhk;.
fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;by; rupahd xg;ge;jk; nra;a Ntz;baJ mtrp
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 189

fhg;gPL ak; ,Uf;fpwJ. xg;ge;jk; Kbtile;j Neuj;jpy; my;yJ mjw;Fg;
gpd; ,J nray;gLj;jg;glyhk; my;yJ toq;fg;glyhk;.
8.5 RUf;fk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
••fhg;gPl;L re;ijapd; kpfg;ngupa Mw;wiy mq;fPfupj;J> fhg;gPL
nra;a Ntz;ba Njit> Fwpg;ghf MAs; fhg;gPL> gue;j
mstpy; fpilf;Fk; tifapy;> muR fhg;gPl;L Jiwia jdpahu;
epWtdq;fSf;fhf Jtq;fpaJ. mjd;gb> brk;gu; 29> 1999
-y; fhg;gPL xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Mizar; rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
••fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; vd;gJ> xU jug;gpdu; xU Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;tpd;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhif my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l xU taij miltjw;F
kw;nwhU jug;gpdUf;F gzk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w xU
xg;ge;jkhFk;. mjhtJ> kw;w fl;rpf;F kPz;Lk; kWngau; itf;f
Ntz;Lk;. (nrhj;J tp\aj;jpy;) ,lu; fhg;gPL %yk; vOk; fhg;gPL
,og;G MFk;.
••nrg;lk;gu; 1> 1956 Kjy; brk;gu; 28k; Njjp> 1999 tiu MAs; fhg;gP
l;L tzpfk; ,e;jpa MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fofj;jhy;
gpuj;jpNafkhf elj;jg;gl;L> MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fof rl;lk;>
1956 mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ‘fhg;GWjp xOq;FKiw kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghl;L Mizar; rl;lk;> 1999 (mjhtJ 29 brk;gu;> 1999)
njhlq;fpa gpd;du;> MAs; fhg;gPl;L tzpfk; kw;w ,e;jpa
fhg;gPl;L epWtdq;fSf;fhf jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa MAs;
fhg;gPl;Lf; fofj;jpd; VfNghf cupik xU Kbtpw;F te;jJ.
••jdJ nrhe;j tho;tpy; MAs; fhg;GWjp vd;w nfhs;ifia
itj;jpUg;gtu;> nfhs;if my;yJ gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;F Kd;
ve;j Neuj;jpYk;> mtu; ,we;j re;ju;g;gj;jpy;> nfhs;ifahy;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;l njhifia epakdj;jhuu;fSf;F toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.
••‘jP fhg;GWjp’ vd;gJ neUg;gpdhy; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F Vw;gLk;
,og;G my;yJ Nrjj;jpw;F vjpuhf fhg;gPL jP fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd
xg;ge;jkhFk;. fhg;gPl;Lj; njhif nrYj;jg;gl;lijj; njhlu;e;J>
epjp ,og;Gf;F vjpuhf fhg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;.
••fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd xg;ge;jq;fs;> 1938 (jpUj;jr;rl;lk;)> 1963>
nghJ fhg;GWjp tzpfk; (Njrkakhf;fy;) rl;lk;> 1972 kw;Wk;
fhg;gPl;L xOq;F Kiw kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L Miza rl;lk;> 1999
Mfpa fhg;gPl;L rl;lk; %yk; epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
••fhg;GWjpj; njhif fhg;gPl;lhsu; kw;Wk; cWjpasUf;F ,ilNa
fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;Sk; tpjpKiwfs;
kw;Wk; epge;jidfis> fly;rhu;e;j nfhs;if vd;fpNwhk;. fly;
rhu; fhg;gPl;by; rupahd xg;ge;jk; nra;a Ntz;baJ mtrpak;.

8.6 Kf;fpa fUj;Jg;gbkq;fs; fhg;gPL
••mwf;fl;lisf;nfhs;if: ,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l jtizf;fhfNth

my;yJ kuzj;jhNyh xU njhifiar; nrYj;Jtjw;fhf
tbtikf;fg;gl;l MAs; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jkhFk;. ruhrup Kjpu; Fwpg;Gfs;
gj;J> gjpide;J my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l taJ tuk;Gtiu ,UgJ
Mz;Lfs;. rpy Mgj;jhd nfhs;iffSk; cly; eyf;FiwT
tp\aj;jpy; $l gzk; nrYj;jf;$baJ. nfhs;iffs; nghJthf
yhgk; my;yJ myF ,izf;fg;gl;l ghuk;gupak; cs;sd.
••fly; rhjdk;: ,J Fiwe;jJ ehd;F xg;ge;j cwTf-
spd; %yk; fly;rhu; rl;lj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; fUj;jhFk;. fly;
fhg;GWjp flw;gazf; nfhs;ifapy;> fg;gy; flw;njhopy; %yk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
••fld; gw;Wupik khw;wPL Nfhl;ghL: rl;lG+u;t Nfhl;ghL> xU fhg;gP
l;Lj;njhif xU %d;whk; jug;gpdUf;F vjpuhf jdJ cupik-
fis> fhg;gPL ngw;w ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif vdf; $wpajd; gpd;du;>
fhg;GWjpf;F ruziltjhFk;.
••fhuz mz;ik: ‘cldbf; fhuzk;’ vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ‘neUf;fkhd
fhuzk;’ vd;W nghUs;. jPf; nfhs;iffs; kPjhd nray;fspy;>
KO njhlu;igNa fhuz fhupakhd neUf;fkhd epiyf;F
nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ rl;lj;jpd; tpjp MFk;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. gy;NtW tifahd fhg;gPl;L tzpfk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jj;jpd; jd;ik gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.
3. ,e;jpa MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fofj;jpd; (LICI)gq;F Fwpj;J rpW
Fwpg;G tiuf.
4. jP fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.
5. jP fhg;GWjp njhlu;ghd fhuz fhupa gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
6. ‘fly;rhu; Nguplu;’ gw;wp RUf;fkhf Fwpg;G tiuf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. rkPg fhyq;fspy; ,e;jpahtpy; fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;jpd; gupzhk
tsu;r;rpia tpthjpf;fTk;.
2.
,e;jpahtpy; fhg;gPl;il epu;zapf;Fk; rl;lf; Nfhl;ghLfis
tpsf;Ff.
3. 1999-y; IRDA rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fis Muha;f.
4.
fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfis tpupthf
tpthjpf;f.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 191

fhg;gPL 5. jPf; nfhs;ifahy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,og;Gfspd; tiffis
tpthjpf;f.
6.
fly;rhu; fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jj;jpy; fly;rhu; nfhs;ifapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Muha;f.
Fwpg;Gfs;
8.8 NkYk; gbf;f
gjpg;gfk;).

gFjp – III ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;>
1932
IIPR kw;Wk; IT
myF 9 ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> Fwpg;Gfs;

1932
mikg;G
9.0 Kd;Diu
9.2.3 epWtdq;fis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; gjpT nra;jy;
9.3 MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fofk; rl;lk;> 1956
9.3.1 nghJ fhg;GWjp tzpf ehl;Lilik rl;lk;> 1973
9.3.2 khefuhl;rpapd; gzpfs;
9.3.3 epWtdq;fis ifafg;gLj;Jtjpy; cs;s gzpfs;
tpilfs;
9.5 RUf;fk;
9.8 NkYk; gbf;f
9.0 Kd;Diu
$l;lhz;ik xg;ge;jk;> epWtdq;fis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; gjpT
nra;tJ Nghd;w ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk; 1932 ,y; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 4 ‘$l;lhz;ik’ vd;gJ ‘xU tzpfj;jpd; yhgj;ij
gfpu;e;J nfhs;s xg;Gf;nfhz;l egu;fSf;fpilNaahd cwT my;yJ
midtUf;Fk; nray;gLk;’ vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU xg;ge;jk;
$l;lhz;ikf;F mbj;jskhf cs;sJ mJ epiyik> rl;lk; my;yJ
guk;giur; nray;ghl;bypUe;J vohJ. xg;ge;jj;jpw;F jFjpAs;s
egu;fs; kl;LNk $l;L xg;ge;jj;jpy; Eioa KbAk;. $l;lhspaplkpUe;J
jdpj;jdp epWtdk; rl;lg;G+u;t eguhf mq;fPfupf;fg;glhjjhy; xU
$l;L epWtdj;Jld; kw;nwhU epWtdk; my;yJ jdpegu;fSld; $l;L
xg;ge;jj;jpy; Eioa KbahJ.
$l;lhz;ik ,yhgk; <l;Lk; Nehf;fj;ij mila Ntz;Lk;
$l;lhspfspilNa ,yhgq;fs; kl;LNk gpupf;fg;glyhk;. xU $l;lhz;ik
ntw;wpfukhf Ntiy nra;tJ $l;lhspfspilNa gu];gu ek;gpf;if
kw;Wk; kpfTk; ey;y ek;gpf;ifiag; nghWj;jJ> Vndd;why; xt;nthU
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 193

,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> $l;lhspfs; kw;wtu;fSila xU Kftuhthu;> NkYk; mtu;fsJ
1932
nry;tj;jpd; KO msitAk; gpizf;fpwhu;fs;. ‘$l;L xg;ge;jk;’
vd;gJ xU $l;lhz;ik cWg;gpdu;fspd; me;je;j cupikfs; kw;Wk;
flikfis tptupf;Fk; MtzkhFk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; xU epWtdk; vd;gJ jdpegu;fspd; $l;Lg; ngauhFk;. vdNt> mjd;
cWg;gpdu;fsplkpUe;J jdpj;Jtkhd rl;l epWtdk; vd;gJ xU epWtdk;
my;y> xU epWtdk; nrhj;J my;yJ Copau;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f
KbahJ. $l;lhz;ikr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> xt;nthU $l;lhz;ik epWtdKk;
gjpT nra;ag;gLtJ fl;lhakpy;iy Mdhy; xU gjpT nra;ag;glhj
epWtdk; gy FiwghLfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU epWtdKk;
epWtdq;fspd; gjpthsuhy; guhkupf;fg;gLk;; KOikahd gjpT kw;Wk;
GJg;gpj;j jftiyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ epWtdj;Jld; rkhspf;f Kd;tuhj
egu;fspd; eyd;fisg; ghjpf;ff;$ba midj;J eltbf;iffisAk;
gw;wp gjpT nra;fpwJ.
,e;j myF $l;lhz;ik kw;Wk; epWtdq;fspd; cUthf;fk;
kw;Wk; gjpTf;fhd fl;likg;ig gFg;gha;T nra;tij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. MAs; fhg;gPL; kw;Wk nghJ fhg;GWjp tu;j;jfk;
Njrpakakhf;fy; kw;Wk; epu;tfpf;Fk; rl;lq;fis NkYk; tpupTgLj;JfpwJ.

••,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk; 1932 ,aw;wg;gLtij Gupe;J nfhs;s
KbAk;
••$l;lhz;ikapd; mu;j;jj;ijAk; NrhjidfisAk; Ma;T nra;a
KbAk;
••$l;lhz;ikapd; mbg;gil $Wfis mwpa KbAk;
••$l;lhz;ik kw;Wk; epWtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd tpj;jpahrj;ij
tpsf;f KbAk;;
••epWtdq;fs; gjpTfis njupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;
••MAs; fhg;gPL epWtd rl;lk;> 1956-ia gw;wp Ma;T nra;a
KbAk;
••nghJ fhg;gPl;L tzpf Njrpakakhf;fy; rl;lk;> 1973,d; gb
Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;

1932 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; khjk; 1 Mk; Njjp eilKiwf;F te;j
,e;jpa $l;lhz;ikr; rl;lj;jpy; $l;L xg;ge;jk; cs;sJ. gpupT 69
(mf;Nlhgu; 1> 1933 ,y; eilKiwf;F te;j epWtdq;fspd; gjpT
,y;yhjjd; tpisT) gpupTld; cld;gltpy;iy. $l;lhz;ikr;
rl;lk; njhlu;ghd xg;ge;j Vw;ghLfSf;F Kuzhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ>
,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd; tiffs;> $l;lhz;ik epWtdq;fSf;F

,ilapyhd xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yNk $l;lhz;ik eilKiwf;F tUfpwJ. ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;>
1932
(gpupT 3). ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 4> 1932 ,y; gpd;tUkhW
‘$l;lhz;ik’ tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ:
‘$l;lhz;ik vd;gJ xU tzpfj;jpd; yhgj;ij gfpu;e;J
nfhs;Sk; egu;fSf;fpilNaahd cwT my;yJ midtuhYk; Fwpg;Gfs;
nray;gLgtu;fSldhd njhlu;G MFk;.’

$l;lhz;ikapy; Ie;J $Wfs; cs;sd. ,it: (1) xU xg;ge;jk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; (2) ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fSf;F
,ilapy;; (3) xU tzpfj;ijr; nray;gLj;j xg;Gf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
(4) ,yhgj;ij gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjw;fhd nghUs;; kw;Wk; (5) tzpfk;
midj;Jk; my;yJ midtuhYk; nray;gl Ntz;Lk; (mjhtJ>
gu];gu epWtdk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;).
vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf xU $l;Lj;njhifia cUthf;Ftjd;
Ngupy; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpy;
vJTkpy;iy vd;why; $l;lhz;ik ,Uf;fhJ. eehk; ,g;NghJ ,e;jf;
$Wfis xt;nthd;whf tpthjpf;fpd;Nwhk;:
1. xg;ge;jk;: $l;L xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisthf gq;F cs;sJ. ,J epiy>
rl;lk; my;yJ guk;giu nray;ghl;bypUe;J vohJ. je;ij ,we;jNghJ>
me;j epWtdj;jpy; gq;Fjhuuhf kfd;> $l;LwTr; nrhj;jpy; gq;iff;
Nfhuyhk; Mdhy; mtu; rk;ge;jg;gl;l kw;wtu;fSld; mNj
xg;ge;jj;jpy; Eioe;jhy; xU gq;Fjhuuhf KbahJ. ,NjNghy;> xU
FLk;g tzpfj;ijr; rhu;ej ; $l;L ,e;J FLk;gj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs;
jq;fs; cwTfSldhd gq;Fjhuu;fshf miof;fg;gl KbahJ.
xg;ge;jj;jpd; $Wfis typAWj;j> gpupT 5 ntspg;gilahf
toq;FfpwJ ‘$l;L cwT xg;ge;jj;jpypUe;J vOfpwJ kw;Wk;
me;j];jpypUe;J my;y’. ,jdhy; ‘xg;ge;jk;’ vd;gJ $l;lhz;ikf;fhd
mbj;jskhFk;. vdpDk;> ,J ntspg;gilahfNth kiwKfkhfNth
,Uf;fyhk;. kWgbAk;, tha;top my;yJ vOj;J (yf;\k ; pgha; vjpuhf
Nuh\hd; yhg;) ,Uf;fyhk;.
2. ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fspd; $l;likg;G:
$l;lhz;ik xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisthf Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L egu;fSf;F
xU $l;lhz;ik cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. $l;lhz;ik rl;lj;jpy;
epWtdj;jpy; $l;lhspfshf ,Uf;ff;$ba egu;fspd; mjpfgl;r
vz;zpf;ifiag; gw;wp ve;jf; Fwpg;igAk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy>
Mdhy; 1956 Mk; Mz;bd; epWtd rl;lk;> 1956 d; gpupT> tq;fp
tpahghuj;jpw;fhd 10 egu;fs; kw;Wk; NtW ve;j tpahghuj;jpw;Fk;
20 egu;fs; rl;ltpNuhjkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> xU $l;L
epWtdj;jpy; gq;Fjhuu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfgl;r tuk;Gfshf
fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;
xg;ge;jj;jpw;F jFjpAs;s egu;fs; kl;LNk $l;L xg;ge;jj;jpy;
Eioa KbAk;. egu;fs; ,aw;if my;yJ nraw;if ,Uf;fyhk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 195

,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> 3. tpahghuj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tJ: $l;lhz;ikapd; %d;whtJ
1932
mj;jpahtrpa $Wfshf> fl;rpfs; xU tzpfj;ijr; nray;gLj;j
xg;Gf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ‘tzpfk;’ vd;w thu;ji ; j mjd; gutyhd
fUj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L xt;nthU tu;jj ; f> Mf;fpukpg;G my;yJ
Fwpg;Gfs; njhopiyAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ [gpupT. 2 (A)]. ,jd; Nehf;fk; rpy
njhz;L Ntiyfisr; nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> mJ xU
$l;Lwthf ,Uf;fhJ. ,NjNghy;> gyu; tUkhdj;ij gfpu;eJ ; nfhs;s
xg;Gf;nfhz;lhy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l nrhj;jpy; my;yJ jq;fSf;Fs;Ns
thq;fg;gl;l nghUl;fisg; gpupf;f $l;lhz;ik ,y;iy> mj;jifa
egu;fs; gq;Fjhuu;fs; vd miof;fg;gl KbahJ> Vndd;why;
mtu;fs; xU tpahghuj;ij Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy.
4. ,yhgq;fisg; gfpu;jy;: ,e;j mj;jpahtrpa $Wfs; tzpfj;jpy;
<LgLtjw;fhd cld;gbf;if midj;Jk; gq;fhsu;fsplkpUe;Jk;
,yhgq;fis gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fj;Jld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gq;Fjhuu; ,yhg Nehf;fj;Jld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy;>
,yhgq;fis kl;LNk gq;Fjhuu;fspilNa gpupf;fyhk;. ,jdhy;>
tzpfk; vd;gJ xU nrhe;j Nehf;fj;Jld; elj;jg;gLk;> ,yhgk;
<l;lf; $lhJ my;yJ gq;Fjhuu;fshf ,Uf;Fk; xUtUf;F
kl;LNk tzpf ,yhgj;jpd; kPJ cupik cz;L vd;W nrhy;y
KbahJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> gq;Fjhuu;fs; ,yhg tpfpjq;fis mtu;fs;
tpUk;Gk; tpfpjj;jpy; gfpu;e;J nfhs;syhk;.
i. ,og;Gf;fis gfpu;jy; mtrpakpy;iy: xU gq;if cUthf;Ftjw;F
gq;Fjhuu;fs; e\;lq;fis gfpu;eJ; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
mtrpakpy;iy. (uFee;jd; vjpuhf ù;khr;rp). tpahghuj;jpd;
midj;J ,og;GfisAk; jhq;fpf; nfhs;s xg;Gf;nfhs;tjw;F
xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l $l;lhsu;fSf;F ,J
Jtq;FfpwJ. vdNt> $l;lhz;ik ,og;Gfs; ,Ug;gjw;fhd
xU gupNrhjidia gfpu;eJ ; nfhs;s cld;gbf;if nra;aj;
Njitapy;iy. gpupT 13 (A) gq;Fjhuu;fs; rk;ghjpj;j ,yhgq;
fspy; rkkhf gfpu;eJ; nfhs;s cupik cz;L> kw;wgb xg;Gf;
nfhs;shtpl;lhy;> epWtdj;jhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;GfSf;F rkkhf
gq;fspf;Fk;. ,jdhy; ,og;Gf;fisg; gaKWj;JtJ ,yhgq;
fisg; gfpu;eJ; nfhs;tjd; tpisthf fUjg;gLfpwJ> NkYk;
,og;Gfis gfpu;eJ ; nfhs;tjw;fhd xU xg;ge;jk; vJTk;
,of;fg;gLtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ vdpy;> ,yhgq;fis gfpu;eJ ;
nfhs;tjw;fhd xU cld;gbf;if Vw;gLfpwJ. xU gq;Fjhuu;
tzpfj;jpd; ,og;Gfspy; gq;F nfhs;shky; ,Ue;jhYk;>
mtUila flik vy;iyaw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjhy;> gq;Fjhuu;fSf;fhd rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ekJ ehl;by;
‘tiuaWf;fg;gl;l $l;LwTfs;’ ,Uf;f KbahJ.
ii. ,yhgq;fisg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sjy; Kbthd Nrhjid my;y:
,yhgq;fisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tJ $l;Lwtpd; xU Mjhukhf
,Ue;jhYk;> ,J $l;lzpapd; cWjpahd Nrhjid my;y.
xU tzpfj;jpd; ,yhgq;fisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;gtu;fs;>

Mdhy; $l;lhsu;fshf khwhjtu;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;j ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;>
1932
eltbf;iffspy; gpupT 6 f;F tpsf;fk; II njspthf $WfpwJ:
tpahghu yhgj;jpd; gq;F my;yJ yhgk; rk;ghjpf;Fk;NghJ
my;yJ yhgq;fisg; nghWj;J khWgLk; xU egupd; urPJ
jdf;F nrhe;jkhdtu;fSlDk; tzpfk; nra;a KbAk; Fwpg;Gfs;
Fwpg;ghf> mj;jifa gq;F my;yJ gzk; ngWjy;:
(a) ve;jnthU tpahghuj;jpYk; <LgLgtu;fSlNdh my;yJ
rk;ge;jg;gl;l egu;fsplkpUe;Njh>
(b) xU Ntiyf;fhud; my;yJ Kftu; %yk; Cjpak;>
(c) xU tpjitapd; my;yJ xU ,we;j Foe;ijapd; %yk;
tUlhe;ju gq;Fjhuu;
(d) Ke;ija cupikahsu; my;yJ tpahghuj;jpd; gFjp cupi-
kahsuhy; ew;ngaiu tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhd fUj;J
my;yJ mjd; gq;fspg;ghdJ> thq;Fgtu; tpahghuj;ijr;
Rke;J nry;Yk; egUld; xU gq;Fjhuuhf ,Uf;fhJ.
xU tpahghuj;jpd; yhgj;ij gfpu;eJ
; nfhs;Sk; xU egu; gq;Fjhuu;
my;yJ Nfs;tpf;Fupa vy;yh cz;ikfisAk; (gpupT.6) fhl;bAs;sgb
fl;rpfSf;F ,ilNaahd cz;ikahd cwitg; nghWj;jJ.
5. gu];gu Kftu; epWtdk;: $l;lhz;ik tiuaiwapd; Ie;jhtJ
mk;rk;> tzpfk; midj;J $l;lhspfshYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ mtu;fspy; xUtu; my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;ltu;fSf;F VjhtJ nray;fs;> mjhtJ gu];gu Kftuhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW xt;nthU $l;lhspAk; jdf;Fk; kw;w
$l;lhspfSf;Fk; xU Kftu; kw;Wk; Kjy;tuhf ,Uf;fpwhd;.
mjhtJ> mtu; jdJ nray;fshy; kw;w $l;lhspfis fl;Lg;gLj;j
KbAk; kw;Wk; rhjhuz njhopy; Nghf;fpy; kw;w $l;lhspfspd;
nray;fSf;F fl;Lg;gl KbAk;. xU egu; $l;lhspahf ,Uf;fpwhuh>
,y;iyah vd;gij Nrhjpf;f> Kftuikg;G cs;sjh> mjhtJ>
mtuJ rhu;ghf tzpfk; elf;fpwjh vd;W kw;w tp\aq;fSf;Fk;
,ilapy; ghu;ff ; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j gupNrhjidapd; mbg;gilapy;
xU ,we;j $l;lhsp my;yJ xU Nkyhsupd; ,yhgj;jpy; gq;F
tfpf;Fk; xU tpjit> tpjitahfNth my;yJ ,we;jtu; rhu;gpNyh
tzpfk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhjjhy; $l;lhspahf KbahJ. mts;
my;yJ mtu; VjhtJ nra;jhy; me;j epWtdk; rl;lG+u;tkhf
fl;Lg;glhJ. ,we;jtu;fspd; gq;Fjhuu; my;yJ xU NkyhsUf;F
yhgj;jpy; gq;if itj;jpUg;gtu; xU gq;Fjhuu; my;y vd;gjhy;>
,e;j tpjkhd Nrhjid mbg;gilapy;> tpjit my;yJ ,we;jtupd;
rhu;gpy; tpahghuk; eilngwtpy;iy. mtu; my;yJ mtu; VjhtJ
nra;jhy; me;j epWtdk; rl;lG+u;tkhf fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.

$l;lhz;ikapd; gy;NtW $WghLfspd; Nkw;fz;l fye;Jiuahlypd;
%yk;> $l;lhz;ik vd;w xw;iwg; gupNrhjid vJTk; ,y;iy
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 197

,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU tp\aj;jpy; yhgj;ijg;
1932
gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sjy; $Lk;> Mdhy; ve;jj; njhopYk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;;
kw;nwhU nray;ghl;by;;> tzpfk; ,Uf;fyhk;, Mdhy; yhgq;fis
gfpu;e;J nfhs;s KbahJ> Mdhy; kw;nwhU nray;ghl;by;; tzpf
Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ,yhg gfpu;T ,Uf;fyhk; Mdhy; ,yhgk; gfpu;T egu;fSf;F
,ilNa cwT Kjd;ik kw;Wk; Kftu; vd;W ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;.
Nkw;fz;l tof;Ffspy;> $l;lhz;ik ,y;iy. Kd; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
midj;J mj;jpahtrpa $WfSk; $l;lhz;ikapd; nghUl;L ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. midj;J cz;ikfisAk; fhl;bAs;sgb, ,e;j cz;ikia
typAWj;j> gpupT 6,y; xU egu;, xU FO my;yJ xU epWtdk;
my;yJ xU epWtdj;jpy; $l;lhsp ,y;iyah vd;gij jPu;khdpg;gjpy;
jug;gpdUf;F ,ilNa cs;s cz;ikahd njhlu;igf; fUj;jpy;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W jpl;ltl;lkhfj; njuptpf;fpwJ.
$l;lhspfs;, cWjpahd kw;Wk; cWjpahd ngau;

xUtNuhL xUtu; $l;L Nru;e;J nfhs;Sk; egu;fs; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy;
‘$l;lhspfs;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. kw;Wk; $l;lhf xU
‘epWtdk;’ kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; tzpfk; ‘epWtd ngau;’ (nehb 4) vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU 'epWtdk;' vd;gJ mjd; cWg;gpdu;fsplkpUe;J jdpj;Js;s
xU jdpg;gl;l rl;l epWtdk; my;y. ,J ntWk; jdpegu;fspd; $l;Lg;
ngauhFk;. mJ jdpegu;fspd; $l;Lg; ngauhFk;. vdNt xU epWtdj;ij
Nghyd;wp jdpg;gl;l rl;l mikg;G mjd; cWg;gpdu;fsplkpUe;J
jdpj;Jtkhf cs;sJ> xU epWtdk; nrhj;J my;yJ Copau;fis
gzpaku;j;j KbahJ> xU fldhsp kw;Wk kw;wtu;fshYk; KbahJ.
‘epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;J’> epWtdj;jpd; Copau;> ‘epWtdj;jpw;F vjpuhf
tof;F’ vd;w tzpf gad;ghl;L thu;j;ijfspy; cs;s trjpf;fhf
kl;LNk cs;sJ. ‘$l;lhspfspd; nrhj;J’> ‘$l;lhspfspd; Copau;’
kw;Wk; ‘me;j epWtdj;jpd; gq;fhspfSf;F vjpuhd xU tof;F’ vd;W
ntWkNd nghUs;gl;lJ. tUkhd tupr; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf>
$l;lhz;ik epWtdk; xU jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ vd;gJ muRf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdJ. ,J $l;lhspfsplk; ,Ue;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lit.
‘$l;lhspfs;’ gpd;tUk; tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L ve;j xU ngaiuAk;
Nju;T nra;J ,ytrkhfg; ngw Ntz;Lk;:
1. ,e;j ngau; xNu khjpupahdjhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ> Fog;gj;jpw;F
toptFf;Fk; tifapy; tzpfk; nra;Ak; kw;nwhU
epWtdj;jpd; ngaiu xj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; (`thdh rpfu;];
njhopw;rhiyfs; ypkpnll;f;F vjpuhd XNldpNdh). xU
epWtdj;jpd; ew;ngaUf;F my;yJ xU Gjpa epWtdk; xU $l;L
ngaiu iff;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy; ghjpg;G Vw;glyhk;.
2. ,e;j ngaUf;F kFlk;> rf;utu;j;jp> Nguurp> NguuR> muru;> murit>
Nghd;w nrhw;fs; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. khepy muR mj;jifa
thu;j;ijfis gad;gLj;Jtjw;F mjd; xg;Gjiy toq;Fk;

NghJ murhq;fj;jpd; xg;Gjy;> my;yJ MjuT Mfpatw;iw ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;>
1932
ntspg;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fs; cWjpahd ngaupd; xU gFjp [gpupT 58
(3)] vOj;jpd; %yk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
9.2.3 epWtdq;fis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; gjpT nra;jy; Fwpg;Gfs;

,g;gpuptpy;> $l;lhz;ik kw;Wk; $l;lhz;ik gjpT cUthf;fk; kw;Wk;
gjpT gw;wp tpthjpg;Nghk;.
1. $l;lhz;ik cUthf;fk;
xU $l;lhz;ik vd;gJ tha;nkhopahf my;yJ vOj;J %ykhd xg;ge;jk;
my;yJ $l;lhz;ik cld;gbf;ifahy; cUthf;fg;glyhk; vd;gij
ehk; mwpNthk;. me;j $l;lhz;ik xg;ge;jj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; egu;fshy;
gpd;tUk; mbg;gil cz;ikfs; kdjpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;:
1. $l;lhz;ikapd; ntw;wpfukhd Ntiy vd;gJ $l;lhspfspilNa
cs;s gu];gu ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; ey;y ek;gpf;ifiag; nghWj;jJ.
2. rupahd xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gil $Wfs; midj;Jk; cldpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
3.
$l;lhspfspd; gu];gu cupikfSk; flikfSk; tpupthf
tpthjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cz;ikapy; $l;lhz;ikapd; njhlf;fk;
fWg;G kw;Wk; nts;is epwj;jpy; ‘$l;lhz;ikr; nray;’; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
4. $l;lhz;ikapy; cs;s epWtdq;fspd; gjpthsUld; $l;lhz;ik
gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. gjpT ,y;yhj fhyj;jpy;> epWtdk;
ntspahl;fSf;F vjpuhf jdJ rl;l Kiwfis eilKiwg;gLj;j
KbahJ> mj;Jld; $l;lhspfSk; xU ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %yk;
‘$l;lhz;ikr; rl;lj;jpy;’ $wg;gl;Ls;s epge;jidfis
eilKiwg;gLj;j KbahJ.
a. $l;lhz;ikr; nray;
$l;lhz;ikapd; mq;fj;jtu;fisf; Fwpj;j cupa cupikfSk;
flikfSk; nfhz;l Mtzk; ‘$l;lhz;ikr; nray;’ vdg;gLfpwJ.
,J ftdj;Jld; jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. midj;J $l;lhspfSk;
ifnahg;gkpl;l Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F ,e;jpa Kj;jpiur; rl;lj;jpd;gb
Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU $l;lhspAk; me;j nraypd;
efiy nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. epWtd gjpthsuplk; gjpTfs; nra;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy;> mj;jifa gjpTj; Jizg; $l;lhspfs;
rl;lj;jpd; %yk; me;j gjpTfspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s epge;jidfis
eilKiwg;gLj;j KbahJ.
b. $l;lhz;ikapd; fhy msT

fhymsT fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; $l;lhz;ikfs; gpd;tUk; ,U gpupTfshfg;
gpupf;fyhk;:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 199

,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> 1. $l;lhz;ik vd;gJ ‘$l;lhz;ikapy;’ (gpupT 7): $l;lhspfSf;F
1932
,ilNaahd xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; my;yJ mtu;fsJ $l;lzpapd;
cWjpg;ghl;bw;fhf ve;jnthU tpjpKiwfSk; nra;ag;glhky;
,Ug;gJ MFk;. jq;fs; ,dpa cwtpd; NghJ jq;fs; cwit
Fwpg;Gfs; Kwpj;Jf; nfhz;L Rje;jpukhf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. ,J fhytiuaw;w
xU $l;lhz;ik MFk;. mj;jifa $l;lhz;ikapy; [gpupT. 43 (1)]
,d; ve;j $l;lhspANk kw;w $l;lhspfSf;F xU mwptpg;igf;
nfhLf;Fk;. ,e;j Rje;jpuk; Fiwf;fg;gLk; vd;why; $l;lhz;ikAk;
Fiwf;fg;glyhk; xg;ge;jk; %yk; midj;J $l;lhspfspd; gu];gu
xg;Gjy; %yk; $l;lhz;ik fiyf;f KbAk; mJ ‘tpUg;gf;
$l;lhz;ik’ ,y;iy.
2. Fwpg;gpl;l $l;lhz;ik: xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F my;yJ
xU Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwia cUthf;Fk; NghJ xU $l;lhz;ik
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ v.fh.> epyf;fup Ruq;fj;ij jahupg;gjw;fhf
my;yJ xU jpiug;glj;ij jahupg;gjw;F> (gpupT. 8) xU
Fwpg;gpl;l $l;lhz;ik vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa xU
tof;fpy;> (gpupT 42),y; $l;lhz;ik jhdhfNt fhytiuaiw
KbtilAk; my;yJ Jzpfu Kbit epiwT nra;fpd;wd. (gpupT
40),y; vy;yh $l;lhspfSk; mij Vw;Wf; nfhs;shtpl;lhy;
mj;jifa fhyj;jpw;F Kd;G $l;LwT fiyf;fg;glhJ. Fwpg;gpl;l
fhytiuaiw Kbe;j gpd;dNu my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwia
epiwT nra;j gpd;dUk; $l;lhspfs; njhlu;e;J <Lgl KbT
nra;jhy;> me;j ‘$l;lhz;ik’ khWk;.
c. $l;lhspfspd; tiffs;
$l;lhz;ik epWtdj;jpy; gy;NtW tifahd $l;lhspfs; ,Uf;fyhk;.
,it gpd;tUkhW:
1. nraypy; cs;s my;yJ cz;ikahd $l;lhspfs;: $l;lhz;ik
njhopiy elj;Jtjpy; nraY}f;fj;Jld; gq;F nfhs;Sk;
$l;lhspfSf;F ‘cz;ikahd’ my;yJ ‘ngausT’ $l;lhspfs;
vd;W ngau;. mit> nrhy;ypd; cz;ikahd nghUspy; KO
gq;fhspfs; Mtu;. mj;jifa $l;lhsp Xa;T ngw;w gpd;du;
nghWg;gpypUe;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,e;j
epWtdj;jpy; ,Ue;J Xa;T ngWtJ Fwpj;J gfpuq;f mwptpg;ig
mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. J}q;Fgtu; my;yJ nrayw;w $l;lhsp: rpy Neuq;fspy;>
mtu;fs; %yjdj;ijg; NghyNt (my;yJ %yjdk; ,y;yhky;)
,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. $l;lhz;ik njhopiy elj;Jtjpy; jPtpukhf gq;F
nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;. ,tu;fis ‘J}q;Fk;’ my;yJ ‘nrayw;w’
$l;lhspfs; vd;W miof;fpd;wdu; ,yhgq;fs; kw;Wk; ,og;Gfis
(tof;fkhf tpfpjhrhuj;ijtpl Fiwthf) gfpu;e;J nfhs;s
epu;thfj;jpy; xU Fuy; ,Uf;Fk;> Mdhy; epWtdj;Jld; mtu;fspd;
cwT nghJ kf;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. mtu;fs; xU

ntspg;gLj;jg;glhj Kjy;tu; Nghd;w epWtdj;jpd; midj;J ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;>
1932
eltbf;iffs; %d;whtJ jug;gpdUf;Fk; nghWg;ghfpwhh;. Mdhy;
mtu;fs; epWtdj;jpy; ,Ue;J Xa;T ngWtJ Fwpj;j mwptpg;ig
nfhLf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
3. mikjpahd $l;lhspfs;: gpw $l;lhspfSld; xg;ge;jk; Fwpg;Gfs;
nra;jtu;fs; $l;lhz;ik tzpfj;ij epu;tfpg;gjw;F ve;j FuYk;
nfhLf;ftpy;iy ‘nksdkhd’ $l;lhspfshf cs;sdu;. mtu;fs;
,yhgk; kw;Wk; ,og;Gfis gfpu;e;J epWtdj;jpd; fld;fSf;F
Kw;wpYk; nghWg;Ngw;f kw;Wk; tzpfk; elj;Jtjpy; jPtpukhf
gq;F ngwyhk;.
4. ,yhgj;jpy; $l;lhspfs; kl;LNk: kw;w $l;lhspfSld; Fwpg;gpl;l
$l;lhsp ,e;j ,og;GfSf;F nghWg;gpd;wp xU rpy ,yhgq;fSf;F
kl;LNk cupj;jhdtu; vd;gtu; ‘,yhgj;jpy; kl;LNk $l;lhsp’ vd;W
mwpag;gl;bUf;fpwhu;. tpjpahf> mj;jifa $l;lhsp tzpfj;jpd;
Nkyhz;ikapy; Fuy; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; %d;whk;
jug;gpdUf;F mtuJ nghWg;G tiuaWf;fg;glhjJ Vnddpy;
,e;jpahtpy; ‘kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l $l;lhz;ik’ ,Uf;f KbahJ.
5. Jiz-$l;lhsp: xU $l;lhz;ik epWtdj;jpy; ntspahupd;
,yhgq;fis gfpu;e;J nfhs;s xg;Gf;nfhs;fpw NghJ> mj;jifa
ntspahu; Jiz gq;Fjhuu; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. mj;jifa
xU Jiz gq;Fjhuu; epWtdk; kPJ cupik ,y;iy> my;yJ
epWtdj;jpd; fld;fSf;F mtu; nghWg;ghfpwhu;.
6. Kuz;jilf; $l;lhsp my;yJ ntspNaWjy; (gpupT 28): xU
egu; NgRk; my;yJ vOjg;gl;l thu;j;ijfshy; ntsp cyfpw;F
gpujpgypf;fpwhu; my;yJ mtuJ elj;ij my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l
$l;L epWtdk; xU $l;lhsp vd;W mtuJ ngaiu toq;Ftjd;
%yk;> mtu; xU $l;lhspahf ,Ug;gij epuhfupj;J mj;jifa
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; tpRthrj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; me;j
epWtdj;jpy; xU $l;lhspahf; nghWg;Gf;Fupatu; Mfpwhu;.
xU nraiyr; nra;tJ vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd; fPo; xU egiug;
gw;wp typAWj;j Ntz;Lk;. mtu; epWtd fld; toq;Fk; NghJ
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLfpwhu;. jd;id gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JgtUk; my;yJ xU
$l;lhspahf my;yJ gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;w egu;> fld; toq;Fk;
NghJ kw;w egiug; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjh ,y;iyah vd;gJ gw;wp
njupahJ. Mdhy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gw;wp vJTk; njupahj xU egu; my;yJ
mtu;fs; mwpthu;f ; s; Mdhy; ek;gpf;if ,y;iy my;yJ ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;il
gad;gLj;jp nfhs;s KbahJ $l;lhspahf fUjg;gLtjw;F $l;lhspahf
nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk; ([{f;fpys; fkyhghjf;F vjpuhf rpt re;j; gf;u)P .
d. $l;lhz;ikapd; ed;ikfisg; gw;wpa rpW Nru;f;if

$l;lhz;ik vd;gJ gu];gu xg;ge;jj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. vdNt>
xg;ge;jk; nra;Ak; jpwd; nfhz;l $l;lhz;ik epWtdj;jpy; $l;lhspfshf
,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> miz- njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 201

,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> xU rpwpa xg;ge;jj;Jf;FF vjpuhf Mdhy; mjd; fPo; mtuhy; Mjhak;
1932
ngw KbAk;. xU rpwpa KO $l;lhspahf ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;gjhy;
mtu; ngUk;ghYk; xU $l;lhspapd; ed;ikfis ngw KbAk;. 30-,d;
gpupT $l;lhz;ikr; rl;lk; xU rpwpa $l;lhspahf ,Uf;f KbahJ
Fwpg;Gfs; vd;whYk;> midj;J $l;lhspfspd; rk;kjj;Jld; mtu; gpw $l;lhspfs;;
jdJ ghJfhtyupd; %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk;
$l;lhz;ikapd; ed;ikfSld; Nru;jJ ; f; nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
II. epWtdq;fis gjpT nra;jy;

1932 ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;G> ,e;jpahtpy;
$l;lhz;ik epWtdq;fis gjpT nra;tjw;F ve;j trjpAk; ,y;iy.
,jd; tpisthf %d;whtJ egu; $l;lhz;ikapd; ,Ug;ig ep&gpf;fTk;>
midtUf;Fk; vjpuhf cWg;gpdu;fs; mtuJ $w;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;.
$l;lhspfspd; nghWg;G gw;wpa gpur;rpid vOe;j Nghnjy;yhk;> mtu;fs;
$l;lhz;ikapy; jq;fs; cWg;gpdu; Nru;fi; fia kWf;f jaq;ftpy;iy.
Vnddpy;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,J Nghd;W fl;lha gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nfhupf;if ,Ue;jJ. epWtdj;jpd; murpayikg;G njhlu;ghd Njitahd
tptuq;fs; epWtdj;NjhL njhlu;Gnfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
,e;jpahtpy; Ntiy nra;Ak; kpf mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd
rpwpa $l;lhz;ik epWtdq;fis fUj;jpy; nfhz;L gjpT nra;tJ
nghJ gyidj; jutpy;iy> jw;Nghija rl;lk; gjpT nra;tij
KOikahf $l;lhspfspd; tpUg;gg;gb nra;Js;sJ. $l;lhz;ikr;
rl;lj;jpd;gb> xt;nthU $l;lhz;ik epWtdKk; jd;id gjpT nra;J
nfhs;tjw;F fl;lhakpy;iy> Mdhy; gjpT nra;ag;glhj epWtdk;
gy FiwghLfSf;F mtjpg;gl;L tUfpwJ. vdNt> rpy $l;lhspfis
gjpT nra;ahkypUg;gJ ey;yJ.
i. gjpT nra;Ak; Neuk;: $l;lhz;ik epWtdj;jpd;
njhlu;rr; papd; NghJ> ve;j Neuj;jpYk; gjpT nra;ag;glyhk;. ,e;j
xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J vOk; cupikfis mky;gLj;j xU rl;l
kd;wj;jpy; tof;if njhlu;e;J elj;j epWtdk; tpUk;GfpwJ.
tof;F gjpT nra;ag;gLtjw;f;F Kd; gjpTnra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; ePjpkd;wk; ,e;j tof;if Nkw;nfhz;L
elj;jhJ. epWtdk; xU tof;if jhf;fy; nra;j gpwFk;
$l gjpT nra;ag;glyhk;> Mdhy; me;j tifapy;> me;j
tof;if jpUk;g ngw Ntz;Lk;> epWtdk; gjpT nra;j
gpd;du; Gjpa tof;if jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. me;j
epWtdj;ij njhlu;e;J tof;F gjpT nra;Ak; epWtd-
khdJ> me;j Fw;wj;ij jhNd rupnra;a KbahJ.
ii. gjpT nra;Ak; Kiw (gpupT 58): gjpT nra;Ak;
nray;Kiw kpfTk; vspikahdJ. epu;zapf;fg;gl;l
fl;lzj;Jld; Fwpg;gpl;l gbtj;jpy; cs;s xU
tpz;zg;gk;> me;j epWtdj;jpd; tzpf epWtdk;
mike;Js;s ,lk; my;yJ cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s khepy
epWtdq;fspd; gjpthsuplk; tpz;zg;gj;ij rku;g;gpf;f

Ntz;Lk;. tpz;zg;gk; my;yJ mwpf;if midj;J ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;>
1932
$l;lhspfshYk; ifnaOj;jplg;gl Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ Fwpg;ghf
,e;j rhu;gpy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLk; mtu;fspd; Kftu;fshy;
ifnaOj;jplg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ,J gpd;tUk; tptuq;fisf;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;: Fwpg;Gfs;
1. epWtdj;jpd; ngau;.
2. tzpf epWtdj;jpd; mYty; ,lk; my;yJ Kf;fpa ,lk;.
3. epWtdk; tzpfk; nra;Ak; gpw ,lq;fspd; ngau;fs;.
4. xt;nthU $l;lhspAk; me;j epWtdj;jpy; Nru;ej
; Njjp.
5.
$l;lhspfspd; KO kw;Wk; epue;ju Kftupapd;
ngau;fs;.
6. epWtdj;jpd; fhyk;.
Nkw;fz;l Fwpg;gpl;l tptuq;fs; Kiwahfg; G+u;j;jp
nra;ag;gl;lit vd;W gjpthsu; jpUg;jp mile;jTld;>
mtu; me;j mwpf;ifapd; gjpit epWtdq;fspd; gjpNtL
vd;w gjpNtl;by; gjpT nra;J> mwpf;ifia (gpupT 59)
jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,J gjpT nra;Ak; eilKiwia
epiwTnra;fpwJ.
a) tptuq;fspd; khw;wk;: epWtdk; gw;wpa jfty; gjpT nra;Ak;
epWtdq;fspd; gjpthsiu njhlu;e;J itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
Nehf;Fld;> NkNy nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s VNjDk; xU
tptuj;jpy; VNjDk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lhy;> mij gjpthsuplk;
njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;> mg;NghJ mtu;> epWtdq;fspd; gjpNtl;by;
mtrpakhd khw;wj;ij Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;. ve;jnthU
$l;lhspapd; Xa;T> ntspNaw;wk;> jpthy; my;yJ ,wg;G
my;yJ xU Gjpa $l;lhspapd; xg;Gjy; my;yJ epWtdk;
fiyf;fg;gLk; NghJ (gpupT 60-63) my;yJ rpWghd;ikapdu;
mDkjpf;fg;gLjy; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; xU $l;lhspahf
my;yJ $l;lhspahf ,y;yhkYk; ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gijAk;>
gjpthsu; njupag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
b) jtwhd tptuj;jpw;F mguhjk;: ahuhtJ njupe;Njh my;yJ
mjd; cz;ikf;Fg; ek;gpf;if ,y;yhj mwpf;ifapd;
mwpf;ifiaNah> gjpthsuplk; toq;f Ntz;ba ngha;ahd
my;yJ KOikaw;w jfty; mlq;fpa mwptpg;G my;yJ
jfty;gb> %d;W khjq;fs; my;yJ mguhjk; my;yJ
,uz;ilAk; Nru;j;J (gpupT 70) mtu; rpiw rhiyapy;
jz;bf;fg;glyhk;.
iii. gjpT nra;ahjtu;fspd; tpisTfs; (gpupT 69): gjpT
nra;ag;glhj epWtdk; kw;Wk; mjd; $l;lhspfs; gpd;tUk;
FiwghLfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;:
1. gq;fhspfs; my;yJ $l;lhspfspilNa my;yJ $l;lhsp
kw;Wk; Kd;dhs; gq;fhspfSf;fpilapy; VNjDk;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 203

,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> Kuz;ghL vOkhdhy;> xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J vOk;
1932
cupikfs; (mjhtJ $l;lhz;ik nray;) my;yJ
$l;lhz;ikr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Vw;gLk; cupikfs;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Kuz;ghL Vw;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; MfNt> gjpT nra;ag;glhj xU epWtdj;jpd; $l;lhsp>
,j;jifa jfuhWfis jPuj ; J
; itg;gjw;F xU rl;lj;ij
Vw;gLj;j KbahJ. MapDk;> Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffis
xU gq;Fjhuu; kw;wtu;(fs;)fSf;nfjpuhf nfhz;L tu
KbAk;. vdNt> xU gq;Fjhuu; epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jfis
jpUbdhy; my;yJ epWtdq;fspd; fl;blq;fSf;F jP
itj;jhy;> ve;jnthU gq;FjhuUk; mtu; Nky; tof;F
njhlu KbAk;.
2. %d;whk; jug;gpdUf;F vjpuhf xU Fw;wtpay;;
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ve;j tof;FfSk; ,y;iy: xU gjpT
nra;ag;glhj epWtdk; xU %d;whk; jug;gpw;F vjpuhf
tof;if gjpT nra;a KbahJ> mJ Njitg;gl;lhy;>
xg;ge;jj;jpypUe;J vOk; ve;j c
upikiaAk;
nray;gLj;j KbahJ> v.fh.> toq;fg;gl;l nghUl;fspd;
tpiyia kPl;ljw;fhf. epr;rakhf> Fw;wthspfSf;F
vjpuhf Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLk;.
epWtdk; my;yJ mjd; gq;fhspfSf;F vjpuhf xU
%d;whk; jug;gpduhy; tof;Fj; jil nra;ag;gltp
y;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ> ,J epWtdj;jpd; xU
tof;F kl;LNk> NkYk; ,J xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J
vOk;> ,J jilnra;ag;gl;l %d;whk; jug;gpdUf;F
vjpuhf ,Uf;Fk;.
3. epWtdk; my;yJ mjd; $l;lhspfs; xU xg;ge;jj;ij
mbg;gilahf nfhz;l rupahd - vjpuPL my;yJ gpw
cupik Nfhuiy nra;a KbahJ: Nkw;$wpa ,U
FiwghLfSk; xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J vOk; xU
cupikia mky;gLj;Jtjw;F rupahd - vjpuPL my;yJ
gpw njhlu;Nthu; cupik NfhuYf;F nghUe;Jk;. vdNt>
xU %d;whk; jug;gpdu; gzj;ij kPl;gjw;F epWtdj;ij
xJf;fpdhy;> epWtdk; xU rupahd - vjpuPL vd;W
$wptpl KbahJ> mjhtJ %d;whk; jug;gpdu; xU rpy
gzj;ij epWtdj;jpw;F nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;>
,J cupikf; Nfhupf;if Nfs;tpapy; cs;s $w;Wf;F
vjpuhf rupnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; cWjpahf $w
KbahJ. ,NjNghy;> xU xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;glhj epWt-
dkhdJ> mjd; cupikahsUf;F vjpuhf thliff;
Fiwg;Gf;fhd xU tof;F xd;iw cUthf;fpapUe;jhy;>
mj;jifa tof;F njhlu;e;J guhkupf;fg;glhJ>
Vndd;why; xU xg;ge;jj;jp;y;, ,Ue;J vOk; cupik-
fisr; nray;gLj;Jtjw;F ‘kw;w eltbf;iffs;’

njhlu;Gila ,ayhikapd; fPo; tof;F nghUe;Jfp ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;>
1932
wJ (fGyhy; Nfhu;ld;l];f;F vjpuhf Rdpy;yh \p
ahk;yh).
tpjptpyf;Ffs;: gjpT nra;ag;glhj xU epWtdk; gpd;tUk; cupikfis
ghjpf;fhJ> mjhtJ: Fwpg;Gfs;
1. VjhtJ xU $l;lhsp my;yJ %d;whtJ jug;gpdupd; cupik
epWtdk; kPJ tof;F njhlu Ntz;Lk;.
2. epWtdj;ij fiyj;jy; my;yJ fiyf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fspd;
fzf;Ffs; my;yJ fiye;j epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jilikia
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gq;fhsu;fspd; cupik. (mjhtJ>
fiyf;fg;gl;l xU epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fis gq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;tJ
my;yJ epWtdj;jpd; fldhsu;fsplkpUe;J gzj;ij kPlL ; j; jUtJ).
3. xU mjpfhur; nrhj;Jilik my;yJ ngWeu; my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
mjpfhukhdJ> jpthyhd gq;Fjhuupd; nrhj;ij czu;e;J>
Njitahdhy;> jpthyhdtupd; rhu;ghf> xU eltbf;ifiar;
nra;tjw;fhf> tof;if Vw;gLj;jyhk;.
4.
,e;jpahtpy; tpahghu ,lk; ,y;yhj cWjpahd my;yJ
$l;lhspfspd; cupikfs;.
5. tof;F kjpg;G 100 kjpg;gpy; ,Ue;J mjpfupf;ftpy;iy vd;why;> xU
rupahd – vjpuPL kPJ tof;F njhLf;f my;yJ cupik Nfhuyhk;.
tUkhd tup epYit Gs;sp tpguj;jpypUe;J epWtdq;fs; gjpT nra;tJ
NkNy tpthjpf;fg;gLk; epWtdq;fspd; gjpTfspypUe;J NtWgl;ljhff;
$wyhk;. tUkhdj;ij kjpg;gL P nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf tUkhdtup
Jiwf;F tupapd; jdpahd gjpT Njit. vdpDk; ,JTk; tpUg;gj;jpw;FupaJ.
iv. epWtdq;fspd; gjpthsu;: epWtd mYtyfj;jpd; gjpthsuplk;
guhkupf;fg;gLk; epWtdq;fspd; gjpNtL> epWtdj;ijf; ifahs
cj;Njrpj;Js;s egu;fspd; eyd;fisg; ghjpf;Fk; midj;J
tp\aq;fspYk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xt;nthU epWtdj;ij
gw;wpa KO tptuq;fisAk;> Njjp gw;wpa jfty;fisAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. epWtdq;fspd; gjpNtl;by; VNjDk; jtW
,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw jpUj;j gjpthsUf;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ
(gpupT 64). gjpT nra;ag;gl;l epWtdk; njhlu;ghd xU tptf-
huk; mjd; Kbtpd; tpisthf ePjpkd;wj;jhy; ,af;fg;gl;lhy;>
gjpthsu; gjpNtl;bd; gjpit jpUj;jk; nra;thu; (gpupT 65).
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fl;lzj;ij nrYj;Jtjw;Ffhf ve;jnthU
egUk; Ma;T nra;a epWtdq;fspd; gjpT jpwf;fg;gLk; (gpupT
66). gjpthsu; Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; mspg;G nra;a>
epu;zapf;fg;gl;l fl;lzk; nrYj;JtjpypUe;J epWtdq;fspd;
gjpNtl;by; Eiotjw;fhf VNjDk; xU gpujpiag; ngw
Ntz;Lk; (gpupT 67). epWtdq;fisg; gw;wpa gjpT vd;gJ>
me;jg; gjpNtL ve;j mbg;gilapy; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ
vd;gij Fwpj;j mwpf;iffspy; ifnaOj;jpLk;
jug;gpdu;fSf;F vjpuhf> mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s tp\aj;jpd;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 205

,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> cz;ikf;Fg; xU rhd;whf cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> %d;whk;
1932
jug;gpdu; xU mwpf;ifapd; cz;ikia rthy; nra;a
mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;> mJ ngha; vd;W ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(gpupT 68). xU egupd; ngauhdJ> xU $l;lhspahf
Fwpg;Gfs; epWtdq;fspd; gjpNtl;by; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;why;>
%d;whk; jug;gpdu; epWtdj;jpy; xU $l;lhsp vd;gij
ep&gpf;f $Lk;.
v. epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;J: gpupT 14 $l;lhspfSf;F ,ilapyhd
xg;ge;jj;Jf;F cl;gl;L> epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jilik>
epWtdj;jpd; gq;Ffspy; Kjypy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l nrhj;Jfspy;
cs;s epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; cupikfs;> my;yJ
thq;fpNah my;yJ epWtdNkh my;yJ Nehf;fk; kw;Wk;
epWtdj;jpd; tzpf Nghf;fpy;> tzpfj;jpd; ey;nyz;zj;ijAk;
nfhz;L nray;gLfpwJ. $l;lhz;ikapy; xU $l;lhsp jdJ
%yjdj;jpd; gq;fhf mirah nrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L
te;jhy;> $l;lhz;ik epWtdk; vd;w ngaupy; xU Kiwahd
khw;W Mtzk; ,y;yhkNyNa $l mJ epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;jhf
khWfpwJ. mNj Nghy;> $l;lhz;ikapd; gzj;jpy;
thq;fg;gl;l nrhj;jhdJ> xU $l;lhsp jdJ nrhe;jg; ngaupy;
thq;fpdhy; $l> rk;ge;jg;gl;l $l;lhsdpd; elj;ijapyp
Ue;J xU vjpu;khwhd Nehf;fk; Njhd;whtpby; mJ
epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;jhf fUjg;gLk;.
9.3 MAs; fhg;gPl;Lf; fof rl;lk;> 1956

9.3.1 1 nghJ fhg;GWjp tzpf ehl;Lilik rl;lk;> 1973
ehk; Vw;fdNt moF 8 ,y; ,e;j rl;lk; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;.
rl;lj;jpd; fUg;nghUs; gw;wp ,q;Nf njhFj;Jiuf;fyhk;.
1956-d; Muk;gj;jpy; MAs; fhg;gL
P Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;lhYk;> nghJ
fhg;gl
P L; tzpfk; 1969 tiu njhlu;eJ ; jdpahu; Jiwapy; ,Ue;jJ.
me;j Mz;by; nghJ fhg;gl P L
; epWtdq;fs; kPJ murhq;fk; fLikahd
r%ff; fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; tpjpj;jJ. nghJthd nghJ fhg;gl P L
; tzpfj;ij
Njrpakakhf;Ftjw;F KfTiuahf ,J ,Ue;jJ. 1971 Mk; Mz;L Nk
khjk; 13Mk; ehs;> nghJ fhg;GWjp (mtrufhy rl;l tpjpfs;) rl;lk;>
1971 ,d; fPo>; ,e;jpahtpy; ,aq;fptUk; midj;J nghJ fhg;GWjp
epWtdq;fisAk;> ,e;jpau; my;yJ ,e;jpau; – my;yhj gq;Fjhuu;fs; vd
,uz;by; vJthapDk; ,e;jpa muR epu;tfpf;Fk;. mjd; gpd;du;> 1971 nghJ
fhg;GWjp (mtrufhy rl;l tpjpfs;) jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk;
epWtdq;fspd; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mtu;fs; mDgtpj;J tUk; epWtdq;fspd;
rpy cupikfis tpyf;fpf; nfhz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. nghJ fhg;GWjp
(Njrkakhf;fy;) rl;lk;> 1972 tpiutpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ,J 1973 [dtup
2Mk; Njjp Kjy; gad;gLk; Kiwapy; eilKiwf;F te;jJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;
gpupT 18 ,y; $l;L epWtdj;jpd; gzpfspd; tptuj;ij Fwpg;gpLf;fpd;wd.
,tw;wpy; rpy nray;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:

9.3.2 khefuhl;rpapd; gzpfs; ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;>
1932
(1)
khefuhl;rpapd; nray;ghLfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fp
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;:-
(a) mJ tpUk;gj;jf;fJ vd;W epidj;jhy;> nghJthd fhg;gPl;L Fwpg;Gfs;
tzpfj;jpd; ve;jg; gFjpiaAk; Vw;wpr; nry;Yk;.
(b)
nghJ fhg;GWjp njhopy; kw;Wk; nghJ fhg;GWjp
nfhs;iffis itj;jpUg;NghUf;F tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f
Nritfis toq;Fk; tplaq;fspd; juj;jpid epu;zapg;gJ
kw;Wk; nghJthd fhg;GWjpj; njhopYf;fhd juepiyfis
mikf;Fk; tprpaj;jpy;> ifafg;gLj;jy; epWtdq;fSf;F
cjTjy; kw;Wk; MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.
(c) Mizf;FO kw;Wk; Vida nryTfSf;fhd nfhLg;gdT
cl;gl> mtw;wpd; nryTfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tp\aj;jpy;>
ifafg;gLj;Jfpd;w epWtdq;fis mwpTWj;Jjy;.
(d) mtu;fspd; epjpfis KjyPL nra;Ak; tp\aj;jpy;> ifafg;gLj;jy;
epWtdq;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.
(e) nghJ fhg;GWjp tzpfj;ij elj;Jjy; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fis
ngWtjw;fhd gzpg;Giufis toq;Fjy;.
(2) Jiz gpuptpd; fPo; ve;j xU topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;fy; (1) gb>
,e;j xj;Jiog;G> jkJ Nritfis NkYk; tpidj;jpwNdhL
toq;Ftjw;fhf> Kbe;jtiu> ifafg;gLj;jy; epWtdq;fSf;fp
ilapy;> ,iaGg;gLj;Jtjw;F Cf;fk; jUk; jd;ikia kdjpy;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
9.3.3 epWtdq;fis ifafg;gLj;Jtjpy; cs;s nraw;ghLfs;:
(1)
,J njhlu;ghd tpjpfspd;gb> kj;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; ,e;j
xU rhu;ghfTk;> mjd; mikg;gpd; KiwNaL my;yJ nghJ
tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L nghJ fhg;gPl;L tzpfj;ij nfhz;L
nry;tJ vd;gJ xt;nthU epWtdj;jpd; flik MFk;.
(2)
xt;nthU milAk; epWtdKk; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nray;gLk;>
nghJthd fhg;gPl;L tzpfk; rKjhaj;jpd; kpfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
(3)
ve;jnthU nray;ghLk; ntspNaw;wg;gLifapy;> xt;nthU
epWtdKk; tzpff; nfhs;ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; tiu nray;gLk;
kw;Wk; $l;L epWtdk; %ykhf toq;fg;gLk; ve;j
nray;KiwfSk; mj;jifa nray;Kiwfspy; topelj;jg;gLk;.
(4) re;Njfq;fis ePf;Fk; tifapy;> ,J epWtdq;fSf;F cl;gl;L>
ngUepWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; ifafg;gLj;jy; epWtdj;jplkpUe;J
ngwyhk; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j rhu;gpy; kj;jpa murhy;
nra;ag;gLk; VjhtJ xU tifapy;> mJ jdJ eyd;fis
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 207

,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> ghJfhg;gjd; nghUl;lhf vz;zf;$Lk; vd;gjhy;> kW fhg;gPl;L
1932
cld;gbf;iffs; Nghd;w xg;ge;jq;fspy; Eioayhk;.
gpupT 35 d; fPo; kj;jpa murpd; mwptpf;if %yk; fhg;GWjpr; rl;lk;
toq;fg;glyhk; vd;w tpz;zg;gj;ij Fwpg;gpLtJld; ,e;epWtdk;>
Fwpg;Gfs; khefuhl;rp kw;Wk; ifafg;gLj;jy; epWtdq;fSf;Fr; Njitahd
khw;wq;fis nra;J tUfpwJ. rl;lg;gpupit epiwNtw;Wk; tpjpKiwfis
tFf;fTk;> mJNghd;w tpjpKiwfis Vw;gLj;jTk; kj;jpa murq;fk;
mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ, mit:
(a) khefuhl;rp %yk; ngwg;gl;l ,yhgq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw
gzg;Gof;fq;fisf; ifahsyhk;.
(b) epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;L> khefuhl;rp kw;Wk; nfhs;Kjy;
epWtdq;fs; nghJthd fhg;gl P L
; tu;jj
; fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
(c) ,jpy;> kW-fhg;gPl;L xg;ge;jk; my;yJ cld;gbf;iffs;
cs;spl;l tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfs;
cs;splg;glyhk;.
(d) gbtk; kw;Wk; Kiwapy;> ve;j xU mwptpg;Gk; my;yJ
tpz;zg;gKk; kj;jpa murplk; nra;ag;glyhk;.
(e) ,e;epWtdk;> khefuhl;rpaplk; ,Ue;J kj;jpa muRf;F
nfhz;L tUk; mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fis
ifafg;gLj;jyhk;.
(f) NtW VjhtJ tp\ak; mj;jpahtrpakhf ,Uf;fyhk;
my;yJ gupe;Jiuf;fg;glyhk;.

1. $l;lhz;ikapd; mbg;gilf; $Wfis gl;baypLf.
2. $l;lhz;ik epWtdj;jpy; ahu; mikjpahd $l;lhspfs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;?
3. epWtdq;fspd; gjpthsupd; mjpfhuk; vd;d?
4. ,e;jpahtpy; MAs; fhg;GWjp vg;NghJ Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;lJ?

1. $l;lhz;ikia mikf;f Ie;J $Wfs; cs;sd. mitfs;: (1)
xU xg;ge;jk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; (2) ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
egu;fSf;F ,ilNa (3) xU tzpfj;ijr; Nkw;nfhs;s ahu;
xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;; (4) yhgq;fis gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sk;
Nehf;fj;NjhL; kw;Wk; (5) tzpfj;ij midtUk; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ mtu;fs; midtUf;fhfTk; ahuhtJ
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

2. $l;lhspfSld; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;ltu;fs;> $l;L njhopiy ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;>
1932
epu;tfpg;gjpy; ve;j FuYk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gtu;fs; ‘mikjpahd’
$l;lhspfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; ,yhgk; kw;Wk;
el;lj;ijg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;fpd;wdu;> epWtdj;jpd; fld;fSf;F
Kw;wpYk; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; tpahghuj;ij elj;Jtjpy; Fwpg;Gfs;
mtu;fs; RWRWg;ghf gq;F ngw Ntz;Lk;.
3. epWtdq;fspd; gjpNtl;by; VNjDk; jtW ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw
jpUj;j gjpthsUf;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ (gpupT 64). gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l epWtdk; (gpupT 65) Fwpj;j xU tp\ak; njhlu;ghf
mjd; Kbtpd; tpisthdJ ePjpkd;wj;jhy; ,af;fg;gl;lhy;>
gjpNtl;by; cs;s gjpit jpUj;jk; nra;a gjpthsu;
fl;Lg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;. epWtdq;fspd; gjpNtL
epu;zapf;fg;gl;l fl;lzk; (gpupT 66) %yk; ve;j xU eguhYk;
Ma;T nra;Ak; tifapy; ntspg;gilahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gjpthsu;> Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fl;lzj;ijr; nrYj;jpajd; Ngupy;>
epWtdq;fspd; gjpNtl;by; VNjDk; Eiotpd; gpujp (gpupT 67)
vd;w Nfhupf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4. MAs; fhg;gPL 1956 y; Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;lJ.
9.5 RUf;fk;
••$l;lhz;ikia mikf;f Ie;J $Wfs; cs;sd. mitfs;: (1)

xU xg;ge;jk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; (2) ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
egu;fSf;F ,ilNa (3) xU tzpfj;ijr; Nkw;nfhs;s ahu;
xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;; (4) yhgq;fis gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sk;
Nehf;fj;NjhL; kw;Wk; (5) tzpfj;ij midtUk; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ mtu;fs; midtUf;fhfTk; ahuhtJ
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
••gy egu;fs; Xd;W Nru;e;Jf; $l;lhz;ikia Vw;gLj;jpdhy; mtu;fs;
‘$l;lhspfs;’ vd;Wk; $l;lhf ‘epWtdk;’ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ
kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; tzpfj;jpd; fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ngau;>
‘epWtdj;jpd; ngau;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
••$l;lhz;ikr; rl;lk;> 1932 gb> ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lj;jpd;
Vw;ghLfshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;J $l;Lf; FLk;g tzpfk;
,e;J rl;lj;jpd; nfhs;iffshy; nray;gLfpwJ.
••rl;l Kiwg;gb ,y;yhky; ‘tpUg;gpajhf’ ,Ue;jhy;> $l;lhz;ik
epWtdj;ij ve;j Neuj;jpYk; ve;j $l;lhspahy; Ntz;LkhdhYk;
fhag;gLj;j KbAk;. xU epWtdj;jpd; tp\aj;jpy;> ve;j xU
cWg;gpdUk; mij ‘tpUg;gk;’ ,y;yhky; tPo;j;j KbahJ> NkYk;
,J rl;lg;G+u;t Kiwfis cs;slf;fpaJ.
••$l;lhz;ikapd; mq;fj;jtu;fisf; Fwpj;j cupa cupikfs;
kw;Wk; flikg; nghWg;G nfhz;l Mtzk; ‘$l;lhz;ik Xg;ge;jk;’
vdg;gLfpwJ. ,jid ftdj;Jld; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 209

,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> ,jpy; midj;J $l;lhspfSk; ifnahg;gkpl;l Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F
1932
,e;jpa Kj;jpiur; rl;lj;jpd;gb Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••xU Nfhupf;ifia Kd;itf;f xU egu; xUtUf;F cupikia
toq;Ftjw;F> me;j epWtdj;jpw;F fld; nfhLf;Fk; NghJ mtu;
Fwpg;Gfs; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; tpRthrj;jpy; nray;gLtjhf fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••1932 ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;G>
,e;jpahtpy; $l;lhz;ik epWtdq;fis gjpT nra;tjw;F
ve;j trjpAk; ,y;iy. ,jd; tpisthf> %d;whtJ egUf;F
$l;lhz;ikapd; ,Ug;ig ep&gpg;gJ fbdkhf ,Ue;jJ kw;Wk;
me;j epWtdj;jpd; midj;J cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf mtu;
cupik Nfhu Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
••gjpT nra;Ak; nray;Kiw kpfTk; vspikahdJ.
epu;zapf;fg;gl;l fl;lzj;Jld; Fwpg;gpl;l gbtj;jpy; cs;s xU
tpz;zg;gk;> me;j epWtdj;jpd; tzpf epWtdk; mike;Js;s
,lk; my;yJ cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s khepy epWtdq;fspd;
gjpthsuplk; tpz;zg;gj;ij rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpz;zg;gk;
my;yJ mwpf;if midj;J $l;lhspfshYk; ifnaOj;jplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ Fwpg;ghf ,e;j rhu;gpy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLk;
mtu;fspd; Kftu;fshy; ifnaOj;jplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••xU xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;glhj epWtdkhdJ> mjd;
cupikahsUf;F vjpuhf thliff; Fiwg;Gf;fhd xU tof;F
xd;iw cUthf;fpapUe;jhy;> mj;jifa tof;F njhlu;e;J
guhkupf;fg;glhJ> Vndd;why; xU xg;ge;jj;jp;y,; ,Ue;J vOk;
cupikfisr; nray;gLj;Jtjw;F ‘kw;w eltbf;iffs;’
njhlu;Gila ,ayhikapd; fPo; tof;F nghUe;JfpwJ.
••gpupT 14 $l;lhspfSf;F ,ilapyhd xg;ge;jj;Jf;F cl;gl;L>
epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jilik> epWtdj;jpd; gq;Ffspy;, Kjypy;
nfhz;L tug;gl;l nrhj;Jfspy; cs;s epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fs;
kw;Wk; cupikfs;> my;yJ thq;fpNah my;yJ epWtdj;ijNah
my;yJ Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd; tzpf Nghf;fpNyh>
tzpfj;jpd; ey;nyz;zj;ij nfhz;L nray;gLfpwJ.
••gpupT 35 d; fPo; kj;jpa muR mwptpf;if %yk; fhg;GWjpr; rl;lk;
toq;fg;glyhk; vd;w tpz;zg;gj;ij Fwpg;gpLtJld; ,e;epWtdk;>
khefuhl;rp kw;Wk; ifafg;gLj;jy; epWtdq;fSf;Fr; Njitahd
khw;wq;fis nra;J tUfpwJ.

••Kuz;jil: ,J> me;j egupd; Ke;ija eltbf;if my;yJ
mwpf;ifahy; my;yJ Ke;ija xU ePjpkd;w cWjpg;ghl;lhy;
cl;Fwpg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; xU egUf;F Kuzhf vijahtJ xU
fhuzj;ij Kd;itg;gjpy; ,Ue;J xU egiu tpyf;Ffpd;w
nfhs;if MFk;.

••mjpfhug; G+u;tkhd cupj;JWeu;: rl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy; cs;s xU ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;>
1932
mjpfhupahy;> xU jpthyhd nrhj;Jf;fs; fld; nfhLj;jtu;fSf;F
gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••%d;whk; jug;gpdu; ahu; Ntz;LkhDYk; kiwKfkhf rk;ge;jg;gl;L
,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> ,J cld;gbf;if> Xg;ge;jk;> tof;F> my;yJ Fwpg;Gfs;
guptu;jj
; id Vw;gl;bf;fhd xU nfhs;if jug;gpdu; ,Uf;fkhl;lhu;.
••epWtdq;fspd; gjpthsu;: ,J $l;lhz;ik epWtdj;jpd; gjpit
xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd xU nghUshFk;. ,J gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
$l;L epWtdq;fspd; nray;ghLfisAk; rupghu;f;fpwJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. $l;lhz;ikr; rl;lk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. $l;lhz;ikapy; xg;ge;jj;jpd; gq;F gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.
3.
$l;lhz;ik epWtdj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW tifahd
$l;lhspfisg; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.
4. epWtdq;fspd; gjpthsupd; nray;ghL gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ,e;jpa $l;LwT rl;lk;> 1932 y; cs;s gy;NtW Vw;ghLfs; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. ‘,yhgq;fisg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ $l;lhz;ikapd;
Kbthd Nrhjid my;y.’ ,e;j mwpf;ifia epahag;gLj;Jf.
3.
ve;j xU $l;lhz;ikapYk; $l;lhspfis Kiwg;gLj;Jk;
tpjpfis Muha;f.
4. $l;lhz;ikapd; cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; gjpT gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpf;f.
5. epWtdq;fspd; gjpT nra;Ak; nra;Kiwia Ma;T nra;f.
6. gjpT nra;ag;glhj $l;lhz;ikapd; tpisTfis tpthjpf;fTk;.
9.8 NkYk; gbf;f

gjpg;gfk;).
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 211

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
myF 10 $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
mikg;G
Fwpg;Gfs; 10.0 Kd;Diu
10.2 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;
10.3 $l;lhspfs; cwTfs;: mwpKfk;> jFjp kw;Wk; $l;lhsp khw;W
gjpT
10.3.2 epWtdq;fs; fiyg;G
tpilfs;
10.8 RUf;fk;
10.11 NkYk; gbf;f
10.0 Kd;Diu
xU fUj;jhf;fk; vd;w tifapy;> kuG rhu;e;j $l;lhz;ikapd;
xU khw;wPlhf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ik (LLP)
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j tzpf epWtdk;> ve;jnthU gq;Fjhuu; tzpf
Kbtpd; $l;Lg; nghWg;gpypUe;J jdpg;gl;l gq;FjhuUf;F mDkjp
mspf;fpwJ. LLP mjd; ngaupy; xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; EiofpwJ.
mjd; gq;Fjhuu;fspd; flg;ghL vd;gJ LLPapy; mtu;fs; xg;Gf;
nfhs;sg;gl;l gq;fspg;Gld; Fiwthf cs;sJ. ,J epWtdk; kw;Wk;
$l;lhz;ik epWtdj;jpw;F ,ilapyhd xU fyg;G epWtdk; MFk;.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> 2008 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
nghWg;Gf; $l;Lr;rl;lk; (LLP)ia cs;slq;fp cs;sJ. ,r;rl;lk;
81 gpupTfs; kw;Wk; 4 ml;ltizfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. LLP tpjpfs;>
2009 LLP rl;lj;jpd; eilKiw kw;Wk; nray;ghl;L mk;rq;fis
cs;slf;fpaJ. rl;lk; 2008 Vg;uy; 1> 2009 Kjy; gadspf;ff;$ba
rl;lkhf mky;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;j myF> gq;Fjhuupd; cwTfs;> epWtdq;fis ,izj;jy;
Mfpatw;iw Muha;tij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J
rq;fj;jpy; Fwpg;ghizapd; gq;F kw;Wk; rq;f mikg;G tpjpfis
tpupTgLj;JfpwJ.

10.1 myfpd; Nehf;fq;fs; $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;,

••tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhik (LLP)ia Gupe;J nfhs;s
KbAk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
••tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ikr; rl;lk;> 2008-ia Muha
KbAk;.
••LLP gz;Gfisf; fw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
••ghuk;gupa $l;lhz;ik kw;Wk; LLP-f;F ,ilNa cs;s
NtWghl;il tpsf;f KbAk;.
••gq;Fjhuu;fspd; cwTfis mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
••xU gq;Fjhuu; khw;wj;jpd; gjpTfis Muha KbAk;.
••epWtdk; fiyf;fg;gl;lij Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
••rq;fj;jpd; Fwpg;ghizia mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
••rq;f mikg;G tpfpjy; gw;wp Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
10.2 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf;$l;lhz;ik rl;lk;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gilik (LLP) vd;gJ njhopy;Kiw
epGzj;Jtk; kw;Wk; njhopy;Kidik Kidg;ig xU GJikahd kw;Wk;
jpwikahd Kiwapy; xd;wpizf;fTk;> xOq;fikf;fTk;> ,af;fTk;
cjTk; xU Gjpa tzpf mikg;Gf; $W MFk;. ePz;l fhykhf> xU
epWtdj;jpd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;gpd; mD$yq;fis ,izf;Fk;
xU tpahghu tbtikg;gpw;F xU Njit czug;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
gu];guk; te;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jq;fs; mf Nkyhz;ikia
xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F nefpo;Tj;jd;ik $l;lhz;ik epWtdj;ij
Fiwe;j ,zf;fj;jd;ik nrytpy; mikg;gNj MFk;.
gy epGzu; FOf;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ikfs;
(LLPs) kPJ rl;lkpaw;w gupe;Jiuj;J cs;sd. mgpj; ìrd; FO
1997> eNu\; re;jpuh FO 2003 kw;Wk; lhf;lu; N[.N[ ,uhdp FO> 2005
,jpy; mlq;Fk;. ,jd; tpisthf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf;$lhik
(LLP)d; fUj;J ghuk;gupa $l;lhz;ikf;F khw;whf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
gq;Fjhuu;fs; xUGwj;jpy; tuk;gw;w jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gfis
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. kWGwj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G
epWtdj;jpd; rl;l mbg;gilapyhd Ml;rp mikg;G ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j
tif tzpf mikg;G> jdpg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fis ve;j gq;Fjhuupd;
tpahghu Kbtpd; $l;Lg; nghWg;gpypUe;Jk; fhg;gjhFk;. LLP mjd;
ngaupy; xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; EiofpwJ. mjd; gq;Fjhuu;fspd; flg;ghL
vd;gJ LLPapy; mtu;fs; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gl;l gq;fspg;Gld; Fiwthf
cs;sJ. vdNt> xU epWkj;jpw;Fk; $l;lhz;ik epWtdj;jpw;Fk;
,ilNa cs;s xU ,df;fyg;G cl;nghUshFk;. ,e;j LLP rl;lk;
$l;lhz;ikr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; fpilf;Fk; nefpo;Tj; jd;ik kw;Wk;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 213

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; midj;J ed;ik gaf;Fk; jd;ikfis
cs;slf;fp cs;sJ.
xU rl;lG+ut ; khd ‘tzpfj;ij’ elj;Jtjw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
nghWg;Gf; $l;Lupikg; mikf;fg;gl KbAk;. gpupT 2(1)(e) gpuptpd; fPo; ‘tzpfk;’
Fwpg;Gfs; vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; xt;nthU tzpfk;> njhopy>; Nrit> gzp Mfpatw;iw
cs;slf;fpNa tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tzpfk; kw;Wk; njhopy; Jiwapy; rpW
kw;Wk; eLj;ju njhopy; (SREs) KidNthu;fs; kw;Wk; gl;laf; fzf;fhsu;>
epWtd nrayhsu;fs;> nryT fzf;fhsu;fs; Nghd;w njhopyK ; iw Nrit
toq;Feu;fSf;F LLPs mbg;gilapy; kpfTk; Vw;wjhf cs;sJ.
LLP rl;lj;jpd; 2(1)(n) gpupT ‘tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G
$l;lhz;ik vd;gJ ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l my;yJ gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l $l;lhz;ik vd;W tiuaWf;fpwJ.
Nkw;fz;l tiuaiw> xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gilik
$l;lhz;ik vd;gjd; gq;fspg;ig tpsf;ftpy;iy. gpupT 3y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb>
xU LLP ,d; jd;ik gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpy;> mjd; Kf;fpa mbg;gilf;$Wfs;
gw;wpa xU tpupthd tiuaiw gpd;tUkhW nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:
xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ik vd;gJ xU $l;L
epWtdkhFk;. ,jpy; xU jdp rl;l cl;nghUs; nfhz;l xU
nraw;if kdpju;> njhlu;r;rpahd epiy> nghJthd Kj;jpiu kw;Wk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUg;ghu;.’

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ik rl;lk; 2008> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
nghWg;Gf; $l;Lr; rl;lk; (LLP) cs;slq;fp cs;sJ. ,r;rl;lk; 81
gpupTfs; kw;Wk; 4 ml;ltizfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. khu;r; 31> 2009-,d;
ngUk;ghyhd tpjpKiwfspd; gbAk; kw;Wk; 2009 Nk 31 kPjk; cs;s
tpjpfspd; gbAk;, ,e;j LLP rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;jJ. 2008> LLP
rl;lj;jpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fis tpthjpg;Nghk;. ,it:
A. ml;ltizfs;: LLP rl;lj;jpd; Kbtpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;l ehd;F
ml;ltizfs; gw;wpa tptuk; gpd;tUkhW RUf;fkhf $wyhk;:
1. Kjy; ml;ltiz: gu];gu cupikfs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;;>
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; flikfs; kw;Wk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G
$l;lhz;ik gw;wpa tpjpffis cs;slf;fpaJ. ,J Nghd;w
nray;ghLfspy; ve;j xg;ge;jKk; ,y;yhj epiyapYk;
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; nghUj;jk; ,Uf;Fk;. (LLP xg;ge;jj;jpd;
epge;jidfspd; khjpup njhFg;G) [gpupT 23(4)-I ghu;f;fTk;.]
2. ,uhz;lhtJ ml;ltiz: ,J epWtdj;jpypUe;J
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ikf;F khw;Wtjw;fhd
Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ (gpupT 55).
3. %d;whtJ ml;ltiz: ,J jdpahu; epWtdj;jplkpUe;J
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ikf;F khw;Wtjw;fhd
Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ (gpupT 56).

4. ehd;fhtJ ml;ltiz: gl;bayplg;glhj nghJj;Jiw $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
epWtdj;jplkpUe;J tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ikf;F

khw;Wtjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ (gpupT 57).
Fwpg;G: ,e;j gFjp III-y; cs;s gpupTfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;> kw;wgb
Rl;bf; fhl;lg;glhj tiu> ‘tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ik> Fwpg;Gfs;
2008’ gpupTfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;j gFjp III-,y; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
‘rl;lk;’ vd;w nrhy;Yf;F LLP rl;lk;> 2008 vd;W nghUs;.
LLP tpjpfs;> 2009: LLP tpjpfs;> 2009 LLP rl;lj;jpd; eilKiw
kw;Wk; nray;ghl;L mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. 2009 Mk; Mz;L
Vg;uy; 1 Mk; Njjp Kjy; mky;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jhf;fy;
nra;ag;gLk; gbtq;fs; ,e;j tpjpfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd kw;Wk;
gy;NtW R+o;epiyfspy; nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;lzq;fs; A tpjpAld;
,izf;f gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
B. epu;thf ,ae;jpuk;
epWtd tptfhuq;fs; mikr;rfk; (MCA) kw;Wk; epWtdq;fspd;
gjpthsu; (ROC) Mfpait tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ikr;
rl;lk;> 2008-d; epu;tfpf;Fk; gzp kw;Wk; mjd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gLk;
tpjpfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. epWtdq;fspd; gjpthsu;
khepy mstpy; LLPs gjpthsu;fshf nray;gLtNjhL> LLPs-I gjpT
nra;J fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;. epWkg; gjpthsupd; mYtyfk; xU
nghJ mYtyfkhf cs;sJ. mq;F> Mtzq;fs; jhf;fy; nra;aTk;>
jpUg;gp mDg;g Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> rl;l tpjpfspd;gb nghJ kf;fs;
mij Ma;T nra;a mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sdu;.
C. 2008 LLP rl;lj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

2008 LLP rl;lj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW
1. LLP vd;gJ xU nghJ FO kw;Wk; mjd; gq;Fjhuu;fsplkpUe;J
gpupf;fg;gl;l xU rl;l cs;nghUs; MFk;.
2. VNjDk; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fs; ,yhg Nehf;Fld;
xU rl;lG+u;tkhd njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;tJ, njhlu;Gila
xU $l;bizg;G Mtzj;jpw;F jq;fs; ngau;fis re;jh
nrYj;jpAk;> mNj Nghy; gjpthsuplk; jhf;fy; nra;tjd; %yKk;>
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gilik $l;lhz;ikia mikf;fyhk;.
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xt;nthU LLP-f;Fk; milahs vz; (LLPIN)
xJf;fg;gLk;.
3. ,e;j (LLP) epiyahd njhlu;r;rpia nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
4. xU LLP-,d; ,ilg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fspd; gu];gu cupikfs;,
flikfs; kw;Wk; me;j LLP mjd; gq;Fjhuu;fSf;Fk; LLP-
f;Fk; ,ilNa xU cld;gbf;ifapd; %yk; gq;Fjhuu;fs;
epu;tfpf;fg;gLthu;fs; kw;Wk; LLP rl;lk; 2008-d;
tpjpfSf;F gq;Fjhuu;fs; cl;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,r;rl;lk;> mtu;fs;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 215

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; tpUk;gpa gb xg;ge;jj;ij cUthf;fj; nefpo;Tj; jd;ikia
mspf;fpwJ. vdpDk;> mj;jifa xg;ge;jk; vJTk; ,y;yhj
epiyapy;> gu];gu cupikfSk; flikfSk; LLP rl;lk;> 2008-

,d; Vw;ghLfshy; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; 5. LLP xU jdp rl;l epWtdk; MFk;. mjd; nrhj;Jf;fspd;
KO mstpw;Fk; nghWg;Gghf ,Uf;Fk; kw;Wk; gq;Fjhuu;fspd;
nghWg;ghdJ> LLP-,y; cld;gl;l gq;fspg;Gld; kl;LNk
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J cWjpahd my;yJ cWjp my;yhjjhf
,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ ,ay;gpy; ,uz;Lk; cWjpahdjhf my;yJ
cWjpay;yhjjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
6. kw;w gq;Fjhuu;fspd; RahjPdkhd my;yJ mjpfhukw;w nray;fs;
my;yJ kw;w gq;Fjhuu;fspd; jtwhd elj;ij Mfpatw;wpw;F
ve;j gq;Fjhuu;fSk; nghWg;Ngw;f khl;lhu;fs;.
7. LLP-apd; nghWg;Gfs;> fldspg;gtu;fis Vkhw;Wtjw;fhd
Nehf;fj;Jld; nray;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fs; my;yJ ve;j Nkhrbapd;
Nehf;fkhdJ midtUf;Fk; tuk;GkpFe;jjhf ,Ue;jNjh my;yJ
LLP-apd; fld;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F nghUe;Jk;.
8. xt;nthU LLP-f;Fk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L gq;Fjhuu;fshtJ
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fspy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L egu;fisahtJ
epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fspy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xUtu; ,e;jpahtpy;
trpg;gtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
9.
epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fspd; flikfSk; flg;ghLfSk;
rl;lj;jpy; ,lk; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
10. LLP-apy; gq;Fjhuu;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F ve;j xU cr;r tuk;Gk;
,y;iy.
11. mjd; tptfhuq;fs; gw;wpa cz;ik kw;Wk; epahakhd ghu;itia
gpujpgypf;Fk; Mz;Lf; fzf;Ffisg; guhkupf;f flg;ghL cs;sJ.
fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk; fld; jPu;f;Fk; mwpf;iffs; xt;nthU Mz;Lk;
gjpthsUld; xt;nthU ehSf;Fk; gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
12. LLPs fzf;Ffs;> kj;jpa murpd; ,e;jj; Njitapy; ,Ue;J
tpyf;fspf;fg;gLk; ve;j xU tFg;gpw;F cl;gl;L> jzpf;if
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
13. Njitg;gl;lhy;> Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf jpwikahd fhty;Jiw Nkyiu
epakpg;gjd; %yk;, LLP tptfhuq;fis tprhupf;f kj;jpa muRf;F
mjpfhuk; cz;L.
14. LLP-,d; ,izg;G kw;Wk; xd;wpizg;G cs;spl;l rkurk; my;yJ
Vw;ghL> LLPs rl;lk; 2008-,d; tpjpfspd;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
15. xU epWtdk;> jdpahu; epWtdk; my;yJ gl;bayplg;glhj
nghJ epWtdk; rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfSf;F ,zq;f LLP-Mf
khw;w mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa khw;wPl;by;> gjpthsuhy;
toq;fg;gl;l gjpT rhd;wpjopd; Njjpf;Fk;> LLP rl;lj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s gb khw;wj;jpd; tpisTfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

16.
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rhd;wpjopy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gjpTf;fhd $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
Njjpiag; gjpT nra;J> mjd; gpd;du;> tzpf epWtdk; my;yJ

$l;L thzpf epiyaj;jpy; cs;s midj;J nrhj;Jf;fs;> eyd;fs;>
cupikfs;> rYiffs;> nghWg;Gfs; vd midj;J nrhj;JfSk;>
eyd;fSk;> cupikfSk; tzpf epWtdk; my;yJ $l;L tzpf Fwpg;Gfs;
epiyak; njhlu;ghd flg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tzpf epWtdk; my;yJ
$l;L tzpf epiyaj;jpd; KO nghWg;Gk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
NkYk; cj;juthjkpd;wp LLP-apy; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
rl;lk; my;yJ nray;Kiw> tzpf epWtdk; my;yJ $l;L tzpf
epiyak; Mfpait fiuf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ
kw;Wk; tzpf epWtdq;fspd; gjpthsu; gjptpypUe;J ePff
; k; my;yJ
$l;L tzpf epiyaj;jpd; gjpthsu; gjtpapypUe;J ePff ; k; vd
tof;F ,Uf;fyhk;.
17. LLP-I Kbf;f> jd;dhu;tkhf ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ jPug ; g; hizak;
epWtdq;fspd; rl;lk; 1956 fPo; epWtg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jPug ; g; hizak;
epWtg;gLk; tiu> cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,e;j mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
18. LLP rl;lkhdJ> 1956-Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfis
nghUj;Jtjw;F kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuq;fis mspf;fpwJ. ,J Nghd;w
khw;wq;fs; my;yJ khw;wq;fs; Njitg;gLk; vd mwptpf;fg;gLtjd;
%yk; mJ nghUj;jkhdJ vd;W fUJfpwJ. vdpDk;> mj;jifa
mwptpg;Gfs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xt;nthU mitapd; Kd;Gk; 30 ehl;fs;
vd;w mstpy; itf;fg;gLk;> ,U mitfspYk; xg;Gjy; ngwg;gl
Ntz;ba ve;j xU khw;wj;jpw;Fk; cl;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;.
19. 1932 ,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> LLP-f;F nghUe;jhJ.
20. tUkhd tupr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> 1961 tup tpjpg;G njhlu;ghd
tupfis jdpj;jdpahf eptu;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. 2009-10 Mk;
Mz;Lf;fhd tuT nryT jpl;l tup tpjpg;Gf;F cl;gl;L cs;sJ.
21. xt;nthU LLP-Ak; LLP tpjpfSf;F ,izf;fg;gl;l gbtq;fisg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. 2009> 2008 kw;Wk; mjd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
nghWg;G $l;lhz;ik milahs vz; (LLP) mjpy; Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;Lk;. kpd;dZ my;yJ vz;zpay; ifnahg;gq;fis
gad;gLj;jp mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l ifnahg;gq;fs; %yk; kpd;dZ
gbtk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
D. LLP ,izj;jy; kw;Wk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l ngaiu ngWjy;

xU kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghWg;Gilik $l;lhz;ikia
xd;wpizf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;du;> xU LLP mikf;Fk; egu;fs;>
epWtdrhu; gjpthsuplkpUe;J Kd;nkhopag;gl;l ngau; fpilg;gij
fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;. gpd;tUk; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F nghUj;jkhd ngaiu
xU LLP-My; Nju;T nra;ayhk;:
1.
xt;nthU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ikapd;
‘tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;L’ my;yJ mjd; ngaupd; filrp
thu;j;ijahf ‘LLP’ vd;w nrhw;fisNa nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 217

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; 2. Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ngau; tpUk;gj;jfhjjhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
kj;jpa murpd; fUj;Jg;gb, xU ngau; xj;jjhf cs;sJ
my;yJ NtW ve;j $l;lhz;ik epWtdNkh my;yJ
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ik my;yJ nghJ FO
Fwpg;Gfs; my;yJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;l tu;j;jf FwpaPlhfNth my;yJ
tu;j;jfk; nra;tjw;Nfh gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tpjpf;fhd fhuzk;
vd;dntd;why;> xU epWtdj;jpd; ew;ngauhFk; xU Gjpa
LLP xU Nkhrkhd ngaiug; ngw;why;> LLP my;yJ $l;L
epWtdj;ij fhag;gLj;jyhk;. (gpupT 15)
NkNy cs;s fl;Lg;ghLfisg; ghu;itapl> Kd;nkhopag;gl;l
LLP gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba ngaiu ,l xJf;fPL nra;tjw;fhd
tpz;zg;gk;> LLP-apd; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; mjpfhu
tuk;G nfhz;l epWtdq;fspd; gjpthsUf;F toq;fg;gLk;. Kd;Dupik
mbg;gilapy; MW ngau;fs; gjpthsUf;F nefpo;Tj;jd;ikiaf;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwpTWj;jg;gLfpwJ. LLP gjpT nra;ag;gl
Ntz;ba ngaUf;fhd ,l xJf;fPl;ilg; gw;wp tpz;zg;gjhuu; mwptpg;gtu;
,q;Nf gjpthsu; gjpT nra;j Njjp Kjy; %d;W khj fhyj;jpw;F
xJf;fPL nra;a mj;jifa ngau; fpilf;Fk; (gpupT 16).
Ntz;Lnkd;Nw my;yJ NtW LLP-apd; ngaiu jtwhf gjpT
nra;jhy;> kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; fUj;Jg;gb> khw;wpaikf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. kw;nwhd;W ,Uf;fpd;w LLP-,d; ngaUld; xj;jjhf my;yJ
tpUk;gj;jfhjjhf ,Ue;jhNyh> ngaiu khw;Wtjw;F mj;jifa LLP-I
kj;jpa muR toq;fyhk;. LLP nrhd;d tpjj;jpy; ,zq;f Ntz;Lk;
kw;Wk; nrhd;d NjjpapypUe;J %d;W khjq;fSf;Fs; Kba Ntz;Lk;.
(gpupT 17). xU LLP mjd; ngaiu jhdhf khw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;.
my;yJ gjpthsu;> mj;jifa tbtj;jpy;, mj;jifa khw;wj;ij
mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd mwptpf;fg;gLk;. (gpupT 19).
ngau; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;L> me;j ngaupy; LLP gjpT
nra;ag;gl;lTld;> gpupT 21-gb xt;nthU ehSk; mjd; ngau;> Kftup>
gjpT vz; kw;Wk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gld; gjpT nra;j mwpf;if>
mjd; midj;J tpiyg;gl;bay;fs;> cj;jpNahfG+u;t fbj Nritfs;
kw;Wk; ntspaPLfs; Mfpatw;iw cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

1. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ik (LLP) vd;why; vd;d?
2. LLP rl;lk; 2008 vd;wy; vd;d?
10.3 $l;lhspfs; cwTfs;: mwpKfk;> jFjp kw;Wk;

$l;lhsp khw;W gjpT
gpupT 5-,d; gb> ve;j jdpegNuh my;yJ nghJ FONth xU
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gld; gq;Fjhuuhf ,Uf;fyhk;. gpupT 2(1)

(d)-,d; gb> ‘nghJ FO’ vd;gjd; nghUs; epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956- $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
,d; fPo; xU epWtdk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xU LLP-I cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
my;yJ ,e;jpahTf;F ntspapy; ,izf;fg;gl;l xU epWtdk; my;yJ
,e;jpahtpw;F ntspapy; ,izf;fg;gl;l xU LLP MFk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
,t;thW gpd;tUtd xU LLP-apy; gq;Fjhuuhf ,Uf;f KbAk;.
(i) ve;j egUk;;
(ii) ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;;
(iii) NtW LLP;
(iv) ntspehl;L LLP; kw;Wk;
(v) xU ntspehl;L epWtdk;.
xU gq;Fjhuupd; mj;jpahtrpaq;fs; rpy:
(i) gq;Fjhuuhf jFjpapd;ik (gpupT 5)

LLP-y; jdpegu; gq;Fjhuuhf Mf KbahJ>
(a)
xUtu; gpj;J epiyapy; ,Uf;fpwhu; vd;gij ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhy;,
(b) fld; jPu;f;f Kbahjtuhf ,Ue;jhy;,
(c)
fld; jPu;f;f Kbahjtuhf mtu; jPu;g;gspf;f gl ,Ue;jhy;
Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) $l;lhspfspd; vz;zpf;if (gpupT 6)

xt;nthU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l $l;lhz;ikapy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L
gq;fhspfshtJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU LLP-y; $l;lhspfspd;
vz;zpf;iff;F Nky; tuk;G vJTk; ,Uf;fhJ.
rl;lg;G+u;tkhd Fiwe;jgl;rj;jpw;Fk; fPNo $l;lhsu;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia Fiwj;jy;, gpupT 6 ve;j Neuj;jpYk; xU LLP
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; vz;zpf;if xd;W Fiwe;J> mj;jifa xNu $l;lhspAld;
MW khjq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhf tzpfk; elf;fpwJ vd;why;> mj;jifa
xU R+o;epiy gw;wpa mwpT vd;gJ> xNu gq;Fjhuu;> mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy;
RUl;ba LLP-,d; nkhj;jf; fld;fisAk; nrYj;Jtjw;F jdpg;gl;l
Kiwapy; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk;.

xt;nthU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G gq;fspg;G Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L
‘epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fs;’ Ntz;Lk;. jdpegu;fshfTk; kw;Wk;
mtu;fspy; Fiwe;jJ xUtu; ,e;jpahtpy; FbapUg;gtuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. LLP-apd; midj;J gq;Fjhuu;fSk; nghJf;FOf;fNs
MFk; my;yJ mjpy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fs;
jdpegu;fshfNth kw;Wk; nghJf;FOf;fshfNth ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mj;jifa
LLP-,d; gq;Fjhuu;fs; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L egu;fshf ,Ug;gu; my;yJ
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 219

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; mj;jifa nghJf;FOtpd; epakdq;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuhf
nray;gLtu;.
tpsf;fk;: ,e;jg; gpuptpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> ‘,e;jpahtpy;
trpg;Nghu;’ vd;w nrhy;Yf;F> cldbahf Ke;ija xU tUlj;jpy; 182
Fwpg;Gfs; ehl;fSf;F Fiwahky; ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fpapUe;j xUtu; vd;W nghUs;.
i. epakdk;
epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fs; $l;L epWtd Mtzj;jpy; ngauplg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa egu;fs; ,ize;j gq;fhspfshf epakpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,ize;j Mtzj;jpd; xt;nthU gq;Fjhuu;fSk;> mt;tg;NghJ>
Fwpg;gpl;l gq;Fjhuuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhy;> LLP-,d;
xt;nthU gq;FjhuUk; xU mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. LLP-apd; cld;gbf;iff;F ,zq;f ve;jnthU gq;FjhuUk;
epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuuhf ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ epWj;jg;glyhk;.
LLP-iag; Nghy nray;gLtjw;F epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu; jdJ
Kd;dDgtj;ij toq;FtJ mtrpak;. LLP epWtdj;jpd; gjpthsUld;
30 ehl;fSf;F epakdk; nra;ag;glf;$ba tifapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l
xt;nthU epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuupd; tptuq;fisAk; cs;slf;FfpwJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> LLP ,d; gq;Fjhuu; epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;fhsuhf gjpthsuplk;
njuptpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;why;> my;yJ ve;j Neuj;jpYk; xNu xU
epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu; ,Uf;fpwhnwd;why;> LLP-apd; xt;nthU
$l;lhspAk; epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;fhspahf fUjg;gLthu;fs;.
ii. ,af;Feupd; milahs vz; (DPIN)

epWkj;jpd; ,af;Feu;fSf;F Njitg;gLk; ‘,af;Feupd; milahs
vz;’ (DPIN) Nghd;w tupfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ‘epakpf;fg;gl;l
gq;fhsupd; milahs vz;’ (DPIN)-Ig; ngw xt;nthU $l;lhspAk;
Njitg;gLk;. 10 Mk; tpjpapd;gb> LLP (jpUj;jr;) tpjpfs;> 2010>
xU jdpg;gl;l egupd; milahs vz;iz (DPIN) ngWtjw;F xU
jdpeguhy; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; nray;Kiwia
gupe;Jiuf;Fk;.mt;thW xJf;fg;gl;l DPIN tpz;zg;gjhuupd; tho;ehs;
Neuj;jpw;F nry;YgbahFk;. kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghWg;Gf;NfLg;
gq;FjhuUf;F DPIN-I toq;FtJ murhq;fk; LLPs elj;Jk; kf;fis
fz;fhzpf;f cjTk;. ,J fle;j fhy nray;fSf;F kiwKfkhfTk;>
kw;nwhU LLP-,y; NrUtjd; %yKk; xU epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuiuj;
fhf;f cjTk;. LLP-f;fshy; Nkhrbf;fhd rhj;jpaj;ij fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L> epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;fhspfSf;F vjpuhf ,J gaDs;s rl;l
eltbf;iff;F cjTk;.
iii. mku;j;jg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu; epakdj;jpw;fhd jFjpfs;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ik tpjpfspd; 9-Mk; tpjp 2009> xU
egu; xU LLP-,d; epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuuhf epakpf;fg;glyhk; vd;W
toq;FfpwJ vd;why;,

1. mtu; Ke;jpa Ie;jhz;LfSf;Fs; ve;j Neuj;jpYk;> fldspf;f $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
Kbahjtu; vd;W kjpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;; my;yJ

2.
Ke;ija Ie;J Mz;LfSf;Fs; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; jdJ
fldhsu;fSf;F gzk; nrYj;Jtij epWj;jptpl;lhu; my;yJ
Ke;ija Ie;J Mz;Lfspy; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; mtu;fSld; xU Fwpg;Gfs;
$l;likg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ ,y;iy ; my;yJ
3.
jhu;kPf xOf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;l Fw;wj;jpw;fhf ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
jz;bf;fg;gl;lNjhL> MW khjq;fSf;Fk; Fiwahj rpiw
jz;lid toq;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;; (my;yJ
(ePjp> Neu;ik my;yJ ey;y xOf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ vJ
nra;JUe;jhYk;> Nkhrb jhu;kPf mbj;jsj;jpy; mlq;Fk;).
4. rl;lj;jpd; 30-tJ gpupitr; Nru;e;j xU Fw;wj;jpw;fhf ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
mtu; jz;bf;fg;gl;lhu;.
(LLP my;yJ mjd; gq;Fjhuu;fshy; mjd; fldhspfis
Vkhw;Wtjw;fhfNth my;yJ Nkhrbf;Fupa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfNth
nray;gLtjw;fhd jz;lidia 30-tJ gpupT $WfpwJ).
iv. epakpf;fg;gl;l $l;lhspfspd; nghWg;Gfs; (gpupT 8)

,e;j rl;lj;jpy; ntspg;gilahf toq;fg;gl;lhy; xopa> epakpf;fg;gl;l
$l;lhsp xUtu;:
(a)
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gilik $l;lhz;ikapy; nra;ag;gl
Ntz;ba midj;J rl;lq;fs;> tp\aq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUl;fs;
nra;tjw;fhd nghWg;G Kjypad mlq;Fk;. rl;lj;jpd;
tpjpKiwfSf;F ,zq;Ftijg; nghWj;J jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l
Mtzk;> jpUk;gngWgit> mwpf;if> fUj;jha;T KbT> rl;lk;
kw;Wk; LLP cld;gbf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;;.
(b)
rl;lk; kw;Wk; LLP xg;ge;jj;ij ve;j tifapYk; kPWtjw;F
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ikapd; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;s
midj;J jz;lidfSf;Fk; cl;gLtJ.
epakpf;fg;gl;l $l;lhspf;F cs;s nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; flikfis
itj;J ghu;f;Fk; NghJ> mtu; xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; rl;l ,zf;fg;ghl;Lf;F
nghWg;G tfpf;Fk; xU ,zf;fg;ghl;L mjpfhup vd;W $wyhk;.
v. epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;fhspfspy; khw;wq;fs; (gpupT 9)

xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gilik vd;gJ ve;jf; fhuzj;jpw;fhfTk;
vOk; ntw;wplj;ij 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; mku;j;jg;gl;l gq;Fjhuiu
epakpf;fyhk;.
vi. xU kdpjd; vg;gb xU LLP gq;Fjhuu; Mf KbAk;?

,e;j egu;fs;> ‘$l;bizaikT Mtzj;jpy;’ LLP $l;lg;gLk; Neuj;jpy;>
mtu;fspd; ngau;fis ,izj;jtu;fs;> LLP-,d; $l;lhspfshf
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 221

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; ,Ug;ghu;fs;. njhlu;e;J $l;bizg; gLj;jg; Gjpa $l;lhspfis LLP
xg;ge;jj;jpd; epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; Njitg;ghLfspd; gb> LLP-,y;
Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. (gpupT 22)
Fwpg;Gfs; vii. LLP xg;ge;jk; (gpupT 23)

LLP cld;gbf;if LLP-f;F mbg;gil Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. ,J
gu];gu cupik> $l;lhspfspd; flikfs;, mtu;fspd; cupikfs;
kw;Wk; LLP njhlu;ghd flikfs; fPNo itf;fpwJ. Kiwahd LLP
xg;ge;jj;jpy; Eioa rl;lk; fl;lhakpy;iy vd;whYk;> vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
Njitaw;w ru;r;irfis jtpu;f;f rl;lk; Njitg;gLk;. xg;ge;j
$l;lhspfSf;F ,ilNa ve;j LLP xg;ge;jKk; epiwNtw;wg;gltpy;iy>
rpy tp\aq;fspy; xg;ge;jk; nksdk; rhjpg;gJ> 2008 rl;lj;jpd; Kjy;
ml;ltizapd; tiffshf nghUe;jyhk;.
viii. $l;lhsu; xU gq;fhsuhf vg;gb ,Uf;f KbAk;?

xU egu; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L topfspy; xU LLP $l;lhsuhf ,Uf;fyhk;:
(i)
kw;w $l;lhspfSld; xU cld;ghl;Lf;F cl;gl;L; my;yJ
(ii)
,e;j tp\aj;jpy; kw;w $l;lhspfSld; cld;ghL ,y;yhj
epiyapy;> jdJ $l;lhsu; vd;w gjtpapypUe;J tpyf Ntz;Lk;
vd;w mtuJ vz;zk; kw;w $l;lhspfSf;F 30 ehl;fSf;F
Fiwahky; mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. [gpupT 24(1)].
fPo;f;fz;l R+oy;fspy; LLP-apd; xU gq;fhsuhf xU egu; jdpg;gl;l
Kiwapy; epWj;jg;glyhk;:
(a)
mtuJ ,wg;G my;yJ fiyg;G LLP-y; ,Ue;jhy; my;yJ
(b) xU kd epk;kjp mw;wtuhf ePjpkd;wj;jhy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lhy;
(c) mtu; xU fldspf;f Kbahjtuhf jPu;g;G $wg;gl;lhy;
(d)
fldspf;f Kbahjtnud;W cWjp nra;ag;gl;lhy; ,it
epWj;jg;glyhk;.
ix. $l;L tl;b epWj;jj;jpd; tpisT

xU egu; tiuaWf;fgl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ikapd; gq;fhspahf
,Ug;gij epWj;Jfpd;w epiyapy; (,jw;F Kd;du; ‘Kd;dhs; $l;lhsp’
vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk;). ‘Kd;dhs; $l;lhspahf’> LLP-cld; njhlu;G
nfhs;Sk; egu; ,e;j cz;ikia Kd;dwptpg;ghyd;wp> ‘Kd;dhs;
$l;lhsp’ LLP-,d; $l;lhsp my;yJ xU mwptpg;ghsu; vd;W
epWj;jg;gLthu;. ,J Fwpj;J gjpthsuplk; $wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. [(gpupT
24(3)].
LLP-apd; gq;fhspapd; ,ilepWj;jk; vd;gJ ve;jg; nghWg;gpypUe;Jk;
‘Kd;dhs; gq;Fjhuiu’ ntspNaw;whJ. (i) LLP-f;F my;yJ (ii) gpw
gq;fhsu;fSf;F my;yJ (iii) ve;jnthU egUlDk; gq;Fjhuuhf
,Ue;jNghJ [(gpupT 24(4)] ntspNaw;whJ.

LLP cld;gbf;if ,y;iynadpy;> ‘Kd;dhs; gq;Fjhuu;’, mtuJ $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
,wg;G my;yJ ebg;gpd; tpisthf mtuJ gq;fpw;F cupikAila egu;
LLP apy; ,Ue;J jdJ %yjd gq;fspg;Gf;F rkkhd xU gq;ifg;
ngWtjw;F cupikAz;L. LLP mjd; ,og;Gf;fis Jz;bf;fg;gl;l
Ntz;Lk;. [(gpupT 24 (5)]. Fwpg;Gfs;
gpupT 24 (6) xU ‘Kd;dhs; gq;Fjhuu;’ my;yJ mtuJ ,wg;G
my;yJ nehbj;Jg; Nghd tof;fpy; jdJ gq;Ff;F cupikAs;s xU
egu; LLPapd; epu;thfj;jpy; jiyapl cupik ,y;iy.
x. gq;Fjhuu;fspy; khw;wq;fs; gjpT nra;jy; (gpupT 25)

mj;jifa khw;wj;jpd; 15 ehl;fSf;Fs;> jdJ ngaiuNah my;yJ
KftupfspNyh ve;jnthU khw;wj;jpw;Fk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l flg;ghL
gq;fspg;ig xt;nthU gq;FjhuUk; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa
khw;wj;jpd; 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpthsu; cld; mj;jifa tptuq;fis
gjpT nra;tjw;F LLP nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. gjpthsuplk; toq;fg;gl;l
Mtzq;fs;> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fl;lzk; (36) nrYj;jp> gjpthsu;
mYtyfj;jpy; nghJkf;fs; Ma;T nra;a trjp nra;ag;gLk;.
10.3.2 epWtdq;fs; js;Sgb

kpf Muk;gj;jpy;> ‘ePjpkd;wk;’ vd;w thu;ji ; jia KLf;fp tplg;gLk;
tpthjq;fs; KOtJk;> LLP rk;ge;jg;gl;l tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l nghWg;G gq;Fjhuu;
(LLP) gjpTnra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk; khepyj;jpd; ‘cau; ePjpkd;wk;’ vd;gjhFk;.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdr; rl;lj;jpd; 67-tJ gpupT 2008>
kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuq;fSf;F xg;Gjy; mspf;fpwJ. mjpy; mwptpf;fg;gl;l
epWtd rl;lk;> 1956-d; ve;jnthU tpjpKiwf;Fk; ve;jnthU LLP-f;Fk;
nghUe;Jk;. mj;jifa khw;wj;JlDk;> Vw;Gld; LLP mwptpf;fg;gLk;. gpupT
67 mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gLtjhy;> kj;jpa muR mwptpf;if vz;. [pv];Mu;
6(E) [dtup 6-Mk; Njjpapl;l> 2010 epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPot ; Uk;
gpupTfspd; tifaq;fs;> 1956> mwptpg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fSld;>
LLPs-,d; Kbj;jYf;F tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;:
441> 443> 445> 446> 448> 450> 451> 453f;F 458> 458A> 460> 463 to
468> 471> 474> 476> 477f;F 479> 481f;F 484> 486f;F 488> 494> 497> 511>
511A> 512> 514> 515> 517 to 519> 528f;F 556> 558f;F 560 kw;Wk; 584.
vdNt> Nkw;$wg;gl;l ve;jnthU gFjpiaAk; Fwpg;gpLk; tpjpfs;
KLf;fp tpthjj;jpy;, ‘epWtd rl;lk;> 1956-,d; gpupT’ vd;gjhFk;. ,g;NghJ
ehk; Kbj;jy; kw;Wk; fiyg;G nray;Kiwfis gw;wp tpthjpg;Nghk;. ,it:
i. Kbj;jypd;; nghUs;
xU Fiwe;j nghWg;G $l;lhz;ik xU nraw;fupa egu; xU ,aw;if
kuzkhf ,wf;f KbahJ. xU LLP vd;gJ> $l;Ljy; vd;W mwpag;gLk; xU
rl;l epfo;Kiw %yk; eilKiwf;F tUfpwJ. mNjNghy; fiyg;G vd;w
kw;nwhU rl;l eilKiwAk; $l ,jpy; cs;sJ. LLP-apd; ‘KLf;fptpLjy;’
vd;gJ LLP-,d; tho;it Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;Fk; xU nray; MFk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 223

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; LLP-apd; gq;fhspfs; kj;jpapy; LLP %Ltjw;fhd nray;
nrhj;Jfspd; kjpg;gPL> nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; cgup tpepNahfk; Mfpait
mlq;Fk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; ii. Kbj;jYf;F vjpuhf fiyj;jy;

,e;j LLP Nghy;> Kbj;jypy;> xNu nghUis mu;j;jkhf vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sf;$lhJ.
LLP-,d; KLf;fk; mjd; fiyg;Gf;F Ke;jpAs;sJ. fiyg;gjw;F
Kd;Gk;> fiyg;G Kbe;jTld;> me;j LLP-,d; rl;l mikg;G kw;Wk;
mij xU ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
fiyf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;> ,e;j LLP> mjd; ngau; cz;ikapy;
‘kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;Lupikg; gjpNtL’ epWtdq;fspd;
gjpthsuhy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ kw;Wk; cz;ikapy; mjpfhug;G+u;t
tu;j;jkhdpapy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ.
iii. KLf;fj;jpd; tiffs;:

LLP rl;lj;jpd; 63-tJ gpupT gpd;tUk; ,U topfspy; xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
nghWg;G $l;lhz;ikia Nrjg;glyhk; vd;W toq;FfpwJ:
I. ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cj;jutpd; gb KLf;fk;
II. jd;dhu;t KLf;fk;
,g;NghJ> RUf;fg;gl;l Kiwfs; gw;wp RUf;fkhf> xt;nthd;whf
tpthjpg;Nghk;.
I.
A ePjpkd;wk; %yk; Kbj;jy;: ikjhdj;jpd; Nky; tiu Kbj;jy;
(gpupT 64)
gpd;tUk; R+o;epiyfspy; xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ik
ePjpkd;wj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;:
(1) LLP %yk; kD: LLP> ePjpkd;wk; tiu fiyf;fg;gLtjw;f;fhf nry;y
Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;J> ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kD nra;a Ntz;Lk;. LLP
cld;ghl;bd; gb> ngUk;ghd;ik Nju;Tfs;
jPuk
; hdpf;fg;glyhk;. (xt;nthU gq;FjhuUf;Fk; xU thf;F ju Ntz;Lk;)
mj;jifa jPu;khdk; NtW ve;j Fwpg;gpl;l ngUk;ghd;ik my;yJ
xUkpj;j kdg;ghd;ikAld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
Mw;wy;> vdpDk;> tpUg;gk; ePjpkd;wk; nghJ eyd; my;yJ
LLP tl;bf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;Fk; vd;W fz;lhy;> mijg;
gad;gLj;j KbahJ. LLP-ia KLf;fp tpl KbT vLf;Fk; NghJ>
mtu;fs; ‘jd;dhu;t Kidg;Gld;’ Nju;T nra;ag;gLk; NghJ>
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; FWf;fPL FiwfpwJ.
(2)
Fiwe;jgl;rk; fPNo cs;s gq;fhsu;fspd; vz;zpf;if:
$l;lhspfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwe;jgl;rf; Fiwe;j tuk;Gf;Ff;

fPNo Fiwf;fg;gl;lhy;> mjhtJ 2f;F fPo; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j ikjhdk; $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
kPJ fiyg;G> xOq;if Vw;gLj;j ePjpkd;wk; fl;Lg;gl;lJ.

(3)
fld;fis nrYj;j ,ayhik: fldPl;lg;gl;l fld; njhif kj;jpa
murhy; mwptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ePjpkd;wk; mjd; tpUg;gg;gb xU
KWf;Ftpir xOq;F nra;ayhk; my;yJ fldhsu;fspd; kjpg;gpy; Fwpg;Gfs;
ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs; ey;y fhuzj;jpw;fhf kDit vjpu;j;J
LLP-apd; nkhj;j nrhj;Jf;fisAk; nghWg;igAk; fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jpUg;jpf;F ep&gzkhf ,Ue;jhy;> mJ
njhlu;e;J tu;j;jfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Njrpa eyDf;F vjpuhf nray;gLk; LLP: ,e;jpa ,iwahz;ik
(4)
kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;Lf;F vjpuhf LLP nray;gl;bUe;jhy;> murpd;
ghJfhg;G my;yJ nghJ xOq;fpw;fhdjhFk;.
(5)
fzf;F kw;Wk; fld; njhif my;yJ gjpthsu; cld;
tUlhe;jpu jpUg;G mwpf;ifia jhf;fy; nra;tjpy; ,ay;Gepiy:
gjpthsu; jdJ fzf;F mwpf;ifia jhf;fy; nra;tjpy; LLP
Kd;dpUg;ghf ,Ue;jhy;> kw;Wk; Ie;J Mz;Lfshf epjpAjtp
Mz;Lf;fhd fld; my;yJ Mz;L tUtha;> ePjpkd;wk; ,e;j
epiyapy; xU fiyg;G Miz cUthf;f fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
xNu kw;Wk; rktha;g;G: xU LLP $l> ,e;j LLP kPJ fiyg;ig
(6)
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W ePjpkd;w fUj;J cs;sJ vd;why;>
mJ tiu Nrjk; ,Uf;f cj;jutplyhk;. ,e;j cl;gpuptpd; fPo;
ePjpkd;wk; kpfTk; gue;j tpUg;Gupik mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sJ.
xU ‘epahakhd> rkkhd’ fhuzk; vd;gJ xt;nthU Fwpg;gpl;l
tof;fpd; cz;ikfisg; nghWj;jjhFk;. ,e;j epyj;jpy; cs;s
Kbj;jypd; Nky; Miz ngw Ntz;Lk; my;yJ kWg;gJ gw;wp
ePjpkd;wk;> LLP> mjd; $l;lhspfs;> gzpahsu;fs;> fldPe;Njhu;
kw;Wk; nghJ eyd; Fwpj;J mf;fiw vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
B. Kbj;jypd; Jtf;fk;:
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kbj;jypd; Nky; Miz Njjp tiu ,y;iy. Mdhy;>
kD jhf;fy; nra;Ak; Neuj;jpy; mJ njhlq;fg;gLk; vd;W fUjg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. mq;F> kD mspf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;> jd;dhu;t Kbj;jy;
mikf;f tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;Ljy; jPu;khdk; ,aw;wg;gl;L>
jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; (nehb 441) ,e;j Kbj;jy;
njhlq;fg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Ml;Nrgfukhd tpUg;g ,lkhWjy; kw;Wk; Nkhrbahd tpUg;G
thf;Ffis jtpu;j;jy; Nghd;w gy;NtW nray;fSf;F> Kbj;jypd;
njhlf;fj;jpw;fhd Njjp Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
C. kDit Kd;itj;jJ njhlu;ghf ePjpkd;wk; mspj;j mjpfhuq;fs;

kD Kd;itg;G njhlu;ghf ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; xU
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;Lwit KbTf;fhf ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 225

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; tpz;zg;gpg;gjd; %yk;> LLP my;yJ VNjDk; fld;fhuuhy; my;yJ
gjpthsuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l kDtpd; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;SjyhFk;. LLP
ePjpkd;wk; mjd; tptfhuq;fSf;fhd xU mwpf;ifia Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
itg;gjw;fhd Ntz;LNfhSld; Nru;j;Jf; $wyhk;. 454(1)].
Fwpg;Gfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gilik $l;lhz;ikapy; Kbj;jy;
mikf;f kD fpilj;jJk;> ePjpkd;wk; kDtpid Nfl;Fk; NjjpiaAk;>
epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Njjpf;F 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd;ghfTk; epu;zapf;fpwJ.
,J Fwpj;J mwptpg;G ntspapLNthk; kw;Wk; Kbj;jypd; kPJ tof;F
gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; me;j Kbj;jypd; Nky; kD gw;wp
midj;J fldPe;Njhu; kw;Wk; $l;lhspfs; midtUf;Fk; mwptpf;Fk;
nghUl;L nghJ mwptpg;G gpur;rpidia Vw;gLj;Jk;. (mjhtJ) mtu;fs;
jq;fs; Ml;Nrgidfis> mtu;fs; Nfl;Fk; ehspypUe;J itj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l Njjpapy;> midj;J njhlu;Gila jug;GfisAk;
tprhupj;J> tof;fpd; midj;J R+o;epiyfisAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L>
,e;j kD jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l NjjpapypUe;J 90 ehl;fSf;Fs;
ePjpkd;wk; gpd;tUk; ve;j topfspy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; nray;gLk;:
(a) ,e;j kDitj; js;Sgb nra;tJ my;yJ nrytpd;wp ,Uj;jy;;
my;yJ
(b) mJ nghUe;JkhW epidf;Fk; ve;j ,ilf;fhy cj;juTk;;
my;yJ
(c)
60 Kjy; 62 tiu cs;s gpupTfspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s
eilKiwfspd;gb, LLP I Gj;Jap&l;l my;yJ Gduikf;fg;gl;l
eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(d) LLP-,d; jw;fhypf gzpahsuhf xU fiyg;G tupiria
cUthf;Ftjw;F xU xopj;Jf;fl;Leiu epakpj;jy;; my;yJ
(e) LLP-apd; tpiyAldhd nrytpdq;fSf;Nfh my;yJ nryT
,y;yhkNyh xU xOq;if cUthf;Fjy; (gpupT 443).
D. flid jPu;g;Nghu;
flid jPu;g;Nghu; vd;gtu; xU mjpfhup> mtu; fiyf;fg;gl;l
eltbf;iffis Kbf;f cjTfpwhu;. mjhtJ, xU tpahghu
mikg;gpd; nrhj;Jf;fis czu;e;J> fldhsu;fspilNa kpf mjpf
mstpy; tpepNahfpg;gjpy;> VNjDk; nrhj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jhy;> mit
cupikahsu;fSf;F ,ilapy; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk; tzpf myF MFk;.
xU kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghWg;Gilik $l;lhz;ik ePjpkd;wk;
my;yJ jw;fhypf fld; jPu;j;jy; gzp epakdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf>
mj;jifa epGzu;fspd; FOtpy; ,Ue;J ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cj;jutpd;
Ngupy; epakpf;fg;gl;l xU ‘fld; jPu;g;Nghu;’ my;yJ xU epWtd fld;
jPu;g;Nghu; epakpf;fg;glyhk;. Nkw;$wpa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf kj;jpa muR
FO gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; tpjkhf mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mj;jifa ve;j

cj;juTk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; mjpfhug;G+u;tkw;w mjpfhupfs; (gpupT $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
448)-,d; ‘fld; xopg;Nghu;’ vd;W Mfptpl Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa muR

xt;nthU cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; xU mjpfhug;G+u;t ‘fld; xopg;Nghu;’
epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
i. jw;fhypf fld; jPu;g;Nghu;
Kbj;jy; kD ngw;w gpd;du;> kw;Wk; Kbj;jy; Miz ,aw;wg;gLtjw;F
Kd;G> ePjpkd;wk; me;j fhypaplj;jpw;F ‘jw;fhypfj; fld; jPu;g;Nghu;’ vd;w
Kiwapy; fld;jPu;g;Nghiu epakpf;fyhk;. Vnddpy; ePjpkd;w tuk;Gf;F
cl;gl;L> mtiu epakpf;Fk; cj;juT my;yJ mijj; njhlu;e;j
cj;jutpd; nghUl;L jdJ mjpfhuq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jhj tiu> xU
‘fld;jPu;g;Nghu;’ vd;w mNj mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. Kbj;jy;
Miz Kiw nra;ag;gl;l clNdNa> ‘jw;fhypf fld;jPu;g;Nghu;’
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ikapd; ‘fld;jPu;g;Nghu;’ Mf
Ntz;Lk; (gpupT 450).
ii. fld;jPu;g;Nghu; mjpfhuk; (gpupT 457)

ePjpkd;wk; mspj;j xU Kbj;jy; mwpf;ifapy;> ntspg;gilahf
tpyf;F mspf;fhj gl;rj;jpy; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpNahL xU rpy
mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. NkYk;, ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpiag;
ngwhky; jdJ nrhe;jf; fzf;fpy; rpy mjpfhuq;fis gpuNahfpf;fyhk;.
(a) ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpNahL: mtu; fPo;f;fz;l mjpfhuq;fis
ePjp
kd;wj;jpd; mDkjpNahL gpd;gw;wyhk;. cj;juTf;F
tpyf;fspf;fg;glhjtiu mtu; gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fisg; gpuNahfpf;f
KbAk;:
(1) VNjDk; tof;F njhLj;jy; my;yJ gpw rl;l eltbf;ifapy;>
rptpy; my;yJ Fw;wthsp vd;w ngaupy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
nghWg;G $l;lhz;ik epWtdk; rhu;ghf ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(2)
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ikf;F ed;ik gaf;Fk;
tifapy; tpupthf;fg;gl;L kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghWg;Gf;
$l;lhz;ikapd; tzpfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J
njhlu;ghf> midj;J nghWg;GfspYk; tpahghuj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjpy;
cs;s fld;fis jPug ; g
; jpdhy;> epWtdj;jpd; nghJf; fld;fs; kw;Wk;
nghWg;GfSf;F Kd;Dupik mspf;Fk; tifapy; gzk; nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;. [Nu Nltp]; & Nfh. ypl;. (1945)];
(3)
jdpahu; xg;ge;jq;fs; my;yJ nghJ Vyj;jpd; %yk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;Lupikapd; mirah nrhj;Jf;fs;
kw;Wk; mirAk; nrhj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;iw tpw;gid nra;tJ>
LLP ,d; KO epWtdj;jpw;Fk; tpw;gid nra;Ak; mjpfhuj;ijf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
LLP nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;F ve;jnthU gzj; NjitiaAk;
(4)
cau;j;Jtjw;F Njitg;gLk;;;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 227

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; (5)
tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l fl;Lg;ghLfspd; $l;L tptfhuq;fis KLf;fp>
mjd; nrhj;Jf;fis tpepNahfpg;gjw;F> Vida midj;J
tp\aq;fisAk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;> v.fh. fld;
toq;Fgtu;fisAk; gq;Fjhuu;fisAk; gl;baypLtJ;
Fwpg;Gfs; (6)
xU mirah nrhj;Jf;fs; (mjhtJ> ghukhd nrhj;J
vd;gJ xU nrhj;jhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ kw;Wk; xU fldhf
khwptpl;lJ> cjhuzkhf> Njhy;tpAw;w epWtdj;jpd; xU
gFjpasT Cjpaj;jpd; gq;Ffs;) my;yJ ,yhgkw;w
xg;ge;jq;fis kWf;f Ntz;Lk;(gpupT 535);
(7) fldhsu;fsplkpUe;J ve;jnthU flidAk; KOikahf my;yJ
fldhspfSld; rkurk; my;yJ Vw;ghL nra;J nfhs;syhk;
[gpupT 546(1)(a)(i)(ii)];
(8)
$l;lhspfSldhd gq;fspg;Gfs;> fld;fs; kw;Wk; gpw fld;
nghWg;Gfis $l;lhspfs; my;yJ fldhspfSld; rkurk;
nra;J nfhz;L> mj;jifa cupikNfhuiy ntspNaw;Wtjw;F
VNjDk; ghJfhg;G vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> mJ njhlu;ghd xU
KOikahd ntspaPl;il toq;FfpwJ [gpupT 546(1)(a)(iii)];
(b) ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjp ,y;yhky;: ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Ke;ija mDkjpiag;
ngwhky; gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fis mtu; gad;gLj;jyhk;:
(1)
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gilik $l;lhz;ikapd; rhu;ghfTk;>
midj;J nray;fisAk;> urPJfisAk; gpw Mtzq;fisAk;
nray;gLj;jTk;> Njitg;gLk; NghJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G
$l;lhz;ikapd; Kj;jpiuiag; gad;gLj;jTk;;;

(2)
ve;jnthU fl;lzj;ijAk; nrYj;jhkNy gjpthsupd;
Nfhg;Gfspy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghLfspd; gq;fspg;Gfisg;
gjpT nra;tjw;Fk;> jpUk;gg; ngWtjw;Fk;;
(3)
ve;j gq;Fjhuupd; jpthypYk;> jutupirf;F vjpuhf ve;j
rkepiyAkpd;wp ep&gpf;f> jutupir kw;Wk; cupikia NfhuTk;>
jpthyhd epiyf;F <lhf ngWtjw;Fk;;
LLP-apd; ngaupy; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;l fUtpia tiua>
(4)
Vw;Wf; nfhs;s> cUthf;f kw;Wk; xg;Gjy;fis mq;fPfupf;fyhk;
(v.fh.> B/E my;yJ P/N Kjypad)
(5) ,we;j gq;Fjhuu; epu;thfj;jpd; mjpfhug;G+u;t ngau; fbjq;fis
vLj;J gzk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhf Njitahdtw;iw nra;a Ntz;Lk;;:
(6)
ve;jnthU tpahghuj;ijAk; nra;a ,ayhjpUe;jhy;> jd;idj;
jhNd nra;a ,ayhJ.
(7)
gpupT 531-d; gb> Klf;Fjy; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd; MW
khjq;fSf;Fs; Nkhrb Kd;Dupikiaj; jtpu;f;fTk;.
(8) gpupT 531-d; gb> Klf;Fjy; Jtq;Ftjw;F xU tUlj;jpw;Fs;
nra;ag;gLk; tpUg;gkw;w jd;dhu;t ,lkhw;wq;fis jtpu;f;fTk;.

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s midj;J mjpfhu eilKiwfSk; $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F cl;gl;lJ vd;gijf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. ve;jnthU mjpfhupAkpd;wp ve;jnthU fldhsp my;yJ
gq;Fjhuu;fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk; [gpupT 457 (3)]. NkYk;>
jdJ mjpfhuq;fis jtwhfg; gad;gLj;Jtijj; jLf;f> gpupT 460 (6)> Fwpg;Gfs;
ve;jnthU eltbf;ifNah my;yJ jPu;g;gpd; KbTfshNyh ghjpf;fg;gl;l
ve;jnthU egUk;> ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk; vd;gij ePjpkd;wk;
cWjpg;gLj;jyhk;> my;yJ rl;lj;ij khw;w my;yJ KbT gw;wp
Gfhu; mspf;fyhk;> NkYk; R+o;epiyNfw;g mj;jifa xOq;fikg;G
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
iii. fiyg;ghsu; flikfs;

mjpfhuq;fSk; flikfSk; xd;whf Nru;e;Nj cs;sJ. fiyg;ghsu;
gy;NtW gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ. mtu; xU Neu;ikahd
kw;Wk; ghugl;rkw;w Kiwapy; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy;, xU
gf;fj;jpy; $l;lhspfs; kw;Wk; fldPe;Njhu; ,ilNa xU Neu;ikaw;w
cwT cs;sJ.
fzf;fpLtjw;F> fiyg;ghsupd; kpf Kf;fpakhd flikfs;
gpd;tUkhW:
(1) Kw;WifapLk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F (gpupT 451),
‘tptfhuq;fspd; mwpf;if’ ngwg;gl;l
(2) gpd;du; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
mwpf;if rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
LLP;-,d; nrhj;Jf;fis fhtypy; itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(3)
(4) fld;fhuu;fs;, $l;lhspfspd; jPu;khdq;fs; my;yJ ‘Ma;T
FOtpd;’ %yk; toq;fg;gLk; topfhl;Ljy;fisg; gw;wpf; $w
Ntz;Lk;.
(5) fld; kw;Wk; $l;lhsu;fspd; $l;lq;fis $l;l Ntz;Lk;.
(6) epYitapYs;s fiyg;Gj; jftiy rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> fiyg;ghsu;> ePjpkd;wj;jpd; topfhl;Ljy;fs;> rl;lj;jpd;
Njitfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> Njitg;gLk; Nghnjy;yhk; jdJ
nrhe;j tpUg;gg;gb nray;gLtjd; %yk; mtuJ gy;NtW flikfis>
Neu;ikAld; gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpak;. mtu; jdJ flikfis
rupahd Kiwapy; epiwNtw;Wtjpy; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy;> ve;jnthU
fldhsp my;yJ $l;lhspAk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpy; Gfhu; mspf;fyhk;>
,e;j tptfhuj;ij tprhupj;J Njitahd eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;
(gpupT 463).
iv. Ma;T FO
xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gilik gq;fhspj;Jtk; my;yJ mjw;Fg;
gpwF ve;j Neuj;jpYk; xU Miz gpwg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ePjpkd;wk;
cj;jutpLk; Neuj;jpy;> xU ‘Ma;T FO’ cld; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;
(gpupT 464).
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 229

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; ,e;j Ma;T FOthdJ ePjpkd;wk; cj;juthjj;jhy; gd;dpuz;Lf;F
kpfhky; ,Uf;Fk;> tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l nghWg;Gilik $l;lhz;ikapy;
fld; nfhLj;jtu;fs; kw;Wk; $l;lhspfshf ,Ug;gtu;fs;> fld;fhuu;fs;
kw;Wk; $l;lhspfspd; $l;lq;fs; my;yJ re;jpg;GfSf;F ,ilNa
Fwpg;Gfs; fUj;J NtWghLfs; ,Ue;jhy;> ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %yk; epu;zapf;fyhk;.
FOthy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; eilKiw> gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
(gpupT 465).
II> jd;dhu;t Kidg;G

tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l nghWg;Gfs; nfhz;l $l;lhz;ik> ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
jiyaPLk; ,y;yhky;> $l;lhspfshy; fhakile;jhy;> mJ jd;dhu;t
Kidg;G vdg;gLfpwJ. LLP-apd; jd;dhu;t Kidg;G xU ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
nry;yhky; jdJ tptfhuq;fis jPu;j;J itg;gjw;F Rje;jpukhf cs;sJ>
Mdhy; mJ Njitg;gl;lhy;> jpirfspy; my;yJ fl;lisfSf;fhf
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk; [gpupT 518 (1)].
A. jd;dhu;t Kidg;Gf;fhd jsk;

gpupT 484-,d; gb> xU kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghWg;Gilik gq;fhspj;Jtk;
xU jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpdhy;> mjd; $l;lhspfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;ifapd; Fiwe;jJ Kf;fhy; gq;F xg;GjNyhL xU jPu;khdk;
nfhz;L tu KbAk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ik fld;
nfhLj;Njhu;> ghJfhf;fg;gl;l my;yJ ghJfhg;gw;w epiyapy; ,Ue;jhYk;>
mj;jifa fld; toq;Fdu;fspd; xg;Gjiyg; ngwhtpby; mj;jifa
Kidg;Gfs; gupe;Jiuf;fg; gl Ntz;Lk;.
B. jd;dhu;t Kidg;Gfspd; tpisTfs;

jd;dhu;t Kidg;Gfspd; tpisTfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(1) ,e;j jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wf; $ba NjjpapypUe;J xU jd;dhu;t
Kidg;G njhlq;Fk; vd fUjg;gLk; (gpupT 486).
(2) jd;dhu;t Kidg;G Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J> LLP tzpfj;ij
njhlu;e;jhy;> mjd; %yk; ed;ik gaf;Fk; tiu ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
(gpupT 487).
(3) fld;fhuu;fSf;F ,ilNa <Nlw;wKk; tpepNahfj;jspg;Gk;> LLP
nrhj;Jf;fspd; cilikahFk;. vdpDk;> LLP kw;Wk; mjd;
rf;jpfspd; epiy fiyf;fg;gLk; tiu mJ njhlUk; (gpupT 456
kw;Wk; 487).
LLP-apd;
(4) eyd;fis KLf;fptpLtjd; %yk;
; hy;> LLP-apd; Copau;fsplk; ,Ue;J
fiyg;ghsuhy; tzpfk; njhlu;ej
ntspNaw;wg;gLtjw;fhd mwptpg;G jhdhfNt nray;gLtjw;fhd
xU jPu;khdj;ij ,aw;Wk;.

LLP-f;F fld; nfhLj;jtu;fs; tof;Ffis jhf;fy; nra;a
(5) $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
KbahJ my;yJ LLP f;F vjpuhf epYitapYs;s tof;Ffis

njhluKbahJ. mtu;fs; jq;fs; Nfhupf;iffis Kd; itj;J
jq;fs; fld;fis ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. MapDk;> ru;r;irf;Fupa
$w;Wf;fis nghWj;j tiu> jd;dhu;t Kidg;G jw;NghJ Fwpg;Gfs;
eilKiwapYs;s ve;jnthU eilKiwapypUe;Jk; jq;Fjilahf
nray;gltpy;iy my;yJ Gjpa nray;Kiwfisj; jLf;fpwJ.
(6)
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; gq;fspg;G my;yJ $l;lhspfspd; me;j];jpy;
VNjDk; khw;wk; ,Ug;gpd;> LLP-,d; mDkjpiaf; nfhz;L
nra;ag;gLtjhy; mtw;wpy; NtW ve;j khw;wKk; ,Uf;fhJ.
C. jd;dhu;t KbTfs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ik jPu;Tfs; kw;Wk; mjd;
nghWg;Gfis KOikahf nrYj;j KbAk; NghJjhd; xU jd;dhu;t
Kbj;jy; rhj;jpak; MFk;. ,jw;fhd Njit:
(a)
gjpthsu; vd;w tifapy; epakpf;fg;gl;l $l;lhspfspd;
ngUk;ghd;ikapduhy;> rl;lKiwfis rku;g;gpj;jy; ‘jPu;Tf;fhd
gpufldk;’ MFk;>
(b)
$l;lhspfspd; rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjd;
%yk;> mjd; efiy gjpthsuplk; jhf;fy; nra;jy;. fld;
nfhLj;jtu;fspd; xg;Gjy;> VNjDk; ,Ug;gpd;> gupe;Jiuf;fg;glyhk;.
jPu;Tf;fhd gpufldk;: ,Utu; epakpf;fg;gl;l $l;lhspfs; kl;LNk
,Ue;jhy;> ‘fldspg;G mwptpg;G’ vd;gJ xU mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l $l;lhsp
my;yJ ngUk;ghd;ikapduhy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpufldj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb> mtu;fshy; LLPf;F ve;jf; fld;fSk; ,y;yhkYk;
Jtq;FtjpypUe;J xU tUlj;jpw;F Nky; ,y;yhj fhyj;jpw;Fs; mjd;
fld;fis KOtJkhf nrYj;j KbAnkd mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
epakpf;fg;gl;l $l;lhspfspd; xU ngha;ahd ‘jPu;T gpufldj;jhy;’>
mtu;fSf;F (gpupT 488)gb MW khjq;fSf;F rpiwj; jz;lid
my;yJ 50>000 tiu mguhjk; my;yJ ,uz;ilAk; nfhLf;fyhk;.
D. j
d;dhu;t KWf;fpy; cs;s LLP fiyg;ghsupd; mjpfhuq;fs;
kw;Wk; flikfs;
gpupT 512> jd;dhu;t KWf;fpy; cs;s LLP fsg;ghsupd; mjpfhuq;fSk;
flikfSk;> ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cj;jutpd; fPo; KWf;fpy; cs;s
fiyg;ghsUf;Fk; (Kd;G tpthjpf;fg;gl;l) mNj mstpy; jhd; vd
njuptpf;fpwJ. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjypd;wp rpy mjpfhuq;fis
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; xg;GjYld;> fisg;ghsu; rpy mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;L
nray;gl KbAk; vd;W ePjpkd;wj;jhy; %bkiwf;Fk; tof;fpy; ehk;
fz;Nlhk;. ,NjNghy;> LLP fiyg;ghsu; rpy ed;ikfis Kd;
mDkjpAld; kw;Wk; rpy mjpfhuq;fisAk; mDkjp ,y;yhky;
nray;gLj;j KbAk;; ePjp kd;wj;jpy; KLf;fptplg;gLtijg; NghyNt>
vy;iyf; NfhL rupahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; xU Kf;fpa NtWghL>
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 231

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; xg;GjYf;F gjpyhf> LLP-,d; fiyg;ghsu; LLP
$l;lhspfspd; rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdj;jpd; xg;GjYk;> ePjpkd;wj;jpd; xg;GjYk;
ngw Ntz;Lk;. [Kd;G tpthjpf;fg;gl;l ‘fiyg;ghsu; mjpfhuq;fs;’
kw;Wk; ‘fiyg;ghsupd; flikfs;’ jiyg;Gfisg; ghu;f;fTk;]
Fwpg;Gfs; Nkw;$wg;gl;l rf;jpfNshL> jd;dhu;t Kbtpy; cs;s LLP
fiyg;ghsUf;F> NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuq;fisg; ngwhky;>
ePjpkd;wk; %yk; Kbtpy; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %yk; mDgtpj;J tUk;
mjpfhuq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
(1) $l;lhspfspd; gl;baiy jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk;.
(2) $l;lhspfspd; rpwg;ghd gq;fspg;gpd; Mw;wy;.
E. L
LP fiyg;ghsiu epakpf;Fk; kw;Wk; jd;dhu;t Kbj;jypy;
ePf;Ftjw;fhd ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk;
LLP
(1) fiyg;ghsupd; fhuzpapd; ve;jnthU fhuzKk;
,y;yhtpl;lhy;> mjd; %yk; epu;zapf;fg;gl;l
mj;jifa fl;lzq;fs; kPJ fiyg;ghsu; FOtpdhy; (kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jhy; mikf;fg;gl;l) ve;jnthU egUk; epakpf;fyhk;.
xU LLP fiyg;ghsu; my;yJ LLP-,d; gq;Fjhuu; my;yJ
gq;Fjhuuhy; nra;ag;gl;l tpz;zg;gk;.
(2) ePjpkd;wk; (v. fh. Nkhrb Nghd;wit) fhl;lf; fhuzkhfyhk;. xU
LLP fiyg;ghsiu ePf;fptpl;L> me;j FOtpy; ,Ue;J NtW ve;j
egiuAk; epakpf;fyhk; (fiyg;ghsiu epakdj;jpw;fhf kj;jpa
murpd; %yk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ) vy;vy;gp fiyg;ghsu; my;yJ
fld; ngWgtu; my;yJ $l;lhspahy; nra;ag;gl;l tpz;zg;gk;.
,e;j rhu;gpy; gjpthsu; mspj;j tpz;zg;gj;jpd; kPJ LLP
(3)
fiyg;ghsiu ePjpkd;wk; epakpf;fyhk; my;yJ ePff
; yhk;. (gpupT 515)
gpupT 529 ,y; jpthyhd LLP KbTfspd; rpwg;G tpjpfs; cs;sd.

3. LLP;-,y; epakpf;fg;gl;l $l;lhspfs; ahu;?
4. gq;Fjhuu; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba fhyk; vd;why; vd;d?
5. xU LLP-,d; KbTfs; Kiwfis gl;baypLf.

gpupT 3 (1) (i) kw;Wk; (ii) epWtdq;fspd; rl;lk;> 1956> ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
my;yJ jw;NghJs;s epWtdj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l epWtdk; vd
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘jw;NghJs;s epWtdk;’ vd;gJ> xU epWtdk;
cUthf;fp> Kd;dhs; epWtd rl;lq;fspd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gLtjhFk;.
xU epWtdk; gw;wpa njspthd tpsf;fk; gpuG [];b]; ypy;yp
mtu;fshy; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

xU epWtdk; %yk; gzk; my;yJ gzj;ij xU nghJthd $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
gq;Ff;F toq;Ftjw;Fk;> rpy tzpf my;yJ tpahghuj;jpy; mij
gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> ,yhgk; kw;Wk; ,og;G Mfpatw;wpypUe;J vOk;
gytif egu;fsplkpUe;J (mjhtJ tof;F) ,Uf;fyhk;. ,jpy; cs;s
nghJthd gq;F gzkhf Fwpf;fg;gLtJ epWtdj;jpd; %yjdk; MFk;.
,jpy; gq;fspf;Fk; egu;fs;> my;yJ ahUf;F nrhe;jk;> cWg;gpdu;fshf Fwpg;Gfs;
cs;sdu;. xt;nthU cWg;gpdUf;Fk; cupikAila %yjdj;jpd;
tpfpjk; mtuJ gq;fhFk;. gq;Ffs; vg;NghJk; khw;wj;jf;fit>
mtw;iw khw;Wk; cupik ngUk;ghYk; mjpfkhf my;yJ Fiwthf
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
L.H. `dp fUj;Jg; gb> ‘xU epWtdk; xU ,ize;j $l;LwT MFk;>
,J rl;lj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU nraw;$W> xU jdpjJ; tkhd epWtdk;>
xU njhlu;rr
; pahd ntw;wp kw;Wk; xU nghJthd Kj;jpiu’ MFk;.
,t;thwhf> xU epWtdk; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l rq;fk;> ,J
xU nraw;fupa rl;l uPjpahd jdpegiuf; nfhz;l xU epue;jukhd
thupRupik> nghJthd Kj;jpiu> khw;wf;$ba gq;Ffis cs;slf;fpa
xU nghJthd %yjdk; kw;Wk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G nfhz;l
xU xUq;fpize;j rq;fk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

tiuaiwfs; Nrhjid xU epWtdj;jpd; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfis
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ:
(i) xU epWtdk;: ,aq;Fk; epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Nru;f;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. gjpT xU $l;Lg;
gq;F epWtdj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ. mJ midj;J rq;fq;fs;
my;yJ $l;LupikfSf;F fl;lhakhfpwJ. 10-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
tq;fpapay; kw;Wk; ,ju tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; 20-f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;Nlhu; cWg;gpduhf ,Uj;jy;> ,yhgk; <l;Lk; nghUSld;
xU tzpfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
(ii) nraw;if rl;l egu;: xU epWtdj;jpd; xU nraw;fupa rl;l egu;
xU Gwk;> mJ ,aw;if gpwg;G jtpu NtW xU nray;Kiw
%yk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; xU ,aw;if egupd; cly;
gz;Gfs; ,y;iy. kw;nwhU Gwk;> mJ gy ,aw;ifahd xU
egupd; cupik MFk;. mJ fz;Zf;Fj; njupahj> mopahj;jd;ik
(rl;lk; %yk; fiyf;f KbAk;) rl;lj;jpd; ghu;itapy; kl;LNk
cs;sJ. mjw;F cly; ,y;iy> Md;kh ,y;iy> kdrhl;rp
,y;iy> mJ clypd; ,r;irfSf;F cl;gl;lNj. ,e;j cly;
FiwghLfshy; jhd; xU epWtdk; nraw;if rl;l egu; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk;> mJ cz;ikapy; cs;sJ. Vnddpy;
mtw;iw xU fw;gidahd mikg;ghf fUjg;gl KbahJ. xU
tpjpKiwahf xU epWtdk; nrhj;Jf;fis thq;Ftjw;Fk;>
tpyf;Ftjw;Fk; toptFf;fpwJ. mJ ,aw;if egu;fspd;
epWtdk; %yk; xg;ge;jq;fspy; Eioayhk; kw;Wk; mJ
epWtdq;fspd; rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfSf;F Kuzhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
,t;thwhf> ngUk;ghyhd rl;l Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> xU epWtdk;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 233

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; xU ,ay;ghd egiug; NghyNt rl;l uPjpahfTk; cupikfs; kw;Wk;
flikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. RUf;fkhf> xU epWtdk; xU
nraw;if kdpjdhf ,Ug;gjhy;, ,aw;ifahd egu; Nghd;w
vy;yhtw;iwAk; nra;a KbAk;. Mdhy;> mJ cWjp nra;a
Fwpg;Gfs; KbahJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jdJ nrhe;j eguhy; M[uhf KbahJ
(MNyhrid %yk; mJ Vw;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;). rpiwf;F mDg;g
KbahJ. rl;lk; my;yJ kUe;J Nghd;w xU fw;gpf;fg;gl;l
njhopiy nra;a KbahJ my;yJ jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;sNth
my;yJ tpthfuj;J nra;aNth KbahJ.
(iii) jdpr; rl;l epWtdk;: xU epWtdk; vd;gJ> fhyk; fhykhf
,Uf;Fk; jdpegu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l egu;fsplkpUe;J Kw;wpYk;
jdpj;Jtkhd MSik nfhz;l xU rl;lG+u;tkhd egu;
(fj;jpathu; njhopy;fs; ypkpnll; vs C.G ,thf;A nrhj;J)
Mtu;;. mJ tpUk;Gk; ve;j topapYk;> jiyg;ig nrhj;jhf
khw;Wtjw;F cupik cz;L. ,e;j epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fspy; ve;j
cWg;gpdUk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; my;yJ $l;lhf my;yJ
KbTfspy; (jpUkjp B.F. fh];lu; vs tUkhd tupj;Jiw
Mizahsu;) ve;j cupikfisAk; Nfhu KbahJ. mjd;
cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; ntspaPl;lhsu;fshy; mjd; nrhe;j ngaupy;
tof;F njhluyhk;. epWtdj;ijr; Nru;e;j fldPe;Njhu; kl;LNk
njhluyhk;. NkYk;, mit Neubahf cWg;gpdu;fSf;F vjpuhf
tof;Ffisj; njhlu KbahJ.

epWtdk; vd;gJ mjd; mq;fj;Jt cWg;gpdu;fspd;
nkhj;j njhif kl;Lk; my;y. mJ mtu;fSf;F
rpwe;j xd;whf Nru;f;fg;gLfpwJ. fzpj nkhopapy;> mJ
n + 1-tJ eguhf tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;. ,jpy; n vd;gJ nkhj;j
cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpw;F 1-tJ eguhf
cs;sJ. xU gq;Fjhuu; jdJ gq;Ffs; KOtijAk; Vwj;jho
nrhe;jkhf itj;jpUe;jhYk; $l> me;j epWtdk; mj;jifa
gq;FjhuuplkpUe;J NtWgl;lJ Nghy; rl;lj;jpd; ghu;itapy; xU
jdp rl;l mikg;ghf cs;sJ.
(iv) epue;jukhd ,Ug;G: xU epWtdk; vd;gJ tpahghu
mikg;gpd; epiyahd tbtkhFk;. mjd; tho;f;if kuzk;>
jpthy; my;yJ midj;J gq;Fjhuu;(fs;) Xa;T my;yJ
,af;Fdu;(fs;) rhu;e;jjhf ,y;iy. gq;Fjhuu; ,we;Jtpl;lhy;>
,we;jtupd; thupRfSf;F (gq;Ffs;) mDg;gg;gLtjw;Fk;>
gq;Fjhuupd; xU epue;ju ,Ug;ig fhg;ghw;w cjTtjw;Fk;> ve;j
gq;FjhuUk; ntspNaw tpUk;Gk; tof;fpy; gq;Ffis khw;Wtjw;fhd
Vw;ghLfSk; cs;sJ. rl;lk; mij cUthf;FfpwJ. rl;lj;jhy;
kl;LNk mij fiyf;f KbAk;. cWg;gpdu;fs; te;J Nghfyhk;
Mdhy;, epWtdk; epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;. epWtdj;ij xU ghAk;
Mw;Wld; xg;gplyhk; jz;zPu; njhlu;e;J khwpf;nfhz;Nl
,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;, Mw;wpd; milahsk; mg;gbNa
,Uf;fpwJ. ,Nj Nghy;> cWg;gpdu;fsplkpUe;J khw;wq;fs;

,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy;, xU epWtdk; epue;jukhd ,Ug;igf; $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
(v) nghJ Kj;jpiu: xU nraw;if eguhf ,Uf;Fk; xU epWtdk;
,aw;ifahd egUld; xj;jhf ,y;iy. mjdhy; jhd;
Mtzq;fspy; ifnahg;gkpl KbahJ. ,J ,af;Feu;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;
vdg;gLk; ,aw;if egu;fspd; %yk; nray;gLfpwJ. vdpDk;> rl;l
MSikia itj;jpUg;gJ> mjd; ifnahg;gj;ij Vw;Fk; me;j
Mtzq;fSf;F kl;LNk fl;Lg;gl KbAk;. vdNt> xU nghJ
Kj;jpiuia gad;gLj;Jtjw;F> me;j epWtdj;jpd; ngau;> mjd;
kPJ nghwpf;fg;gl;l> mjd; ifnahg;gj;jpw;F khw;whf ,e;j rl;lk;
toptif nra;Js;sJ. epWtdj;jpd; nghJthd Kj;jpiuiag;
ngw;Ws;s ve;j xU MtzKk;> epWtdj;jpd; kPJ rl;lg;gb
fl;Lg;gLj;jgLk;.
(vi) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G: epWtdj;jpd; fld;fSf;fhf
cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;G> jq;fs; gq;Ffs; kPJ Cjpakpy;yhj
njhif Fiwthf cs;sJ. ,e;j epWtdk; ngUk;
,og;Gf;fis re;jpj;jpUf;ff; $Lk;. cjhuzkhf> xU gq;Fjhuu;
xt;nthU gq;Ff;F 100 gq;Ffis thq;fp 5 xt;nthU
gq;Ff;Fk; nrYj;Jfpwhu; vd;why;> mtu; 500 NgUf;F gzk;
nrYj;Jfpwhu;. NkYk;, 500 NgUf;F Cjpak; nfhLf;f KbahJ.
Mdhy;, 1>000-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gzk; nrYj;j KbahJ. ve;j
gq;FjhuUk;> tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l epWtdk; xd;wpd; %yk;> mtu;
itj;jpUf;Fk; gq;Ffspd; ngaiuNah my;yJ Kfkjpg;gpd; kjpg;ig
tpl mjpfkhf nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W miof;fg;glkhl;lhu;. vdNt>
,e;j Fzhjprak; %yk;> gq;Fjhuupd; jdpg;gl;l nrhj;Jilik> xU
KO Cjpak; ngWk; gq;if mtu; nfhz;bUe;jhy;> epWtdj;jpd;
fld;fis mgfupj;Jf; nfhs;s KbahJ.
(vii) gq;Ffs; gupkhw;wk;: xU nghJ epWtdj;jpd; gq;Ffs; Rje;jpukhf
gupkhw;wg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fs; epWtdk; my;yJ
gpw cWg;gpdu;fs; ve;j mDkjpAkpd;wp ngw tpUk;Gk;NghJ
jq;fs; gq;Ffis mg;Gwg;gLj;j KbAk;. Mdhy; xU
jdpahu; epWtdj;jpy;> ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 3(1)(iii)-,d; gb>
mjd; fl;Liufspy; gupkhw;wk; nra;Ak; cupik gw;wpa rpy
fl;Lg;ghLfs; ,d;wpaikahjit. Mdhy;, me;jf; fl;Liufspy;
mlq;fpAs;s gq;Ffis khw;Wtjw;F cWg;gpdu;fspd;
cupik kPjhd KOikahd fl;Lg;ghL ntw;wplkhf
,Uf;fpwJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> epWtdr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mjd; epWtdk; my;yJ
gjpT nra;tjd; %yk; xU epWtdk; ,e;j gz;Gfis itj;jpUg;gij
,q;F ftdpf;fg;glyhk;. xU $l;lhz;ikapy; xU tzpf mikg;G
vd;w Kiwapy; epWtdj;jpd; Kf;fpa khw;wPL vd;w NghjpYk;> 1932
,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;glyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
,e;j Fzhjpraq;fs; VJk; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 235

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
xU epWtd rq;fj;jpd; Fwpg;ghiz mjd; gpujhd MtzkhFk;.
‘,J Kd;nkhopag;gl;l epWtdj;Jld; njhlu;G nfhs;tjpy; ngUk;
Fwpg;Gfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j MtzkhFk;’. xU epWtdk; rq;fj;jpd; xU
Fwpg;ig Nghy; ,y;yhky; ve;j epWtdjj;ijAk; gjpT nra;a KbahJ.
mjdhy;jhd; rpy Neuq;fspy; mJ xU tho;f;ifj; jug;G Mtzk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. rl;lg; gpupT 2(28)-,d; fPo;> ‘Fwpg;ghiz vd;gJ
xU epWtdj;jpd; $l;L xg;ge;jk; Muk;gj;jpy; fl;likf;fg;gl;ljhfNth
my;yJ mt;tg;NghJ khw;wkilahky; Ke;ija epWtd rl;lq;fs;
my;yJ ,e;jr; rl;lj;ij gpd;gw;WtjhFk;’.
m\;gup nuapy;Nt NfNu[; Nfh vs upr;Nr epWtdj;jpd; Kd;dzp
tof;fpy; yhu;l; Nfu;d;];> ‘xU epWtd rq;fj;jpd; Fwpg;ghiz mjd;
rhu;ghfTk;> xU epWtdj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;Gfis tiuaWf;fpwJ’
vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. ,e;j Fwpg;ghizapy;> epWtdk; xd;W kl;LNk
Nru;f;fg;gl Ntz;ba mbg;gil epge;jidfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
gpuG Nkf;kpy;ydpd; $w;Wg;gb> ‘,e;j Fwpg;ghizapd;
Nehf;fk;> gq;Fjhuu;fs;> fldPe;Njhu; kw;Wk; epWtdj;Jld; xg;ge;jk;
nra;gtu;fSf;F> mjd; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l tuk;G vd;d vd;gij mwpe;J
nfhs;tNj’ MFk;.
,e;j tiuaiwfs; Mtzj;jpd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
njspthff; fhl;Lfpd;wd. cz;ikapy;> rq;fj;jpd; Fwpg;ghiz> xU
epWtdj;jpd; mikg;G mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ. epWtdj;jpd;
gq;fspg;gpy;> mjd; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;jpd; Kftup> epWtdk;
gq;F %yjdk; cs;sjh ,y;iyah vd;gJ> cj;juthjk; my;yJ
NtWtifapy; mJ tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;lJ> kw;Wk; epWtdk; ,aq;f
$ba nray;ghLfspd; Nehf;fj;ij tiuaWf;fpwJ. ,e;j MtzNk
epWtdj;ij xg;ge;jk; nra;Ak; jpwid gpupf;fpwJ. xU epWtdk; jdJ
Fwpg;ghizapy; Fwpg;gplhj nray;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ.
epWtdj;jpd; ve;j xU nraYk;> mjw;fhd eltbf;iffspd; tuk;Gf;F
ntspNa Fwpg;ghizf;F mg;ghw;gl;ljhf $wg;gLfpwJ> mjw;F
fl;Lg;ghLfSk; ,y;iy.
NkYk;> ,e;j rq;fj;jpw;fhd Fwpg;ghiz> ntsp cyFf;Fk;
mjd; njhlu;gpNyNa epWtdj;jpd; murpay; rhrdkhf cs;sJ. ,J
xU nghJ Mtzk; kw;Wk; epWtdj;Jld; njhlu;Gila egu;fs;
ngaustpyhd fl;lzk; nrYj;Jtjw;F mjd; gpujpfis Nfl;fyhk;.
epWtdj;ijr; Nru;e;j xt;nthU egUk; mjd; cs;slf;fj;ijg;
gw;wp NghJkhd mwpitg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W Cfpf;fg;gLtu; (,J
nghJ Ma;Tf;F jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) kw;Wk; epWtdj;ijr;
Nru;e;j vtNuDk; mjd; Vw;ghLfshy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLthu;fs; kw;Wk;
mjpfhuj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l nray;fshy; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbahJ. ,e;j
fhuzj;jpw;fhfNt> kj;jpa murpd; mDkjp ,y;yhky; my;yJ epWtd
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ve;j epWtdKk; jdJ cs;slf;fj;ijg; ngw rigNah
my;yJ rl;lePjpkd;wNkh mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,e;jr; rl;lk; mjd;

tpjpKiwfis khw;wf;$ba xU epWtdk; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
rpf;fyhd nray;Kiwia tFj;jikf;Fk;. vdNtjhd; ,e;j Mtzk;

xU epWtdj;jpd; khw;w Kbahj xU rhrdkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; 15 Mk; gpuptpd; gb> xU rhl;rpapd;
(re;jhjhuu; my;y) xt;nthU re;jhjhuUk; ifnahg;gkpl;l tifapy;> Fwpg;Gfs;
njhlu;r;rpahf vz;zplg;gl;l gj;jpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

gpupT 13> ,e;j kD kPjhd cs;slf;fj;ij mikf;fpwJ. Mtzk;
gpd;tUk; cl;gpupTfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;: (1) ngau; gpupT> (2)
gjpT mYtyfk;> (3) nghUl;fs; gpupT> (4) nghWg;G tpjp> (5) %yjdg;
gpupT> kw;Wk; (6) rq;fg; gpupT my;yJ re;jh gpupT ,e;j xt;nthU
gpupTfis Fwpj;J ,g;NghJ tpupthf fhz;Nghk;.
1. ngau; gpupT: ,e;jg; gpuptpd; fPo;> ,e;epWtdj;jpd; nghJg; ngau;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpd;tUk; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;L> ve;j
xU epWtdj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngau; Nju;T nra;ayhk;:
(a) gq;Ffspd; %yk; kl;LNk tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
epWtdq;fs; ‘ypkpnll;’ my;yJ ‘jdpahu; ypkpnll;’ vd;w
thu;j;ijapd; mbg;gilapy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fs;
tof;fkhf KiwNa xt;nthU nghJ my;yJ jdpahu;
epWtdq;fspd; ngaupy; filrp thu;j;ijfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdpDk;> tzpfk;> fiy> tpQ;Qhdk;> kjk; Nghd;wtw;iw
Cf;Ftpf;f njhz;L epWtdq;fis mDkjpf;Fk; rl;lk;
gpupT 25 ,y; mspf;fg;gl;l ,e;j tpjpf;F xU tpjptpyf;F
cz;L (yhgq;fis toq;fiy jilnra;jy; kw;Wk; kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; xd;wpd; fPo;>
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghWg;Gld; gjpT nra;a> Mdhy; mjd;
ngaupd; xU gFjpahf ‘tiuaWf;fg;gl;l’ vd;w thu;j;ijapd;wp>
midj;J ,yhgq;fisAk; jkJ nghUl;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjpy;
gpuNahfpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tuk;gw;w epWtdq;fspd;
tp\aj;jpy;> ngau; kl;LNk nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ‘epWtdk;’ vd;w
thu;j;ijia Nru;g;gJ epWtdj;jpd; cj;Njr ngaupy;
mtrpak; ,y;iy vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
(b) gpupT 20-d;gb> Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l ngau;> kj;jpa murpd;
fUj;jpy; tpUk;gj;jfhj tifapy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
,e;j rl;lk;> ve;j ngau;f tpUk;gj;jfhj Kiwapy;
fUjg;glf;$lhJ>.kw;Wk; kj;jpa muRf;F kpfTk; gue;j mstpy;
epu;zapf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyia mspf;fpwJ.
rhjhuzkhf xU ngau; tpUk;gj;jfhj Kiwapy;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. vdNt mJ mDkjpf;fg;glhJ:
(i) Fog;gj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk; tifapy; ,Ug;gjw;F
(gpupj;jhdpa ntw;wpl fpsPdu; Nfh. vs Gjpa ntw;wpl
fpsPdu; Nfh) kw;nwhU epWtdk; my;yJ epWtdj;jpd;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 237

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; ngau; (gjpT nra;j my;yJ gjpT nra;ag;glhjJ) kpfTk;
xj;jjhfNth my;yJ gjpT nra;jjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
(ii) jtwhf top elj;jp nry;Yjy; v.fh. epWtdk; xU
muRj; JiwAld; my;yJ ve;j efuhl;rp my;yJ gpw
Fwpg;Gfs; cs;Shu; mjpfhuj;Jld; njhlu;GilajhfNth my;yJ
xU Fwpg;gpl;l tifapyhd njhlu;G cilajhfNth
,Ug;gJ v.fh.> ‘$l;LwT rq;fk;’> ‘r%f fl;blk;’> ,J
tof;F my;y.
,Ug;gpDk;> xU epWtdk; fpl;lj;jl;l xNu ngaupdhy;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;lhy;> me;jg; ngaiug; gad;gLj;Jtijj;
jLf;Fk; cj;juit ePjpkd;wk; toq;Fk;. Mdhy;> Kw;wpYk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l thu;j;ijia xU jpl;ltl;lkhd
mu;j;jj;Jld; gad;gLj;JtijAk; nghJthd gad;ghl;ilAk;
jLf;f xU cj;juT toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ,t;thwhf> Vu;Nlhu;];
ypkpnll;> vs Nlhy;ypl;> jhdpaq;fp VuNlhu;]; ypkpl;ll; vd;w
ngaiug; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F gpujpthjp kPJ jil cj;juT
toq;fg;gltpy;iy> Vnddpy; ,U epWtdq;fSk; nrhj;Jfs;
jhdpaq;fpahf jhdhf fhw;Nwhl;lk; nfhz;l fUtpfs;
jdpj;Jtkhd fhg;Gupikfspy; ,Ue;jd.
ngau; Nju;T kw;Wk; epWtdk; me;jg; ngaupy; gjpT xU
Kiw gjpT nra;jJk;> gpupT 147-,d; gb gjpT mYtyf
Kftup Nru;j;J> mJ xt;nthU mYtyfj;jpw;Fk; my;yJ
tzpf ,lk; ntspapy; Njhd;w Ntz;Lk; (fl;blj;jpd; cs;Ns
,Ue;jhYk;)> xU njspthf xU cs;Shu; nkhopfspy; kw;Wk;
epWtdj;jpd; midj;J fhNrhiyfs;> fbjq;fs;> mwptpg;Gfs;
kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfG+u;t ntspaPLfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYtyf gpupT: ,e;j Fwpg;ghiz
,uz;lhtJ gpupT> ve;j khepyj;jpd; ngaiu> gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk; [gpupT 13(1)(b)].
epWtdj;jpd; ,Ug;gplj;ij rupnra;tjw;F ,J Njitg;gLfpwJ>
mjhtJ> mjd; gjptpd; ,lk;. FbapUg;Gfs; trpg;gplj;jpypUe;J
NtWgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. FbapUg;Gfs; gjpT nra;Ak; ,lkhf
,Ue;jhYk;> mjd; Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; ,lkhf
,Ug;gjpNyNa> mjhtJ> ,af;Feu;fs; rig re;jpf;Fk; ,lj;jpy;
(lhkpyu; Nfh ypkpnll; vs fz;bndd;ly; lau; ug;gu; Nfh)
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. epWtdj;jpd; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;jpd;
cz;ikahd Kftup Fwpg;ghizapy; $wg;gl Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy vd;whYk;> xt;nthU epWtdKk; tpahghuj;ij
njhluj; njhlq;Fk; ehspypUe;J my;yJ mjd; gjpT mYtyfj;jpy;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s xU efuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpypUe;Nj
Fwpg;gpl;l ,lk; mjd; ,izg;gpd; Njjpf;F Kd;du; vJ vJthf
,Ue;jhYk;> gjpd;%d;whtJ ehs; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk; [gpupT 146(1)].
gjpthsu; mYtyfj;jpd; R+o;epiy gw;wpa mwptpg;G kw;Wk; mjd;
xt;nthU khw;wj;jpw;Fk; mwptpg;G gjpT nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ 30

ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpNtl;by; gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; [gpupT 146 $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
(2)]. tof;fkhf> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;jpd; epiy Fwpj;j

mwptpg;G> xNu Neuj;jpy; Fwpg;ghiz jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
vd;dntd;why;> midj;J jfty; njhlu;GfSk; mwptpg;GfSk; Fwpg;Gfs;
mDg;gg;gl Ntz;ba KftupahFk;. mq;F cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjpT fld;
gj;jpu gq;Fjhuu;fs;> fl;lzk; gjpT> epkplq;fs; nghJ
$l;lq;fspd; Gj;jfq;fs; Kjypad itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
3. nghUl;fs; gpupT: ,J epWtdj;jpd; Kf;fpa nghUl;fs; my;yJ
cl;gl;litfis mikj;Jf;nfhs;tjhy;> ,J Kf;fpakhd Fwpg;NgL
MFk;. xU epWtdk; mjd; nghUs;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lijj; jtpu
NtW ve;j tzpfj;jpw;Fk; rl;lg;G+u;tkhf cupikAilajy;y.
,e;j tpjpia Kjypy; ghJfhf;f> cWg;gpdu;fs;> jq;fs; gzj;ij
gzpaku;jJ; tjw;fhd Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xUKiw mwpe;J nfhs;s
KbAk;. mtu;fspd; gzk; mwpag;glhj nray;ghL my;yJ
nray;jpl;lj;jpy; mghafukhdjhf ,Uf;fhJ> ,uz;lhtjhf nghJ
epWtdj;Jld; xg;ge;jk; nra;Ak; ngupa epWtdj;jplk;> epWtdj;jpd;
mjpfhuq;fspd; msit mwpe;J nfhs;sKbAk;> mtw;Wld;
Eioe;jpUf;Fk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gupkhw;wj;jpy; cs;splg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ mjpfhuj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ my;yJ ,y;iy. NkYk;>
epWtdj;jpd; %yjdj;jpw;F n tspNaahd ve;jnthU jpl;lj;jpYk;
epWtdj;jpd; %yjdj;ij nrytpl KbahJ vd;w cz;ik> fld;
toq;Fgtu;fSf;F ghJfhg;G czu;it mspf;fpwJ.
4. nghWg;G gpupT: cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;G vd;gJ> mtw;wpd;
gq;Ffspy; nrYj;jg;glhj njhifiag; nghWj;jtiuapy;
tuk;gpw;F cl;gl;lJ vd;W $WfpwJ. Fwpg;ghiz toq;fg;gl;lhy;>
,af;Feu;fspd; nghWg;G tuk;gw;wjhf ,Uf;fyhk; (gpupT 322).
cj;juthjj;jhy; tuk;gplg;gl;l epWtdj;ij gjpT nra;tjw;F
Kd;nkhopag;gl;lhy;> xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; me;j epWtdj;jpd;
nrhj;Jf;fis gwpKjy; nra;jhy;> mjd; gq;fspg;igr;
nrYj;Jfpd;w njhifia mspf;Fk;.tuk;gw;w nghWg;Gld;
gjpTnra;ag;gl;l xU epWtdk;> ,e;j cld;gbf;if mjd;
rq;fq;fSldhd xg;ge;jj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;glf; $lhJ.
5. %yjdg; gpupT: xt;nthU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epWtdKk; (gq;Ffs;
my;yJ cj;juthjk; %yk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ)> gq;F %yjdk;
itj;jpUg;gJ> epWtdk; gjpT nra;a cj;Njrpj;Js;s mjd;
gq;F %yjdj;ij Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk; epWtdk; gjpTnra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; ,e;j gpupT xU epiyahd gpupT gq;Ffshf
gpupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J nghJthf gpd;tUkhW
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ: ‘,e;epWtdj;jpd; gq;F %yjdk; 10>00>000>
mjpy; 100>000 vd;w fzf;fpy; 10 gq;Ffshf gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ.’
,e;j %yjdkhdJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;l> mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l
my;yJ ngausT %yjdk;> Kj;jpiuj;jhs; Mfpait ,e;j
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 239

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; njhifapy; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gq;F %yjd njhiff;F ve;j rl;l tuk;Gk; ,y;iy.
6. rq;fk; my;yJ re;jh gpupT: ,e;jg; gpuptpd; fPo;> ‘rq;fj;jpw;fhd
gpufldk;’ vd;gJ> rhl;rpahsuhy; nra;ag;gl;l ifnahg;gj;jpd;
Fwpg;Gfs; fPo;> mtu;fs; xU epWtdj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
mtu;fs; tpUk;GtJ> jFjpAila gq;Ffs; thq;Ftjw;F VNjDk;
xd;iw mtu;fs; xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. xt;nthU re;jhjhuUk;
Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU gq;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpupT 13 ,d; gb Nkw;$wpa gpupTfis Fwpg;gpLtJ
fl;lhaj;jpd; fl;lisfshf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. Nkyhz;ik
,af;Feu; my;yJ Nkyhsu; njhlu;ghd kw;w tpjpfSk;>
Fwpg;ghizapy; toq;fg;glyhk;> Mdhy; mit epWtdj;jpd;
fl;Liufis khw;wp mikf;Fk; [gpupT 16 (3)].

gpupT 16 d; gb> xU epWtdk;> epWtdj;jpd; rl;lq;fspy; vLf;fg;gl;l
ntspg;ghl;L Kiwikf;F ve;j tpjkhd tpjpKiwfspYk;> mstpYk;>
mjd; Fwpg;ghizapy; cs;s epge;jidfis khw;wpaikf;f KbahJ.
,e;j Fwpg;ghizapy; cs;s ve;j xU fl;lha gpupTk;> rl;lj;jpy;
$wg;gl;Ls;s eilKiwia fz;bg;ghfj; njhlu;e;J gpd;gw;wpdhy;jhd;
rhj;jpakhFk;. epWtdr; rl;lj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW tifahd
Fwpg;ghiz khw;wq;fisg; gw;wp ,g;NghJ fhz;Nghk;.
1. ngau; gpupT jpUj;jpaikj;jy;: xU epWthdk; xU
‘rpwg;Gj; jPuk; hdj;ij’ ,aw;Wtjd; %yKk;> kj;jpa murpd;
xg;GjNyhLk; vOjyhk; mjd; ngaiu khw;wTk; KbAk;. Mdhy;> xU
nghJj;Jiw epWtdj;ij jdpahu; epWtdkhfNth my;yJ Jiz
epiyahfNth khw;Wtijj; njhlu;eJ ; > ‘jdpahu;’ vd;w nrhy;ypy;
ngaupy; cs;s khw;wq;fis ePfF ; tjw;Nfh my;yJ khw;Wtjw;Nfh
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; xg;Gjy; Njitapy;iy (gpupT 21).
jPuk
; hdj;ij epiwNtw;wpa 30 ehl;fSf;Fs;> mNj efy;
gjpthsuplk; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLk;. NkYk;> kj;jpa murpd; xg;Gjy;

cj;juT efiy %d;W khjq;fSf;Fs; gjpthsuplk; jhf;fy; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. gjpthsu;> Kd;dhs; ngaUf;F gjpyhf> ‘gjpNtL’ fspy;
Gjpa ngaiu gjpT nra;J> me;j ngaupy; Gjpjhf $l;bizg;
gj;jpuk; xd;iw ntspapl Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; gpwFjhd; ,e;j khw;wk;
gydspf;Fk;> epWtdk; Gjpa ngaiug; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;
(gpupT 23).
2. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYtyf gpupit khw;wpaikj;jy;:
xU epWtdk; xU thupaj;jpd; jPu;khdk; nra;ag;gl;l
efuj;jpw;Fs;NsNa thupaj;jpd; jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjd;
%yk; kl;LNk gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYty gpupit khw;w KbAk;.
vdpDk;> khw;wk; Vw;gl;l 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpthsUf;F mwptpg;G
toq;fg;gLk;.

xU epWtdk; jdJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;ij $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
xU efuj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU mYtyfj;jpw;F khw;w

tpUk;gpdhy;> khw;wj;ij mq;fPfupg;gjw;fhd efiy 30 ehl;fSf;Fs;
gjpthsuplk; jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W xU rpwg;Gj;
jPu;khdj;ij ,aw;w Ntz;Lk;. mYtyfj;jpd; Gjpa ,lj;jpd; Fwpg;Gfs;
Kftupiag; gw;wpa xU mwptpg;ig> mYtyfk; khw;wp te;j 30
ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpthsuplk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; [gpupT (2)].
rpy Neuq;fspy; xNu khepyj;jpw;Fs;NsNa gjpTnra;ag;gl;l
mYtyfj;ij khw;Wtjw;fhd kz;ly ,af;Feupd; xg;Gjy;: xU
epWtdj;jpd; gjpthsu; mjpfhupaplkpUe;J kw;nwhU gjpthsu;
epWtdq;fspd; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fs; xU epWtdj;jhy; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;ij khw;Wtjw;F> mNj khepyj;jpy; cs;s
epWtdq;fis (jpUj;jk;) 2000 rl;lk;> gpupT 17A Nru;f;fpwJ. gpupT
146 d; fPo; rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdj;ij ,aw;Wtjw;F $Ljyhf> kz;ly
,af;Feu; cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
mYtyfj;jpy; khw;wk; nra;tjw;F xg;Gjy; NfhUk; tifapy;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gbtj;jpy; tpz;zg;gk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
kz;ly ,af;Fdu; cWjpg;gLj;jy; jfty; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;
my;yJ ,y;iynadpy;> ehd;F thuq;fSf;Fs;> fl;rpfSf;F
Nfl;f Ntz;ba tha;g;igf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;>
3. nghUs; gpupT jpUj;jpaikj;jy;: epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 17
(1) nghUs; gpupT kw;Wk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYtyf tpjpapd;
(xU khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtW xU khepyj;jpw;fhd gupkhw;wq;fs;)
khw;wj;ij epWtdk; nray;gLj;JtjpypUe;J khw;wpaikf;fyhk;:
(i) jdJ tu;j;jfj;ij NkYk; nghUshjhu uPjpahf my;yJ kpf
jpwikahf Kd;ndLg;gjw;F
(ii) Gjpa my;yJ Nkk;gl;l topfspy; mjd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fj;ij
miltjw;F
(iii)
mjd; cl;gFjp nray;ghLfis mjpfupf;f my;yJ
khw;Wtjw;F
(iv) epWtdj;jpd; jw;Nghija tzpfj;Jld; ,ize;J rpy
njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
(v) Fwpg;ghizapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s mjd; VNjDk; nghUs;fis
fl;Lg;gLj;j my;yJ iftpLtjw;F
(vi) epWtdk; NtW epWtdj;Jld; xd;wpizg;gjw;F
(vii) epWtdj;jpd; KOikahd my;yJ VNjDk; xU gFjpia
tpw;gJ my;yJ mg;Gwg;gLj;Jtjw;F
4. nghWg;G gpupTfis khw;wpaikj;jy;: tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
epWtdj;jpd; gq;Fjhuu;fs; my;yJ cj;juthjj;jhy;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l xU epWtdk; mNj Nghy;> xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l xt;nthU cWg;gpdUf;Fk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy;
xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy; tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f KbahJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 241

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; (gpupT 38). ,af;Feu;fs;> epu;thf ,af;Feu; my;yJ Nkyhsu;
MfpNahupd; nghWg;G xU rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdj;ij ,aw;Wtjd; %yk;
tiuaWf;fg;glhjJ> me;jf; fl;Liufs; mt;thW mDkjpg;gJk;>
rk;ge;jg;gl;l mjpfhup me;j nghWg;G tuk;gpy;yhjJ (gpupT
Fwpg;Gfs; 323). ,e;j khw;wk;> fle;J te;j ehspypUe;J jPu;khdkhfpwJ.
vt;thwhapDk;> rpwg;G jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpa 30 ehl;fSf;Fs;
gjpthsupd; jfty; cupa Mtzq;fSld; ,ize;J mDg;gg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. tiuaiwaw;w nghWg;Gf; epWtdq;fspd; gq;Fjhuu;fs;
rpwg;G jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yKk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
xg;Gjiy ngWtjd; %yk; mtu;fsJ nghWg;Gfis tiuaWf;f
KbAk;. rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdj;jpd; efiy mJ fle;J te;j 30
ehl;fSf;Fs; jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. gjpthsUld; cj;juT
gpwg;gpj;j %d;W khjq;fSf;Fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cWjpg;gLj;jy;
cj;juit efyhf jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. gjpT nra;j Njjpapy;
,Ue;J gjpthsuhy; jpUj;jpaikg;gJ gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
5. %yjd gpupit jpUj;jpaikj;jy;: gpupT 94 ,d; gb> gq;Fjhuu;fshy;
my;yJ epWtdj;jhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;L> gq;F %yjdj;Jld;
tiuaWf;fg;gLk; xU epWtdk; gpd;tUk; Fwpg;Gfspy; mjd;
%yjdj;jpd; %yjd tpjpKiwiaAk; khw;wpaikf;fyhk;:
(a) mjd; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gq;F %yjdj;ij mjpfupf;fyhk;.
mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l %yjdj;jpw;Fs;NsNa gpwg;gpf;fKbahj
gq;Ffis NkYk; toq;FtJ ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 81 gb
Fwpg;ghizia khw;whJ vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,af;Feu;fs; thupaj;jhy;> mit mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lhy;>
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l %yjd tuk;gpw;F cl;gl;l %yjdj;ij xU
FO jPu;khdq;fspd; %yk; epiwNtw;Wtjdhy; mjpfupf;fyhk;.
(b)
mjd; jw;Nghija gq;Ffspd; KO my;yJ ve;j
gFjpiaAk; ngupa my;yJ rpwpa gpuptpdupd; gq;Ffshf

xUq;fpizf;fNth my;yJ gpupf;fNth $Lk;.
(c) mjd; KOikahf nrYj;Jk; Cjpa gq;Ffs; my;yJ
mjw;F Neu;khwhf khw;wpaikf;f $Lk;.
(d)
ve;jnthU eguplKk; re;jhitg; ngwhj gq;Ffs;>
mjhtJ mjd; gq;Ffspd; %yjd njhifia ,uj;Jr;
nra;tjdhy; mjd; gq;Ffis uj;J nra;ayhk;.
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gq;F %yjdk;> mwptpf;fg;glhj gq;Ffis
,uj;J nra;tjd; %yk;> gq;F %yjdj;ij Fiwf;f
KbahJ vd;gJ epidT $uj;jf;fJ. uj;J nra;ag;gl;l
gq;Ffs; ahUf;Fk; ,Jtiu toq;fg;gl tpy;iy. mj;jifa
,uj;J nra;Ak; Nehf;fk;> trjpAs;s cupikfis vLj;Jr;
nry;tjhy; xU mwptpf;fg;glhj tFg;gpy; ,Ue;J tpLglyhk;.
xU epWtdk; xU rhjhuz jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk;
,e;j khw;wq;fis ve;j tifapYk; nra;a KbAk;> mjw;fhf mjd;
fl;Liufshy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLfpwJ. fl;Liufs; mjw;F toq;fhtpl;lhy;>

Kjypy; fl;Liufs; xU rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdj;ij ,aw;Wtjd; %yk; $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;Wk; NjjpapypUe;J 30

ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpthsuplk;> jPu;khd efy; kw;Wk; khw;wg;gl;l Fwpg;ghiz
Mfpatw;iw ,izj;J> gpd;du; khw;wg;gl;l kD gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j khw;wk; rhjhuz jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpa NjjpapypUe;J jhd; Fwpg;Gfs;
eilKiwf;F tUk;.

xU epWtdj;jpd; tho;f;ifapy; cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j
kw;nwhU Mtzkhf rq;f fl;Liufs; cs;sd. ,J xU epWtdj;jpd;
tptfhuq;fspy; cs;s epUthfj;jpw;fhd xOq;FKiwfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. rq;fj;jpd; fl;Liufs; $l;lhz;ikapy; cs;s ‘$l;L
xg;ge;jk;’ cld; xg;gplyhk;. epWtdj;jpd; nghJ Nkyhz;ikf;fhf
tpjpKiwfSf;Fk;> mjd; nghUs;fspd; ngWkjpg;gpw;Fk; mjd;
Fwpg;Ngl;by; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpjpKiwfisAk; mit Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
rq;fj;jpd; fl;Liufspd; nghJr; nray;ghLfis njspthf
gpuG nfa;d;]; m\;gup ,uapy; tz;b Nfh vs. upr;Nr gw;wp ,t;thW
Fwpg;gpl;lhu;: ‘,e;j fl;Liufs; rq;f $l;likg;G rhu;gpy; xU gFjp
Jiz epWtdkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. epWtdj;ij ,izg;gjw;fhd
rhrdkhf> Fwpg;ghizia Vw;fpNwhk;; vdNt> mij Vw;Wf; nfhz;L>
fl;Liufs;> jq;fSf;fhfTk; epWtdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s MSfpd;w
clikfspy; cs;s flikfs;> cupikfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fisg;
gw;wp tiuaWf;f> epWtdj;jpd; tu;j;jfk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba
ghq;F kw;Wk; tbtk; Mfpatw;iw tiuaWf;f> epWtdj;jpd; cs;
fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s khw;wq;fs;> mt;tg;NghJ> cUthf;fg;glyhk;.’
Fwpg;ghiz fPo;gbe;J ,Ug;gjhy;> Fwpg;ghiz tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
nghUs;fis mit tpupthf;f KbahJ. Fwpg;ghiz kw;Wk; rq;fj;jpd;
fl;Liufs;> fpd;d]; vs Nyz;l; fhu;g;gNu\d; mau;yhe;j; ,ilNa
cs;s NtWghLfis gpuG [];b\; Nghtd; ftdpj;jhu;: ‘,e;j
Fwpg;ghiz> epWtdk; xd;wpizf;fg;gl mDkjpf;fg;gLk; mbg;gil
epge;jidfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. fld; nfhLj;jtu;fs;> ntsp nghJ>
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; eyDf;fhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l epge;jidfs; MFk;.
rq;fj;jpd; fl;Liufs; epWtdj;jpd; cl;Gw xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk;
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; ed;ikf;fhf cs;sd.’
NkYk; gpuG Nfu;d;]; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Lk; tifapy;> ‘,e;j
Fwpg;ghiz> me;j epWtdj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; Nghf Kbahj gFjpf;F
mg;ghy; cs;sJ me;j gFjpf;Fs; gq;Fjhuu;fspd; rq;f fl;Liufs;
tbtpy; nghUe;Jfpd;w NghJ jq;fs; Nkyhz;ikf;fhf mj;jifa
xOq;Ffis nra;ayhk;.’
10.6.1 fl;Liufis gjpT nra;a Ntz;ba flik

gq;Ffspd; %yk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l xU nghJ epWtdj;jpd; fl;Liufis
gjpT nra;ayhk; vd;W gpupT 26 $WfpwJ> mNj Neuj;jpy; cj;juthjk;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 243

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; my;yJ tuk;gw;w epWtdk; my;yJ gq;Ffspd; %yk; tiuaWf;fg;gLk;
xU jdpahu; epWtdj;jhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epWtdk; Mfpait gjpT
Neuj;jpy; Fwpg;ghizia Nru;jJ ; fl;Liufis gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
NtW thu;ji ; jfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> xU nghJ epWtdk; gq;Ffs; %yk;
Fwpg;Gfs; fl;Liufis gjpT nra;tJ tpUg;gj;ij nghWj;jJ> Mdhy; kw;w
tifahd epWtdq;fs; fl;lhakhfr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. gq;Ffs; %yk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l xU nghJ epWtdk; VNjDk; fl;Liufis gjpT
nra;ahtpl;lhy; vd;d elf;Fk; vd;gJ gw;wp xU Nfs;tp vOfpwJ. ,e;j
Nfs;tpf;F gjpy; 28 (2) gpuptpd;gb nghJj;Jiw epWtdk; gq;Ffis
ve;j fl;LiufspYk; gjpT nra;ahj gl;rj;jpy;> ml;ltiz A (epWtd
rl;lj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l 99 fl;Liufspd; khjpup njhFg;G)
mj;jifa xU epWtdk; jhdhf tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd $WfpwJ. ,J
Nghd;w xU epWtdk; jdJ nrhe;j fl;Liufis gjpT nra;jhYk;> mjd;
xOq;FKiwfs; mjd; fl;Liufspy; ntspg;gilahf xJf;fg;gl;lhyd;wp>
me;j fl;Liufs; mikjpahf ,Uf;Fk; vy;yh mk;rq;fSf;Fk; ‘ml;ltiz
A’ jhdhfNt gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ngUk;ghyhd epWtdq;fs; rpwg;ghd
fl;Liuj; njhFg;Gfis gjpT nra;tJ ey;yJ. xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
nghJ epWtdk; jtpu kw;w epWtdq;fs; fl;lhakhf fl;Liufis
gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;> Vnddpy; mtu;fs; ‘ml;ltiz A’ ia mjd;
KOtbtpy; filg;gpbf;f KbahJ> Mdhy; mtu;fSf;F nghUe;Jk;
tifapy;> ,J Nghd;w midj;J mk;rj;jpYk; jhdhfNt nghUe;Jk;
mtu;fsJ nrhe;jf; fl;Liufs; me;j tpjpKiwfis ntspg;gilahf
xJf;fpdhyd;wp> mtu;fSila fl;Liufs; mikjpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
A. gbtk; kw;Wk; ifnahg;gq;fspd; fl;Liufs;

xt;nthU epWtdj;jpw;Fk; rq;f fl;Liufs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;: (i)
mr;rplg;gl;l> (ii) gj;jpfshf gpupf;fg;gl;L> njhlu;r;rpahf vz;zp>
kw;Wk; (iii) xt;nthU re;jhjhuUk; ifnahg;gkpl;l Fwpg;ghiz> mtu;
Kftup> tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; Mf;fpukpg;G Mfpatw;wpy; VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy;
ifnahg;gj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Fiwe;jgl;r xU rhl;rpahsupd;
ifnaOj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;> mNj Nghy; mtuJ Kftup> tpsf;fk;
kw;Wk; Mf;fpukpg;ig Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk; (gpupT 30).
B. fl;Liufspd; cs;slf;fk;
tof;fkhf tpjpfs; kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfis cs;slf;fpa fl;Liufs;
nghJthf cs;sd:
1. ml;ltiz ‘A’ nghUe;Jk;
2. gq;Ffspd; gy;NtW tFg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; cupikfs;
3.
gq;F %yjdk; kw;Wk; mjd; xJf;fPL Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd eilKiw
4. gq;F rhd;wpjo;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd eilKiwfs;
5. gq;Ffs; kPjhd cupik

6. gq;Ffspd; kjpg;G kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; kPs; gpur;ridapd; eilKiw $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
7. gq;Ffs; gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; nray;Kiw nra;tjw;fhd eilKiw

8. gq;Ffspy; cs;s miog;GfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s Neuk;
9. gq;Ffis ,Ug;gpy; khw;Wjy; Fwpg;Gfs;
10. gq;Ffs; kw;Wk; fldPl;lhsu;fSf;F fPo; juFfis nrYj;Jjy;
11.
Muk;g xg;ge;jq;fs; VNjDk; ,Ue;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
tpjpfs;
12. gq;F %yjdj;ij kWrPuikj;jy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizj;jy;
13. gq;F %yjdj;jpd; khw;wk;
14. ,af;Fdu;fspd; fld; thq;Fk; rf;jpfs;
15.
nghJkf;fs; re;jpg;Gfis $l;Ljy;> elj;jy; kw;Wk;
nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eilKiwfs;
16.
cWg;gpdu;fspd; thf;fspf;Fk; cupikfs;> gpdhkpfs; kw;Wk;
fUj;Jf; fzpg;Gf;fs;
17. gq;Fj;njhif toq;fy; kw;Wk; ,Ug;Gf;fis cUthf;Fjy;
18. epakdk;> mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs;> jFjpfs;> Cjpak;> Kjypad
19. epWtdj;jpd; nghJthd Kj;jpiuiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;
20. fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk; jzpf;if E}y;fis itj;jpUj;jy;
21. jzpf;ifahsu;fspd; epakdk; kw;Wk; Cjpak; Kjypad
22. ,yhgq;fspd; %yjdk;
23. epu;thff; FO $l;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; eltbf;iffs;
24. jPu;khdq;fSf;fhd tpjpfs;
25.
epu;thf ,af;Feu;> Nkyhsu; kw;Wk; nrayhsupd; epakdk;>
mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs;> jFjpfs;> Cjpak; Kjypad MFk;.
26. kj;jpa];jk; toq;fy; VNjDk; ,Ue;jhy;
27.
fl;Liufspd; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhky;> mj;jifa mjpfhuq;fis
gpuNahfpf;fKbahJ> cjhuzkhf> kPsKbahj Kd;Dupikg;
gq;Ffis toq;Fjy;; gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F gfpu;e;jspf;Fk;
cj;juTfis toq;Fjy;; gq;Ffs; gupkhw;wk; nra;a kWg;gJ
epWtdj;jpd; gq;F %yjdj;ij Fiwj;jy; Kjypad
28. KbTfs;
Nkw;$wpa tpraq;fs; jtpu> tiuaiwaw;w xU epWtdj;jpd;
fl;Liufs;> epWtdk; gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba cWg;gpdu;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifAld;> gq;F %yjdk; ,Ue;jhy;> mJ gjpT nra;ag;gl
Ntz;ba gq;F %yjdj;jpd; njhifiag; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. [gpupT 27
(1)]. cj;juthjj;jhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epWtd tp\aj;jpy;> epWtdk;
gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia Fwpg;gplTk;
[gpupT 27 (2)]. gq;F %yjdj;ij nfhz;l xU jdpahu; epWtdj;jpd;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 245

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; fl;Liufs;> ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 3 (1) (iii) My; toq;fg;gl;l ehd;F
fl;Lg;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
C. fl;Liufspd; khw;wk;

Fwpg;Gfs; epWtdj;jpd; cs;sf xOq;FKiwfSf;F cl;gl;l fl;Liufis>
epWtdj;jpd; %yk; jhuhskhf khw;wyhk;. fl;Liufspd; khw;wq;fs;
my;yJ Nru;f;Fk; cupikfis gpupT 31 ntspg;gilahf toq;FfpwJ>
xU epWtdk; xU rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk;
mbf;fb Njitg;gLk; mjd; fl;Liufis khw;wpaikf;fyhk; vd;W
$WfpwJ. jpUj;jpaikj;jiy mq;fPfupf;Fk; rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdj;jpd;
efy;> khw;wg;gl;l fl;Liufspd; mr;rplg;gl;l efYld; Nru;j;J> me;j
jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpa 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpthsuplk; jhf;fy;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. jpUj;jpaikj;jy;> gjpthsuhy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
ehspypUe;J rhj;jpakhFk;.
D. fl;Liufis khw;wpaikg;gJ njhlu;ghd tiuaiwfs;

1. khw;wpaikj;jy; epWtdr; rl;lk; my;yJ NtW ve;j rl;lg;gpupTf;F
Kuzhdjhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ (gpupT 31)
2. khw;wpaikj;jy; Fwpg;ghizapy; mlq;fpAs;s epge;jidfSf;F
Kuzhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ (gpupT 31)
3. khw;wpaikj;jy;> epWtd rl;l thupaj;jhy; fl;lisaplg;gl;l
jpUj;jj;Jld; Kuz;glhj tifapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. rpy tof;Ffspy; kj;jpa murpd; xg;Gjy;fis ngw Ntz;Lk;
5. khw;wpaikj;jy; xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; jdJ cupikfis ve;j egUk;
,of;f $lhJ
6. khw;wpaikj;jy; rpWghd;ikapdu; kPjhd Nkhrbahf ,Uf;ff;
$lhJ
7. khw;wpaikj;jy; epWtdj;jpd; eyDf;fhf xU gpizg;ghf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

6. epWtdk; vd;why; vd;d?
7. xU epWtdj;jpd; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;ij vt;thW
khw;wKbAk;?
8. xU epWtdj;jpy; cs;s rq;f fl;Liufs; vd;why; vd;d?

1.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ik (LLP) vd;gJ
njhopy;Kiw epGzj;Jtk; kw;Wk; njhopy;Kidik Kidg;ig

xU GJikahd kw;Wk; jpwikahd Kiwapy; xd;wpizf;fTk;> $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
xOq;fikf;fTk;> ,af;fTk; cjTk; xU Gjpa tzpf mikg;Gf;

$W MFk;.
2.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ik rl;lk;> 2008>
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;Lr;rl;lk; (LLP) ia cs;slq;fp Fwpg;Gfs;
cs;sJ. ,r;rl;lk; 81 gpupTfs; kw;Wk; 4 ml;ltizfis
nfhz;Ls;sJ. 2009 khu;r; 31 y; cs;s Nkyjpf tpjpfs;
kw;Wk; 2009 Nk 31 y; cs;s kPjKs;s tpjpfshy; LLP rl;lk;
eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
3. xt;nthU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ik Fiwe;jJ
,uz;L ‘epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fs;’ nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jdpegu;fshfTk; kw;Wk; mtu;fspy; Fiwe;jJ xUtu; ,e;jpahtpy;
FbapUg;gtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> vy;.vy;.gp apd; ,e;j tifapy;
vy;yh gq;Fjhuu;fSk; nghJ FOthfTk; my;yJ mjpy; xd;W
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fs; jdpegu;fshfTk; kw;Wk;
nghJ FOthfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mj;jifa LLP ,d; gq;Fjhuu;fs; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L egu;fs;
my;yJ mj;jifa nghJ FOtpd; Kd;nkhopag;gl;ltu;
epakpf;fg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu;fshf nray;gLtu;.
4. xt;nthU gq;Fjhuu;fSk;> mtuJ ngau; my;yJ Kftupapy;
VNjDk; khw;wk; ,Ug;gpd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G
$l;Lwtpw;F mj;jifa khw;wk; Vw;gl;l 15 ehl;fSf;Fs;
mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa khw;wk; Vw;gl;l 30 ehl;fSf;Fs;
gjpthsuplk; ,J Nghd;w tptuq;fis jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w
fl;lhaj;jpd; fPo; ,e;j LLP nray;gLk;. VNjDk; xU egu; gq;Fjhuuhf
epakpf;fg;gLk; NjjpapypUe;J 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpthsu; xU
mwptpg;ig LLP f;F jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
5. LLP rl;lj;jpd; 63 gpupT gpd;tUk; ,U topfspy; xU
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;lhz;ik Kbf;fg;glyhk; vd;W
toq;FfpwJ:
I. ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cj;jutpd;;gb Kbj;jy;
II. jd;dhu;t Kiwapy; Kbj;jy;
6. xU epWkk; xU jdpg;gl;l rl;l mikg;G nfhz;l xU
,izf;fg;gl;l rq;fk; vd;W tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;. xU epue;jukhd
njhlu;r;rpia nfhz;L> xU nghJthd Kj;jpiu> khw;wf;$ba
gq;Ffis cs;slf;fpa nghJthd %yjdk;> tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l
nghWg;igr; Rke;Jnfhz;L tUfpwJ vd;W $wyhk;.
7. xU epWtdk; xU thupaj;jpd; jPu;khdj;ij xU tifapy;
kl;LNk ,aw;Wtjd; %yk; mNj efUf;Fs; cs;s jdJ gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;jpw;F khw;wk;nra;ag;glyhk;. vdpDk;>
khw;wk; Vw;gl;l 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpthsUf;F mwptpg;G
mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 247

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; 8.
xU epWtdj;jpd; tho;tpy; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j
kw;nwhU Mtzk; rq;f mikg;G tpjpfshFk;. cs; epu;thfj;jpd;
epWtd tptfhuq;fSf;F> ,J xOq;FKiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
rq;f mikg;G tpjpfis xU $l;lzpapy; ‘$l;L xg;ge;jk;’
Fwpg;Gfs; cld; xg;gplyhk;. epWtdj;jpd; nghJ Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;
tpjpKiwfSf;Fk;>
mjd; nghUs;fspd; ngWkjpg;gpw;Fk;
mjd; Fwpg;Ngl;by; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpjpKiwfisAk; mit
epakpf;fpd;wd.
10.8 RUf;fk;
••tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ik (LLP) vd;gJ
njhopy;Kiw epGzj;Jtk; kw;Wk; njhopy;Kidik Kidg;ig
xU GJikahd kw;Wk; jpwikahd Kiwapy; xd;wpizf;fTk;>
xOq;fikf;fTk;> ,af;fTk; cjTk; xU Gjpa tzpf mikg;Gf;
$W MFk;.
••xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;L xU MSik jpwd;
nfhz;l rl;luPjpahd egu;> Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;l kw;Wk;
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mjd; gq;Fjhufs;> jdpg;gl;l egu;fspd; Rje;jpuk;
nfhz;litahf ,Uf;Fk;.
••xt;nthU gq;Fjhuu;fSk;> mtuJ ngau; my;yJ Kftupapy;
VNjDk; khw;wk; ,Ug;gpd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G $l;Lwtpw;F
mj;jifa khw;wk; Vw;gl;l 15 ehl;fSf;Fs; mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mj;jifa khw;wk; Vw;gl;l 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpthsuplk; ,J
Nghd;w tptuq;fis jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhaj;jpd;
fPo; ,e;j LLP nray;gLk;.
••epWkj;jpd; rl;lj;jpd; 466-481 kw;Wk; gpupT 559 Mfpa gpupTfspd;
fPo;> Kbj;jy; Mizia cUthf;fpa gpd;> ePjpkd;wk; gutyhd
mjpfhuq;fis ngUk;.
••cWg;gpdu;fspd; njhiff;F Fwpg;ghiz %yk; nghWg;igf;
nfhz;l xU epWtdk;> ,jpy; cs;s gq;Ffspy; VNjDk;> Cjpak;
toq;fg;glhky; ,Ue;jhy;> ‘gq;fpd; %yk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
epWtdk;’ vd;W [gpupT 12 (2)(a)] fPo; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
mj;jifa epWtdk; xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G epWtdk;
vd;W
gpugykhf miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
••gpupT 13> ,e;j Fwpg;ghiz kPjhd cs;slf;fj;ij mikf;fpwJ.
Mtzk; fPo;f;fz;l cl;gpupTfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(1) ngau; gpupT> (2) gjpT nra;ag;gl mYtyf cl;gpupT> (3)
nghUl;fs; gpupT> (4) nghWg;Gg;gpupT> (5) %yjdk; gpupT> kw;Wk;
(6) rq;fk; gpupT my;yJ re;jh gpupT.
••16tJ gpuptpd; gb ‘xU epWtdk; mjd; Fwpg;ghizapy; cs;s
epge;jidfis khw;whJ> rpy tof;Ffs; jtpu> Kiwapy;>

kw;Wk; mstpw;F> epWtd rl;lj;jpy; ntspg;gilahf xJf;fPL $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ’.
••gpupT 26 $WfpwJ gq;Ffspd; %yk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l xU
nghJ epWtdk; tpjpfis gjpT nra;ayhk;> xU epWtdk;
cj;juthjj;jhy; tiuaWf;fg;gLk;NghJ my;yJ tuk;gw;w Fwpg;Gfs;
epWtdk; my;yJ gq;Ffs; %yk; tiuaWf;fg;gLk; xU jdpahu;
epWtdk; gjpT Neuj;jpy; Fwpg;ghidAld; Nru;j;J tpjpfis
gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

••ghuP gh];R: ,J xU yj;jPd; nrhw;nwhluhFk; ,J ‘rkkhd gb’
my;yJ ‘rk epiyapy;’ vd;W nghUs;gLk;. rpy Neuq;fspy;
‘rkkhd jutupir’ vd;W nkhopngau;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
••epWtd rl;l thupak; (CLB): ,J xU ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;j
mikg;ghf cs;sJ. ,J> kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; cau;
ePjpkd;wk; Kd;G gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;L te;jJ> rkkhd mjpfhu
tuk;gpw;Fl;gl;L cs;sJ. thu-
pak; jdJ eilKiwfis xOq;FgLj;Jk;
mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. tpahghu mikg;G vd;w tifapy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf;
$l;lhz;ik (LLP) gupzhkk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. LLP apd; gz;Gfs; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.
3. gq;Fjhuu;fspd; khw;wj;ij gjpT nra;jy; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G
tiuf.
4. ePjpkd;wj;jhy; Kbf;f ngw;w gy;NtW tifia gw;wpa rpW
Fwpg;G tiuf
5. epWtdj;jpd; rq;f mikg;G tpjp Fwpg;G gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf
6. rq;f mikg;G tpjpfspd; nghJthd nray;ghL Fwpj;J Fwpg;G
tiuf
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gf; $l;lhz;ikr; rl;lk;> 2008d; gy;NtW
tifaq;fs; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. epWtdq;fs; fiyf;fg;gLk; tpjpfis Ma;Tnra;f.
3. rq;f mikg;gpd; tpjpfspy; jpUj;jpaikj;jy; Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;ij
Ma;Tnra;f.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 249

$l;lhspfspd; cwTfs;
9.8 NkYk; gbf;f
Fwpg;Gfs; Fr;rhy;> M.C. kw;Wk; tpNtf; Fr;rhy;. 2012. tzpfr; rl;lk;> vl;lhtJ
gjpg;gfk;).

myF 11 epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
mikg;G
11.0 Kd;Diu Fwpg;Gfs;
11.3 jftywpf;if kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jypd; Njitfs;.
11.4 Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; epu;thfk;: ,af;Feu; epakdk;> mjpfhuq;fs;
kw;Wk; flikfs;.
tpilfs;
;11.6 RUf;fk;
11.9 NkYk; gbf;f
11.0 Kd;Diu
mjpf KjyPlb; y; ,aq;Fk; ngupa epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; gyj;j mghaq;fis
cs;slf;fpa epWtdq;fSf;F ‘epWtdk;’ vd;gJ kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd
mikg;ghFk;. epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 2013 xU epWtdk; ‘,e;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
my;yJ jw;NghJs;s epWtdj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l epWtdk;’ vd;W
tiuaWf;fpwJ. ‘jw;NghJs;s epWtdk;’ vd;why;> xU epWtdk; cUthfp>
Kd;dhs; epWtdq;fspd; rl;lq;fspd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gLk;. ,t;thwhf>
xU epWkk; vd;gJ xU nraw;fupa rl;lG+ut ; eguhf tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;.
,J xU epue;jukhd thupRupik> xU nghJthd Kj;jpiu> khw;wj;jf;f
gq;Ffis cs;slf;fpa nghJthd %yjdk;> tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l nghWg;igf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,e;j myfpy;> xU epWtdj;jpd; nghUs; kw;Wk; tiuaiw gw;wp
Ma;T nra;tPu;fs;. ,J jPtpukhf> epWtdk;> rl;l epu;thfk; kw;Wk;
epWtdq;fspd; $l;biztpd; murpayikg;G gw;wp ,g;gpupT tpthjpf;Fk;.

••jd;ikAk; tif epWtdq;fisAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
••jftywpf;if kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ntspg;gLj;jy;
njhlu;ghd tpjpKiwfis tptupj;jy; KbAk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 251

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 ••epWtdq;fspd; gzpg;ghsu;fspd; epakdk;> mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk;
flikfs; njhlu;ghd Vw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J fye;Jiuahl KbAk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;
mjpf KjyPl;by; ,aq;Fk; ngupa epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; gyj;j
mghaq;fis cs;slf;fpa epWtdq;fSf;F ‘epWtdk;’ vd;gJ kpfTk;
nghUj;jkhd mikg;ghFk;. epWtdq;fs; rl;lk; 2013 y;> ‘xU epWtdk;
cUthf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT my;yJ jw;NghJs;s
epWtdk; vd;W tiuaWf;fpwJ’. ‘jw;NghJs;s epWtdk;’ vd;why;> xU
epWtdk; cUthf;fp> Kd;dhs; epWtdq;fspd; rl;lq;fspd; fPo; gjpT
nra;ag;gLk;. ,t;thwhf> xU epWkk; vd;gJ xU nraw;fupa rl;lG+u;t
eguhf tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;. ,J xU epue;jukhd thupRupik> xU
nghJthd Kj;jpiu> khw;wj;jf;f gq;Ffis cs;slf;fpa nghJthd
%yjdk;> tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
tiuaiwfis Muha;e;jhy; xU epWtdk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilg;
gz;Gfs; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ:
(i) $l;bizf;fg;gl;l rq;fk;. xU epWtdk;> ,aq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Nru;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ gjpT nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;. gjpT xU $l;Lg; gq;F epWtdj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ>
,J midj;J rq;fq;fs; my;yJ $l;lhspfs;> 10-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
tq;fpfspy; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;f kw;Wk; ,yhgk; <l;Lk; nghUSld;
tzpfk; nra;tjw;F cUthf;fg;gl;l NtW VNjDk; tu;j;jf
eltbf;ifapy; 20-f;Fk; mjpfkhd cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;L
,Ug;gJ fl;lhakhdjhFk;.
(ii) nraw;if rl;l egu;. xU epWtdj;jpd; xU nraw;fupa rl;l egu;>
xU Gwj;jpy; ,aw;if ,ay;igj; jtpu NtW xU nray;Kiwahy;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L> NkYk; mJ ,aw;ifahd egupd; cly;
gz;Gfis nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy> kWGwk;> mJ gy xU ,aw;if
egu; cupikfis nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. mJ fz;Zf;Fj; njupahj>
mopahj;jd;ik nfhz;l (rl;lk; kl;LNk mij fiyf;f KbAk;)
rl;lj;jpd; ghu;itapy; kl;LNk cs;sJ. mjw;F cly; ,y;iy>
Md;kh ,y;iy> kdrhl;rp ,y;iy> mJ clypd; ghjpg;GfSf;F
cl;gl;L ,y;iy. ,e;j cly; FiwghLfshy;jhd; xU epWtdk;
nraw;fupa egu; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
(iii) jdpj;jdpahd rl;l epWtdk;. xU epWtdk; vd;gJ> mjd;
cWg;gpdu;fshf (fjpahthu; ,z;l];l;uP]; ypl; vs C.G mfjp
nrhj;J) jdpg;gl;l egu;fsplkpUe;J Kw;wpYk; jdpj;Jtkhf>
RNar;irahd MSik nfhz;l xU rl;lG+u;tkhd egu; Mthu;.
mJ tpUk;Gk; ve;j topapYk;> nrhj;Jupikia khw;Wtjw;F
cupik cz;L. ve;jnthU cWg;gpdUk; jdpj;jdpahfNth
my;yJ $l;lhfNth mjd; cupikahNyNa epWtdj;jpd;
cupikahsu;fsplkpUe;Njh my;yJ mjd; KidapNyh ve;jnthU
cupikiaAk; Nfhu KbahJ (jpUkjp B.F. fh[hu;> tUkhd tup

Mizahsu;). mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; ntspaPl;lhsu;fshy; epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
mjd; nrhe;j ngaupy; tof;F njhluyhk;. epWtdj;jpy; fld;

toq;Fgtu;fs; kl;Lk; epWtdj;jpd; fld; toq;Fgtu;fshf
cs;sdu;> NkYk; mtu;fs; Neubahf cWg;gpdu;fSf;F vjpuhf
njhlu KbahJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
(iv) epue;ju ,Ug;G. epWtdk; vd;gJ tpahghu mikg;gpd; epiyahd
tbtkhFk;. mjd; tho;f;if ,wg;G> jpthy; my;yJ Xa;T+jpak;>
ve;j gq;Fjhuu; (fs;) my;yJ ,af;Fdu; (fs;) Mfpatw;wpd;
kPJ ,y;iy. ve;j gq;FjhuUk; ntspNaw tpUk;Gk; tof;fpy;
gq;Ffs; gupkhw;W jpwid toq;Ftjhy;> gq;Fjhuu; ,we;Jtpl;lhy;
,we;jtupd; thuprhf (fs;) gq;Ffs; mDg;gg;gLtjw;Fk;> xU
epWtdj;jpd; epue;ju ,Ug;ig ghJfhf;f cjTfpwJ. rl;lk; mij
cUthf;FfpwJ> vdNt rl;lk; kl;LNk mij fiyf;f KbAk;.
cWg;gpdu;fs; te;J Nghfyhk;> Mdhy; epWtdk; vg;NghJNk
Nghf KbAk;. xU ghAk; ejpapy;> ePu; njhlu;e;J khwpf; nfhz;Nl
,Uf;Fk;> vg;NghJk; Mw;wpd; milahsk; khwhky; mg;gbNa
,Uf;Fk;. ,ij epWtdj;Jld; xg;gplyhk;.
(v) nghJ Kj;jpiu. xU nraw;if eguhf ,Uf;Fk; xU epWtdk;
,aw;ifahd egUld; xj;j cly; ,y;iy> mJ jd;id jhNd
Mtzq;fspy; ifnahg;gkpl KbahJ. ,J ,af;Feu;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; ,aw;if egu;fs; %yk; nray;gLfpwJ. vdpDk;>
rl;l MSikia itj;jpUg;gJ> mjd; ifnahg;gj;ij Vw;Fk;
me;j Mtzq;fSf;F kl;LNk fl;Lg;gl KbAk;. vdNt> xU
nghJ Kj;jpiuia gad;gLj;Jtjw;F> me;j epWtdj;jpd; ngau;>
mjd; kPJ nghwpf;fg;gl;l> mjd; ifnahg;gj;jpw;F khw;whf
,e;j rl;lk; toptif nra;Js;sJ. epWtdj;jpd; nghJthd
Kj;jpiuiag; ngw;Ws;s ve;j xU MtzKk;> epWtdj;jpd; kPJ
rl;lg;gb fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;;.
(vi) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G. epWtdj;jpd; fld;fSf;fhf
cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;G> mtu;fspd; gq;Ffs; kPJ Cjpak;
nfhLf;fg;glhky; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j epWtdk; ngUk;
,og;ig re;jpj;jpUf;ff; $Lk;. cjhuzkhf> xU gq;Fjhuu;
& 10 gq;Ffspd; 100 gq;Ffis thq;fp> xt;nthU gq;Ff;F
& 5 nrYj;Jfpwhu; vd;why;> mtu; 500 NgUf;F Cjpak;
toq;fpAs;shu;. Mdhy; mtu; 1>000 f;Fk; mjpfkhd
njhifia nrYj;jNt KbahJ. Fiwe;j nghWg;G nfhz;l xU
epWtdj;jpw;F> mtu; itj;jpUf;Fk; gq;Ffspd; ngau; my;yJ
Kfkjpg;gpd; kjpg;ig tpl $LjyhfNth nfhLf;f ve;j
gq;FjhuUk; miof;fg;gl KbahJ. vdNt> ,e;j Fzhjprak;
%yk;> gq;Fjhuupd; jdpg;gl;l nrhj;Jilik> xU KO Cjpak;
ngWk; gq;if mtu; nfhz;bUe;jhy;> epWtdj;jpd; fld;fis
mgfupj;Jf; nfhs;s KbahJ.
(vii) gq;Ffspd; gupkhw;w jpwd;. xU nghJ epWtdj;jpd; gq;Ffis
Rje;jpukhf khw;wf;$batu;fs; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fs; my;yJ
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 253

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 kw;w cWg;gpdu;fsplkpUe;J ve;j mDkjpAk; ngwhky; mtu;fs;
tpUk;Gk; Nghnjy;yhk; cWg;gpdu;fs; jq;fs; gq;Ffis
mfw;wyhk;. xU jdpahu; epWtdj;jpy;> rl;lj;jpd; gb mjd; tpjpapy;
khw;Wtjw;fhd cupikapy; rpy fl;Lg;ghL mtrpak;> Mdhy;
Fwpg;Gfs; jpl;lj;jpy;; cs;s gq;Ffis khw;Wtjw;F cWg;gpdu;fspd;
cupik kPjhd KOikahd fl;Lg;ghLfs; ntw;wplkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
vdpDk;> epWtd rl;lj;jpd;gb> mjd; $l;bizahf gjpT
nra;jhNyh xU epWtdk; ,e;jg; gz;Gfs; midj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ
vd;gJ ,q;F ftdpf;fg;glyhk;. xU $l;lhz;ikapy; xU tzpf mikg;G
vd;w Kiwapy; epWtdj;jpd; Kf;fpa khw;wPL vd;w NghjpYk;> 1932
,e;jpa $l;lhz;ik rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;glyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
,e;j Fzhjpraq;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy.
11.2.1 epWtdq;fspd; tiffs;

xU epWtd rl;lj;jpd; fPo; my;yJ epWtdj;jpd; fPo; xU epWtdk;
,izf;fg;glyhk;> mjd;gb xU epWtdk; (i) rl;lg;gbahd epWtdk;
my;yJ (ii) ,izf;fg;gl;l epWtdk; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
(i) rl;lg;gbahd epWtdk;. ,J> kj;jpa rl;lkd;wk; my;yJ
khepyr; rl;lkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rpwg;G rl;lj;jpd;gb
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rpy
tzpfq;fisr; nray;gLj;j Ntz;ba epWtdq;fs; ,e;j topapy;
cUthfpd;wd. ,J Nghd;w epWtdq;fspd; cjhuzq;fs;:
,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fp> ];Nll; ghq;f; M/g; ,e;jpah> MAs;
fhg;gPl;Lf; fofk;> ,e;jpa czTf; fofk;> A+dpl; bu];l; M/g;
,e;jpah> Nghd;wit. mj;jifa epWtdq;fshy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl
Ntz;ba mjpfhuq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; rl;lq;fspd; %yk;
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt mtu;fSf;F xU rq;fk; (xU
epWtdj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fspd; tiuaiwia nra;Ak; xU
Mtzk;) Njitapy;iy> NkYk; mtu;fspd; ngau;fspy; xU
gFjpahf ‘ypkpnll;’ vd;w thu;j;ijiag; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
mj;jifa epWtdq;fspd; jzpf;if ,e;jpa jzpf;ifahsu;
Nkw;ghu;itapYk;> fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; elj;jg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU
rl;lg;gbahd epWtdKk;> mjd; rpwg;G rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfshy;
epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;whYk; 1956 y;> epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> kw;Wk;
mtu;fs; tpz;zg;gpg;gJ> ,e;j epWtdq;fs; nra;Ak; rpwg;Gr;
rl;lq;fspd; (gpupT 616) tpjpfSf;F Kuzhdjhf ,y;iy vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ.
(ii) ,izf;fg;gl;l my;yJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;l epWtdk;. epWtd
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l epWtdk; xd;W ‘,izf;fg;gl;l’
my;yJ ‘gjpT nra;ag;gl;l’ epWtdk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s midj;J epWtdq;fSk;> rl;lg;gbahd
epWtdq;fis jtpu> ,e;j tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;L> epWtd
rl;lk;> 1956 vd;w tpjpfshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy;>

fhg;GWjp> tq;fp kw;Wk; kpd; tpepNahf epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
fPo; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;> mtw;wpd; rpwg;Gr; rl;lq;fspd;

Vw;ghLfspd; fPo;> fhg;gPl;Lr; rl;lk; 1938> tq;fpapay; xOq;FgLj;Jk;
rl;lk; 1949> kw;Wk; kpd; tpepNahfr; rl;lk; 1948> kw;Wk;
epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfs; Mfpait ,e;j epWtdq;fSf;F Fwpg;Gfs;
kl;LNk nghUe;Jk; rpwg;Gr; rl;lq;fspd; fPo; mit mtw;NwhL
Kuz;glhj tifapy; cs;sd.
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l epWtdq;fis ,uz;L topfspy;
tifg;gLj;jyhk;: (i) cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;
kw;Wk; (ii) cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;gpd; mbg;gilapy;.
cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

epWtdq;fspd; tiffs;
cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
epWtdk; xd;W: (i) jdpahu; epWtdk; my;yJ (ii) nghJ epWtdk;.
(i) jdpahu; epWtdk;. epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd;gb> xU ‘jdpahu; epWtdk;’
vd;gJ> Fiwe;jgl;rk; nrYj;jg;gl;l %yjdkhd &. 1 yl;rk;
my;yJ mJ Nghd;w mjpf Cjpak; ngWk; %yjdj;ijAk; kw;Wk;
mjd; rq;f tpjpfisAk; nfhz;l epWtdk; vd;W nghUs;gLk;:
(a)
gq;Ffs; khw;Wtjw;F cWg;gpdu;fspd; cupikia
fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ;
(b) epWtdj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; my;yJ epWtdj;jpy; gzpGupAk;
cWg;gpdu;fisj; jtpu;j;J mjd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
50 Mf Fiwf;fg;gLjy;;
(c) epWtdj;jpd; gq;Ffs;> my;yJ fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs; VNjDk;
,Ug;gpd; nghJkf;fs; re;jhjhuu; vd;W miog;gij jil
nra;jy;; kw;Wk;
(d) cWg;gpdu;fs;> ,af;Feu;fs; my;yJ mtu;fsJ cwtpdu;fs;
my;yhj gpw egu;fsplkpUe;J itg;Gj;njhif my;yJ
miog;gpjio Vw;Wf;nfhs;tij jil nra;fpwJ.

NkNy cs;s Jiz-tpjp (a) gad;gLj;jpdhy;
thu;j;ijfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kdjpy; Vw;fg;glyhk;. ,e;j
thu;j;ijfspd; tpisthf> gq;F %yjdk; ,y;yhj xU jdpahu;
epWtdj;jpd; rq;fj;jpd; tpjpfs;> (b), (c) kw;Wk; (d) Mfpa
gFjpfspy; kl;LNk tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghLfis
tpjpf;fNtz;Lk;. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> gq;F
%yjdk; ,y;yhj xU jdpahu; epWtdj;jpy;> rq;f tpjpfs;
gq;Ffis khw;Wtjw;F cWg;gpdu;fspd; cupik gw;wpa tiuaiw
nfhz;bUf;fj; Njitapy;iy.
(ii) nghJ epWtdk;. epWtdq;fs; rl;lk; xU ‘nghJ epWtdk;’
vd;why; mJ xU epWtdk; vd;W mu;j;jk;:
(a) jdpahu; epWtdk; my;y;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 255

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 (b) gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lgb Fiwe;j gl;r Cjpak;-5 yl;rk; my;yJ
mj;jifa mjpf Cjpak; ngWk; %yjdj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ;
(c) xU jdpahu; epWtdNk jdpahu; epWtdk; my;y> mjhtJ
nghJ epWtdj;jpd; Jiz epWtdkhf ,Uf;Fk; xU
Fwpg;Gfs; epWtdj;jpd; Jiz epWtdkhFk;.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tiuaiwapd; (a) xU ‘nghJ epWtdk;’
vd;Dk; $w;iw tptupj;jypy; xd;W:
(i) gq;Ffis khw;WtJ Fwpj;J ve;j fl;Lg;ghLk; ,y;iy:
(ii) mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd cWg;gpdu;fis kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
(iii) gq;Ffs; kw;Wk; fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fspd; re;jh ngw nghJ
kf;fSf;F miof;fyhk; (jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; Njitahd
%yjdj;ij ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifAld; ,Ue;jhy;>
,jw;fhf nghJ kf;fSf;F miog;G tpLf;f Ntz;ba
fl;lhak; ,y;iy); kw;Wk;
(iv) nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J itg;Gfis miof;fyhk; my;yJ
Vw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
nghJ epWtdk; mikg;gjw;F Njitg;gLk; Fiwe;jgl;r
cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 7 MFk;.
cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

epWtdq;fspd; tiffs;
cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;G mbg;gilapy;> epWtdq;fs; rl;lk; 2013> %d;W
tifahd epWtdq;fis gjpT nra;a toptif nra;fpwJ. mitahtd:
1. epWtdq;fs; gq;Ffspd; %yk; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpd;
cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU epWtdk;>
me;j msTf;F xg;gPl;lstpy; kPjkpUe;jhy;> mjd; %yk;
gq;Fgw;wg;glhj gq;Ffspd; kPJ nrYj;jg;glhj xU epWtdk;>
‘gq;Ffis tiuaWf;fg;gLk; xU epWtdk;’ vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.
mj;jifa epWtdk; gpugykhf xU kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghWg;G
epWtdkhf miof;fg;gLfpwJ. nghWg;ghd ve;j Neuj;jpYk;
,Ug;G kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd; KLf;fpd;NghJ nray;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,J Nghd;w xU epWtdk; gq;Ffspd; kjpg;G> gq;F %yjd
kjpg;ghy; epu;zapf;fgLk; msTf;F %yjdj;ijg; gq;fpl;Lf;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ngUk;ghyhd
epWtdq;fs; ,e;j tifiar; rhu;e;jit> ,e;j tu;f;fj;jpd;
epWtdq;fNshL jhd; ehk; Kf;fpakhf mf;fiw nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;.
2. epWtdq;fs; cj;juthjj;jhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cj;juthjk; %yk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epWtdk; xd;W> ‘mjd;
cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;Fl;gl;lJ Nghd;w xU epWtdk;>
mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs; KiwNa> mJ gpsTg;gl;l epfo;tpy;
epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F gq;fspf;f vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
tifapy;> mjd; cWg;gpdu;fshy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l njhif

nfhz;l epWtdkhf tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;. xt;nthU epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
cWg;gpdUk; cj;juthjk; nra;Ak; njhifia epWtdk;

gpsT tiu NfhuKbahJ’> vdNt mJ ‘upru;t; %yjdk;’ vd;w
jd;ikapy; cs;sJ.
3. tiuaiwaw;w epWtdq;fs; mjd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; Fwpg;Gfs;
nghWg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;jf; $ba xU epWtdk; tuk;gpy;yhj
epWtdk; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thwhf> mj;jifa epWtdq;fspy;
cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;G tiuaWf;fg;glhjJ> mjhtJ mJ
cWg;gpdu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fSf;F tpupTgLj;jyhk;.
$l;lhz;ikf; $l;ilg;Nghy> epWtdj;jpd; nkhj;jg;
nghWg;GfspYk; gzk; nrYj;jj; Njitahd njhifiag;
gw;wp> epWtdj;jpd; tl;b tpfpjj;jpy;> xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk;
gq;fspf;Fk; nghWg;G> NkYk; $Ljy; Fiwghl;lhy; epWtdj;jpd;
%yjdj;Jf;F Vw;g kPjKs;s cWg;gpdu;fspilNa gfpu;e;J
nfhs;sg;gLk;. Mdhy; xU Kf;fpakhd tp\aj;jpy; ,J xU
rhjhuz gq;fspg;ghsuhf ,Ue;J NtWgl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.
mjhtJ> mj;jifa epWtdj;ijr; Nru;e;j fldPe;Njhu; Neubahf
cWg;gpdu;fisr; nrYj;jKbahJ> NkYk; mtu;fs; epWtdj;ij
Klf;Ftjw;F kl;LNk mZf KbAk;> ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; xU
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l epWtdkhf ,Ug;gJ rl;lj;jpy; jdpj;jdpg;
gz;G MFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> xU cWg;gpdupd; fl;Lg;ghL ,q;Nf
Klf;Fk; Neuj;jpy; kl;Lk; nray;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gpw epWtdq;fspd; tiffs;

1956 epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s NtW rpy tif
epWtdq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. cupkk; ngw;w epWtdq;fs; yhgj;jpw;F kl;Lk; my;y.
epWtdr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> cupkk; ngw;w epWtdq;fSk; gpw
epWtdq;fs; Nghy; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; mtu;fs; gjpT
nra;tjw;F Kd; kj;jpa murplkpUe;J cupkk; ngwg;glyhk;.
tzpfk;> fiy> tpQ;Qhdk;> kjk;> njhz;L my;yJ NtW
VNjDk; gaDs;s nghUs; Mfpatw;iw Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf
cUthf;fg;gl;l ve;j xU rq;fKk;> mjd; ,yhgq;fisg;
gpuNahfpf;fj; Njitapy;iy> mjd; %yk; mjd; Nehf;fq;fis
Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; mjd; tUkhdj;ij nrYj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf
murhq;fj;jplk; ,Ue;J mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L>
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gld; $ba epWtdkhf gjpT nra;J
nfhs;s KbAk;. gjpT nra;Ak;NghJ> rhjhuz tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
epWtdj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy;> mJ rpy tpjptpyf;Ffs; kw;Wk;
rYiffis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ.
2. jdp kdpj epWtdk; my;yJ FLk;g epWtdk;. ,q;F xU
kdpjd; xU epWtdj;jpd; gq;F %yjdk; KOtijAk; itj;Jf;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 257

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 nfhz;L> ,d;Dk; rpy Nghyp cWg;gpdu;fis (nghJthf FLk;g
cWg;gpdu;fs;) vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;w> ntWkNd xU nghJ epWtdk;
kw;Wk; xU jdpahu; epWtdk; tof;fpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Fiwe;j
vz;zpf;ifapyhd egu;fs; (,d;Dk; MW egu;fs;) rl;lg;gbahd
Fwpg;Gfs; Njitia G+u;j;jp nra;a> mj;jifa epWtdk; ‘jdp egu;’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. ntspehl;L epWtdk;. xU ntspehl;L epWtdk; vd;gJ ,e;jpahTf;F
ntspNaAs;s xU epWtdkhFk;> Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; xU tzpf
epWtdkhf cs;sJ.
4. muR epWtdk;. xU murhq;f epWtdk; gpd;tUkhW
tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ: ‘nrYj;jg;gl;l gq;F %yjdj;jpy; 51
rjtPjj;jpw;F Fiwahky; cs;s ve;j epWtdKk; kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jhy; my;yJ ve;j khepy muR my;yJ murhq;fq;fshy;
my;yJ gFjpastpy; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; my;yJ xU gFjp
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepy murhq;fq;fshy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
xU muR epWtdj;jpd; Jiz epWtdkhf tpsq;Fk; epWtdk;
,t;thW tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. gq;F iff;nfhs; epWtdk; kw;Wk; Jiz epWtdk;. xU epWtdk;
kw;nwhU epWtdj;jpd; Nkyhz;ikia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; epWtdk;
‘gq;F iff;nfhs; epWtdk;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ> NkYk;>
,e;j fl;Lg;ghL gpuNahfg; gLk; NghJ ‘Jiz epWtdk;’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

1. epWtdk; tiuaW.
2. xU epWtdk; rl;l uPjpahd nraw;fupa egu; vt;thW?
3.
nghJ epWtd mikg;gjw;F Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r
cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
11.3 jftywpf;if kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jy; Njitfs;

,izg;gpw;fhd rhd;wpjo; ngwg;gl;l gpd;du;> epWtdj;jpw;F
Njitahd %yjdj;ij cau;j;j Kbahtpl;lhy;> nghJ epWtdj;jpd;
tpsk;gujhuu;fSk; ,af;Feu;fSk;> nghJkf;fis mjd; gq;Ffs; my;yJ
fldPl;Lf;F gjpT nra;a miof;fpd;wdu;. ,J ‘jftywpf;if’ vd;w
Mtzj;ij ntspapLtjd; %yk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. xU jftywpf;ifapd;
Nehf;fk; epWtdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; Mu;tj;ij
J}z;LtJ> mjd; gq;Ffs; my;yJ fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fspd; kPJ KjyPL
nra;a mtu;fisj; J}z;LtJ MFk;. tUq;fhy KjyPl;lhsu;fs;
jtwhf topelj;jg;glhjpUf;fTk;> mtu;fspd; ghJfhg;ig Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;L> xU jftywpf;ifapy; cs;s tbtk; kw;Wk; cs;slf;fk;
njhlu;ghd Vuhskhd rl;l tpjpKiwfs; cs;sd. xU epWtdj;jpw;F

vjpu;fhyj;jpy; $Ljy; epjp Njitg;gl;lhy;> xU jftywpf;if gpe;ija epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
epiyapy; toq;fg;gLk;.
jftywpf;ifapd; tiuaiw
,e;j thu;j;ijfspy; ‘jftywpf;if’ vd;w nrhy;iy epWtdq;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;
rl;lk; tiuaWf;fpwJ: ‘xU jftywpe;jJk;> xU jftywptpg;ghf
tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;s my;yJ ntspaplg;gl;l ve;j xU MtzKk;> nghJ
kf;fsplkpUe;J itg;Gj; njhif> Rw;wwpf;if> tpsk;guk; my;yJ
gpw Mtzj;ij my;yJ nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J my;yJ rYiffis
miog;gJ nghJ kf;fs; xU epWtdj;jpy; re;jh my;yJ fldPl;Lg;
gj;jpuq;fs; my;yJ gq;Ffis thq;Fjy;. vdNt ‘jftywpf;if’
vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;> nghJ kf;fsplkpUe;J itg;Gfis my;yJ nghJ
kf;fSf;F re;jhtpw;fhd epWtdj;jpd; gq;Ffs; my;yJ fldPl;Lg;
gj;jpuq;fs; Mfpatw;iw toq;Fk; Mtzj;ij cs;slf;fpUf;fpwJ.
tpw;gidf;fhd rYiff;F fUjg;gLk; jftywpf;if

xU epWtdj;jpd; gq;F %yjdk; KOtijAk;> xU ‘ntspaPl;L tPL’
vd;W mwpag;gLk; xU ,ilj;jufu; vd;W xJf;fg;gl;lhYk; $l> Gjpa
ntspaPl;il ifahSk; xU epWtdk; mJ xU tpsk;guk; %yk; nghJ
kf;fSf;F gq;Ffis toq;FfpwJ. nghJ kf;fSf;F tpw;gid nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;W xU Mtzk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ> mJ fhl;lg;gLk; nghUs;
%yk; xU jftywpf;if fUjg;gLfpwJ:
(i)
,e;j rYif> ntspaPl;L tPl;Lf;F xJf;fPL nra;a my;yJ
xg;ge;jk; nra;j MW khjq;fSf;Fs; nra;ag;gl;lJ; my;yJ
(ii) nghJ kf;fSf;F toq;Fk; Njjpapy;> gq;Ffis nghWj;j kl;by;
KO guprPyidiaAk; epWtdk; ngwtpy;iy.
epWtdk;> mjd; ,af;Feu;fs; kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;Gdu; nghWg;ghdJ>
xU epWtdk; Neubahf jftywpf;ifia ntspapLk; gl;rj;jpy;> xU
ntsPl;L tPl;by; nghJ kf;fSf;F tpw;gid nra;Ak; NghJ ,Nj
epiyapy; ePbf;fpwJ.
‘nghJ kf;fSf;F rYif’ vd;w nrhw;nwhlupd; nghUs;: ‘nghJkf;fSf;F
rYif’ vd;gJ> xU Mtzk; xU jftswptpj;jjh ,y;iyah vd;gij
epu;zapf;Fk; Nkw;fz;l tiuaiwapd; Kf;fpakhd epiyahFk;.
vj;jid Ngu; ‘nghJkf;fs;’ vd;gij Jy;ypakhf $WtJ fbdk;.
,uz;L Kjy; Kbtpyp tiu cs;s ve;j vz;zpdhYk;> xU Ntis
$l> nghJkf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLkhW Nrit nra;ayhk;. epWtdq;fspd;
rl;lk;> ,e;j epiyg;ghl;ilAk;> ‘nghJ’ kf;fspd; ve;jg; gpupitAk;
cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ vd;gij njspTgLj;JfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
gq;Ffis thq;f Ml;fis miof;Fk; xU Mtzk;> midj;J
Mrpupau;fSf;Fk;> midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l gq;F
jufu; my;yJ midj;J thbf;ifahsu;fSf;Fk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l
epWtdj;jpd; midj;J gq;Fjhuu;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ vd;why;>
mJ ,d;Dk; ‘nghJ’ kw;Wk; xU jftywpf;ifahf ntspaplg;gLfpwJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 259

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l nghJ kf;fspd; xNu gpuptpy; xNu xU egiu
kl;LNk nfhz;bUe;jhy;> mtu; jdpahfNt nghJkf;fs; Mtu;. vdpDk;>
,e;j gpupT tpisTfis tiuaWj;Jtjd; %yk; ,e;j rl;lj;jpd;
tpisTfis tiuaWf;fpwJ: (a) mJ toq;fg;gl;l eguhy; kl;LNk
Fwpg;Gfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;> ,e;j tha;g;ig nghJkf;fSf;F toq;f
KbahJ; my;yJ (b) ,af;Feu;fspd; rpy ez;gu;fSf;F ,e;j tha;g;ig
toq;fpapUe;jhy; my;yJ tha;g;ig cUthf;Fk; kw;Wk; ngWk; egu;fspd;
cs;ehl;L mf;fiwahf ,Ue;jhy;> ,e;j tha;g;ig nghJ kf;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
‘re;jh my;yJ thq;fy;’ vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs;. re;jh vd;w
nrhy;Yf;F gzj;jpw;fhd gq;Ffis vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ vd;gjhFk;.
vdNt> ,e;j epWtdq;fspy; jq;fs; gq;FfSf;F <lhf jw;NghJs;s
,U epWtdq;fspd; gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F Gjpa gq;Ffis toq;Fk;
epWtdj;jpy; xd;W> tiuaiwf;Fs; (muR gq;F KjyPl;L $l;LwT
ypkpnll; vs fpwp];Nlhgu;) re;jh nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy. vdNt> ,e;j
rYifia toq;Fk; Mtzk; rl;lj;jpy; cs;s nrhy;ypd; nghUSf;Fs;
xU jftywpf;if vd;W miof;fKbahJ.
jftywpf;ifia toq;Fjy;
jftywpf;if njhlu;ghd rl;l Njitfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(1) SEBI (,e;jpahtpd; gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; guptu;j;jid thupak;)
toq;fpa ‘ntspaPLfs; kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsu; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd
topfhl;L newpfs;’> mt;tg;NghJ jpUj;jg;gl;lthwhf>
nghJkf;fsplk; %yjd tptfhuq;fs; njhlu;ghf> nghJ kf;fSf;F
gq;Ffs; my;yJ fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l
tptfhuj;jpw;fhf ,zq;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> mjw;fhd
mwpf;if jftywpf;ifapy; njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(2) midj;J ,af;Feu;fSk; Kiwahf Njjpapl;L ifnahg;gkplg;gl;l
jftywpf;ifapd; efy; gjpthsuplk; gjpT nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gjpTf;fhd efy; ,jDld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;:
(i) mtuJ mwpf;if jftywpf;ifapy; ntspaplg;gl;lhy;
epGzu; vOj;Jyfpy; cs;s xg;Gjy;. epWtdj;jpd;
cUthf;fk; my;yJ Nkyhz;ikf;F epGzu; njhlu;G
,y;yhj epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;;
(ii) xt;nthU %yg;nghUs; xg;ge;jj;jpd; efy; kw;Wk; epu;thf
Copau;fspd; gzp epakdk; kw;Wk; Cjpak; njhlu;ghd
xt;nthU xg;ge;jj;jpd; efy;;
(iii) ,yhgk; kw;Wk; el;lq;fs;> nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs;
my;yJ ,yhg tpfpjq;fs; njhlu;ghd jkJ mwpf;iffspy;
jzpf;ifahsu;fs; my;yJ fzf;fha;thsu;fs; nra;j
mwpf;iffs; VNjDk; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw rupf;fl;Ljy;
njhlu;ghd vOj;J %ykhd mwpf;if;

(iv) me;j jpwdpy; nray;gl epWtdj;jpd; jzpf;ifahsu;fs;> epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
rl;l MNyhrfu;> tq;fpahsu; kw;Wk; jufu; Nghd;w

epWtdq;fspd; xg;Gjiyg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
(3) ,e;j jftywpf;if> mjd; efy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l ehspypUe;J
90 ehl;fSf;Fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j fhyj;jpw;Fs; mJ Fwpg;Gfs;
toq;fhtpl;lhy;> mJ xU jftywptpg;ghff; fUjg;gLk;> ,J
gjpthsuplk; toq;fg;gl;ljy;y. fhy tuk;ig jpzpg;gjw;fhd fhuzk;>
jftywpf;ifapy; cs;s gpur;rpid ePzl ; fhyk; jhkjkhdhy;>
epiyikfs; khw;wg;glyhk; kw;Wk; jftywpf;ifapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sit
,dpAk; nry;YgbahfhJ. epWtdKk; kw;Wk; xt;nthU egUk; xU
jftywptpg;Gg; gpur;rpid ,y;yhj xU jug;gpdUf;F njupe;Njh> 50>000
(gpupT 60) tiu mguhjk; tpjpf;fg;gLk;.

jftywpf;if vd;gJ xNu xU rhsukhFk;> ,jd;%yk; epWtdj;jpd;
KjyPl;lhsupd; cWjpahd jpwid (epA+ g;ud;];tpf;> Kjypad $l;LwT
Vs Kf;Nfupl;[;) KjyPl;lhsuhf ghu;f;f KbAk;. vdNt epWtdq;fs;
rl;lk; midj;J %yg;nghUs; kw;Wk; mj;jpahtrpa jfty;fis
KOikahf ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F xU jftywpf;ifapy; cs;sJ. xU
epWtdj;jpd; rhu;gpy; ntspaplg;gLk; xt;nthU jfty;mwpf;ifAk;>
me;j tptfhuq;fis muR ntspapl;L> epWtd rl;lj;jpd; Kbtpy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l ‘ml;ltiz 2’ ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s mwpf;iffis
mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ,r;rl;lk; njuptpf;fpwJ.
muR epWtd rl;lk;> 1956 y; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jftywpf;ifapd;
tbtikg;ig jpUj;jpaikj;Js;sJ. 1991 etk;gu; 1 Kjy;
jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;l tbtikg;G rpwg;ghf nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. epWtdk;>
mjd; epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis mjpfkhf ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F
,J toptif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ> ,e;j epWtdk; Nkw;nfhs;s
cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s jpl;lk; kw;Wk; ,lu; fhuzpfis Nkyhz;ik
nra;tJ> nghJ gpur;rid %yk; toq;fg;gLk; gq;Ffs; my;yJ
fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fspd; KjyPL njhlu;ghf xU mwpe;jspf;fg;gl;l
Kbit KjyPl;lhsu;fs; Nkw;nfhs;s VJthf ,Uf;Fk;.
Fwpg;gpl Ntz;ba tp\aq;fs;: RUf;fkhf> xU jftywpf;ifapy;
Fiwe;jJ gpd;tUk; tptukhtJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;:
1. epWtdj;jpd; ngau; kw;Wk; Kftup gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfk;.
2. epWtdj;jpd; ngau; kw;Wk; Kftup Kjypad> epWtdj;jpd;
Cf;Ftpg;Gdu; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; gpd;dzp.
3. epWtdj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs;> mjd; tuyhW kw;Wk;
jw;Nghija tzpfk;.
4. Nkyhsu;> epu;thf ,af;Feu; kw;Wk; gpw ,af;Feu;fspd; ngau;>
Kftupfs; kw;Wk; Mf;fpukpg;G (kw;w epWtdq;fspy; jq;fs;
,af;ffq;fs; nfhLj;J).
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 261

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 5. jw;Nghija tptfhuj;jpd; msT> Kd;Dupikf;F xJf;fg;gl;l
njhif kw;Wk; ,ju gpuptpdUf;F jdpj;jdpahf xJf;fPL nra;jy;.
6. re;jh gl;baiy jpwe;J %Lk; Njjp kw;Wk; ,t;ntspaPl;il
tpiutpy; epiwT nra;Ak; Njjp.
Fwpg;Gfs;
7.
,e;j ntspaPl;by; fk;ngdp nrayhsu;> rl;l MNyhrfu;>
jzpf;ifahsu;fs;> jiyik Nkyhsu;fs;> tq;fpahsu;fs; kw;Wk;
jufu;fs; MfpNahupd; ngau;fSk; KftupfSk;.
8. fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuj;jpd; fPo; mwq;fhtyu; ngau; kw;Wk; Kftup
(fldPl;Lg; ntspaPl;by;).
9. ,af;Feu;fs;> jzpf;ifahsu;fs;> cgajhuu;fs;> Nkyhsu;fs;>
epWtdj;jpw;F tq;fpahsu;fs;> kw;Wk; ,e;j tptfhuk; kw;Wk;
ty;Ydu;fSf;F xg;Gjy;.
10. epu;thf ,af;Feu;> Nkyhsiu epakpg;gJ> mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk;
Cjpak;> mtu;fSf;F ,og;gPL> my;yJ mtu;fSf;F nrYj;j
Ntz;ba ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif Mfpait njhlu;ghd jpl;lq;fs;
my;yJ VNjDk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;.
11. tpz;zg;gg; gbtq;fs;> jftywpjy; kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdT Kiw
gw;wpa tpguq;fSld; Nru;j;J xt;nthU gq;ifAk; tpz;zg;gj;jpy;
nrYj;jNtz;ba njhif kw;Wk; xJf;fPL.
12. itg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpy; gj;jpuq;fs; gjpT nra;a tpUg;gj;jpd;
tptuq;fs;.
13. xJf;fPL kw;Wk; rhd;wpjo;fs; toq;Fk; Kiw kw;Wk; fhy
ml;ltiz
14. gy tifahd gq;FfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;l cupikfs;> rYiffs;
kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfs;.
15. Fiwe;jgl;r re;jh tpjp gpd;tUk; $w;Wfs; Njhd;w Ntz;Lk;:
(a) vOjg;glhj nghJ gpur;rpidfSf;fhf: toq;fg;gl;l njhi-
fapy; Fiwe;jgl;r re;jh 90%-I epWtdk; ngwtpy;iynad;why;>
my;yJ re;jh kl;lk; 90%-f;F fPNo tpOe;jhy;> fhNrhiyfspd;
fzf;fpd;gb gzk; nrYj;jg;glhj my;yJ tpz;zg;gq;fis
jpUk;gg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljhy;> epWtdk; ngw;w re;jh njhif
KOtijAk; jpUk;gg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. me;j njhifia
nrYj;j epWtdk; flikg;gl;l gpwF 8 ehl;fSf;F Nky;
fhyjhkjk; Vw;gl;lhy;> me;j epWtdj;jpd; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lgb> Mz;Lf;F 15% vd;w tPjj;jpy; jhkjkhd
fhyj;jpw;F tl;b nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(b) vOj;Jg;G+u;t nghJg; gpur;rpidfSf;fhf: epWtdj;jpd;
Fiwe;jgl;r re;jh 90%> ,e;j gpur;ridia %Ltjw;fhd
NjjpapypUe;J 60 ehl;fSf;Fs; Fiwe;j vOj;jhsu;fis
<LgLj;JtJ cs;gl nghJ kf;fSf;F toq;fhtpl;lhy;>
me;j epWtdk; rhe;j njhif KOtijAk; jpUk;gg; ngw

Ntz;Lk;. me;j njhifia nrYj;j epWtdk; flikg;gl;l epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
gpwF 8 ehl;fSf;F Nky; fhyjhkjk; Vw;gl;lhy;> rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lgb> me;j epWtdj;jpw;F 15% vd;w
tPjj;jpy; jhkjkhd fhyj;jpw;F tl;b nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
16. jw;Nghija gq;F gl;baYf;F tpz;zg;gk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfs;
gpuhe;jpa gq;Fr; re;ij kw;Wk; gpw gq;F guptu;j;jidfspd;
ngau;fs;.
17. vOj;jhsu;fspd; ngau; kw;Wk; Kftupfs;> vOj;Jg;G+u;t njhif>
Fiwe;j vOj;Jf; FO kw;Wk; ,af;Feu;fs; FOtpd; mwptpg;G>
Fiwe;j vOj;jhsu;fSf;F me;je;j flg;ghLfis ntspNaw;w
NghJkhd Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd.
18. ,e;j jpl;lk; gw;wpa %yg;nghUs; tptuq;fs;> mjd; ,Ug;gplk;>
nrb kw;Wk; ,ae;jpuq;fs;> njhopy;El;gk;> nray;Kiw Nghd;wit
xj;Jiog;ghsu;fs; kw;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;Jjypy; VNjDk;
nray;jpwd; cj;juthjk; my;yJ cjtp> %yg; nghUl;fSf;fhd
cs;fl;likg;G trjpfs; kw;Wk; FbePu;> kpd;rhuk; Nghd;w
gad;ghLfs;> ,j;jpl;lj;ij nray;gLj;Jk; fhy ml;ltiz
kw;Wk; ,Jtiu cs;s Kd;Ndw;wj;ij nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
19. cw;gj;jpapd; jd;ik - Efu;Nthu; my;yJ njhopy; El;gk;>
tpw;gid kw;Wk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l tpw;gid kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp
rhj;jpaf;$Wfs; kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp flikfis mZFjy;
Mfpatw;wpw;F mZFjy;.
20. vjpu;fhy tha;g;Gfs; — cw;gj;jp njhlq;fpa NjjpapypUe;J
Kjy; %d;W Mz;Lfspy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; jpwd; gad;ghL kw;Wk;
vjpu;ghu;j;j Mz;L> epWtd gz ,yhgk; kw;Wk; epfu ,yhgk;
rk;ghjpf;f ,aYk;.
21. gq;Fr; re;ij Nkw;Nfhs;fs; — fle;j MW khjq;fspy; (vq;F
nghUe;JJ)> xt;nthU %d;W Mz;Lfspy; kw;Wk; khjhe;jpu
cau;/Fiwe;j gq;F guptu;j;jid tpiy.
22. fle;j %d;whz;Lfspy;> epWtdk; kw;Wk; gpw gl;bayplg;gl;l
epWtdq;fshy;> ,Nj Nkyhz;ikapd; fPo; nra;ag;gl;l nghJg;
gpur;rpidfspd; tptuk;.
23. epYitapy; cs;s tof;Ffs; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; tof;F tptuq;fs;.
24. mNj jdpahu; epWtdq;fshy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk; epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; gpw epWtdq;fNshL ,ize;J> rl;lKiwf; fl;lzq;fs;
kw;Wk; fld; gj;jpuq;fs;> epiyahd itg;Gj;njhif Nghd;w
rhjdq;fisg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy; cs;s ,ay;Gepiy gw;wpa tptu
gupkhw;wq;fs;.
25.
Nkyhz;ik ,lu; fhuzpfs; gw;wpa czu;jy;> md;dpa
nryhtzp tpfpj Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> %yg; nghUl;fs;
fpilg;gjpy; rpukk; my;yJ nghUl;fis re;ijg;gLj;Jjy;>
nryT/Neuk; Kjypad.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 263

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 26. cj;Njr fldPl;L Mtzk;/tpUg;g gq;Ffs; tptfhuj;jpw;fhd
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l kjpg;gPl;L Kfhk; (,e;jpa murpd; fld; kjpg;gPL
kw;Wk; jfty; Nritfs;) %yk; ngwg;gl;l fld; kjpg;gPl;il
ntspg;gLj;Jjy;. epWtdk; ve;j jukjpg;gply;fs; ngwtpy;iy
Fwpg;Gfs; vd;why;> jfty; mwpf;if ve;j jukjpg;gply;fs; ngwg;gltpy;iy.
27. ,t;tptfhuj;jpw;fhd nrytpdq;fs;> fhg;gPl;lhsu;fspd; nghWg;G
kw;Wk; mwq;fhtyu;fs; MfpNahUf;F> MNyhrfu;fs;> gjpthsu;fs;
kw;Wk; Nkyhsu;fSf;F jdpj;jdpahf fl;lzk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
28 epWtdj;jpdhy; ifafg;gLj;jg;gLk; ve;j xU nrhj;Jk;> mjd;
tpiyAk;> tpw;gidahsu;fspd; ngau;fs;> Kftupfs;> nfhs;Kjy;
tpiy kw;Wk; gzk; nrYj;Jk; Kiw Mfpatw;wpd; %yk;
fpilf;Fk; njhif Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; toq;fg;gLk;.
29. epWtdj;jpd; mjpfhupnahUtu; my;yJ mYtyuhy; my;yJ
mjw;F Ke;ija ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;Fs; toq;fg;gl;l my;yJ
nfhLf;fg;gl;l Mjhaj;jpd; msT kw;Wk; mjd; guprPyid.
30. ve;jnthU ,af;FeUk; my;yJ Cf;Ftpf;f Mu;tKs;stUk;>
Ke;ija ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;Fs; ifafg;gLj;jpa nrhj;J
gw;wpa tptuq;fs;.
31. fle;j Ie;jhz;Lfshf tzpfk; kw;Wk; el;lk; kw;Wk; ,Ug;G
epiyf; Fwpg;G Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; tu;j;jfk; Nkw;nfhz;l ePsk;
gw;wpa tpguq;fs;.
32. fle;j Ie;jhz;Lfspy; ,e;epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fs; kWkjpg;gPL
nra;ag;gl;l tptuk;.
33. epWtdk; kw;Wk; mjd; gq;Fjhuu;fspd; rpwg;G tupr; rYiffs;.
34. jzpf;ifahsu;fspd; mwpf;if mbg;gilapy;> midj;J ,Ug;Gepiyf;
Fwpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; ,yhg el;lf; fzf;Ffspd; efy;fis> xU epa-
hakhd Neuj;jpYk;> ,lj;ijAk; Ma;T nra;ayhk;.
35. epWtdq;fs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; murhy; ntspaplg;gl;l topfhl;L
newpKiwfs; my;yJ ,e;jpa murpd; gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; guptu;jj
; id
thupak; toq;fpa topfhl;L newpKiwfs; Mfpait midj;Jk;
nghUe;jf; $ba tifapy;> jftywpf;ifapy; njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
tpjpKiwfs; vJTk; ,y;iy vd;gjd; cjtpf;fhd rl;lk; my;yJ
tpjpfs; my;yJ topfhl;Ljy;fspd; tpjpfSf;F Kuzhjy;.
mikf;fg;gl Ntz;ba jfty;fs; cupa re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> gpd;tUk;
mwpf;iffs; jftywpf;ifapy; cs;sd:
1. epWkj;jpd; ,yhg el;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs;>
epWtdj;jpd; Jiz epWtdq;fs; Mfpait fle;j Ie;J Mz;Lfshf
VNjDk; ,Ug;gpd;> epWtdj;jpd; jzpf;ifahsu;fspd; mwpf;if.
2. fle;j 5 Mz;Lfshf xt;nthU gpuptpd; gq;Ffs; njhlu;ghf
epWtdj;jhy; nrYj;jg;gLk; <Tj;njhiffspd; tpfpjq;fspd;gb
epWtdj;jpd; jzpf;ifahsu;fspd; mwpf;if.

3. epWtdk; ve;j xU tzpfj;ijAk; ifafg;gLj;j cj;Njrpj;jpUe;jhy;> epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
xU gl;laf; fzf;fhsupd; mwpf;if> ,e;j jftywpf;ifapy;> Ke;ija

Ie;jhz;LfSf;F> tzpfj;jpd; ,yhg el;lq;fs;> nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;
nghWg;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ ntspg;gLj;jg;gl mwpf;if.
4. ,e;j epWtdj;jpd; tUkhdk;> me;j epWtdk; gw;wp NtW Fwpg;Gfs;
epWtdj;jpy; gq;Ffis nfhs;Kjy; nra;tjpy; rpf;fy; Vw;gl;lhy;>
me;j epWtdj;jpd; rhu;gpy; xU gl;laf; fzf;fhsupd; ,Nj
Nghd;w mwpf;if.
epWtdr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> gpd;tUk; tpjpKiw xt;nthU jfty;
mwpf;iffspYk;> epWtdk; ntspapl;l gq;FfSf;F xt;nthU tpz;zg;gg;
gbtj;jpYk; fl;lhak; mr;rplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W njuptpf;fpwJ: xU
fw;gidahd ngaupy; xU epWtdj;jpy; gq;F ngw xU epWtdj;jpw;F
tpz;zg;gk; nra;Ak; ve;j egUk;> my;yJ NtW ve;j egUf;Fk; mjpy;
cs;s gq;Ffis VNjDk; gupkhw;wk; nra;a my;yJ gjpT nra;a xU
epWtdj;ij J}z;Lfpwhu; vd;wy; Ie;J Mz;Lfs; tiu rpiwj;jz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gLk;.
jftywpf;ifAld; ,izf;fg;gl;l tpz;zg;gg; gbtq;fs;

,r;rl;lj;jpd; NjitfSf;F Vw;g> xU epWtdj;jpd; gq;Ffs; my;yJ
fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fspd; gad;ghl;ilg; ngw ,e;j tpz;zg;gg;gbtk;
toq;fg;gl KbahJ vd;W ,r;rl;lk; $WfpwJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j KO
jftywpf;if re;jh gl;bay; %lg;gLk; Kd; ,e;j eguhy; nra;ag;gLk;
Nfhupf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,izf;fg;gl cs;sJ. ve;j xU egUk;
,e;j tpjpKiw kPwg;gl;lhy;> mtu; 50>000 tiu mguhjk; tpjpf;fg;gLtu;.

4. jftywpf;ifapd; Nehf;fk; vd;d?
5. xU jftywpf;ifapy; midj;J %yg;nghUs; kw;Wk; mj;jpahtrpa
tptuq;fis KOikahf ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F epWtd rl;lk;
Vd; cj;Njrpj;jJ?
11.4 Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; epu;thfk;: ,af;Feu; epakdk;>

mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; flikfs;.
epWtd rl;lj;jpd;gb> ,af;Feu;fspd; epu;thff; FO xU epWtdj;jpd;
epu;thfj;jpw;F fl;lhak; Njit. kw;w epu;thfj; Jiw mjpfhupfs;—
epu;thf ,af;Feu; (fs;) my;yJ Nkyhsu;—vd;gJ kl;LNk
tpUg;gj;jpw;FupaJ> kw;wgb epWtdk; my;yJ ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;.
epWtdq;fs; ,af;Feu;fs; FO %ykhfNth my;yJ ,af;Feu;fspd;
epu;thff; FOtpdhNyh Nkyhz;ik ,af;Feu; (fs;) my;yJ Nkyhsu;
cjtpAld; epu;tfpf;fyhk;. ,e;j ,uz;L tifahd Nkyhz;ikfisr;
nra;a epWtdq;fs; gpe;ija Nkyhz;ikia tpUk;Gfpd;wd.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 265

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 ,af;Feu; vd;w gjj;ij Jy;ypakhf tiuaWf;Fk; rl;lk;
,y;iy vd;gJ tpag;Gf;FupaJ. ve;j ngaupy; ngau; itj;jhy;
,af;Feupd; epiyia Mf;fpukpj;jhYk; ,af;Feiu epWtdq;fs;
rl;lk; tiuaWf;fpwJ. ,J jpUg;jpahd tiuaiw my;y. mtiu ehk;
Fwpg;Gfs; tiuaWf;f KbAk;. ‘xU epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;if my;yJ epu;thfj;ij
epu;tfpg;gjpy; my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F nghWg;ghd xU ,af;Fdu; me;j
egfspy; xUtuhf ,Uf;fpwhu;.’ ,af;Fdu;fs; $l;lhf ‘,af;Fdu;fs;
thupak;’ my;yJ ‘FOkk;’ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,e;epWtdj;jpd;
cau; epu;thf cWg;ghf ,af;Feu;fs; FO cs;sJ. epWtdk; vd;gJ
cly; vd;why;> mjd; gpwF ,af;Feu;fs; epWtdj;jpd; %isahf
,Ue;J> epWtdj;jpd; %yk; kl;LNk mtu;fs; %ykhf kl;LNk nray;gl
KbAk;. ,e;j rl;lk; xU epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feu;fspd; tzpfj;ij
epu;tfpg;gij ntspg;gilahf fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. gq;Fjhuu;fspd; gzp
fpl;lj;jl;l ,af;Fdu;fis Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; Kbe;J tpl;lJ. thupaj;jpd;
nfhs;ifapd; kpf Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fs; kl;LNk> Fwpg;gpl;l fhy
nghJf;$l;lq;fspy; KbT vLf;f gq;Fjhuu;fis gupe;Jiuf;fyhk;.
cz;ikapy;> ‘FOkk;’ vd;gJ xU epWtdj;jpd; cr;r nfhs;if kw;Wk;
KbntLj;jy; cWg;G MFk;.
,af;Feu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
xt;nthU nghJj;Jiw epWtdj;jpw;Fk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; %d;W
,af;Feu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> xt;nthU jdpahu; epWtdKk;
Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L ,af;Feu;fisahtJ nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j rl;lk; ve;j mjpfgl;r vz;zpf;ifiar; rupnra;atpy;iy. ,e;j
rl;lG+u;t Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,af;Feu;fSf;F cl;gl;L>
xUepWtdj;jpd; jpl;lq;fs; mjd; thupaj;jpw;F mjpfgl;rk; kw;Wk;
Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,af;Feu;fis gupe;Jiuf;fyhk;. jpl;lq;fs;
epu;zapj;j tuk;Gf;Fs;> epWtdk; nghJf; $l;lj;jpy; xU rhjhuz
jPu;khdj;jpd; %yk; mjd; ,af;Feu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia Fiwf;fyhk;
my;yJ mjpfg;gLj;jyhk;.
xU nghJ epWtdj;jpd; nraypy;> fl;LiufSf;F epu;zapf;fg;gl;l
mjpfgl;r tuk;ig jhz;ba ve;j cau;Tk; kj;jpa murhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,af;Feu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkpUe;jijj; jtpu nkhj;j
,af;Feu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifj; njhif gd;dpuz;L (gpupT 259) tiu
,Ug;gjpy;iy.
,af;Feu;fspd; jFjpfs;
epWtdq;fspd; rl;lk;> xU ,af;FeUf;F ve;j xU fy;tp my;yJ
gq;Fitg;G jFjpfSk; ,y;iy vd;W $WfpwJ. xU ,af;Fdu;
epWtdj;jpd; gq;Fjhuuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gutyhd jtwhd
fUj;jhFk;. Mdhy; mg;gb ,y;iy. jpl;lq;fs; ,y;iynadpy;> xU
,af;Feu; epWtdj;jpd; gq;Fjhuuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy. MapDk;>
epjp njhlu;ghd tpNtfj;jpy;> ,af;Feu;fSf;F epWtdj;jpy; XusT
gq;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why;> me;jf; jpl;lq;fs; xU ,af;FeUf;F

Fwpg;gpl;l rpy jFjpg; gq;Ffis toq;Ffpd;wd. epWtdr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
mt;thW toq;fg;gLk; jpl;lq;fs;> Vw;fdNt me;j njhifapy;

gq;Ffis itj;Jf; nfhs;shjtiu> mtu;fs; epakdj;jpw;Fg; gpwF
,uz;L khjq;fSf;Fs;> ,af;Feu;fs; jq;fs; jFjpg; gq;Ffis ngw
Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
,af;Feu;fspd; jFjpapd;ikfs;
epWtdq;fs; rl;lk; xU egu; xU epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Fduhf epakpf;f
KbahJ vd;W $WfpwJ> vd;why;:
(i) mtu; vz;zkpy;yhj kdepiyapy; ,Ug;gjhff; fUjg;gLtu;;
(ii) mtu; xU kWf;fKbahj nehbg;Gf;fw;wtu;.
(iii) mtu; jPu;g;gspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpz;zg;gpj;Js;shu;.
(iv)
ePjpkd;wk; %yk; jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;L> xOf;ff; fyfg;
gw;wpa Fw;wj;Jf;fhf Fiwe;jJ MW khj rpiwj;jz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gl;lNjhL> Ie;J Mz;Lfs; jz;lid fhyhtjpahFk;
NjjpapypUe;J mwr;rPw;wk; nra;atpy;iy;
(v)
jdJ gq;Ffspy; ve;j miog;GfisAk; MW khjq;fshf
nrYj;jj; jtwpAs;shu;; kw;Wk;
(vi) rl;lj;jpd; fPo; epWtd Cf;Ftpg;G my;yJ epu;thfj;jpy; Nkhrbahd
eltbf;iffSf;fhf ePjpkd;wj;jhy; mtu; jFjpaw;wtu;.
(vii) mtu; Vw;fdNt xU nghJ epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feuhf ,Uf;fpwhu;>
,J:
(a) 1999 Vg;uy; 1Mk; Njjp my;yJ mjw;F gpwF njhlu;e;J
tUk; %d;W epjpahz;LfSf;F tUlhe;jpu fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk;
tUlhe;jpu jpUg;gq;fisAk; jhf;fy; nra;atpy;iy. my;yJ
(b) jdJ itg;Gj;njhif my;yJ tl;bia cupa Njjpapy;
jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jj; jtwptpl;lhu; my;yJ mjd; fldPl;Lg;
gj;jpuq;fs; nfL NjjpapNyh my;yJ <Tj;njhifahf <L
nra;aNth jtwpajhy;> mj;jifa nraypog;G Xuhz;L
my;yJ mjw;Fk; Nkyhf njhlu;fpwJ; mj;jifa ve;j
,af;FeUk;> epWtdj;jpd; ,ay;Gepiy cWjpnra;j
NjjpapypUe;J Ie;jhz;LfSf;F xU nghJ epWkj;jpd;
,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;gl jFjpAilatuy;y. vdpDk;> nghJ
epjp epWtdq;fs;> kj;jpa my;yJ khepy muR kw;Wk; tq;fp
epWtdq;fspdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l epakd ,af;Fdu;fs; ,e;j
jFjpapypUe;J tpyf;fspg;gNjhL (NkNy cs; cl;gpupT vii
,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.). NkYk;> ,e;j jFjpapd;ik xU
muR epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feu;fSf;F nghUe;jhJ vd;W kj;jpa
muR mwptpj;Js;sJ.
Jiz cl;gpupTfspy; (iv) kw;Wk; (v) Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jFjpfs;
kj;jpa muR mjpfhug;G+u;t murpjopy; mwptpg;G %yk; js;Sgb
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 267

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 nra;ag;glyhk;. xU ,af;Feuhfg; gjtp epakdj;jpw;fhd jdJ
jpl;lq;fspy; NtW VNjDk; $Ljy; jFjpapd;ikfis Nru;f;f ,e;j
gpupT NkYk; xU jdpahu; epWtdj;ij mq;fPfupf;fpwJ. cl;Fwpg;ghf> xU
nghJ epWtdk;> xU ,af;Fduhf epakdj;jpw;fhf> mjd; jpl;lq;fspy;
Fwpg;Gfs; $Ljy; jFjpapd;ikfis gupe;Jiuf;f KbahJ vd;gijNa ,J
Fwpf;fpwJ.

rl;lg;G+u;tkhf> ve;j epWtdk; my;yJ mikg;G my;yJ epWtdNkh
,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;gl KbahJ> jdpegu;fs; kl;LNk epakpf;fg;glyhk;>
,e;j rl;lk; 266B gpuptpd; fPo; xU ,af;Feupd; milahs vz;
mtUf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
jFjpaw;wtu;fs; kw;Wk; Fiwe;jgl;r jFjpg; gq;Ffis itj;jpUf;Fk;
ve;j xU jdpegUk; xU epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;glyhk;.
Kjy; ,af;Feu;fs;. xU epWtdj;jpd; Kjy; ,af;Feu;fs;> me;j
kD kPJ re;jhjhuu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;L> mtu;fspd; ngau;> jpl;lq;fspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;thW nra;atpy;iy vd;why;> mtw;iw
epakpf;Fk; Kiwia> jpl;lq;fs; gupe;Jiuf;fyhk;. me;j jpl;lq;fs;>
Kjy; ,af;Feu;fspd; ngau;fis my;yJ mtw;iw epakpf;Fk; ve;j
xU xJf;fPl;Lkpy;iy vd;why;> me;j kDtpy; cs;s re;jhjhuu;fs;>
jdpegu;fshf ,Ug;gtu;fs; Kjy; ,af;Feu;fs; vd;W fUjg;gLthu;fs;.
mj;jifa ,af;Fdu;fs;> epWtdj;jpd; Kjy; tUlhe;jpu
nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; Xa;T ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,af;Fdu;fs;> rl;lj;jpd;
Vw;ghLfSf;Nfw;g epakpf;fg;gLtu;.
mLj;jLj;j ,af;Fdu;fs;. mLj;jLj;j ,af;Feu;fspd; epakdk;
njhlu;ghf> xt;nthU tUlhe;jpu nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; midj;J
,af;Feu;fisAk; Xa;Tngwr; nra;tjw;F jpl;lq;fs; toq;fhjtiu>
nkhj;j vz;zpy; Fiwe;jJ %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F (VNjDk; xU
gpd;dk; tl;lkhfr; Rw;wpNa) nghJ epWtdk; Row;rp ,af;Feu;fshf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ Row;rpahy; Xa;T ngWk; nghWg;G> nghJf;
$l;lj;jpy; gq;Fjhuu;fshy; epakpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. kPjk; cs;s
,af;Fdu;fs;> nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifapy; %d;wpy; xU gq;ifAk;> ,J
Nghd;w ve;j epWtdj;ijAk; nghWj;j tiu> xU jdpahu; epWtdj;ijr;
Nru;e;j midj;J ,af;Feu;fSk; mj;jifa Kiwapy; my;yhj Row;rp
mbg;gilapy; epakpf;fg;glyhk; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fspyd; toq;fg;gl;lgb
,t;tsT fhy mtfhrKk; toq;fyhk;. ,J njhlu;ghf jpl;lq;fspy;
ve;j tpjpKiwfSk; ,y;yhj epiyapy;> ,e;j ,af;Feu;fs; nghJf;
$l;lj;jpYk; gq;Fjhuu;fshy; epakpf;fg;gLthu;fs;.
,e;j rl;lk;> nghJ epWtdj;jpd; nkhj;j ,af;Feu;fspy; %d;wpy;
xU gq;ifAk;> xU jdpahu; epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feu;fs; midtUk;
xU nghJf; $l;lj;jpy; gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lijtpl> mjhtJ
jpl;lq;fspy; toq;fg;gLk; mj;jifa Kiwapy; xU-%d;wpnyhU gq;F
mDkjpf;fpwJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;. ,af;Feu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifg;

gb> ,af;Feu;fspd; vz;zpf;if vd;w tuk;gpw;Fs;> ,af;Feu;fs; epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; xU %d;whk; jug;gpdUf;F my;yJ gpw Fwpg;gpl;l

fld;fhuu;fSf;F my;yJ NtW VNjDk; Fwpg;gpl;l egiug; gw;wpa
jpl;lq;fs; %yk; toq;fg;glyhk;. epakdf; ,af;Fdu;fs;> tho;ehs;
KOikf;Fk;> epue;ju ,af;Feu;fshf ,Ue;jhYk;> ve;j fhy mtfhrKk; Fwpg;Gfs;
my;yhj Row;rp mbg;gilapy; epakpf;fg;glyhk;.
mLj;J tUk; xt;nthU Mz;Lg; nghJf;$l;lj;jpd; NghJk;>
%d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F ,af;Fdu;fs; Row;rp Kiwapy; Xa;T ngWfpd;wdu;.
%d;wpy; xU gFjpf;F my;yJ %d;wpy; xU gFjpf;F kpf mUfpy;
cs;s Xa;T ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk;.Mdhy; xNu
ehspy; ,af;Feuhf khwpa egu;fSf;fpilapy;> mtu;fspy; xU cld;ghL
,y;iynad;whYk;> Xa;T ngWk; egu;fs; epiwaj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLthu;fs;.
tUlhe;jug; nghJf; $l;lj;jpy; Row;rp Kiwapy; Xa;T ngw ,Uf;Fk;
,af;Feu;fs;> tUlhe;jug; nghJf; $l;lk; eilngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba
filrp ehsd;W jhdhfNt mYtyfj;ij fhyp nra;JtpLthu;fs;.
mtu;fs; jq;fs; gjtpf;fhyj;ij ePbf;f KbahJ. (B.R. Fz;luh Vs
Nkh\d; gpf;ru;]; mNrh]pNa\d;)
Xa;T ngWk; ,af;Feu;fs; kW Nju;jYf;F jFjpahdtu;fs;.
xU Gjpa egu; mjhtJ Xa;T ngw;w ,af;Feuhf ,y;yhj xUtu;
epakpf;fg;gLthu; vd;why;> $l;lj;jpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 14 ehl;fSf;F
Kd;Ng epWtdj;jpw;F xU mwptpg;G toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mwptpg;G>
,af;Feuhf epakdj;ij NfhUk; eguhy; my;yJ mtiu ,af;Feuhf
Kd;nkhoptjw;Fk; rpy mq;fj;jtu; %yk; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;W
$wpa cWg;gpdu; mj;jifa epakdj;jpd; jPu;khdj;jpd; kPJ thf;fspf;f
jFjpAilatu;. mj;jifa mwptpg;ig mDg;Gk; egUk; epWtdj;Jld;
&.500 nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;gpd;> ,e;j epWtdk;> Nghl;bapLtJ
Fwpj;J tUlhe;jpu nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ 7 ehl;fSf;F Kd;
cWg;gpdu;fSf;F njuptpg;gJ mtrpakhfpwJ. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
itg;Gj;njhif> xU ,af;Feuhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhy;> me;j egu;
me;j itg;Gj;njhifapy; jpUk;g ngwg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;> ,y;iynadpy;
mJ epWtdj;jhy; iftplg;gLk;.
,t;thW cUthf;fg;gLk; fhypaplq;fs; mNj $l;lj;jpy; epug;gg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> epWtdk; ,ijr; nra;aj; jtwpdhy;> $l;lk; xU
thuj;jpw;F xj;jpitf;fg;gLtjhf fUjg;gLk;. kWrPuikg;G $l;lj;jpy;
$l> Xa;T ngw;w ,af;Feu;fspd; ,lq;fs; epug;gg;gltpy;iy vd;why;>
Xa;T ngw;w ,af;Feu;fs; jhdhfNt kPz;Lk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltuhff;
fUjg;gLthu;fs;:
(a) fhypaplk; epug;ghky; ,Ug;gJ jPu;f;fg;gLfpwJ> my;yJ
(b)
mtuJ kPs; Nju;jYf;fhd jPu;khdk; xd;W ,of;fg;gLfpwJ>
my;yJ
(c)
njhlu;tjw;F jdJ tpUg;gj;ij mtu; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;
my;yJ
(d) mtUf;F jFjpapd;ik ,Ue;jJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 269

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 vdpDk;> ,e;jf; $l;lk; xUkdjhf kPz;Lk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; tiu>
xt;nthU ,af;FeUk; vspa ngUk;ghd;ikahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jdpj;
jPu;khdj;jpd; %yk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
kPz;Lk;> xU ,af;Feiu epakpg;gjpy; Xa;T ngw;w ,af;Feu; vd;w
Fwpg;Gfs; Kiwapy; xU ,af;Feu; epakpf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ nry;yhJ. xU
,af;Feuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpthsuplk; kD jhf;fy;
nra;ag;gLk;.
tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; %yk; epakdk;: ,r;rl;lk;>
,af;Feu;fspd; epakdj;jpw;F tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwia
gpd;gw;WtJld;> rpWghd;ik eyd;fs; ,af;Feu;fspd; FOtpy;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngw KbAk;. ,e;j gpupT xU nghJ epWtdj;jpd;
jpl;lq;fs;> tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb nkhj;j
,af;Feu;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;ifahtJ> xl;Lnkhj;j thf;fspg;gpd;
my;yJ Kiwikapd; %yk; my;yJ mikg;G Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy;
epakpj;jjw;F toq;fyhk; vd;W $WfpwJ. xU khw;wj;jf;f thf;fpd;
my;yJ NtWtifapy;. Mdhy;> ,e;j Nfhl;ghL Vw;fg;gLk; ,lq;fspy;>
xt;nthU %d;W Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw kl;LNk epakdk; nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpaf;ffj;jpd; xU gFjpia tUlhe;jpu GJg;gpj;jYf;fhd
mbg;gilapy; tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapy; gzpahw;w KbahJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> %d;W Mz;L fhyj;jpy; vOk; jw;nray; tpLg;Gg;
gzpaplq;fs; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gLk; Kiwapy; epug;gg;glyhk;.
tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapd; jFjp ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>
,Jtiu eilKiwapy; cs;s ve;j epWtdq;fSk; ,e;j Kiwia
gpd;gw;wtpy;iy.
thupaj;jpdhy; ,af;Feu;fs; epakdk;

,af;Feu;fs; FO gpd;tUk; R+o;epiyfspy; ,af;Feu;fis epakpf;fyhk;:
(1)
jpdf;$yp fhypaplq;fs;: xU ,af;Feupd; mYtyfk; rpy
fhuzq;fSf;fhf fhypahfNt ,Ue;jhy; (mjhtJ kuzk; my;yJ
uh[pdhkh Nghd;wit)> jpl;lq;fspy; VNjDk; xOq;FKiwfSf;F
cl;gl;L> mtuJ gjtpf; fhyk;> ,af;Feu;fs; FO %yk; epug;gg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> mg;gb epakpf;fg;gl;l xU ,af;Feu;> mry;
,af;Feupd; gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtilthu;.
(2)
$Ljy; ,af;Feu;fs;: mt;thW mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lhy;>
,af;Feu;fs; FO $Ljy; ,af;Feu;fis epakpf;fyhk;> me;j
jpl;lq;fspy; epu;zapf;fg;gl;l mjpfgl;r vz;Zf;F cl;gl;L>
mLj;j tUlhe;jpu nghJf;FO $l;lk; eilngWk; Njjp tiu
kl;LNk gjtp tfpg;ghu;.
(3)
khw;W ,af;Feu;fs;: ,NjNghy> xU khw;Wj; ,af;Feiu
epakpf;f ,e;j jpl;lq;fsf;F mjpfhukspf;ff; $Lk;. khepyj;jpy;
,Ue;J %d;W khjq;fSf;F Nky; ,af;Feu; ,y;yhjNghJ>
thupaj;jpd; $l;lq;fs; rhjhuzkhfj; jhd; eilngWfpd;wd.
mj;jifa khw;W ,af;Feu;> mry; ,af;Fdupd; gjtpf;fhyk;

my;yJ khepyj;jpw;F mry; ,af;Feiu jpUg;gp mDg;g Ntz;Lk; epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
vd;gjhNyh> gjtpia fhyp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.,af;Fdupd;

gjtpf;fhyk; my;yJ khepyj;jpw;F mry; ,af;Feiu jpUg;gp
mDg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhNyh> gjtpia fhyp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
kj;jpa muR ,af;Feu;fs; epakdk;
mlf;FKiwiaAk;> jtwhd epu;thfj;ijAk; jLf;Fk; Nehf;Fld;>
epWtd rl;l thupak;> epWtdj;jpd; eyd;fis jpwk;gl ghJfhg;gjw;F
mtrpak; vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; tifapy;> mj;jifa ,af;Feu;fis
kj;jpa muR epakpf;fyhk;> my;yJ mjd; gq;Fjhuu;fs; my;yJ
nghJ eyd;> %d;W Mz;LfSf;F kpfhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
Mizia kj;jpa muR my;yJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; 100 cWg;gpdu;fs;
my;yJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; gj;J rjtpfpj thf;fspf;Fk; cupik nfhz;l
cWg;gpdu;fs; MfpNahupd; tpz;zg;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; epWtd rl;l
thupak; fle;J nrd;W tplyhk;. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l
ve;jnthU ,af;FeUk; jFjpg; gq;Ffis itj;jpUf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy
my;yJ Row;rp Kiwapy; Xa;Tngwr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;L-%d;wpy;
my;yJ NtW ve;j tpfpjj;ijAk; vz;Zk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nkhj;j
,af;Feu;fspy; mtu;fSk; Nru;f;fg;gl khl;lhu;fs;. ,af;Feu;fspd;
FOtpy; ve;j khw;wKk; ,y;iy. ,j;jifa epakdj;jpw;Fg; gpwF>
epWtd rl;l thupak; cWjp nra;jhyd;wp tpisT Vw;gLk;.
%d;whk; jug;gpduhy; gzpg;ghsu;fs; epakdk;

xU nghJ epWtdj;jpd; nkhj;j ,af;Feu;fspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;ifAk;>
xU jdpahu; epWtdj;jpd; midj;J ,af;Feu;fSk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
jpl;lq;fs;> mt;thW mq;fPfupf;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy;> Row;rp my;yhj
mbg;gilapy; %d;whk; jug;gpduhy; epakpf;fg;glyhk; vd;W epWtdq;fs;
rl;lk; njuptpf;fpwJ. ,e;jf; jpl;lq;fs;> gw;W itj;jpUg;Nghu;
my;yJ gpw Fwpg;gpl;l fldPe;Njhu; MfpNahUf;F mj;jifa cupik
toq;fyhk;. ve;j fhuzj;jpw;fhfTk;> nkhj;j ,af;Feu;fspy; %d;wpy;
xU gq;ifAk; jhz;b> Row;rp my;yhj ,af;Feu;fis tpl mjpfupf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> Row;rp ,af;Feu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk; mjpfupf;f
Ntz;Lk;> Vnddpy; ,e;j Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L
gq;F Row;rp ,af;Feu;fs;.
epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 2013 kw;Wk; ,af;ffq;fspd; vz;zpf;if

2013 epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 165 d; fPo;> xU egu; elj;j
Ntz;ba khw;W ,af;ffq;fs; cl;gl> mjpfgl;r ,af;ffq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if 20 MFk;. nghJ epWkj;jpd; my;yJ Jiz epWtdkhd
nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspy; cs;s ,af;ffq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
10-f;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;W xU Nrhjid cld; te;jpUf;fpwJ.
NkYk; xU epWtdj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; xU rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdj;ij
,aw;Wtjd; %yk;> Fwpg;gpl;l tuk;ig tpjpf;fyhk;. ,e;j rl;lk;
njhlq;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;> 20 my;yJ 10 epWtdq;fspy; ,af;Feuhf
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 271

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 gjtp tfpf;Fk; ve;j egUk;> mj;jifa njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J Xuhz;bw;Fs;
xU tUl fhyj;Jf;Fs;> mtu; njhlu;e;J my;yJ ,af;Feuhf gjtp
tpyf tpUk;Gk; epWtdq;fis Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpwF
rk;ge;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fisg; gw;wpAk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gjpthsuplk; mtu;
Fwpg;Gfs; tpUk;gpaij mtu; me;juq;fkhf mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
ngz; ,af;Fdu;
xt;nthU gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s epWtdKk;> 2013 vd;w epWtdj;jpd;
rl;lg;gpupT 149 (1) vd;w gpuptpy; ,uz;lhtJ fhg;GKiw
njhlq;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J xU tUlj;jpw;Fs; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU ngz;
,af;Feiu epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;. jw;Nghija jzpf;if nra;ag;gl;l
epjpepiy mwpf;iffspd; filrp Njjpiaf; fhl;bYk; &. 100
Nfhb my;yJ mjw;Fk; mjpfkhd my;yJ &. 300 Nfhb my;yJ
mjw;Fk; mjpfkhd %yjdk; nrYj;jg;gl;l xt;nthU nghJj;Jiw
epWtdj;jpw;Fk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU ngz; ,af;Feiu epakpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. epWtdj;jpd; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l NjjpapypUe;J MW khj
fhyk;> 2013 epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,izf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fs;>
,e;jj; Njitf;F ,zq;f toptif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJs;s
epWtdq;fs; (Ke;ija epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;) Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l
Njitfis Xuhz;bw;Fs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Gjpa epWtdq;fs;
(Gjpa epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;) mJ $l;bizag;gl;l NjjpapypUe;J
MW khjq;fSf;Fs; ,zq;fNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; $WtJ ey;yJ. NkYk;>
xU ngz; ,af;Feupd; fhyp ntw;wplk; VNjDk; ,Ue;jhy;> ,J Nghd;w
fhypaplk; ,Ue;J %d;W khjq;fSf;Fs; ,af;Feu;fs; FO %yk;
epug;gg;gLk; my;yJ mLj;j epu;thff; FO $l;lj;ij tpl> gpd;du; vJ
epfo;fpwNjh> mJ gpd;du; ,y;iy.

epWtdj;jpd; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd;
gb> xU epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Fdu;fs;> epWtdk; nra;tjw;F
mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l mj;jifa midj;Jr; nray;fisAk; nra;a
mjpfhuk; cz;L. jpl;lq;fs; jkJ mjpfhuq;fis epu;zapj; Jk;>
mtu;fs; kl;LNk mtw;iwg; gpuNahfpf;fyhk;. epWtdj;jpd; gq;Fjhuu;fs;>
,af;Feu;fs; nray;gl Nju;e;njLf;Fk; tpjj;ij jiyapl;L fl;Lg;gLj;j
KbahJ> mtu;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;jpd; tuk;gpw;Fs;
mtu;fs; nray;gLfpwhu;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd; rpwe;j eyd;fSf;fhf
mjpfhuq;fis xU rhd;wpjo; %yk; gapw;rp toq;fpdu;. gq;Fjhuu;fs;
thupaj;jpd; eltbf;iffis gykhf kWf;fpwhu;fs; vd;why;> mtu;fs;
thupaj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij jilnra;Ak; tifapy; fl;Liufis
khw;wyhk; my;yJ mtu;fs; ahUila nraiy kWf;fpwPu;fNsh
me;j ,af;Feu;fis kPz;Lk; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F kWf;f KbAk;>
Mdhy; mtu;fs; rl;l tpNuhjkhd tifapy; mtu;fis mgfupf;f
KbahJ jpl;lq;fs; [[hd; \h & rd;]; (rhy;/Nghu;L) \hTf;F vs
ypkpnll;].

Mdhy; rpy tpjptpyf;fhd tof;Ffs; cs;sd> Mdhy; xU epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
nghJf; $l;lj;jpy; gq;Fjhuu;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs; jiyapl;L

thupaj;jpy; mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpf;fyhk;:
(a)
epWtdj;jpd; eyd;fis Kw;wpYk; myl;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;F
,af;Feu;fs; jkJ nrhe;j eyd;fSf;fhfg; nraw;gLk;NghJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
(b) thupak; nray;gl jFjpaw;w epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> v. fh.
midj;J ,af;Feu;fSk; xU ifahSk; Mu;tk; cs;stu;fs;.
(c)
,af;Fdu;fs; nray;gl KbahkNyh my;yJ tpUk;ghkNyh
,Uf;Fk;NghJ.
jdpg;gl;l ,af;Feu;fSf;F epWtdj;ijg; gpizg;gjw;F
mjpfhuk; ,y;iy vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jpl;lq;fs;
NtW tpjkhf (Re fpsPlhd; mwf;fl;lis ypkpl;ll;) toq;fhjtiu
jq;fs; mjpfhuq;fis clw;gapw;rp nra;Ak; $l;lj;jpy; mtu;fs;
gykhfr; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> ,e;j jpl;lq;fs;> nghJthf
,af;Feu;fs; FOtpw;F> ,af;Feu;fspd; FOTf;Nfh my;yJ epu;thf
,af;FeNuh my;yJ Nkyhsu;fSf;Nfh rpy mjpfhuq;fis mspf;f
mjpfhuk; mspj;jit.
gzpg;ghsu;fs; mjpfhuq;fs; njhlu;ghd epajpr; rl;ltpjpfs;

,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> jpl;lq;fs; itf;fg;gLk; ve;j fl;Lg;ghLld; cl;gl;L
gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fs; thupaj;jpd; $l;lq;fspy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
jPu;khdq;fspd; %yk; kl;LNk thupaj;jhy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl KbAk;:
1. miog;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;s mjpfhuk;;
2. epWtdk; jdJ gq;Ffis my;yJ gpw Fwpg;gpl;l gj;jpuq;fis>
mjd; nrYj;jg;gl;l nkhj;j gq;F %yjdk; kw;Wk; jilaw;w
,Ug;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J 10% tiu jpUk;g nrYj;Jtjw;F
mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jk; rf;jp;
3. fld; gj;jpuq;fs; toq;Fk; mjpfhuk;;
4. fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gzk; fld; thq;Fk;
mjpfhuk;
5. epWtdj;jpd; epjpia KjyPL nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;; kw;Wk;
6. fld; jUk; rf;jp
,Ug;gpDk;> xU $l;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPu;khdj;jpd;gb>
epu;thff; FO> epu;thf ,af;Feu;> Nkyhsu; my;yJ epWtdj;jpd; NtW
ve;j Kjd;ik mjpfhup> gzk; fld; thq;f Ntz;ba mjpfhuq;fs;>
epjpiag; KjyPL nra;jy;> fld;fis thq;FtJ Nghd;w xU
jPu;khdj;ij thupak; epiwNtw;wyhk;. jPu;khdk; xt;nthU tp\aj;jpYk;
gug;G> jd;ik> Nehf;fk; Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs; jtpu> Vida gy gpupTfspd;fo P ;
epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> Vida rpy mjpfhuq;fSf;F toq;FtJld;> mit
epu;thff; FO $l;lq;fspy; kl;LNk gpuNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 273

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 (i)
,af;Feu;fspilNa fhypahf cs;s gzpaplq;fis epug;Gk;
mjpfhuk;> khw;W ,af;Feu;fis epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;> jpl;lq;fspy;
VNjDk; xOq;FKiwfSf;F cl;gl;L $Ljy; ,af;Feu;fis
epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; (ii) mj;jifa xg;ge;jq;fSf;F xg;Gjy; mspf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ve;j
,af;Feu;fSf;Nfh my;yJ mtu;fsJ cwtpdu;fNsh Mu;tkhf
cs;sJ.
(iii)
gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; mq;fPfhuj;Jf;F cl;gl;L>
tUlhe;jg; nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; epWtdk; mwptpf;f Ntz;ba
<Tj;njhif tpfpjj;ij rpghupR nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;.
(iv)
epWtdj;jpd; Kjy; jzpf;ifahsiu epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;>
fzf;fha;thsu; ,uh[pdhkh nra;tjd; %yk; mj;jifa
ntw;wplk; Vw;gl;lhy; xopa> fzf;fha;thsu; mYtyfj;jpy;
VNjDk; jw;nray; ntw;wplj;ij epug;Gjy;.
vdpDk;> Fwpg;gpl;l rpy rf;jpfspd; gapw;rpapy;> epu;thff; FO
$l;lj;jpy; cs;s midj;J ,af;Feu;fspd; xUkpj;j rk;kjk;> mjd;
%yk; thf;fspf;Fk; cupik Njitg;gLfpwJ:
(a) xU egiu ‘epu;thf ,af;Fduhf’ my;yJ xUtu; jtpu NtW ve;j
epWtdj;jpw;Fk; Nky; ,y;yhj ‘epu;thf ,af;Fduhf’ my;yJ
‘Nkyhsu;’ vd;W epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;.
(b) xU egiu ‘Nkyhsuhf’ epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;> xUtu; kw;wtiu
jtpu NtW ve;j epWtdj;jpw;Fk; ,y;yhj> ‘epu;thf ,af;Fduhf’
my;yJ ‘Nkyhsuhf’ ,Ue;jhy;.
(c) ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> NtW ve;j mikg;ghf ,Ue;jhYk;> fld;fs;>
my;yJ fld; gj;jpuq;fs; KjyPL nra;a mjpfhuk;.
,af;Feu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fspy; fl;Lg;ghLfs;

,af;Feu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fspd; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfs; ,r;rl;lj;jpd;
gpupT 293 ,y; mlq;fpapUf;fpd;wd. nghJ epWtdq;fis nghWj;j
tiu> ,af;Feu;fs; FO nghJf; $l;lj;jpy; gq;Fjhuu;fspd; rk;kjk;
,y;yhky; gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fs; vijAk; gad;gLj;j KbahJ:
1. tpw;gid> Fj;jif my;yJ> epWtdk; KOtijAk; my;yJ
fzprkhd msT KOtijAk; mg;Gwg;gLj;Jq;fs;;
,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo>; ey;y ek;gpf;ifapy; nray;gl;l Fw;wkw;wtu;
thq;Fk; kw;Wk; Fj;jiff;F jiyg;Gk;> cupa ftdpg;G kw;Wk;
vr;rupf;ifapd;NghJk; (mjhtJ Nkw;$wpa fl;Lg;ghLld; ,zf;fkw;w
epiyapy; ,y;yhky; nray;gl;ltu;fs;) ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. NkYk;>
,e;j fl;Lg;ghL xU epWtdj;jpd; rhjhuz tzpfk;> nrhj;Jf;fis
tpw;f my;yJ Fj;jiff;F tpLtJ vd;gJ ,jw;F nghUe;jhJ.
2.
xU ,af;Feuhy; jtiz nra;ag;gl;l flid jpUg;gpr;
nrYj;Jtjw;fhd fhy mtfhrj;jpw;F mtfhrk; juNtz;Lk;.

3. epWkj;jpd; epiyahd nrhj;Jf;fisf; fl;lha ifafg;gLj;jy;> epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
ek;gfkw;w gpizaq;fs; my;yhj gpw gj;jpuq;fspy; ngw;w

,og;gPl;Lj; njhif
4. epWkj;jpd; gzk; nrYj;jg;gl;l %yjdk; kw;Wk; mjd; fl;lw;w
,Ug;Gf;fs; (mjhtJ ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfTk; Fwpg;Gfs;
mikf;fg;glhj) gzk; fld;. ,q;F fld; thq;FtJ> epWtdj;jpd;
tq;fpahsu;fsplkpUe;J jw;fhypf fld;fs; Nru;f;fg;gltpy;iy;
cg-gpupT 5 fld; toq;fpa fldspg;ghsUf;F> Nkw;fz;l tuk;ig
tpl mjpfkhf> ey;y ek;gpf;ifapy;> tuk;G kPwptpl;lJ vd;w
mwpT ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ.
5. fle;j %d;W epjpahz;Lf;fhd ruhrup epfu ,yhgj;jpy; 50>000
my;yJ 5 rjtPjj;Jf;F Nky; my;yJ mjd; gzpahsu;fspd;
eyDf;fhd mwf;fl;lisfs; kw;Wk; gpw epjpfSf;F ve;j
Mz;bYk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;. epWtdq;fs; my;yJ gpw
mjpfhupfs;> ,af;Feu;fs; thupaj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fSf;F
cjTgtu;fs;> Njrpag; ghJfhg;G epjpf;F my;yJ kj;jpa
murhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l NtW ve;j epjpfSf;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W epWkq;fs; rl;lk; $WfpwJ vd;gJ ,q;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. murhq;fk; Njrpa ghJfhg;G Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf>
ve;j tuk;Gk; ,y;yhky;> kw;Wk; nghJ $l;lj;jpy; epWtdj;jpd;
mDkjp ngwhky;.
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; Nkw;fz;l mjpfhuq;fis epWtdj;jpd; jpl;lq;fs;
%yk; Fiwf;fKbahJ. ,af;Feu;fs; jq;fs; mjpfhuq;fis kpQ;rpdhy;>
mtu;fspd; rl;lq;fs; gq;Fjhuu;fis xg;Gjy; mspj;j gpwFjhd;
epWtdj;jpid gpizf;f Ntz;Lk;> mj;jifa rl;lq;fs; kD kPjhd
tuk;gpw;Fs; cs;sd.

,af;Feu;fspd; flikfs; gy NtWgl;l> nghJthd nrhw;fis tptupf;f
fbdkhdit. xU Gwk;> epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tUk; ,af;Feu;fSk;>
kWGwk; nghJ rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nghJj;jd;ik nfhz;l flikfSk;
cs;sd. jkJ rl;lg;G+u;tkhd flikfis tpupthf tptupf;fTk;>
epWtdq;fspd; rl;lk; KOtJk; mit guTtJ rhj;jpakhf ,y;iy.
mJ fiyf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> ,e;j rl;lg;G+u;tkhd flikfs;> ciuapy;
cupa ,lq;fspy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ,af;Feu;fspd;
rpy rl;lg;G+u;tkhd flikfs; fPNo gl;bayplg;gl;L cs;sd:
(i) gq;FfSf;F tpz;zg;gjhuu;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gLk; midj;J gz
KjiyAk;> ‘njhopy; njhlq;Ftjw;fhd rhd;wpjo;’ rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ tpz;zg;gjhuu;fsplkpUe;J gzk;
jpUk;g ngwg;gLk; tiu> ml;ltizaplg;gl;l tq;fpapy; itg;Gr;
nra;tJ thupaj;jpd; flikahFk;.
(ii) epWtdj;jpd; xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk;> gjpthsUf;Fk; rl;lKiwf;
$l;lj;jpw;F Fiwe;j gl;rk; 21 ehl;fSf;F Kd;du; rl;lg;G+u;tkhd
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 275

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 mwpf;ifapd; efiy Kd; itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,af;Feu;fs;
FO NfhUfpwJ.
(iii)
Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd cWg;gpdu;fspd; Nfhupf;ifkPJ
thupak; miof;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> epWtdj;jpd; mrhjhuz nghJf;
Fwpg;Gfs; $l;lk; [gpupT (1)].
(iv)
xU epWtdj;jpd; xt;nthU tUlhe;jpu nghJf; $l;lj;jpYk;>
thupak; epWtdj;jpd; Kd; ,Ug;Gepiyf; Fwpg;G kw;Wk; ,yhg
el;lf; fzf;F Mfpatw;iw mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(v) cWg;gpdu;fs; jd;dhu;tyu;fis Kw;WifapLk; tof;fpy;> epWtdj;jpd;
,af;Feu;fs; FO ‘fldspg;gjhf mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;’.
(vi) fld;fhuu;fspd; tpUg;g re;jpg;gpy;> fld; nfhLj;jtu;fs; $l;lj;jpy;>
epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feu;fs; FO (a) epWtdj;jpd; tptfhuq;fs;
gw;wpa xU KO mwpf;ifiaAk;> fld; nfhLj;jtu;fspd;
gl;baiyAk;> mtu;fsJ $w;wpd; kjpg;gPl;Lj; njhifia
re;jpg;Gf;F Kd;ghf; kw;Wk; (b) ,e;j $l;lj;jpy; jiyik tfpf;f
jq;fs; vz;zpy; xd;iw epakpAq;fs;.
nghJtpjpapd; fPo; ,af;Feu;fspd; flikfs; RUf;fkhf
gpd;tUkhW Kd;itf;fg;glyhk;:
1. epWkj;jpd; eyDf;fhf mtu;fs; vg;NghJk; rhd;wpjold; nray;gl
Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; epWtdj;NjhL Nru;eJ
; xU gfu cwtpy; epw;f
Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> ,ufrpa ,yhgk; vijAk; mtu;fs; Vw;gLj;jf;$lhJ.
2. mtu;fspd; mwpT kw;Wk; mDgtk; cs;s xU egu; epahakhd
Nghd;w ftdj;Jld; jq;fs; flikfis epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
3. mtu;fs; kpfTk; guhkhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. kw;wgb rhj;jpakpy;yhjtiu
,af;Feu;fs; FO $l;lq;fspy; fye;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
4. mtu;fs; jq;fs; flikfis jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mjpfgl;r gpujpepjpfSf;F (xU gpujpepjp NkYk;
gpujpepjpahfj; juKbahJ) vy;yh Kftu;fisg;Nghy
gpujpepjpfSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. vdNt> Fwpg;ghf jpl;lq;fs;
mDkjpf;fg;glhjtiu> ,af;Feu;fs; jq;fs; mjpfhuq;fs;
vijAk; NtW egUf;F xg;gilT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j jpl;lq;fspd; mjpfhuk;> ,af;Feu;fs; FO jtpu> xU epWkk;
gpd;tUk; Nkyhz;ikg; gzpahsu;fspy; xUtiu ehs; epu;thfj;jpw;F
gzpaku;j;jyhk;:
1. epu;thf ,af;Feu;
2. Nkyhsu;
epWtdq;fs; rl;lk; xU epWtdj;jpy; ‘epu;thf ,af;Fdu;’ kw;Wk;
‘Nkyhsu;’ MfpNahiu xNu Neuj;jpy; epakpg;gij jil nra;fpwJ. ,e;j
tifahd Nkyhz;ikj;Jiw gzpahsu;fshy; kl;LNk xU epWtdj;jpy;>

nghJ my;yJ jdpahu; vd VjhtJ xU Neuj;jpy; Ntiy nra;a KbAk;. epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
,Ug;gpDk;> epu;thf ,af;Feu; (fs;) my;yJ NkyhsUld; Nru;eJ

; KO
Neu ,af;Feu; (fs;) Ntiy nra;tJ jil nra;ag;gltpy;iy.
epu;thf ,af;Feu; Fwpg;Gfs;

epWtdr; rl;lk; xU epu;thf ,af;Feiu ‘xU ,af;Feu;’ vd;W
tiuaWf;fpwJ. xU epWtdj;jpd; my;yJ nghJf; $l;lj;jpy; epWtdj;jhy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPuk
; hdk; my;yJ mjd; ,af;Feu;fs; FO my;yJ
mjd; mjd; kD> xU epu;thf ,af;Feupd; epiyia Mf;fpukpj;Js;s
xU ,af;Feiu> ve;j ngaupy; mioj;jhYk;> mJ mtUf;F gapw;rp
toq;fhJ> Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa fzprkhd mjpfhuq;fis xg;gilj;jJ.
xU epu;thf ,af;Feu;> ‘Nkyhz;ikapd; fzprkhd mjpfhuq;fis’
mDgtpf;Fk; ,af;Feuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ epWtdj;jpd;
Kj;jpiuia ,izg;gjw;F my;yJ ve;j gq;F rhd;wpjioAk;
ifnahg;gkpl mjpfhuk; Nghd;w tof;fkhd ,ay;gpd; epu;thf
eltbf;iffs; my;yhj xU ,af;Feuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
Nkw;fz;l tiuaiwapypUe;J gpd;gw;WfpwJ. ,J Nghd;w tof;fkhd
,aw;if eltbf;iffs; nghJthf ,af;Feu;fshy; nra;ag;gLk;>
Mdhy; mit epu;thf ,af;Feu;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gltpy;iy>
my;yJ (a) xg;ge;jk; my;yJ (b) xU kD my;yJ (c) FO jPu;khdk;
my;yJ (d) nghJ re;jpg;G jPu;khdk; %yk; mtUf;F toq;fg;glyhk;.
nghJthf> ,af;Feu;fs; FO $l;lj;jpy;> xU jdp Nrit xg;ge;jj;jpd;
fPo>; mtuJ mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; flikfs; kw;Wk; Ntiytha;gG ;
tpjpKiwfisf; nfhz;L> epu;thf ,af;Feupd; mYtyfj;jpw;Fs; xUtu;
jq;fs; clypy; xd;iw epakpf;f mjpfhuk; mspf;Fk;. xU epu;thf
,af;Feu;> xU Nrit ,af;Fduhf ,Ug;gjhy;> thupaj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYk;>
Nkw;ghu;itapYk; mtu; nray;gl cs;shu;. xU epu;thf ,af;Feu; fz;bg;ghf
,af;Feuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyapy;> mtu; ,af;Feuhf nray;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; tpUk;gpdhy;> mtu; ,af;Fduhf epakdk; nra;ag;gl;l
,uz;L khjq;fSf;Fs; jFjpg; gq;Ffis thq;FtJ ,y;iy. my;yJ
Row;rp %yk; mtu; Xa;T ngw;wjd; fhuzkhf cs;sJ.
xU epWtdj;jpy; nray;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
epu;thf ,af;Feu; ,Uf;f KbAk;. Mdhy; tof;fkhf> kpjkhd msT
nfhz;l xU epWtdj;jpy; xU epu;thf ,af;Feu;jhd; ,Uf;fpwhu;> mjpy;
mtu; epWtdj;jpd; jiyikr; nray; mjpfhupahf ,Uf;fpwhu;.

6. jdpahu; kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspy; Fiwe;j gl;r
,af;Feu;fspd; vz;zpf;if vd;dthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;?
7. gl;bayplg;gl;l epWtdj;jpy; xU ngz; ,af;Fdiu epakpg;gjpy;
epWtd rl;lj;jpy; vd;ndd;d epge;jid?
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 277

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
1.
xU epWtdk; xU $l;bizf;fg;gl;l rq;fk; vd;W
Fwpg;Gfs; tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;> ,J xU nraw;fupa rl;l mikg;G> xU
epue;jukhd thupRupik> xU nghJthd Kj;jpiu> khw;wj;jf;f
gq;Ffis cs;slf;fpa nghJthd %yjdk;> tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l
nghWg;igf; nfhz;L nray;gLk;.
2. xU epWtdk; mu;j;jKs;s xU nraw;if rl;l egu;> xU Gwj;jpy;>
,J ,aw;ifahd gpwg;G jtpu NtW xU nray;Kiwahy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ> NkYk; xU ,aw;if egupd; cly; gz;Gfis
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy> kWGwk;> mJ xU ,aw;if egu; gy
cupikfis cilajhf cs;sJ.
3.
nghJ epWtd mikg;gjw;F Njitg;gLk; Fiwe;jgl;r
cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 7 MFk;.
4.
xU jftywpf;ifapd; Nehf;fk; epWtdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; Mu;tj;ij J}z;LtJ> mjd; gq;Ffs; my;yJ
fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fspd; kPJ KjyPL nra;a mtu;fisj; J}z;b
tpLfpwJ.
5.
jftywpf;if> KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; rhj;jpakhd xNu top>
,jpy; epWtdj;jpd; Kaw;rpapd; jd;ik gw;wp mwpayhk;.
vdNt epWtdq;fs; rl;lk; midj;J %yg;nghUs; kw;Wk;
mj;jpahtrpa jfty;fis KOikahf ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F xU
jftywpf;ifapy; cs;sJ.
6. xt;nthU nghJj;Jiw epWtdj;jpw;Fk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; %d;W
,af;Feu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU jdpahu; epWtdKk;
Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L ,af;Feu;fisahtJ nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
7. xt;nthU gl;bayplg;gl;l epWtdKk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU ngz;
,af;Feiu Xuhz;bw;Fs; ,uz;lhtJ fhg;Gwit epWtdr;
rl;lj;jpd; 149 (1) vd;w gpuptpd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J xU
tUlj;Jf;Fs; epakpf;Fk;.
11.6 RUf;fk;
••xU epWtdk;> ,aq;Fk; epWtd rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Nru;f;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. gjpT xU $l;Lg;
gq;F epWtdj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ> ,J midj;J rq;fq;fs;
my;yJ gq;fspg;Nghu;> 10-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tq;fpfspy; cWg;gpduhf
,Uj;jy; kw;Wk; ,yhgk; <l;Lk; nghUSld; tzpfk; nra;tjw;F
cUthf;fg;gl;l NtW VNjDk; tu;j;jf eltbf;ifapy; 20-f;Fk;
mjpfkhf ,Ug;gJ fl;lhakhdjhFk;.
••rl;lKiw epWtdk;> kj;jpa rl;lkd;wk; my;yJ khepyr;
rl;lkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg; gl;l jdpr; rl;lj;jpd;gb ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej
; rpy tzpfq;fisr; nray;gLj;j epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
Ntz;ba epWtdq;fs; ,e;j topapy; cUthfpd;wd.

••epWtd rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l epWtdk; xd;W
‘,izf;fg;gl;l’ my;yJ ‘gjpT nra;ag;gl;l’ epWtdk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s midj;J epWtdq;fSk;> Fwpg;Gfs;
rl;lg;gbahd epWtdq;fis jtpu> ,e;j tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;L>
epWtd rl;lk;> 1956 vd;w tpjpfshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
••cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
epWtdk; xd;W: (i) jdpahu; epWtdk; my;yJ (ii) nghJ epWtdk;.
••epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd;gb> xU ‘jdpahu; epWtdk;’ vd;gJ>
Fiwe;jgl;rk; nrYj;jg;gl;l %yjdk; &. 1 yl;rk; my;yJ
mJ Nghd;w mjpf Cjpak; ngWk; %yjdj;ijAk;> mjd; rq;f
jpl;lq;fSk; nfhz;l epWtdk; vd;W nghUs;gLk;.
••me;j njhifiar; nrYj;jf; $ba ve;j xU epWtdKk;> mjd;
cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;gpw;F ngw;w xU epWtdk;> ‘xU epWtdk;
gq;Ffs; %yk; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
mj;jifa epWtdk; gpugykhf xU kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghWg;G
epWtdkhf miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
••‘jftywpf;if’ vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;> nghJ kf;fsplkpUe;J
itg;Gfis my;yJ nghJ kf;fSf;F re;jhtpw;fhd epWtdj;jpd;
gq;Ffs; my;yJ fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs; Mfpatw;iw toq;Fk;
ve;j Mtzj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
••nghJ kf;fSf;F %yjd epiyfs; njhlu;ghf> Kjy;
jlitahf jpUj;jg;gl;lthwhf> Nrgp
%yk; ntspaplg;gLk;> KjyPl;lhsu;
ghJfhg;G gw;wpa topfhl;Ljy;fs;> gq;Ffis my;yJ fldPl;Lg;
gj;jpuq;fs; cj;Njr ntspaPL njhlu;ghf nghJ kf;fs;> me;j
tpisT gw;wpa mwpf;if xd;W jftywpf;ifapy; nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
••epWtdq;fs; ,af;Feu;fs; FO %ykhfNth my;yJ
,af;Feu;fspd; epu;thff; FOtpdhNyh Nkyhz;ik ,af;Feu;
(fs;) my;yJ Nkyhsu; cjtpAld; epu;tfpf;fyhk;. ,e;j ,uz;L
tifahd Nkyhz;ikfisr; nra;a epWtdq;fs; gpe;ija
Nkyhz;ikia tpUk;Gfpd;wd.
••xU epWtdj;jpd; Kjy; ,af;Feu;fs;> me;j kD kPJ re;jhjhuu;fs;
epakpf;fg;gl;L> mtu;fspd; ngau;> jpl;lq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mt;thW nra;atpy;iy vd;why;> mtw;iw epakpf;Fk; Kiwia>
jpl;lq;fs; gupe;Jiuf;fyhk;.
••epWtdq;fspd; gq;Fjhuu;fs;> ,af;Feu;fs; nray;glj; Nju;T
nra;Ak; topapy; jiyapl KbahJ kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;j
KbahJ> mtu;fs; toq;fpapUf;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;Fs;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 279

epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 nray;gLtNjhL epWtdj;jpd; rpwe;j eyd;fspy; mjpfhuq;fisg;
ngha;Azu;r;rpiaAk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

Fwpg;Gfs;
••epWtdk;: ,J xU $l;bizf;fg;gl;l rq;fj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ>
,J xU nraw;fupa rl;lG+u;t egu;> epue;jukhd thupRupik>
xU nghJthd Kj;jpiu> khw;wj;jf;f gq;Ffis cs;slf;fpa
nghJthd %yjdk;> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;igf; nfhz;l xU
jdp rl;l mikg;G.
••tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epWtdj;jpd; cj;juthjk;: ‘xU epWkk; mjd;
cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;igg; ngw;W> mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs;
KiwNa> mjd; %yk; mJ fhag;gLk; epfo;tpy; epWtdj;jpd;
nrhj;Jf;fSf;F gq;fspf;f vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. vd;gij
Fwpf;fpwJ.
••muR epWtdk;: ,J> ‘51 rjtPjk; Fiwthd %yjd gq;F
%yjdkhf cs;s ve;j xU epWtdKk;> kj;jpa murhq;fj;jhy;
my;yJ ve;j khepy muR my;yJ murhq;fq;fs; my;yJ
gFjpasT kj;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; elj;jg;gl;ljhfTk;> xd;W
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepy muRfshy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ
vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. xU muR epWtdj;jpd; Jiz epWtdkhf
tpsq;Fk; xU epWtdj;ij ,t;thW tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ’.
••fl;Lg;gl;L epWtdk; kw;Wk; Jiz epWtdk;: xU epWtdk;
kw;nwhU epWtdj;jpd; Nkyhz;ikia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; vd;wy;
mJ ‘fl;Lg;gl;L epWtdk;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ> mjd;
kPJ fl;Lg;ghL gpuNahfg; gLk; vd;wy; ‘Jiz epWtdk;’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
••ntspehl;L epWtdk;: xU ntspehl;L epWtdk; vd;gJ
,e;jpahtpw;F ntspapy; cs;s xU epWtdk; MFk;> Mdhy;
,e;jpahtpy; tzpf ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
••jftywpf;if: ,J xU jftywpf;ifapy; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;s
my;yJ ntspaplg;gl;l ve;j Mtzj;ijAk; Fwpf;fpwJ> nghJ
kf;fsplkpUe;J itg;Gj; njhif> Rw;wwpf;if> tpsk;guk;> gpw
Mtzk;> re;jhtpw;fhd nghJ kf;fsplkpUe;J rYiffs;>
gq;Ffis thq;Fjiy my;yJ fldPl;Lg; gj;jpuq;fs; thq;Fjy;
Mfpatw;iw xU epWtdk; cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. epWtdj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahj gz;Gfs; ahit?
2. cWg;gpdu;fspd; nghWg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
epWkj;jpd; tiffis gl;baypLf.

3. xU jftywpf;ifahy; vd;d Gupe;J nfhs;tJ? epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956
4. ‘nghJkf;fSf;F rYif’ gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.

5. xU epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feu; vt;thW mjd; ,af;Feiu epakpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpwhu;?
Fwpg;Gfs;
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. gy;NtW tifahd epWtdq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. jftywpf;if rl;l Njitfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
3. ,af;Feupd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; flikfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
4. ,af;Feu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfis ,dq;fz;L
tpthjpf;fTk;.
11.9 NkYk; gbf;f

gjpg;gfk;).
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 281

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
gFjp – IV
MSME
Fwpg;Gfs; myF 12 epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;

mikg;G
12.0 Kd;Diu
12.2 epWtdj;jpd; cUthf;fk;: mwpKfk; kw;Wk; nray;Kiw
12.2.1 Njhw;Wtpg;G epiy
12.2.3 tzpf njhlf;f epiy
12.3.4 Njitfs;
12.3.5 epkplq;fs; kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fs;
12.3.6 E-ngUepWtd mYty;fs; mikrfj;jpd; fPOs;s
Mtzq;fs; (MCA)
tpilfs;
12.5 RUf;fk;
12.8 NkYk; gbf;f
12.0 Kd;Diu
,e;j epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 2013y; cs;s 29 mj;jpahaq;fSk;>
470 gpupTfs; kw;Wk; 7 fhy ml;ltizfSk; epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;
1953y; cs;s 658 gpupTfSf;Fk;> 15 ml;ltizfSf;Fk; vjpuhf
cs;sd. kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; tpjpfs; mbg;gilapy;jhd;
,J xU rl;lkhFk;> mjhtJ> xd;Wgl;l tptfhu mikr;rfk; (MCA).
‘gupe;Jiuf;fg;glyhk;’ vd;w Nfhit> ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; ciuapy; Rkhu;
340 ,lq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w cz;ik ,jpypUe;J
njspthfpwJ. ,e;j myfpy;> cUthf;fk;> epu;thff; FO $l;lk;>
AGM> EGM kw;Wk; gy epWtd tptfhuq;fs; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW
tpjpKiwfs; gw;wp ePq;fs; mwpe;Jnfhs;tPu;fs;.


••epWkr; rl;lj;jpd;gb xU epWkk; vt;thW cUthfpwJ kw;Wk; epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
,izf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

••epWkr; rl;lj;jpd;gb epu;thff; FO $l;lj;jpw;fhd gy;NtW
gpupTfis tptupf;f KbAk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
••AGM kw;Wk; EGM f;F ,ilNa NtWgLj;j KbAk;
••xd;Wgl;l tptfhuq;fs; mikr;rfj;jpd; fPo; e-Mtzq;fis
jhf;fy; nra;Ak; Kaw;rpia tpthjpf;f KbAk; (MCA).
12.2 epWtdj;jpd; cUthf;fk;: mwpKfk; kw;Wk;

nray;Kiw
xU epWtdk; ve;jnthU rl;lG+u;tkhd Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU nghJ
my;yJ jdpahu; epWtdkhf cUthf;fg;glyhk;. xU egu; epWtdk;
(OPC) xU jdpahu; epWtdkhf cUthf;fg;glyhk;. xU epWtdk;
rl;lj;jpd; capupdk; MFk;. xU epWtdj;jpd; cUthf;fk; xU rl;l
nray;KiwahFk;> mJ njhlu;r;rpahd eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; rl;lG+u;t
rl;lKiwikfis cs;slf;fpaJ. epWtdj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;fhf
,e;j topKiwfs; Mu;tkhf cs;s egu;fs; my;yJ xU FOtpduhy;
vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. xU epWtdj;jpd; KO nray;Kiw cUthf;fk;
gpd;tUk; %d;W epiyfshf gpupf;fyhk;.
Njhw;Wtpg;G
••Njhw;Wtpg;G epiy
••gjpT kw;Wk; ,izj;jy; epiy
••tzpf Jtf;f epiy
12.2.1 Njhw;Wtpg;G epiy

‘Njhw;Wtpg;G’ vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; epWtdr; rl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ>
Mdhy; mJ rl;lj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy. cz;ikapy;> ,J xU
rl;l tpjp my;y> Mdhy; tzpfk; MFk;. ,J xU epWtdk; eilKiwf;F
nfhz;L tUk; midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
nfu;];ld;Ngu;f;fpd; $w;Wg;gb> ‘Njhw;Wtpg;G vd;gJ tzpf tha;g;Gfspd;
fz;Lgpbg;G kw;Wk; epjpfspd; nrhj;J kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ikapd; jpwik
Mfpatw;wpd; ,yhgj;ij ngWtjw;fhd Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU tpahghu
mf;fiwf;FupajhFk;.’ n`d;wp <. `hf;yz;bd; nrhw;fspy;> ‘Njhw;Wtpg;G
xU Fwpg;gpl;l tzpf epWtdj;ij cUthf;Fk; nray;Kiw MFk;.
tpahghuf; fl;blj;jpy; gq;Nfw;fpw midtupd; gq;fspg;G eltbf;iffs;
midj;Jk; Njhw;Wtpg;G MFk;.’
‘Njhw;Wtpg;gtu;’ vd;w nrhy; gy E}w;whz;Lfshf epWtd rl;lj;jpy;
gad;ghl;by; cs;sJ> Mdhy;> ,e;j nrhy;iy tiuaiw nra;Ak; ,e;jpahtpd;
Kjy; epWtd rl;lk;> 2013 MFk;. ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd;gb> Njhw;Wtpg;gtu;
fPof
; f
; z;l epge;jidfspy; xd;iw epiwNtw;Wk; xU egiuf; Fwpf;fpwhu;:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 283

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; (a) xU jftywpf;ifapy; Njhw;Wtpg;gtuhf ahu; ngau; R+Lfpwhu;?
(b) epWtdj;jpd; %yk; mjd; tUlhe;j tUkhdj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpg;gtu;
vd milahsk; fhzg;gLgtu; ahu;?
(c) gq;Fjhuu;> ,af;Fdu; my;yJ NtWtopapy; NeubahfNth my;yJ
Fwpg;Gfs;
kiwKfkhfNth epWtdj;jpd; tptfhuq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtu;
ahu;?
(d)
ahUila MNyhrid> topfhl;Ljy; my;yJ
mwpTWj;jy;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epWtdj;jpd;
,af;Feu;fs; FO nray;gl gofpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
vt;thwhapDk;> xU njhopy;Kiw jpwDld; kl;LNk nray;gLk;
mwpTWj;jy;fs; my;yJ topKiwfis toq;Fgtu; kw;Wk;
epWtdj;jpd; xU Njhw;Wtpg;gtuhf ,Uf;f khl;lhu; [gpupT 2 (69)].

xU epWtdj;ij cUthf;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ epiy gjpT kw;Wk;
xUq;fpizg;G epiy vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xU epWtdk; mjd; gjpT
kw;Wk; mjw;F ,ize;j rhd;wpjo; toq;fpa gpd;dNu xU epWtdk;
cUthfpwJ. xU epWtdj;jpd; gjpT kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G nghJthf
gpd;tUk; topKiwfis cs;slf;fpaJ:
••Muk;g fl;lq;fs;.
••tpz;zg;gq;fSf;fhd gjpT kw;Wk; Mtzq;fs; toq;Fjy;.
••gjpthsu; %yk; Mtzq;fs; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; gjpT nra;jy;.
••xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; CIN rhd;wpjo; toq;Fjy;.
Muk;g fl;lq;fs;
xU epWtdj;ij gjpT nra;tjw;fhf> Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; vLf;f Ntz;ba
Muk;g eltbf;iffs; gpd;tUkhW.
1. epWtdj;jpd; tifia KbT nra;jy;: Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; xUtu;
gjpT nra;a tpUk;Gk; epWtdj;jpd; tiffisj; jPu;khdpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. epWtdq;fs; rl;lk; fPo;> xU nghJ kw;Wk; xU jdpahu;
epWtdk; gjpT nra;ayhk;. Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; xUtu; xU egu;
epWtdj;ij (OPC) gjpT nra;ayhk;. Mdhy; mj;jifa epWtdk;
xU jdpahu; epWtdkhf gjpT nra;ag;glyhk;. ve;j nghJ
my;yJ jdpahu; epWtdKk; (OPC cl;gl) gq;F %yjdj;Jld;
cj;juthjk; my;yJ gq;F %yjdj;jhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
epWtdkhf gjpT nra;ag;glyhk;. ,J tuk;gw;w nghWg;Gld;
gjpT nra;ag;glyhk;. vdNt> Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; xUtu; gjpT
nra;a tpUk;Gk; epWtdj;jpd; tiffisj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xU OPC I gjpT nra;a KbT nra;jhy;> Kd;nkhopag;gl;l
re;jhjhuu; ,e;jpa Fbkfd; vd;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; trpg;gtu; vd;Wk;
mtu; cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> mtu; NtW ve;j OPC
,d; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.

2. gjpTnra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;jpd; ,lj;ij jPu;khdpj;jy;: epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
xU Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; epWtdk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

mYtyfj;jpd; ,lj;ij jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. rupahd ,lk;
jPu;khdpf;fg;glhtpl;lhy;> epWtdj;jpd; gjpT mYtyfk;
mike;Js;s ,lj;jpy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; khepyj;ij KbT Fwpg;Gfs;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. epWtdj;ijg; gjpT nra;tjw;fhd tpz;zg;gk;
epWtdq;fspd; gjpthsUf;F milahsk; fhZk; nghUl;L
,J mtrpakhFk;. khepyj;ij jPu;khdpj;j gpwF> mjd;
gjpT mYtyfk; epWTk; tiu ,izg;gpw;fhd epWtdj;jpd;
Kftupapid Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk; [gpupT 7].
3. tUq;fhy ,af;Feu;fshy; DIN ngWjy;: xU epWtdj;jpd;
,af;Feuhf ,Uf;Fk; xt;nthU egUk; xU ,af;Feupd; milahs
vz;iz (DIN) ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ fl;lhakhdjhFk;. DIN
vd;gJ epue;jukhd> jdpj;Jtkhd vz;zhFk;. gjpthsuplk;
rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;ba gbtq;fspy; ,e;j vz;iz Fwpg;gpLtJ
tUq;fhy ,af;Feu;fs; Njit MFk;. xU epWtdj;jpd;
,af;Feuhfg; nghWg;G tfpf;Fk; xt;nthU egUk;>
epu;zapf;fg;gl;l fl;lzj;Jld;> Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy;
kj;jpa muRf;F DIN epjp xJf;fPL nra;tjw;fhd tpz;zg;gj;ij
mspf;fyhk;. kj;jpa muR tpz;zg;gk; ngwg;gl;l xU
khjj;jpw;Fs;> DIN xJf;fPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;. (gpupT 153 kw;Wk;
gpupT 154).
4. epWkj;jpd; ,af;Feu;/tUq;fhy ,af;Feu;fshy;
fzpdpka ifnahg;gk; ngWjy;: ,g;NghJ epWtdq;fs;> xU
epWtdj;jpd; gjpT Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf gy kpd; Mtzq;fs;
Njitg;gLfpwJ> mJ ifKiwahf ifnahg;gkpl;l KbahJ.
vdNt> epWtdk;/tUq;fhy ,af;Feu;fs; kw;Wk; gpw
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; (CA> CS> tof;fwpQu; Nghd;wtu;)fzp-
dpka ifnahg;gk; ngw Ntz;Lk;. fzpdpka ifnahg;gk; vd;gJ
kpd;dZ nray;Kiw %yk; nra;ag;gLk; kpd;dZ ifnahg;gk;
MFk;. jfty; njhopy;El;gr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; rhd;wspf;fg;gl;l mjpf-
hurigapdhy; ,e;j ifnahg;gk; Kiwahf rhd;Wg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
rhd;wspf;fg;gl;l fzpdpka ifnahg;gk; ngWjy;> Mtzq;fis
jhf;fy; nra;tjw;fhd xU Kd;epge;jid MFk;.
5
epWtdj;jpd; ngaiu Nju;e;njLj;jy; kw;Wk; xJf;FtJ:
xU Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; mtuJ Kd;nkhopag;gl;l
epWtdj;jpw;F xU rupahd kw;Wk; tpUk;gj;jf;f ngaiu
Nju;e;njLj;jy; kw;Wk; xJf;fPL ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j KbTf;F> mtu;
gbtk; vz; INC-1 ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fl;lzj;Jld; gjpthsuplk;
ngaiu xJf;fPL nra;a xU tpz;zg;gk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. [tpjp
INC-9]. Kd;nkhopag;gl;l epWtdj;jpd; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
mYtyf gjpthsuplk; ,jw;fhd tpz;zg;gk; nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ngau;> ,lxJf;fPL;> fpilg;Gj;jd;ik gw;wp gjpthsu;
KbT nra;thu;. xU Kd;nkhopag;gl;l epWtdj;jpd; ngaiu
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 285

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; ,lxJf;fPL nra;tjw;;fhd tpz;zg;gj;ijg; ngw;wTld;> gjpthsu;
tpz;zg;gj;jpd; NjjpapypUe;J 60 ehl;fSf;Fs; xU ngaiu
xJf;f Ntz;Lk;. [gpupT 4 (5)].
6. Mtd KiwNaL: ,jd;gpd;> Kd;nkhopag;gl;l epWtdk;
Fwpg;Gfs; Njhw;Wtpg;G KiwNaLfspd; Mtdq;fis toq;f Vw;ghL
nra;fpwJ. ml;ltizapd; A> B> C> D kw;Wk; E Mfpa
ml;ltizfs; ntt;NtW tifahd epWtdq;fSf;fhd KiwNaL
tbtikg;Gfis nfhz;Ls;sd. KiwNaL Mtdj;jpy; cupa
tbtikg;ig ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. me;j Njhw;Wtpg;gtu;>
epWtd nrayhsu;> kw;Wk; mtuJ Ntz;LNfhs; cjtpAld;>
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l epWtdj;jpd; Mtd KiwNaLfis [gpupT
4 kw;Wk; 7 (a)] toq;fyhk;. xU OPC KiwNaL> re;jhjhuu;
(cWg;gpdu;) ngau; nfhz;l xU epakdjhuupd; ngaiu jdJ Kd;
vOj;Jg;G+u;t xg;GjNyhL mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
ftdpf;fg;glyhk;.
7. Mtd tpjpfs;: ,e;epWtdj;jpd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpa Mtzk;>
mikg;gpd; tpjpfs; MFk;. epWtdj;jpd; cs; Nkyhz;ikf;fhd
xOq;FKiwfs; ,jpy; cs;sd. tpjpfs; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lgb>
mj;jifa tp\aq;fSk; mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njitnad;why;
$Ljy; tp\aq;fSk; tpjpfspy; cs;slf;fg;glyhk;.

gy;NtW tifahd epWtdq;fSf;fhd khjpup tpjpfs;
ml;ltizg;gb> F, G, H, I kw;Wk; J Mfpa ml;ltizapy;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xU Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; mtuJ
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l epWtdj;jpw;F nghUe;jf;$ba khjpup tpjpfis>
xl;Lnkhj;jkhfNth my;yJ NtW tifapNyh gpd;gw;wyhk;.
xU Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; xU khjpup tpjpfis kl;Lk;
xl;Lnkhj;jkhff; filg;gpbf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy vd;why;> mtu;
tpjpfis Mtdg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Vw;ghL nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; jdJ
tof;fwpQu;> eilKiwapy; epWtdj;jpd; nrayhsu;> Nghd;wtw;wpd;
cjtpiaAk; MNyhridiaAk; ehlyhk;> [gpupT 5 kw;Wk; 7 (a)].
xU jdpahu; epWtdj;jpw;F Njitahd xOq;FKiwfs;
,y;iy vd;gij ml;ltiz F kw;Wk; J ,y; cs;s khjpup
tpjpfs; Rl;bf;fhl;lyhk;. vdNt> xt;nthU jdpahu; epWtdKk;
gjpthsUld; jdJ nrhe;jf; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; Nfhg;gpidj; jahu;
nra;tJ fl;lhaj; Njitahf cs;sJ. xU OPC jdpahu;
epWtdkhf gjpT nra;ayhk;. vdNt> epWtdk; gjpT nra;Ak;
Neuj;jpy; kw;w Mtzq;fSld; Nru;j;J jdJ tpjpfisAk;>
gjpthsuplk; Nfhg;igAk; jahu; nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.
8. Mtdq;fis fz;lwpAk; jpl;lk;: gjpthsuhy; fz;lwpag;gLk;
KiwNaL kw;Wk; tpjpfs; Mtdq;fis ngw tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.
,J> jtWfisAk;> epWtdk; gjpT nra;tjpy; Njitapy;yhj
jhkjj;ijAk; jtpu;f;f cjTfpwJ.

9. Mtzq;fis mr;rpLjy;: ,ij Njhw;Wtpg;gtu;fs; rl;lg;gb epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
Njitf;Nfw;g mr;rplg;gl;l KiwNaL kw;Wk; tpjpfis ngw

Ntz;Lk;. khwhf> mit fzpdp xspf;fjpu; mr;rplg;glyhk;.
10. Kj;jpiuapLjy;: ,uz;L Mtzq;fSk; jq;fSf;F nghUe;jf;$ba
Kj;jpiuj;jhs; tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L Kj;jpiuapl Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
11. fhykjpg;gPL: ,uz;L Mtzq;fSk; Njjpapl;L ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
me;j NjjpahdJ Kj;jpiuapLtjw;F Ke;ija ehshf ,Uf;fhJ
gpe;ija ehshf ,Uf;Fk;.
12. re;jhjhuu;fspd; ifnahg;gk; ngWjy;: nghJ epWtdk; xd;iw
nghUj;jtiu> jdpahu; epWtdk; xd;wpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; VO
re;jhjhuu;fs;> ,Utu; fl;lhak; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> xU
OPC Mf ,Ue;jhy;> xU re;jhjhuu; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU
re;jhjhuu; %yKk; ,e;j KiwNaL ifnaOj;jhf Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthU re;jhjhuUk; Fiwe;jJ xU rhl;rp Kd;dpiyapy;
mtuJ Kftup> tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; Mf;fpukpg;ig Nru;ff ; Ntz;Lk;.
rhl;rpahsu; ifnahg;gj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> mNj Nghy; mtuJ
KftupiaAk; Mf;fpukpg;G gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijAk; Nru;jJ ; f;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. re;jhjhuu; xUtu; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; my;yJ
mjpfhupahy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l Kftu; %yk; ifnahg;gkpl

Neuplyhk;. gbg;gwpT ,y;yhj re;jhjhuu; vd;why;> mtu; jdJ
fl;iltpuy; Nuif my;yJ FwpaPL nfhLf;fyhk;> ,J mtUf;fhf
vOJk; eguhy; tptupf;fg;gLk;. me;j milahsj;jpw;F vjpuhf
my;yJ mjw;F fPo; re;jhjhuu; vd;w ngaiu mtu; jdJ
ifnahg;gj;jpd; %yk; mq;ff P upg;ghu;. mtuhy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
gq;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if nghWj;J re;jhjhuupd; ngaUf;F vjpuhfTk;
vOjyhk;. [tpjp INC 13 (2).] xU re;jhjhuu; ,e;jpahtpw;F ntspNa
may;ehl;by; trpg;gtuhf ,Ue;jhy;> NtW rpy Mtzq;fs;
Njitg;gLfpwJ [tpjp INC-13 (4).]
13. xU OPC tifapy; epakdjhuupd; xg;Gjy; ngWjy;: OPC vd;w
tifapy;> me;j KiwNal;bd; re;jhjhuu; xUtupd; ngau;> mjd;
KiwNal;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt mtuJ vOj;Jg;G+u;t
xg;Gjiy gbtk; vz; INC -3 gpupT 3(1) kw;Wk; tpjp INC -4 (2)
cs;s KiwNal;by; ngau; cl;gl Kd; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
14. rl;l NjitfSf;F ,zq;f gpufldj;ij ngWjy;: xU
Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; gbtk; vz;. INC -8 [gpupT 7(1)(b) kw;Wk; tpjp
INC -14] y; xU gpufldj;ijg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
15. Kjy; ,af;Feu;fshf cs;s re;jhjhuu;fs; kw;Wk;
egu;fsplkpUe;J cWjpr;rhd;W ngWjy;: tpjpfs; VNjDk;
,Ue;jhy; [gpupT 7 (1) (c) kw;Wk; tpjp INC-15].d; gb
xU Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; gbt vz; INC -9 y; xt;nthU
re;jhjhuu;fsplkpUe;Jk; kw;Wk; Kjy; ,af;Feu;fs; vd
ngauplg;gl;l egu;fsplkpUe;J> cWjpr;rhd;W ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 287

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; 16. re;jhjhuu;fs;> ,af;Feu;fs; cs;spl;Nlhu; tptuq;fis ngWjy;:
Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; (a) KiwNal;bw;fhd xt;nthU re;jhjhuu;fs;; (b)
epWtdj;jpd; Kjy; ,af;Feu;fs; vd tpjpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
egu;fs;; kw;Wk; (c) tpjpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s egu;fspd;
Fwpg;Gfs; eyd;fspy;> kw;w epWtdq;fs; my;yJ epWtdq;fspd; Kjy;
,af;Fdu;fspd; tptuq;fis ngw Ntz;Lk;.
17. ,af;Feu;fspd; xg;Gjiyg; ngWjy;: Njhw;Wtpg;gtu;
epWtdj;jpd; Kjy; ,af;Feu;fshf> nray;gl xg;Gf;nfhs;fpw
egu;fspd; vOj;J%yk; xg;Gjy; ngw Ntz;Lk;. [gpupT 7(1)
(g) kw;Wk; tpjp INC -17 ] ,af;Feu;fspd; tptuq;fs;> gpw
epWtdq;fspd; kPjhd Mu;tk; kw;Wk; ,af;Feu;fshf nray;gl
mtu;fs; xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ Mfpait gbtk; vz; DIR -122 [tpjp
-INC -17] y; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ftdpf;fg;glyhk;.
18. Jiwrhu; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;fspd; xg;Gjiyg; ngWjy;: rpy
Neuq;fspy;> xU epWtdk;> RBI kw;Wk; SEBI Nghd;w Jiwrhu;
fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;fsplkpUe;J gjpT my;yJ mDkjpf;F Njitg;gLk;
mj;jifa nghUl;fisg; gpd;njhlu tpUk;GfpwJ. mj;jifa
epiyapy;> ,e;j xOq;Fg;gLj;Jtu;fsplkpUe;J gjpT my;yJ
mq;fPfhuk; Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; [Nk 29> 2015 md;W nrUfg;gl;l
INC-12 tpjpKiwfs;] %yk; ngwg;gLk;.
19. Mtd xg;ge;jq;fs;: ,e;j epWtdj;ij xUq;fpizg;gjd; %yk;
mtu; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; Vida xg;ge;jq;fisAk;
Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; ngWfpwhu;. ,e;j xg;ge;jq;fs; midj;J Muk;g
xg;ge;jq;fSs; mlq;fyhk;.
tpz;zg;gq;fSf;fhd gjpT kw;Wk; Mtzq;fs; toq;Fjy;.

epWtdj;jpd; Njhw;Wtpg;gtu; jdJ epWtdj;ij ,izg;gjw;F OPC
epWtdkhf ,Ue;jhy; gbtk; vz; - 2 kw;Wk; OPC epWtdk; jtpu
NtW epWtdkhf ,Ue;jhy; gbtk; vz; - 7 y; Fwpg;gpl;l fl;lzj;Jld;
xU tpz;zg;gj;ij jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tpz;zg;gq;fs;
gjpthsuplk; jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mJ mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fl;gl;l
epWtdj;jpd; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;jpy; [gpupT 7 (1) kw;Wk; tpjp
-12] gupe;Jiuf;fglNtz;Lk;.
tpz;zg;gj;jpy; gpd;tUk; Mtzq;fSk; jfty;fSk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;:
1. jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd Kftup mwptpg;G: gjpT nra;a
tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; xt;nthU epWtdKk; gjpthsuplk; jhf;fy;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;> fbjg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd Kftup gw;wpa
mwptpg;G mlq;fpa Mtzk; gjptyf mYtyfk; epWtg;gLk;
tiu ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. epWtdj;jpd; KiwNaL: xt;nthU epWtdKk; jdJ gjpT
Fwpj;J gjpthsuplk; jdJ KiwNaL jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;baJ
mtrpak;. tpjp INC - 13 d; gupe;Jiug;gb midj;J

re;jhjhuu;fSk; ,e;j KiwNaL kPJ cupa gbtj;jpy; epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
ifnahg;gkpl;l Ntz;Lk;. [gpupT 7 (1) (a) kw;Wk; tpjp INC -13].

3. Jiwrhu; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; xg;Gjy;: rpy Neuq;fspy;> xU SEBI
Nghd;w Jiwrhu; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;fsplkpUe;J Njitg;gLk;
gjpT my;yJ xg;Gjiyg; ngw tpUk;GfpwJ. ,J jtpu> ,e;j Fwpg;Gfs;
epWtdj;jpy; cs;s xU mwpf;ifAk;> [2015 Nk 29 md;W nrUfpa
INC -12-y; tpjpf;fg;gLk; tpjp] epWtdj;jpd; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l
epiyapy; gjpthsuplk; rku;g;gpf;fg;glTs;sJ.
4. epWtdj;jpd; tpjpfs;: gjpT nra;a Kd;nkhope;Js;s xt;nthU
epWtdKk; jdJ gjptpid gjpT nra;a gjpthsuplk; jdJ
tpjpfis jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. epWtdj;jpd; tpjpfs; midj;J
re;jhjhuu;fSk; ,e;j KiwNal;by;> tpjp INC - 13 [gpupT 7 (1)
(a) kw;Wk; tpjp INC -13] vd;w tpjpKiwapy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
tpjj;jpd; %yk; Kiwaplg;glNtz;Lk;. epWtdk; my;yJ
epWtdj;jpw;F nghUe;jf;$ba khjpup tpjpfspy; cs;s
xOq;FKiwfspy; cs;s midj;ijAk; my;yJ VNjDk; xd;iw
xU epWtdk; iff;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ [gpupT 5 (7).
Mdhy; jdpahu; epWtdk; xd;W jdJ tpjpfis jahu; nra;J
gpupT 2 (68) gpufhuk; tpjpKiwfis cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. rl;l NjitfSf;F ,zq;fp elj;jYf;fhd gpufldk;: xt;nthU
epWtdKk; xU mwptpg;ig gbtj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
gbtk; vz; INC-8 ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; Njitfs; kw;Wk; mjd; fPo;
cs;s tpjpfs;> gjpT nra;jy; kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd; my;yJ
jw;nrayhd nray;fSf;F nra;ag;gLk; tpjpKiwfs; midj;Jk;
,zq;ff; $baJ vd;gij ,J mwptpf;Fk;. ,J Nghd;w
mwptpg;G gpd;tUk; egu;fshy; nra;ag;gLk;:
(i) xU tof;fwpQu;> gl;laf; fzf;fhsu;> nryf; fzf;fhsu;
my;yJ eilKiwapy; cs;s epWtdj;jpd; nrayhsu;
MfpNahu; epWtdk; cUthtjpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;.
(ii) tpjpfspd; gb xU egu;> ,af;Fduhf> Nkyhsu;> my;yJ
epWtdj;jpd; epWtd nrayhsuhf ,Ug;gtu;. [gpupT 7 (1)
(b) kw;Wk; tpjp INC -14.]
6. cWjpr;rhd;wpypUe;J re;jhjhuu;fs; kw;Wk; egu;fs; Kjy;
,af;Feu;fs; vd ngauplg;gl;ldu;: xt;nthU epWtdKk; gjpthsu;
gbtj;jpy; xU cWjpr;rhd;W jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. tpjpfspy;
,Ue;jhy; midj;J re;jhjhuu;fSf;fhd KiwNaL kw;Wk; Kjy;
,af;Feu;fs; vd ngauplg;gl;l egu;fsplkpUe;J jahupf;fg;gl;l
gbtk; vz; INC-9 ,y; xU gjpthsuplk; rku;gg ; pf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,j;jifanjhU cWjpr;rhd;wpy; mtu;fs; jk; kPJ gpd;tUkhW
$Wthu;fs;.
(i) ve;j epWtdj;jpd; Njhw;Wtpg;G> cUthf;fk;> my;yJ
Nkyhz;ik njhlu;ghf mtu; ve;j Fw;wj;jpw;Fk; jz;lid
toq;Ftjpy;iy.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 289

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; (ii) ve;j xU Nkhrb my;yJ jtwhd Ntiy my;yJ ,e;j
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ve;j epWtdj;jpw;Fk; my;yJ Ke;ija
Ie;jhz;Lfspy; Ke;ija epWtd rl;lj;jpd; fPo; VjhtJ xU
epWtdj;jpy; flik kPwpajhf mtu; fz;lwpag;gltpy;iy.
Fwpg;Gfs; (iii) epWtdj;jpd; gjpT njhlu;ghf gjpthsuplk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
midj;J Mtzq;fSk; rupahdit> KOikahfTk;>
mtuJ mwpT kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifiag; gw;wp cz;ikahdit
vd;w jfty;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. [gpupT 7(1)(c) kw;Wk;
tpjp INC-15].
7. xt;nthU re;jhjhuu; gw;wpa tptuk;: Kd;nkhopag;gl;l
epWtdk;> ngau; my;yJ FLk;gg; ngau;> ,Ug;gpl Kftup>
Njrpak;> kw;Wk; gpw re;jhjhuu;fspd; gpw tptuq;fs; mlq;fpa
tptuj;Jld; milahsr; rhd;W gjpthsUld; Nruj;;J jhf;fy;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. re;jhjhuu; xUtu; xd;Wg;gl;l epWtdkhf
,Ug;gpd; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l tptuq;fs; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLk;.
[gpupT 7 (e) kw;Wk; tpjp INC -16].
8. Kjy; ,af;Feu;fspd; tpguq;fs;: Kd;nkhopag;gl;l epWtdk;>
epWtdj;jpd; Kjy; ,af;Feu;fshd tpjpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
egu;fspd; tptuq;fis> gbtk; vz; DIR -12 d; gb epWtdj;jpy;
rku;gg
; pf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;wpd; ngau;fs;> Jizngau; my;yJ
FLk;gg; ngau;fs;> ,af;Feu; milahs vz;> ,Ug;gpl Kftup>
Njrpak;> Nghd;w gpw tptuq;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa milahs
rhd;wpf;F gupe;Jiuf;fg;glyhk; [gpupT (7) (f) kw;Wk; tpjp INC-17.]
9. ,af;Feu;fspd; Mu;tj;jpd; tptuk;: Kd;nkhopag;gl;l epWtdk;>
tpjpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s egu;fspd; eyd;fs;> gpw epWtdq;fs;
my;yJ mikg;Gfspy; epWtdj;jpd; Kjy; ,af;Feu;fshf cs;s
epWtdq;fspd; tptuq;fs; gw;wpa tptuq;fis jhf;fy; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. gbtk; vz; DIR -12 [gpupT 7(1)(g) kw;Wk; INC 17].
10. ,af;Feu;fshf nray;gl xg;Gjy;: gbtj;jpy; epWtdj;jpd;
,af;Feu;fshf nray;gl xg;Gf;nfhz;l egu;fspd; xg;GjiyAk;
me;epWtdk; jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. DIR 12 [gpupT 7(1)(g) kw;Wk;
INC 17].
11. ngau; ,l xJf;fPl;il cWjpg;gLj;Jk; fbjj;jpd; efy;:
,e;j epWtdk; ngau; ,l xJf;fPl;il cWjpg;gLj;jpa
gjpthsuplkpUe;J fbjj;jpd; efiy jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
epWkj;jpd; gjpT Neuj;jpy; ,J Maj;jkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
12. re;jhjhuu; %yk; tof;fwpQu; mjpfhuk;: rpy Neuq;fspy;>
tof;fwpQupd; mjpfhuk;> ve;j xU egiuAk;>
re;jhjhuu; rhu;ghf KiwNaL kw;Wk; tpjpfspy; ifnahg;gkpl
mjpfhukspf;fg;gLfpwJ xd;Wgl;l re;jhjhuu; tp\aj;jpy;
,j;jifa mjpfhur; rl;lk; mtrpak;. ,J epWtdj;jpd; gjpT
Neuj;jpy; gjpthsuplk; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

13. jpUj;jq;fis nra;tjw;fhd tof;fwpQu; mjpfhuk;: nghJthf> epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
tof;fwpQu; gjpT nra;tjw;fhf gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Mtzq;fspy;

jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s ve;j xU jdpegUf;Fk; mq;ff
P hukspg;gtuhy;
midj;J re;jhjhuu;fshYk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,ijNa kw;w
Mtzq;fSld; gjpthsuplk; jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
14. fl;lzk; nrYj;Jjy;: epWtdk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gjpTf;
fl;lzq;fis gjpthsuplk; jpUk;g nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;lzk; kpd;dZ Kiwapy; (fld;/gw;W
ml;il my;yJ kpd;dZ tq;fp guptu;j;jid %yk;) my;yJ
nuhf;f/tiuNthiyA+lhf kpd;dZ Kiwapy; kpd; gbtj;ij
rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j Mtzq;fs; midj;Jk;> 60 ehl;fSf;F kl;Lk;> ngau; ,l
xJf;fPL nry;YgbahFk; vd;gjhy;> epWtdj;jpd; ngau; ,l xJf;fPl;il
cWjp nra;Ak; NjjpapypUe;J> 60 ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpthsuplk; jhf;fy;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 2013 d; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xt;nthU
epWtdj;jpd; midj;J Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fspd; efy;fs; kPJ
mjd; gjpT mYtyfj;jpy; mJ guhkupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> [gpupT
7 (4)] rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mJ fiyf;fg;gLk; tiu gjpthsuplk; jhf;fy;
nra;ag;gLk; vd;Wk; xU jPu;it Kd;itf;fpwJ.
Mtzq;fis $u;e;jha;T nra;J gjpT nra;jy;

tpz;zg;gq;fs; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fis ,izg;gjw;F ngw;w gpd;du;> gjpthsu;
Mtzq;fisg; guprPyid nra;a Ntz;Lk;. midj;J Mtzq;fSk;>
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;lhy;> mtuplk; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk;
jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gjpthsu;> ,e;j Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fis>
epWtdq;fspd; gjpNtl;by; gjpT nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; [gpupT 7 (2)].
VNjDk; xU Mtzj;jpy; rpW FiwghL ,Ug;gpd;> gjpthsuplk;
mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w eguplk; mjw;fhd jpUj;jk; Njitg;glyhk;. Mdhy;>
nghUs; FiwghL ,Ue;jhy;> midj;J Mtzq;fisAk; kWrhd;wpjo;
ngw mtu; jpUg;gyhk;. rl;lG+u;tkhd mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk mtu;
epWtdj;ij gjpT nra;a kWf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> mtu; epahakw;w
xU jsj;jpy; gjpT nra;a kWj;jhy;> mtu; [gpuj;Naf xOq;FKiw
gpd;gw;Wk; jpUr;rig FO tp. A+dpad; M/g; ,e;jpah (1985) 57 fhk;];
fhn]]; 43 ghk;] gjpT nra;a epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;glyhk;.
xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; CIN rhd;wpjo; toq;Fjy;

midj;J Mtzq;fisAk;> jfty;fisAk; gjpthsu; gjpT
nra;Ak;NghJ [gpupT 7(2) kw;Wk; tpjp INC-18] epWtd rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l epWtdj;jpw;F gbtk; vz; INC -11 y; xUq;fpizg;G
rhd;wpjio toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
xUq;fpizg;G rhd;wpjopy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Njjpapy; ,Ue;J>
gjpthsu; epWtdj;jpw;F xU xUq;fpizj;j milahs vz;iz (CIN)
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 291

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; xJf;fPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j CIN epWtdj;jpw;F xU jdpj;Jtkhd
milahskhf ,Uf;Fk;. CIN xUq;fpizg;G rhd;wpjopy; Nru;f;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; [gpupT 7 (2) kw;Wk; (3)]
xUq;fpizg;G rhd;wpjo;: xUq;fpizg;gpd; Njjpiag; gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gfs; cWjpahd rhd;W> xUq;fpizg;gpd; rhd;wpjo;> epWtdk; xU jdpj;Jtkhd
rl;l mikg;ghf ,Ug;gij nfhz;LtUfpwJ. xU epWtdk; xU
rl;l eguhf ,Ug;gJNghy; gjpT nra;tjw;f ; hd xU rhd;W MFk;.
xUq;fpizg;G rhd;wpjopy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s xUq;fpizgLj;jg;gLk; Njjp>
epWtdj;jpd; xUq;fpizgLj;jg;gl;l Njjp vd fUjg;gLfpwJ. rhd;wpjopy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; Njjp Kjy;> epWtdk; mjd; KiwNal;by; cs;s
ngau; %yk; xUq;fpizg;G epWtdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; [gpupT 9].
xUq;fpizg;G vd;w rhd;wpjopy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s NjjpapypUe;J
xU epWtdj;jpd; tho;f;if njhlq;FfpwJ. mjd; kPJ Njhd;Wk; Njjp>
jtW vd;whYk;> mJ xUq;fpizg;G Njjp gw;wpa Kbthd rhd;whFk;.
12.2.3 tzpf njhlf;f epiy

epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; rkPgj;jpa tpjpKiwfspd;gb> xt;nthU
epWtdKk; xUq;fpizg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba rhd;wpjiog; ngw;wTld;>
mjd; tzpfj;ij njhlq;f cupikAs;sJ. ve;j xU epWtdKk;
xUq;fpizj;jTld; njhopy; njhlq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf NtW
ve;j rk;gpujhaKk; nra;a Ntz;bajpy;iy.
xU epWtdk; jdJ xUq;fpizg;gpd; Xuhz;L fhyj;jpw;Fs; jdJ
tu;jj
; fj;ij Muk;gpf;f jtwpdhy;> jdJ ngaiu epWtdq;fspd; gjpNtl;by;
,Ue;J ePfF; tjw;F> gjpthsu; eltbf;if Muk;gpf;ff;$Lk; [gpupT 248].
2015 Nk 1 Mk; Njjp Kjy; MCA epWtdq;fisr; xUq;fpizf;Fk;
xU Gjpa epfo;Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,J ‘epWtdq;fis
xd;wpizf;fr; nra;Ak; xUq;fpize;j nray;Kiw’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU epWtdk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l tpz;zg;gj;jpd;
24 kzpNeuj;jpw;Fs; ,izg;gjw;fhd xU khw;W epfo;KiwahFk;. ,e;j
myfpd; Kd;G tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;s tof;fkhd ePzl ; eilKiwia
,g;NghJk; gpd;gw;wyhk;.

1. epWtdj;jpd; gy;NtW epiyfisf; fz;lwpf.
2.
epWtdj;jpd; gjpT kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G njhlu;ghd
epiyfis gl;baypLf.
3. xUq;fpizg;G vd;gjd; rhd;wpjopd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?

,J gq;Fjhuu;fspd; Kjy; mjpfhug;G+u;t nghJ $l;lkhFk;. tuk;gw;w
epWtdq;fs; gq;F %yjdj;ijg; ngw;Ws;s midj;J nghJj;Jiw

epWtdq;fSf;Fk; rl;lG+u;tkhd cj;juthj $l;lj;ij elj;j Ntz;ba epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
Njit cs;sJ. jdpahu; epWtdq;fs;> tuk;gw;w epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fs; %yk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ> Mdhy; gq;F
%yjdk; ,y;iy vd;gJ Nghd;w xU $l;lj;ij elj;j Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy vd;W Fwpf;fpwJ. rl;lKiw $l;lk; xU khjj;jpw;F Fwpg;Gfs;
gpd;du; elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; Mdhy; rhd;wpjio ngWtjw;F MW
khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; tpahghuj;ij njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;w tif
nghJf;$l;lq;fs; Nghy; my;yhky;> ,e;j $l;lk; epWtdj;jpd;
tho;ehspy; xU Kiwjhd; eilngWfpwJ.
rl;lG+u;tkhd $l;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; cWg;gpdu;fs; jq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; tha;g;gpid Muk;gpf;fTk;, ,Jtiu
ngw;w nrhj;Jf;fis kw;Wk; kpjit ntw;wp gw;wp tpthjpf;fpd;wd.
epWtdj;jpd; cUthf;fk; njhlu;ghd ve;jnthU tptfhuj;ijAk;
cWg;gpdu;fs; tpthjpf;fyhk; my;yJ rl;lg;G+u;t mwpf;ifapypUe;Jk;
voyhk;. Mdhy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 21 ehl;fSf;F Ke;ija mwptpg;G
,y;yhky; ve;j jPu;khdj;ijAk; mtu;fs; epiwNtw;w KbahJ.

xt;nthU epWtdKk;> xt;nthU tUlKk;> mjd; tUlhe;jpu nghJf;
$l;lj;ij elj;jpahf Ntz;Lk;. ,J xU epWtd cWg;gpdu;fspd; kpf
Kf;fpakhd re;jpgG ; MFk;. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; ,J elj;jg;gLfpwJ> xU
tUlj;jpy; mij kjpgg ; L
P nra;jy;> epWtdj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j Kd;Ndw;wkhFk;.
tUlhe;jg; nghJf;$l;lk; rpy Neuq;fspy; ‘rhjhuz nghJf; $l;lk;’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ nghJthf ,J ‘rhjhuz tzpfk’; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLtJ
gw;wp tpthjpff
; pwJ. xU nghJ epWtdj;jpd; tUlhe;ju nghJf;$l;lj;jpy;
fPof
; f
; z;l rhjhuz tpahghuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;:
(a)
Mz;Lf; fzf;Ffspd; guprPyid> ,Ug;Gepiyf; Fwpg;G,
,af;Feu;fs; kw;Wk; jzpf;ifahsu;fs; MfpNahupd; mwpf;iffs;
(b) <Tj;njhif mwptpg;G
(c) Xa;T ngw;wtu;fspd; ,lj;jpy; ,af;Feu;fs; epakdk;; kw;Wk;
(d) epakpj;jy;> kw;Wk; Cjpak; epu;zak; nra;jy;> jzpf;ifahsu;fs;
Mfpait
NkNy gl;bayplg;gl;lijj; jtpu NtW ve;j njhopy; epfo;r;rpj;
jpl;lj;jpy; rpwg;G tzpfkhff; fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tUlhe;jpug;
nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; $l cupa mwpf;if toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mrhjhuzkhd
nghJf;$l;lq;fspy; vy;yh njhopypYk; ‘rpwg;G tzpfk;’ elj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ. ‘rpwg;G tzpfk;’ vd;gJ
fl;Liufs; my;yJ rl;lj;jpd; gb rhjhuz my;yJ rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdk;
Njitg;gLk; NghJ> ‘rhjhuz tzpfj;jpw;F’ rhjhuz jPu;khdk; Njit
vd;gJ muRf;Fj; njhlu;GilajhFk;.
xU jdpahu; epWtdk; mjd; tpjpfs; %yk; mjd; nrhe;j
Vw;ghLfis nra;a ‘rhjhuz tpahghuk;’ tUlhe;j nghJ $l;lj;jpy;
guptu;j;jid nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 293

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; xU epWtdk; tUlhe;jug; nghJf;$l;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy
tuk;gpw;Fs; miof;f jtwpdhy;> epWtdj;jpd; rl;l rig ve;j
cWg;gpdupd; tpz;zg;gj;jpYk; ,e;jf; $l;lj;ij njhiyNgrpapy;
mioj;J> $l;lk; elj;JtJ Mfpatw;iw njhlu;GgLj;jp> mj;jifa
Fwpg;Gfs; Jiz my;yJ mjd; tpisthd topfhl;Ljy;fisj; juNtz;Lk;.
egu; my;yJ gjpypapy; cs;s epWtdk; $l;lj;ij mikf;Fk;gb
epWtdj;jpd; rl;l thupaj;jhy; toq;fg;gLk; jpirfspy; xU cWg;gpdu;
mlq;fpa jpiria cs;slf;fpapUf;fyhk; vd fUjg;gLk;.
NkYk;> epWtdk; kw;Wk; ,ay;Gepiyahf ,Uf;Fk; xt;nthU
mjpfhupAk; xU mguhjj; njhif &. 50>000 tiu ePl;bf;ff; $Lk; kw;Wk;
xU $Ljy; mguhjj;Jld; njhlu;e;J ,ay;Gepiy xU tof;fpy;> mJ
Kjy; xt;nthU ehSk; & 2>500 tiu ePl;bf;fg;glyhk; ,J Nghd;w
,ay;Gepiy njhlUk;.

xU rpwg;G nghJf; $l;lk; my;yJ mtru nghJf;FO $l;lk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; xU mrhjhuz nghJf; $l;lk;> xU epWtdj;jpd;
gq;Fjhuu;fs;> epu;thfpfs; kw;Wk; kw;w cWg;gpdu;fs; kj;jpapy;
thbf;ifahf epfOk; xU epWtdj;jpd; tUlhe;jpu nghJf; $l;lk;
(AGM) jtpu NtW xU $l;lk; MFk;.
epWkk; rl;lk;> 2013> gpupT 100 y;> mJ nghUe;jf; $ba
Nghnjy;yhk;> epWkj;jpd; mrhjhuz nghJf;$l;lj;Jf;F miog;G
tpLf;fyhk;. thupaj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntz;bait> —
(a) xU epWtdj;jpd; gq;F %yjdj;ijg; nghWj;j tiu> ,J Nghd;w
vz;zpf;ifg; ngw;w cWg;gpdu;fs; ,e;j Nfhupf;if %yk; ngwg;gl;l
Njjpapy; me;j epWtdj;jpd; rk;gsg; gq;F %yjdk; Nghd;w xU
gj;jpf;F Fiwahky; me;j Njjpapy; thf;fspf;Fk; cupik cs;sJ.
(b) xU epWkj;jpd; gq;F %yjdk; ,y;yhj epiyapy;> ,J Nghd;w
vz;zpf;ifg; ngw;w cWg;gpdu;fs;> ,e;j Ntz;Ljiyg; ngw;w
Njjpapy;> midj;J cWg;gpdu;fspd; nkhj;j thf;fspf;Fk;
mjpfhuj;jpy; xU gq;Ff;Fk; Fiwthdjy;y vd;Wk;>
thf;fspf;Fk; cupik cz;L vd;Wk; $wpdhu;. Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs;
epWtdj;jpd; mrhjhuz nghJf; $l;lj;ij miof;fTk;. thupak;
,y;iy vd;why;> mj;jifa Ntz;LNfhis Vw;Wf; nfhz;l
ehspypUe;J ehw;gj;J-Ie;J ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;du;; me;j nray;fis
fUj;jpy; nfhz;lhy;, xU re;jpg;igj; njhlu ve;jnthU nray;fis
nghWj;jtiu nry;YgbahFk; Ntz;LNfhspd; ngWkjpapypUe;J
,Ugj;NjhU ehSf;Fs; Nfhupf;ifapd; NjjpapypUe;J %d;W
khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; jq;fSf;F Njitahd tpz;zg;gjhuu;fshy;
miof;fg;glyhk; kw;Wk; elj;jg;glyhk;.
xU epWtdj;jpd; mj;jifa $l;lq;fis ahu; miof;fyhk;?;

mrhjhuz nghJ $l;lq;fs; miof;fg;glyhk;:

1. ,af;Fdu;fs;: ,af;Fdu;fs;> FjpAilatu;fs; vd;W epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
epidf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk;> thupaj;jpd; $l;lj;jpy; xU jPu;khdj;ij

epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; mrhjhuz nghJf;$l;lj;ijf; $l;lyhk;.
2. ,af;Feu;fspd; kPJ Ntz;LNfhs;: Nfhupf;iffs; njhlu;ghf KO
thf;fspg;G cupikapy; gj;jpy; xU gq;Ff;F Fiwthf cs;s Fwpg;Gfs;
cWg;gpdu;fspd; Nfhupf;ifapd; (Nfhupf;if); kPJ mrhjhuz nghJ
$l;lj;ij ,af;Feu;fs; $l;l Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Ntz;LNfhis
fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; $l;lk; miof;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
epWtdj;jpd; gjpT mYtyfj;jpy; itg;G kw;Wk;; Nfhupf;iffis
ifnaOj;jpl Ntz;Lk;. ,af;Feu;fs; xU nry;Ygbahd
Nfhupf;ififia itg;Gj; NjjpapypUe;J 21 ehl;fSf;Fs;
ngw Ntz;Lk;> ,jw;F xU re;jpg;ig miof;f Ntz;Lk;> ,J
Nghd;w re;jpg;ig miog;gjw;fhf cWg;gpdu;fSf;F 21 ehl;fs;
mwptpj;jy; toq;f Ntz;Lk;> ,e;j $l;lk; cz;ikapy;
Nfhupf;ifehs; Kjy; 45 ehl;fSf;Fs; elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Ntz;LNfhs;; (MAs; fhg;gPl;L epWtdj;Jf;F vjpuhf v];fhu;l;];
epWtdk;) $l;lj;jpy; mtu;fs; Kd;nkhopfpd;w jPu;khdj;jpw;F
fhuzq;fis ntspg;gLj;jf; flikg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fyhk;. NkYk;> $l;lj;ij ntspg;gilahf re;jpj;j
Ntnwe;j tzpfKk; $l;lj;jpy; jPu;f;fg;gl KbAk;.
3. jq;fspd; Nfhupf;ifs; %yk;: xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy
tiuaiwf;Fs; ,af;Feu;fs; $l;lj;ij miof;f jtwpdhy;>
midj;J cWg;gpdu;fspd; nkhj;j thf;fspf;Fk; cupikfspd;
gj;jpy; xU gq;F Fiwthdjy;y vd;W Ntz;LNthu;
my;yJ Nfhupf;ifthjpfshd cWg;gpdu;fs; %d;W
khjq;fSf;Fs; xU $l;lj;ijf; $l;lyhk; Nfhupf;iffis
itg;gPL nra;ayhk;. ,j;jifa re;jpg;G> Kbe;jtiu fpl;lj;jl;l
mNjNghy> $l;lq;fis miof;Fk; FOtpdu; vd;W
miof;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Nfhupf;iffshy; Vw;gLk; epahakhd nryTfs;
epWtdj;jhy; mtu;fSf;F jpUg;gpr; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;> NkYk;
ve;jnthU njhifAk;> ,y;yhky;> my;yJ
,af;Feu;fsplkpUe;J ,ay;Gepiyf;F tuf;$Lk; vd;W
ve;jnthU njhifAk; ,y;yhky; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
4. epWtdj;jpd; rl;l thupak; %yk;: ve;jnthU
fhuzj;jpw;fhfTk; xU mrhjhuz nghJ $l;lj;ij miof;f
my;yJ elj;j KbahJ vd;why;> epWtdj;jpd; rl;l thupak;
mjd; nrhe;j ,af;fk; my;yJ ve;j ,af;Feupd; my;yJ
thf;fspf;Fk; ve;jnthU cWg;gpdupd; tpz;zg;gj;jpYk;
epWtdj;jpd; rl;l thupak; nghUe;Jk; vd;W fUjg;gLk;> xU
$l;lj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jk; nghUl;L> ,J jpiriaAk;> xU egu;
my;yJ gjpthsUk; nfhz;l xU jpiria cs;slf;fpa xU
jpirAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 295

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; tUlhe;jug; nghJf;$l;lj;ijg; Nghyd;wp> nghJ tpLKiw ehspy;
mrhjhuz nghJf; $l;lk; xd;W $l;lg;glyhk;. gjpTngw;w
mYtyfk; my;yJ efuj;jpd; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfk;
jtpu kw;w ,lj;jpYk; cs;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
,af;Feu;fs;> epu;thff; $l;lq;fspy; $l;lhf jq;fs; mjpfhuq;fis
kl;LNk gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;W Kd;du; ehk; ftdpj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. kw;w
tpjpfis toq;Fjy; (Re Celadon tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mwf;fl;lis). ,J
epWtdr; rl;lj;jpd;gb, xt;nthU epWtdKk; ,af;Feu;fspd; $l;lj;ij
Fiwe;jgl;rk; %d;W khjq;fSf;F xU Kiw elj;j Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU
tUlKk; Fiwe;jJ ehd;F $l;lq;fs; elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;>
vdpDk;> kj;jpa muR> mjpfhuG+u;t murpjopy; mwptpf;if %yk;> ,e;j
tpjpKiw ve;j xU epWtdj;jpd; njhlu;ghfTk; nghUe;jhJ vd;W
Neubahf $wyhk;.
mwptpg;G: thupaj;jpd; jiytu; thupa $l;lq;fis $l;Ltjw;F
rhjhuzkhf mjpfhuk;; cs;sJ. epu;thf ,af;Feu;> Nkyhsu; my;yJ
epWtdj;jpd; nrayu;> ve;j Neuj;jpYk; xU ,af;Feupd; Nfhupf;if Fwpj;J
thupa $l;lj;jpy; MNyhrid nra;ayhk;. xt;nthU thupa $l;lj;jpd;
mwptpg;Gk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s xt;nthU ,af;FdUf;Fk;> ,e;jpahtpy;
cs;s mtuJ tof;fkhd KftupapYk;> fhyk; fhykhf ,e;jpahtpw;F
ntspNa ,Uf;Fk; kw;w ,af;Fdu;fSf;F vOj;J %yk; mDg;gg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,e;jr; rl;lk; ve;j tbtNkh my;yJ Nrit Kiw
vd;Nwh my;yJ mwptpg;G fhy ePsj;ijNah gupe;Jiuf;ftpy;iy ,e;j
mwptpg;G> $l;lj;jpd; ,lk;> Neuk; kw;Wk; Njjpia kl;Lk; Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;Lk;> me;j fl;Liufs; my;yJ nray; Njitg;glhj (Campagnie
de Mayville vs Whitly) vd;w ,lj;jpy;> tzpfj;ij mikf;f Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy. $l;lj;jpy; cs;s ,af;Feu;fspd; xUkpj;j jPu;khdk;
kw;Wk; thf;fspf;f cupik NfhUk; tu;j;jf nghUl;fs;> $l;lj;jpd;
mwptpg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W epWtdr; rl;lk; NfhUfpwJ.
Fiwntz;;: Fiwntz;; (mjhtJ> $l;lj;jpy; rl;lG+u;tkhf
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Fiwe;j
vz;zpf;ifapyhd jFjpAila egu;fs;) thupaj;jpd; xU $l;lj;jpw;fhf
mjd; nkhj;j gyj;jpy; %d;wpy; xU gq;ifAk;> my;yJ mjpfgl;rkhf
,uz;L ,af;Feu;fSk; cs;sdu;. nkhj;j gyj;ij epu;zapf;Fk; NghJ>
fhypaplq;fs; vz;zg;gltpy;iy. kPz;Lk;> epu;thff; FO $l;lj;jpy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba jPu;khdq;fspd; kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;l
,af;Feu;fs; me;jj; jPu;khdj;jpd; Fiwntz; Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf vz;zg;gl
khl;lhu;fs;. ve;j Neuj;jpYk; Mu;tKs;s ,af;Feu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
nkhj;j ,af;Feu;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F my;yJ mjw;F rkkhf
,Ue;jhy; me;j cUg;gbf;F tpUg;gkpy;yhj ,af;Feu;fs;> mtu;fs;
vz;zpf;if ,uz;Lf;F Fiwahky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. epu;thff; FO
$l;lk; KOtJk; (Henderson vs Louttit) cldpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fiwntz;
vd;w xd;W epfohjtiu> tpahghuk; je;jpukhf ,Uf;Fk;.

Fiwntz;;, xU $l;lj;ij elj;j Kbatpy;iy vd;whYk;> epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
kw;wgb tpjpfs; toq;fhtpl;lhYk;> mLj;j thuj;jpy; xNu ehspy;> mNj

Neuk; kw;Wk; ,lk; Mfpa Njjpfspy; $l;lk; jhdhf xj;jpitf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. xU $l;lj;ij $l;l Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> xt;nthU Mz;Lk;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; elf;f Ntz;ba Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd $l;lq;fis Fwpg;Gfs;
Nehf;fp> mJ rupahf fzf;fplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Rw;wwpf;if %yk; jPu;khdk;;: rhjhuzkhf jPu;khdq;fs; efu;kd;wf;
$l;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb ‘Rw;wwpf;if
%yk; jPu;khdk;’ nra;ag;glyhk; mjd; tiuT> midj;J ,af;Feu;fspd;
kj;jpapy; Njitahd fhfpjq;fis ,izj;J thupaj;jpd; $l;lj;jpy;
,aw;wg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLk; jPu;khdj;jpd; kPJ thf;fspf;Fk; cupik
ngw;Ws;s ngUk;ghd;ikapduhy; mJ mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
xU thupaj;jpd; $l;lj;jpy; tu;j;jfk; elj;Jk; tpjk;: xU
epWtdj;jpd; tpjpfs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> epu;thff; FO $l;lj;jpy; midj;Jj;
jPu;khdq;fSk; Rygkhf ngUk;ghd;ikahy; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
,Ug;gpDk;> rpy nray;fspy;> midj;J ,af;Feu;fspd; xUkpj;j
rk;kjk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzkhf.
(a) jftywpf;iff;fhf xg;Gjy; ngWjy;
(b) Vw;fdNt NtW epWtdj;jpd; epu;thf ,af;FeuhfTk; my;yJ
NkyhsuhfTk; ,Uf;Fk; xU epu;thf ,af;Feiu epakpf;f
Ntz;Lk;;
(c) ngUepWtd fld;fs; kw;Wk; KjyPLfs; nra;jy;
(d) Vw;fdNt NtW epWtdj;jpd; epu;thf ,af;FeuhfTk; my;yJ
NkyhsuhfTk; ,Uf;Fk; xU egiu Nkyhsuhf epakpj;jy;.
xt;nthU ,af;FeUk; $l;lj;jpy; thf;fspg;gjw;Fk; xt;nthU
jPu;khdj;jpw;f;Fk; thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> tpjpKiwfs;
,y;iynadpy;> rkj;Jtkhd thf;Ffis toq;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;
jiytUf;F ‘,uz;lhk;’ my;yJ ‘thu;g;G thf;F’ vd;w xd;W cs;sJ.
nghJthf thf;fspg;G vd;gJ iffis vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJ> epu;thff;
$l;lq;fspy; Nju;jy; kw;Wk; cupik ngw;w gpujpepjpfSf;F ve;j
trjpAk; ,y;iy.
12.3.4 Njitfs;
xU gq;Fjhuu;fspd; nghJf; $l;lk; xOq;fhf $l;lg;gLk;NghJ
(mjhtJ> me;j mwptpg;ig ngw cupik cs;s midtUf;Fk; jFe;j
mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gLk;NghJ Kiwahd mwptpg;G ntspaplg;gLk;) kw;Wk;
rl;luPjpahf mikf;fg;gl;l NghJ (mjhtJ ehw;fhypapy; rupahd egu;
,Uf;Fk;NghJ)> Njitahd Fiwntz; kw;Wk; rl;ltpjpfs; kw;Wk;
tpjpKiwfs; ,zq;fp elf;fpd;wd). rl;l uPjpahfg; gpizf;Fk; njhopiy
khw;wpajw;fhf> $l;lk; fz;bg;ghf eilngw Ntz;Lk;. $l;lj;ij
$l;LtJ my;yJ elj;Jtjpy; ve;j xOq;fpd;ikNah> $l;lj;jpd;
eltbf;iffSf;F nghWg;ghfhJ. mg;gb nry;Ygbahfhj, MapDk;>
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 297

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; uhay; gpupl;b\; tq;fp kw;Wk; lu;gd; Nghd;w "cs;sf Nkyhz;ikapd;
nfhs;if" gw;wpAk;> xOq;FKiwfs; gw;wpAk; ve;j Kd;dwptpg;Gk;
,y;yhj %d;whk; jug;gpdupd; eyd;fis ghjpf;fhJ.
epWtdr; rl;lj;jpd; gb nry;yj;jf;f nghJ $l;lj;jpd;
Fwpg;Gfs; ,d;wpaikahikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. Kiwahd $l;lspg;G mjpfhuk;: Kiwahd mjpfhuk;
nry;yj;jf;f $l;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; nghJf; $l;lj;ijf; $l;l Kiwahd
mjpfhuk;> ,af;Feu;fs; FO $l;lj;jpy; jPu;khdkhdkhf
epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,af;Feu;fshy; ,ay;Gepiy Vw;gl;lhy;
epr;rakhf ,j;jifa $l;lj;ij miog;gjpy;> Nfhupf;iffSk;
my;yJ epWtd rl;l thupaKk; rupahd mjpfhupahf khw Ntz;Lk;.
xU nghJf;$l;lj;Jf;F miog;G tpLf;Fk; jPu;khdk; nry;yj;jf;f
rigapd; $l;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ,y;iynadpy;
nghJf;$l;lj;Jf;F miof;Fk; mwptpg;G nry;yhJ vd;Wk;>
$l;lj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; gydspf;fhJ vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fyhk;.
2. Kiwahd mwptpg;G: ‘mwptpg;G’ njhlu;ghd rl;l tpjpfs;
gpd;tUkhW:
(a) ,e;jf; $l;lk; gw;wpa Kiwahd mwptpg;G>
epWtdj;jpd; jzpf;ifahsu;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xt;nthU
gq;Fjhuupd; (rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Kd;Dupik) mspf;f Ntz;Lk;,
epWtdj;jpd; xt;nthU ,af;FeUf;Fk;> $l;lj;jpy;
fye;J nfhs;s cupikAs;s xt;nthU egUk;> mjhtJ>
,we;j my;yJ fld; jPuf ; f
; Kbahjtu;fspd; ahUf;F
gq;FfSf;F cWg;gpduhfyhk;. cWg;gpdUf;F $l mwptpg;G
nfhLf;f Kbahky; Nghfyhk;, xU jw;nrayhd jw;nray;
tpLg;Gk; vd;whYk;> my;yJ mwptpg;G ngwg;glhj gl;rj;jpy;>
ve;j cWg;gpdUk;> my;yJ nfhLf;f Ntz;ba NtW egUf;Fk;>
$l;lj;jpd; eltbf;iffSf;F kjpg;gpy;iy.
(b) mwptpg;G jPu;f;fk;: ,jw;fhd mwptpg;G vOj;J %yk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. $l;lk; eilngWk; Njjpf;F> Fiwe;jJ> 21
ehl;fSf;F Kd;djhfNt toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 21 ehl;fs;
fzf;fpLtjpy;> gjpT nra;j ehspypUe;J 48 kzpNeuq;fs;
xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(c) mwptpg;G cs;slf;fk;: ,e;j mwptpg;G> $l;lj;jpd; ,lk;> ehs;>
Neuk; Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; $l;lj;jpy; xU
tzpfj;ij khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w mwpf;ifia ‘epfo;r;rp epuy;’
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ> mwptpg;G NjjpiaAk; Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;Lk;> epWtdj;jpd; ngau;, $l;lj;jpd; tif, ve;j cj;Njr
jPu;khdj;jpd; rupahd thrfq;fs;> ve;j mwptpg;ghy; Miz
toq;fg;gLfpwJ> me;j egupd; ngaupy; mwptpg;G ntspapLk;.
(d) rpwg;G tzpfq;fisg; nghWj;j tiuapy;> xt;nthU
gzpg;ghsUf;Fk;> Fwpg;ghf tl;b ,ay;gpd; jd;ik

cs;slq;fyhd> VNjDk; njhopy; njhlu;ghd rfy epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
tpguq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl;L xU tpsf;ff; $w;iwAk; $l;lj;jpd;

mwptpg;NghL gpw Nkyhz;ik gzpahsu;fs; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(e) xU mwptpg;G rpy Neuq;fspy; ‘NtW ve;j tzpfk;’
Nghd;w ntspg;ghLfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ my;yJ Fwpg;Gfs;
‘NtW ve;j mitj;jiytupd; mDkjpNahL tptuq;fis
cs;slf;fpaJ.’ ,e;j ntspg;ghLfs; VNjDk; xU
tptuq;fis gw;wpa nghJthd tpthjk;, jiytu; my;yJ
cWg;gpduhy; mDkjpf;fg;glyhk; vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd
my;yJ cWg;gpdu;fs; rpy Kf;fpakhd tptuq;fs; mLj;j
re;jpg;Gf;fhd epfo;r;rp epuypy; Kd;itf;fg;glyhk; my;yJ
ed;wp njuptpf;Fk; thf;nfLg;Gf;F efu;j;jg;glyhk;. Kiwahd
mwptpg;G ,y;yhj epiyapy; ,e;j jiyg;gpd; fPo; ve;j
jPu;khdj;ijAk; epiwNtw;w KbahJ (thypgj;Jf;F vjpuhd
ngz;fspd; Vfhjpgj;jpa rq;fk;).
(f) ,e;j mwptpg;ig jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; my;yJ jghy; %ykhfNth
my;yJ xU cWg;gpdUf;Fk; mDg;gyhk; mtu; gjpT nra;j
Kftup> my;yJ mtu; mDg;gpa Kftup mtUf;F mwptpg;Gfs;>
,e;jpahtpy;. jghy; %yk; mDg;gg;gLk; Nehl;B]; Kiwahf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ciuahw;wpdhu;> Kd;$l;bNa nrYj;jg;gl;lJ
kw;Wk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. me;j gq;Ffs; (gpupT 53) ,y; cs;s
cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjpNtl;by; Kjypy; ngauplg;gl;Ls;s $l;lhz;ik
itj;jpUg;gtu; kPJ Nrit nra;tjd; %yk; gq;Ffs; gw;wpa
$l;lhz;ik itj;jpUg;gtUf;F xU mwptpg;G mDg;gg;gLk;.
3. Njitahd Fiwntz;;: xU nry;yj;jf;f $l;lj;jpw;F %d;whtJ
Kf;fpa epge;jid> Fiwntz;; cldpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
$l;lj;jpy; rl;l uPjpahf fl;Lghl;Lj; njhopiyr; nra;a> Fwpg;gpl;l
Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd jFjpahd egu;fs; (cWg;gpdu;fs;)
,Ug;gJ mtrpakhFk;. kd;wf; $l;lj;jpy; thf;fspf;f
cupik ngw;Ws;s cWg;gpdu;fs; jpwk;gl ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w ve;j xU Fiwntz;Zk; ,y;iy $l;lk; rl;lG+u;tkhf
mikf;fg;gltpy;iy> $l;lj;jpy; tzpfk; my;yJ mjpy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l ve;j jPu;khdKk; nry;yhJ. vdpDk;>
Kd;dwptpg;gpd;wp cs;s %d;whk; jug;gpdu; (f;Nshrp];l;lu;
ehLfspy; tq;fp vjpuhd Ul;ua; Nkhu;j;jpu;) Fiwntz;; ve;j

xOq;fPdk; fhuzkhf ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
4. rupahd $l;lj;jiytu;: ehd;fhtJ Njit> xU rupahd
$l;lj;jpw;F> $l;lj;jpd; eltbf;iffSf;F jiyik tfpf;f xU
jiytu; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
thf;fspj;jy;
‘thf;F’ vd;w nrhy; ve;j xU Kd;nkhopTk; my;yJ mjw;F vjpuhfTk;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Kiwahd topapy; xU tpUg;gj;ij my;yJ fUj;jpd;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 299

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; ntspg;ghl;il Fwpf;fpwJ. xU ‘Kd;nkhopag;gl;l jPu;khdk;’ my;yJ
‘,af;fk;’ gw;wp $l;lj;jpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;> cWg;gpdu;fs;
‘tpjpfs;’ rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;L nghJf;$l;lq;fspy;
thf;fspg;gjw;F xOq;FKiwfisAk; eilKiwfisAk; tiuaWj;jJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
thf;fspf;Fk; cupik
‘thf;fspf;Fk; cupikAld; rkgq;F gq;Ffis' xt;nthUtUk;
itj;jpUg;gu;> cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjpNtl;by; Njhd;Wfpd;w xt;nthU
jPu;khdj;jpd; kPJk; nghJf;FO $l;lj;jpy; thf;fspf;Fk; cupik
cs;sJ. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> mj;jifa gq;Ffis
itj;jpUg;gtUf;F rhjhuz thf;fspf;Fk; cupik cz;L. NkYk;>
mtuJ thf;fspf;Fk; cupik xU ‘fUj;Jf; fzpg;G’ (thf;fspf;Fk;
Kiw) vd;w Kiwapy;> epWtdj;jpd; Cjpak; ngWk; gq;F %yjdk;
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
Kd;Dupik gq;Fjhuu;fsplk; rhjhuz thf;fspf;Fk; cupik
fpilahJ. vdpDk;> mtu;fs; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L tof;Ffspy; thf;fspf;f
cupik ngw;Ws;sdu;:
(a)
jq;fs; cupikfis Neubahf ghjpf;Fk; ve;j jPu;khdKk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

epWtdj;ijf; nfhz;L tu my;yJ mjd; gq;F
%yjdj;ij jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd ve;j jPu;khdKk;>
Kd;Dupik gq;Fjhuu;fspd; cupikfis Neubahfg; ghjpf;Fk;
xU jPu;khdkhf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> mj;jifa xU
$l;lj;jpy; mtu;fs; njspTj;jpwd; thf;fspf;Fk; cupik cs;sJ
vd;gJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
(b)
mtu;fspd; Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs; my;yJ mjpy; cs;s
gq;fpyhg; gq;fPLfs; Cjpakpd;wp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ:
(i) $l;L tpUg;g gq;Ffs; nray;fspy;> $l;lj;jpd; Njjp
Ke;ija ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F Fiwahky; xU xl;Lnkhj;j
fhyj;jpw;Fk;; kw;Wk;
(ii)
$l;ly;yhj Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffisg; nghWj;j tiu>
njhlu;r;rpahf ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; my;yJ xU xl;Lnkhj;jf;
fhyfl;lj;jpw;F> me;j MW Mz;Lfspy;> $l;lj;jpd; Njjpf;F
Ke;ija> epjp Mz;L fhyhtjpahFk; fhyk; Kbtile;jij
tpl> %d;W Mz;LfSf;F Fiwthf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
jq;fs; Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs; kPjhd <Tj;njhif> Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyq;fSf;F Cjpakpd;wp njhlu;e;J ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> ve;j xU
nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; epWtdj;jpd; Kd; itf;fg;gLk; xt;nthU
jPu;khdj;jpw;Fk; Kd;Dupik gq;Fjhuu;fs; thf;fspf;Fk; cupik
ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tpjpKiwfspd;gb ve;j xU jPu;khdj;jpd;
kPJk; thf;fspf;Fk; cupik xU Kd;Dupik gq;FjhuUf;F cz;L vd;W

,r;rl;lk; NkYk; njuptpf;fpwJ. ‘fUj;Jf; fzpg;gpd;’ mbg;gilapy; epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
thf;fspf;Fk; cupik vd;gJ> epWtdj;jpd; nkhj;j Cjpak; ngWk;

gq;F %yjdj;ijg; nghWj;j tiu> Kd;Dupikg; gq;Ffs; kPjhd
%yjdk; nrYj;jpa mNj tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. Kd;Dupikg;
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; thf;fspf;Fk; cupikfs; njhlu;ghd Nkw;$wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
tpjpfs; jdpahu; epWtdj;jpw;F nghUe;jhJ vd;gij ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa epWtdk;> ,ay;ghd thf;fspf;Fk;
cupik my;yJ tpj;jpahrhkhf thf;fspf;Fk; cupikfis nfhz;L
Kd;Dupik gq;Ffis ntspapl KbfpwJ.
$l;Lg; gq;Fjhuu;fisg; nghWj;j tiuapy;> %j;j $l;L
itj;jpUg;gtu; (cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjpNtl;by; Kjypy; Njhd;WtJ)
thf;Ffs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. xU nehbj;j gq;Fjhuu;
mtuJ ngau; xU cWg;gpdu; vd;w mtuJ me;j];J fhuzkhf vd;W
thf;Ffs; gad;gLj;j cupik cs;sJ (khu;fd; vs fpNu).
xU nghJ epWkj;ij nghWj;j tiu> xU cWg;gpdupd; thf;fspf;Fk;
cupik gw;wpa epWtdj;jpd; tpjpfspy;; cs;s ve;j fl;Lg;ghLkpd;wp>
miog;Gf;fs; my;yJ mtUf;F vjpuhd gpw njhiffs; nrYj;jg;glhj
juj;ijj; jtpu NtW ve;j fl;Lg;ghLk; ,y;iy. xU cWg;gpdu; jdJ
nrhe;j eyDf;fhf thf;fspf;Fk; cupikia> epWtdj;jpd; (fpuPd;nty;
vs Nghu;l;lu;) eyd;fSf;F vjpuhfTk; nra;afpwJ.
12.3.5 eltbf;iff; Fwpg;G kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fs;

‘eltbf;iff; Fwpg;G’ vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; epWtd $l;lq;fspy; tzpf
gupkhw;wj;jpd; RUf;fkhd> Jy;ypakhd mjpfhuG+u;t gjpTfisf;
Fwpf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPu;khdq;fisj;jhd; mJ
rhjhuzkhf cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ. xU jPu;khdj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
Kd;G ele;j tpthjj;jpy; mjpy; gjpT nra;aj; Njitapy;iy. ‘xU
vOj;ij tpl> xU tptfhuj;ijf; fhl;bYk; xU fl;lisfis tpl
xU je;jpia tpl gy eltbf;iff; Fwpg;G xg;Gdit nfhz;Ls;sJ.
gpupT 193 xt;nthU nghJ $l;lj;jpd; eilKiwfspd;NghJ
rpy epkplq;fshtJ xt;nthU $l;lj;jpw;Fk; 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; me;j
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf itf;fg;gLk;. epkpl E}y;fspd; gf;fq;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf
vz;zg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ve;j xU nraypYk;> Nru;j;jy; my;yJ NtW
ve;j gf;fj;ijAk; ,izf;ff; $lhJ. epkpl VLfspy; VNjDk;
jpUj;jk;> ntl;Ljy; Nghd;wit> epkplq;fspy; ifnaOj;jpLk; eguhy;
Jtf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mq;F mopj;jy; ,y;iy. epkpl Gj;jfj;ij
itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;> rupahd fhtypy; cs;s nrayhsuhy;> me;j
epkp\q;fspy; ve;jtpj rjklq;fSk; ,y;yhky; Nghfyhk;. xt;nthU
epkpl Gj;jfj;jpd; xt;nthU gf;fKk; ifnahg;gkplgl Ntz;Lk;
kw;Wk; gjptpd; filrpg; gf;fk;> mj;jifa Gj;jfq;fspy; xt;nthU
re;jpg;gpd; Kbitg; gw;wpAk;> $l;lk; Kbe;j 30 ehl;fSf;Fs;
my;yJ kuzk; Vw;gl;lhy;> mNj $l;lj;jpy; jiytu; Njjpapl;L
ifnahg;gkpl;l Ntz;Lk; my;yJ me;j Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf thupaj;jhy;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 301

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l xU ,af;Feuhy; me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpd;
jiytuhy; ,ayhik MFk;.
xt;nthU re;jpg;gpd; epkpj;jKk;> mjd; eltbf;iffspd; xU
epahakhd> rupahd RUf;fj;ij nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;>
Fwpg;Gfs; jiytu; xU KOikahd tpUg;gg;gb ve;j xU tp\aj;ijAk;> mtuJ
fUj;Jg;gb ve;j xU egiug; gw;wpAk; xUtu; ,opTgLj;jf; $lhJ
vd;w fUj;jpy;> epWtdj;jpd; eyd;fSf;F mJ nghUj;jkw;wJ my;yJ
jPq;F tpistpf;ff; $baJ. Nkw;fz;l tpjpKiwfspd;gb> $l;lq;fspd;
epkpj;jf; $l;lq;fs;> mjpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa
Mjhug;G+u;tkhd rhd;WfshFk;.
,J Nghd;w epkplq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s $l;lk; Kiwahf
miof;fg;gl;L> eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,lk; kw;Wk;
$l;lj;jpy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ,af;Feu;fs; my;yJ xopj;Jf;fl;Leu;fspd;
epakdq;fs;> cz;ikf;F khwhd epiy ep&gpf;fg;gLk; tiu>
nry;YgbahfhJ vd;W fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
nghJf;$l;lq;fspd; epkpl Gj;jfq;fs;> epWtdj;jpd; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l mYtyfj;jpy; itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU ehisf;F
Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L kzp Neuk; mYty; Neuq;fspy; fl;lzk; VJkpd;wp
VNjDk; xU cWg;gpdUf;F Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;. cWg;gpdu;fs;
Nfhupf;if Fwpj;j gpukhzf; fbjq;fspd; efy;fis VO ehl;fSf;Fs;
xU &gha; nfhLg;gdtpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cupikAilatu;fs;.
xt;nthU 100 nrhw;fs; my;yJ gpd;dg; gFjp efnyLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
jPu;khdq;fs;
xU ‘Kd;nkhopag;gl;l jPuk
; hdk;’ my;yJ ‘,af;fk;’ vd;gJ gq;Fjhuu;fshy;
cupa ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffis epiwNtw;wpdhy;> mJ xU epWkj;
jPuk
; hdkhfpwJ. ,t;thW> ve;j xU Nahridapd; NghJk; mjw;F Kd;
xU $l;lj;jpd; Kiwahd KbT vd;W xU jPuk ; hdk; tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;.
epWtdq;fspd; rl;lk; %d;W tifahd jPu;khdq;fis toq;FfpwJ>
mJ xU epWtdj;jpd; nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; ,aw;wg;glyhk;:
1. rhjhuz jPu;khdk;
2. rpwg;G jPu;khdk;
3. rpwg;G mwptpg;G Njit jPu;T
epWtdq;fs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; rq;f Mf;fq;fs; ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l
nraypw;Fk; Njitahd jPu;khdj;jpd; tifia nfhz;bUfpd;wdu;.
1. rhjhuz jPu;khdk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd; jPu;khdj;jpw;F Mjuthf thf;Ffs; gjpthfpd;w
NghJ my;yJ gpdhkp %yk;> gpdhkpfs; mDkjpf;fg;gLk;NghJ> me;j
jPu;khdj;jpw;F vjpuhf VNjDk; ,Ue;jhy;> mJ thf;Ffis kpQ;rhj
epiyapy; xU jPu;khdk; xU rhjhuzj; jPu;khdkhf ,Uf;Fk;. NtW
thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> ,J Neupy; my;yJ gpdhkp %yk; cs;s

cWg;gpdu;fspd; vspa ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffshy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
jPu;khdk; MFk;. eLepiyahsu;fs; my;yJ kw;w eLepiy tfpg;gtu;fs;

fzf;fplg;gLtjpy;iy.
rhjhuz jPuk ; hdk; vd;gJ nghJthf tUlhe;jpuf; $l;lj;jpy;
nra;ag;gLk; ‘rhjhuz tzpfk;’ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. v.fh. tUlhe;jpuf; Fwpg;Gfs;
fzf;Ffis> mjhtJ> Xa;T ngw;wtu;fspd; ,lj;jpy; ,af;Feu;fis
epakpj;J> jzpf;ifahsiu epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;. tUlhe;j nghJf;
$l;lj;jpy; jzpf;ifahsu;fspd; ve;j epakdj;jpw;Fk; xU rpwg;Gj; jPuk
; hdk;
Njitg;gLfpwJ> ,J rhjhuz tpahghuj;jpd; xU nghUshf ,Ue;jhYk;>
re;jhjhuu; gq;F %yjdj;jpd; Fiwe;jJ 25 rjtPjkhd xU epWtdj;jpd;
tof;fpy;> kj;jpa muR my;yJ ve;j khepyj;jpYk; xNu mstpy;> my;yJ
$l;lhf ,Ue;jhYk; muR my;yJ Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;l tq;fp my;yJ
nghJ epjp epWtdk; my;yJ muR epWkk; MFk;. ‘rpwg;G tpahghu’ epWtd
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; rhjhuz jPuk; hdq;fs; Njitg;gLk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F:
(i) js;Sgbapy; gq;Ffs; toq;Fjy;.
(ii) gq;F %yjdj;jpd; khw;wPL
(iii)
jpl;lq;fshy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tuk;GfSf;Fs; ,af;Feu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;f my;yJ Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
iv)
rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s mjpfhuq;fis ve;j tifapYk;
elj;Jtjw;F ,af;Feu;fs; FOTf;F xg;Gjy; mspg;gjw;F>
cjhuzj;jpw;F> epWtdj;jpd; KOikahd Fj;jif my;yJ
KOikahd tpw;gid Kjypad.
(v) Fwpg;gpl;l R+oy;fspy; jd;dhu;t Kidak;.
2. rpwg;G jPu;khdk;
xU jPu;khdk; xU rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdkhf ,Ug;gJ> Neupy; ,Uf;Fk;
cWg;gpdu;fspd; jPu;khdj;jpw;F Mjuthf thf;Ffs; gjpthfpd;w
NghJ my;yJ gpdhkp %yk; gpdhkpfs; mDkjpf;fg;gLk;NghJ>
thf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if %d;W klq;fpw;F Fiwahky; ,Ug;gjhFk;.
NkYk; rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdkhf jPu;khdj;ij Kd;nkhope;J nfhs;Sk;
Nehf;fkhdJ> mwpf;if vd;W miof;fg;gl;Ls;s mwptpg;gpy; Kiwahf
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjhFk;. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> ,J egupd;
my;yJ Fiwe;j cWg;gpdu;fspy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 75 rjtpfpj thf;Ffis
ngUk;ghd;ikahy; epiwNtw;wpa jPu;khdkhFk;. gpdhkp (eLepiyaw;w
my;yJ kPjKs;s eLepiyahdJ fzf;fplg;gltpy;iy)> $l;lj;jpd;
ftdj;jpw;F Vw;fdNt xU rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpapUe;jhy;>
jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;> mwptpg;G rupahf
toq;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. $l;lj;jpd; Njjpf;F Fiwe;jJ ,UgJ
ehl;fSf;F Kd;G nrayhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
epWtdj;jpd; jpl;lq;fs; xU rpwg;Gj; jPuk ; hdk; Njitg;gLk;
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;. xU rpwg;Gj; jPuk
; hdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;ba rpy nray;fisAk; epWtd rl;lk; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 303

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; (i) Fwpg;ghiz khw;wy;
(ii) jpl;lq;fspd; khw;wk;
(iii) ciog;G gq;Ffspd; gq;F
Fwpg;Gfs; (iv) Kd; cupikahsu; cupikfs; ,y;yhJ $Ljy; gq;Ffs; toq;Fjy;
(v) xJf;fPL %yjdj;ij cUthf;Fjy;
rpwg;Gj; jPu;khdj;jpd; efiy gjpthsUld; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLk;
Njjp 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
3. rpwg;G mwptpg;G Njit jPu;T

xU ‘rpwg;G mwptpg;G Njitg;gLk; jPu;khdk;’ cz;ikapy; jPu;khdq;fspd;
xU RahjPdkhd jPu;khdq;fsy;y. ,J xU tifahd rhjhuz jPu;khdk;
MFk;> ,jpy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l jPu;khdj;ij khw;Wtjw;F Fiwe;jgl;rk;
14 ehl;fSf;F (mjhtJ mwptpg;G Nrit nra;ag;gLk; my;yJ
fUjg;gLk; ehspypUe;J gpuj;Nafkhf mwptpf;fg;gLk;) $l;lj;jpd; ehs;)>
jPu;khdj;ijAk; epWtdj;ijAk; khw;Wtjw;F Kd;du; gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F
Fiwe;jgl;rk; VO ehl;fSf;F Kd;ghf> jdpj;jdpahfNth
my;yJ nghUj;jkhd nra;jpj;jhspy; xU tpsk;guk; %ykhfNth
jPu;khdj;ij mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Vw;ghL Kd;nkhopag;gl;l
jPu;khdj;ij khw;wpaikf;Fk; xUtpj rYifahFk;> ,y;iynad;why;>
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l jPu;khdk; gw;wp mtu; epWtdj;jpw;F neUf;fj;ij
mspf;f Ntz;Lk;> mtu; $l;lk; gw;wpa mwptpg;ig epWtdk; Kd;
efu;j;j tpUk;Gfpwhu;. vdNt mNj Nghy; xU tzpfk; xU $l;lj;jpd;
mwptpg;G kw;Wk; epfo;r;rp epuy; Nru;f;f KbAk;. xU nghJf; $l;lj;ij
$l;Ltjw;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,UgJ xU ‘njspthd ehl;fs;’ vd;w
mwptpg;G Njitg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ epidtpy; nfhs;sg;glyhk;.
xU epWtdj;jpd; jpl;lq;fs;> ve;j epWtdj;jpw;F mwptpg;G
Njitg;gLfpwNjh mJ njhlu;ghd Nehf;fq;fis Fwpg;gplf;$Lk;.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gpd;tUk; nray;fs; njhlu;ghd jPu;khdj;ij
efu;j;Jtjw;F Kd;du; jdpg;gl;l mwptpj;jy; NjitahfpwJ:
(a)
Xa;T ngw;w jzpf;ifahsu; my;yhj kw;w jzpf;ifahsu;
epakdk;
(b) Xa;T ngw;w fzf;fha;thsu; kWepakdk; nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy.
(c) mtuJ gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtiltjw;F Kd;Ng xU ,af;Fdupd;
ePf;fk;.
(d) ,af;Feupd; ,lj;jpy; NtW xUtiu epakpj;jy;.
12.3.6 E-ngUepWtd mYty;fs; mikr;rfj;jpd; fPOs;s Mtzq;fs;

(MCA)
Ml;rpKiw rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd murhq;fj;jpd; cWjpg;ghl;bd; xU
gFjpahf> MCA21 jpl;lk;> xU Kd;Ndhb kpd;-MSif Kaw;rpahf
epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Njrpa kpd;-MSikj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; kj;jpa muR

(NeGP) ,e;j tpistpd; mbg;gilapyhd jpl;lk;> epWtd tptfhuq;fs; epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
mikr;rfj;jpd; (MCA) xU Nritia jj;J vLj;Jf; nfhz;L 21k;

E}w;whz;by; mjd; gq;Fjhuu;fspd; tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wk;
Nehf;fj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j jdpg;gl;l Kd;Kaw;rpapd; fPNo-tup
Nkk;gl;l Ntfk; kw;Wk; MCA Nritfs; toq;Ftjpy; cWjpahf cs;sJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;j Nkk;ghL Kjd;ikahf midj;J NritfSf;fhd ghJfhg;ghd
kpd;dZ jhf;fy; (e-jhf;fy;) nray;Kiw %yk; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;
epWkg; gjpthsuhy; toq;fg;gLk; (ROC) epWtdk; xd;W> tUlhe;jk;
jhf;fy; nra;jy;> kpd;D}l;lq;fisg; gjpT nra;jy; kw;Wk; Vida
epfo;T mbg;gilapyhd Nfhg;Gfisg; gjpTnra;tJ Nghd;witahFk;.

4.
xU nghJ epWtdj;jpd; tUlhe;ju nghJf;$l;lj;jpy;
gupkhw;wg;gl Ntz;ba rhjhuz tpahghuj;ij Fwpg;gpLf.
5. mrhjhuz nghJf;$l;lj;jpd; miog;ig ve;j epWtdq;fs;
rl;lj;jpd; gpupT toq;Ffpd;wd?
6. thupaj;jpd; $l;lj;jpw;fhd Nfhupf;if vd;d?
7. ve;j jPu;khdk; rhjhuz jPu;khdk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

1. epWkj;jpd; nkhj;j epfo;Kiwia gpd;tUk; %d;W epiyfspy;
gpupf;fyhk;:
••Njhw;Wtpg;G epiy
••gjpT kw;Wk; $l;bizaikT epiy
••tzpf epiy Muk;gk;
2. xU epWtdj;jpd; gjpT kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G nghJthf fPo;f;fz;l
topKiwfis cs;slf;fpaJ:
••Muk;g fl;lq;fs;
••Mtzq;fs; gjpT kw;Wk; tpepNahfk; tpz;zg;gk;.
••gjpthsu; Mtzq;fspd; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; gjpT nra;jy;
••$l;bizg; gj;jpuk; kw;Wk; CIN rhd;wpjo; toq;Fjy;.
3. ,izg;gjw;fhd rhd;wpjo; epWtdk; xU jdpj;Jtkhd rl;l
epWtdk; vd;w epiyapy; cs;sJ. gjpT nra;tjw;fhd xU
rhd;W> xU epWtdk; xU rl;lG+u;tkhd eguhf ,Ug;gjw;fhd
MjhukhFk;.
4. xU nghJ epWtdj;jpd; tUlhe;ju nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; fPo;f;fz;l
rhjhuz tpahghuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 305

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; ••tUlhe;j fzf;Ffs;> ,Ug;Gepiy kw;Wk; ,af;Feu;fs; kw;Wk;
fzf;fha;thsu;fspd; thupaj;jpd; mwpf;iffs;;
••gzp Xa;T ngWk; ,lj;jpy; ,af;Fdu;fs; epakdk;
••jzpf;ifahsu;fspd; Cjpak; epakdk; kw;Wk; cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
••xU gq;fhjhak; mwptpg;G
5.
2013 epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 100 d; fPo;> mJ
nghUe;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Nghnjy;yhk;> epWtdj;jpd; mrhjhuzkhd
nghJf;$l;lj;Jf;F miog;G tpLf;fyhk;.
6. rig $l;lj;jpy; (mjhtJ> $l;lj;jpy; rl;lg;G+u;tkhf gpizf;fg;gLk;
tpahghuj;ij khw;Wtjw;fhd jFjptha;e;j egu;fspd; Fiwe;jgl;r
vz;zpf;if) mjd; nkhj;j typikapd; %d;wpy; xU gFjpahf
,Uf;Fk; (ve;j xU gFjpiaAk; xU tl;lkhfg; gpupf;fyhk;)
my;yJ ,uz;L ,af;Fdu;fs; vit mjpfkhdit.
7. rhjhuz jPu;khdk; vd;gJ> Neupy; my;yJ gpdhkp %yk;
cs;s cWg;gpdu;fspd; vspa ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffshy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPu;khdk; MFk;. eLepiyahsu;fs; my;yJ kw;w
eLepiy tfpg;gtu;fs; fzf;fplg;gltpy;iy.
12.5 RUf;fk;
••mtu; gjpT nra;a tpUk;Gk; epWtdj;ij KbT nra;a xU
Njhw;Wtpg;gtu;; Njit. epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd;gb> nghJ kw;Wk;
jdpahu; epWtdk; xd;iw gjpT nra;ayhk;. NkYk;> ,e;j epWtdk;
xU egu; epWtdj;ij (OPC) gjpT nra;ayhk;. Mdhy;> ,JNghd;w
epWtdk; jdpahu; epWtdkhf kl;LNk gjpT nra;ag;glyhk;.
••‘Njhw;Wtpg;gtu;;’ vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;> gy E}w;whz;Lfshf
epWtd rl;lj;jpy; gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. Mdhy;> ,e;j
gjtpf;fhyj;ij tiuaiw nra;Ak; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; nray;
epWtd rl;lk;> 2013 MFk;.
••epWtdj;jpd; Njhw;Wtpg;gtu;; gbtk; vz;> jdJ epWtdj;ij
,izj;jjw;fhf xU tpz;zg;gj;ij jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
INC-2 xU OPC kw;Wk; gbtk; vz; ,Ue;jhy;. INC-7 Fwpg;gpl;l
fl;lzj;Jld; xU OPC my;yhj epWtdk; ,Ue;jhy;.
••kw;wgb jpl;lq;fis toq;fhtpl;lhy;> thupak;
$l;lj;jpy; midj;J jPuk
; hdq;fSk; xU vspa
ngUk;ghd;ik %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd. rpy nray;fspy;> midj;J
,af;Fdu;fSf;Fk; xUkdjhf xg;Gjy; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
••cWg;gpdu;fs; $l;lj;jpy; ‘Kd;nkhopag;gl;l jPu;khdk;’ my;yJ
‘,af;fk;’ gw;wp tpthjpf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;> ,J mitapd; ,J
tPl;bd; jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;j Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••gpupT 193 xt;nthU nghJ $l;lj;jpd; eilKiwfspd;NghJ rpy
epkplq;fshtJ, xt;nthU $l;lj;jpw;Fk; 30 ehl;fSf;Fs; me;j

Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf itf;fg;gLk;. eltbf;iffspd; Fwpg;Gfspd; epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy;
gf;fq;fs; vz;zg;gl;L njhlu;r;rpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ve;j xU

nraypYk; ve;j xU $Ljy; gf;fj;ijAk; Nru;j;jy; my;yJ NtW
ve;j xU gf;fKk; ,izf;ff; $lhJ.
••xU ‘Kd;nkhopag;gl;l jPu;khdk;’ my;yJ ‘,af;fk;’ Fwpg;Gfs;
vd;gJ gq;Fjhuu;fshy; cupa ngUk;ghd;ik njupTfis
epiwNtw;wpdhy;> mJ xU epWk j;Pu;khdkhfpwJ.
••epWtdq;fs; rl;lk; xU epWtdj;jpd; nghJ $l;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;
glyhk; vd;W %d;W tifahd jPu;khdq;fis toq;FfpwJ:
oorhjhuz jPu;khdk;
oorpwg;G jPu;khdk;
oorpwg;G mwptpg;G Njit
••rhjhuz jPu;khdk; vd;gJ nghJthf tUlhe;juf; $l;lj;jpy;
nra;ag;gLk; ‘rhjhuz tzpfk;’ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. v.fh.
tUlhe;juf; fzf;Ffis> mjhtJ> Xa;T ngw;wtu;fspd; ,lj;jpy;
,af;Feu;fis epakpj;J> jzpf;ifahsiu epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••xU jPuk
; hdk;> Neupy; ,Uf;Fk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; jPuk
; hdj;jpw;F Mjuthf
njupTfs; gjpthFk;NghJ xU rpwg;Gj; jPuk ; hdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
my;yJ gpdhkp %yk; thf;Ffs; vz;zpf;ifahy; %d;W klq;fpw;F
FiwahjJ, jPuk ; hdk; VNjDk; ,Ue;jhy;> jPuk ; hdj;jpw;F vjpuhf
epd;W> jPuk
; hdj;ij Kd;itg;gjw;fhd xU Nahrid> $l;lj;jpw;F
miog;G tpLg;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
••jdpj;Jt mwptpj;jy; Njitg;gLk; jPu;khdk; vd;gJ
cz;ikapy; xU RahjPdkhd jPu;khdq;fsy;y. ,J xU
tpj;jpahrkhd rhjhuz jPu;khdk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l jPu;khdj;jpd;
Nkw;ghu;it epWtdk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 14 ehl;fSf;F (mjhtJ
mwptpg;G Nrit nra;ag;gLk; my;yJ toq;fg;gLk; ehs; kw;Wk;
re;jpg;gpd; ehs;) gpuj;jpNafkhf mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,ijnahl;b
gq;Fjhuu;fSf;F jPu;khd mwptpg;G nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fiwe;jgl;rk; $l;lj;jpw;F VO ehl;fSf;F Kd;> jdpahfNth
my;yJ nghUj;jkhd nra;jpj;jhspy; tpsk;guk; %ykhfNth
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

••mrhjhuzkhd nghJf; $l;lk; (EGM): xU rpwg;G nghJf; $l;lk;
my;yJ mtru nghJf;FO $l;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ,J
xU epWtdj;jpd; tUlhe;jpu nghJf; $l;lk; (AGM) vd;gJ xU
epWtdj;jpd; gq;Fjhuu;fs;> epu;thfpfs; kw;Wk; gpw cWg;gpdu;fs;
kj;jpapy; tof;fkhf epfOk; xU re;jpg;G MFk;.
••cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if: ,J re;jpg;gpy; rl;lg;G+u;tkhf gpizf;f
tzpf tpahghuj;ijj; jf;fitf;f jFjpAs;s egu;fspd;
(cWg;gpdu;fs;) Fwpg;gpl;l Fiwe;jgl;r vz;zpf;if MFk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 307

epWtdk; cUthf;Fjy; ••Nju;e;njLj;jy;: ve;j xU Nahridf;F vjpuhfTk; my;yJ
vjpuhfNth mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Kiwahd topapy; xU tpUg;gj;jpd;
my;yJ fUj;jpd; ntspg;ghL vd;W nghUshFk;.
••Fwpg;Gfs;: ,J epWtdj;jpd; $l;lq;fspy; gupkhw;wg;gl;l
Fwpg;Gfs; tzpfj;jpd; xU RUf;fkhd kw;Wk; Jy;ypakhd cj;jpNahfG+u;t
gjpthFk;.
••jPu;khdk;: ,jw;F Kd; ve;j xU Nahridapd; kPJk; $l;lk;
vd;gJ Kiwahd KbthFk;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. epWtdj;ij cUthf;Fk; Muk;g fl;lj;jpy; xU FWfpa Fwpg;G
vOJf.
2. ,izg;gjw;fhd rhd;wpjo; %yk; ePq;fs; vd;d Gupe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;?
3. AGM kw;Wk; EGMf;F ,ilapy; NtWghL vd;d?
4. EGMfis ahu; miof;f KbAk;?
5. $l;lj;jpd; epkplq;fs; vd;d?
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. xU epWtdj;jpd; gjpT kw;Wk; ,izj;jy; epiy rk;ge;jg;gl;l
gbfs; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
2. xU epWtdj;ij ,izg;gjw;fhd tpz;zg;gj;Jld; ,ize;j
Mtzj;ij fz;lwpe;J tpthjpf;f.
3. jPu;khdk; vd;why; vd;d? gy;NtW tifahd jPu;khdq;fisAk;
mtw;wpd; mk;rq;fisAk; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
4. epWtdj;jpd; gjpthsu; (ROC) toq;fpa midj;J NritfSf;Fk;
kpd;dZ jhf;fy; (,-jhf;fy;) vd;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d?
12.8 NkYk; gbf;f

gjpg;gfk;).

myF 13 jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
rl;lk;> 2000
rl;lk;> 2000
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
13.0 Kd;Diu
13.2 ,e;jpa IT rl;lk; gw;wpa fz;Nzhl;lk;
13.2.1 IT rl;lk;> 2000f;F gpd;dhy; epahak;
13.2.2 jfty; njhopy;El;gr; rl;lk; njhlf;fk;> 2000
13.2.3 IT rl;l jpl;lk;> 2000
13.2.4 fzpdpka milahsk;
13.4 rhd;wspf;Fk; nghWg;ghsu;fis Kiwg;gLj;Jjy;
tpilfs;
13.6 RUf;fk;
13.9 NkYk; gbf;f
13.0 Kd;Diu
‘jfty; njhopy;El;gk;’ vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Jy;ypakhd nghUs;
,y;iy. fzpg;nghwpapd; gad;ghl;Lld; njhlu;Gila nray;ghLfs;
kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gq;fSf;F nghJthf ,J nghUe;Jk;. tu;j;jfj;
Jiwapy; Fwpg;ghf jfty;fisg; cUthf;fTk;> Nrkpj;J itf;fTk;>
nray;gLj;jTk;> mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jTk; fzpg;nghwpapd; gad;ghl;il
ehk; tpsf;fyhk;. mbg;gilapy;> fzpdp> jfty; njhlu;G kw;Wk;
njhiyNgrp> ,izak; Nghd;wtw;wpd; gad;ghl;Lld;> rupahd Neuj;jpy;>
Jy;ypakhd kw;Wk; cupa juTfis mZf $l;L epu;thfj;jpw;F
toptif nra;fpwJ. ,J $l;L KbntLj;jYf;F cjTfpwJ> vjpu;tpid
Neuj;ij rpwpjhf;FfpwJ> NkYk; Fiwf;fg;gl;l nryTfs; my;yJ
Nkk;gl;l ,yhgq;fis tpisthf;Fk; mikg;gpy; ey;y xUq;fpizg;ig
nray;gLj;JfpwJ.
,iza rl;lk; vd;gJ jfty;njhlu;G kw;Wk; jhdpaq;fp fl;Lg;ghl;L
mikg;Gfs; njhlu;ghd rl;lk; MFk;. ,jdhy;> ,iza rl;lk;
,tw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ: (i) jfty; njhopy;El;g rl;lk;> fzpdpfs;
kw;Wk; ,izak; njhlu;ghd guptu;j;jidfis xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.
(ii) jfty; njhlu;G rl;lk; thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> njhiyNgrp
kw;Wk; fk;gp tlk; cs;spl;l njhiyj;njhlu;G kw;Wk; xypgug;ig
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 309

jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ. ,J (i) ,e;jpa je;jp rl;lk;> 1885 (ii) fk;gpapy;yh
rl;lk;> 2000
je;jp rl;lk;> 1933 kw;Wk; (iii) fk;gptl njhiyf;fhl;rp tiyjsq;fis
xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lk;> 1995. Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; 13.1 myfpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

,e;j myF topahf nrd;w gpwF cq;fshy;,
••2000 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;l tpthjj;ij gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
••IT rl;lk;> 2000 d; tpjpfs;> nghUe;jhj> Mtzq;fis milahsk;
fhz KbAk;.
••vz;zpay; ifnahg;gj;Jld; njhlu;Gila rl;lj;ij Gupe;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
••kpd;dZ-MSif njhlu;ghd 2000 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lj;jpd;
tpjpfis tptupf;f KbAk;.
••rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfspd; nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; flikfis
gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
••IT rl;lk;> 2000 ,d; fPo; gy;NtW Fw;wq;fSf;fhd jz;lidia
tpsf;f KbAk;.
13.2 ,e;jpa IT rl;lj;jpd; fz;Nzhl;lk;

kpd;dZ MSiff;F trjp nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld;> IT rl;lk;
2000> kpd;dZ gjpNtLfs;> vz;rhu; ifnaOj;J kw;Wk; muR
mYtyfq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; Kftuikg;Gf;fis ifahSk; kpd;dZ
gbtq;fSf;F rl;l mq;fPfhuk; mspf;fpwJ. kpd;dZ tbtj;jpy;
jfty;fis jf;fitj;jpUg;gJ> vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mZff;$baJ kw;Wk;
nghUe;jf;$bajhf ,Ug;gjhy;> rl;l mq;fPfhuk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
kpd;dZ MSif vd;gJ> vspa> jhu;kPf> nghWg;Gzu;Tld;>
gjpyspg;gJ kw;Wk; ntspg;gilahd (jpwikahd) MSikiaf;
nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf muR nray;gLk; KiwfSf;F> Njitahd
jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;ghl;il Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jpy;> muR
epWtdq;fSld; kpd;dZ Kiwapy; Mtzq;fis gjpT nra;jy;>
kpd;dZ -Nrit kw;Wk; kpd;dZ-epu;thfk; Mfpatw;iw cUthf;Fjy;
Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
13.2.1 IT rl;lk; 2000> gpd;dhy; cs;s nfhs;if

‘jfty; njhopy;El;g urPJ> 2000’ cld; ,izf;fg;gl;l ‘nghUs;fs;
kw;Wk; fhuzq;fs; gw;wpa mwpf;if’ 2000 Mk; Mz;bd; IT rl;lj;jpd;
gpd;dzpia tpsf;FfpwJ. ,J Fwpj;J mspf;fg;gl;l mwpf;ifapy;
,Ue;J rpy gpd;tUkhW:
‘Gjpa jfty;njhlu;G mikg;GfSk;> vz;zpay; njhopy;El;gKk;
ehk; thOk; tpjj;jpy; tpaj;jF khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. kf;fs;
tzpfk; nra;Ak; topapy; xU Gul;rp epfof;$Lk;. tzpfu;fSk; Efu;NthUk;

ghuk;gupa fhfpj Mtzq;fSf;F gjpyhf kpd;dZ tbtj;jpy; jfty;fis jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
rl;lk;> 2000
cUthf;fTk;> gupkhw;wTk; kw;Wk; Nrkpj;J itf;fTk; fzpdpfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. kpd;dZ tbtj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; gy
ed;ikfisg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,J kypthd> vspjhf Nrkpf;f> kPln ; lLf;f
kw;Wk; Ntfkhf njhlu;G nfhs;s vspjhf mikfpwJ. ,e;j ed;ikfisg; Fwpg;Gfs;
gw;wp kf;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jhYk;> jFe;j rl;lG+u;t fl;likg;G ,y;yhjjd;
fhuzkhf> mtu;fs; tzpfk; elj;j jaq;Ffpwhu;fs; my;yJ nghUj;jkhd
rl;lG+u;t fl;likg;G ,y;yhjjd; fhuzkhf kpd;dZ gbtj;jpy; VNjDk;
guptu;jj ; idfs; KbTf;F nfhz;Ltug;gLfpwJ. kpd;dZ tzpfk; kw;Wk;
kpd;dZ MSif> rl;lG+u;t mq;ff P huj;jpw;F vOj;J kw;Wk; ifnahg;gk;
mspf;f Ntz;ba ,uz;L Kf;fpa jilfis top tif nra;fpwJ.
jw;NghJ gy rl;l tpjpfs;> fhfpj mbg;gilapyhd gjpNtLfs; kw;Wk;
Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; ifnahg;gq;fis Vw;f Ntz;ba gjpNtLfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. rhd;Wfspd; rl;lk; ghuk;gupakhf fhfpj mbg;gilapyhd
gjpNtLfs; kw;Wk; tha;%y rhl;rpaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
kpd;dZ tzpfk; fhfpj mbg;gilapyhd gupkhw;wq;fspd; Njitia
jtpu;ff; pwJ> vdNt kpd;dZ tzpf> rl;l khw;wq;fspd; Njit xU
mtruj; Njitahf khwptpl;lJ. kpd;dZ tzpf Clfk; %yk; ru;tNjr
tzpfk; fle;j rpy Mz;Lfspy; Ntfkhf tsu;eJ ; tUfpwJ kw;Wk;
gy ehLfs; ghuk;gupa fhfpj mbg;gilapyhd tzpfk; Kjy; kpd;dZ
tzpfk; tiu khw;wptpl;ld.’
‘ekJ ehl;by; jw;NghJs;s rl;lq;fspy; kpd;dZ tzpfk; nra;tjw;F
Vw;w tifapy; nghUj;jkhd jpUj;jq;fis nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd
Njit cs;sJ. vdNt> kpd;dZ gjpNtLfs; kw;Wk; vz;zpay;
ifnahg;gq;fSf;F rl;l mq;fPfhuk; toq;f cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jd; %yk; xg;ge;jq;fs; KbT nra;ag;gl;L> kpd;dZ Clfk; %yk;
cupikfs; kw;Wk; flikfs; cUthf;fg;glTs;sd.’
‘kpd;dZ MSif trjp nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld;> muR mYtyfq;fs;
kw;Wk; mjd; Kftu; epiyaq;fspy; kpd;dZ Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk;
vz;zpay; ifnahg;gq;fis gad;gLj;jpAk;> Vw;fTk; toptif
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.’
13.2.2 jfty; njhopy;El;gr; rl;lk; 2000> njhlf;fk;

‘jfty; njhopy;El;gk;’ njhlu;ghd rl;lk;> 2000> fle;j mf;Nlhgu;
17-Mk; Njjp eilKiwf;F te;j jfty; njhopy;El;g (IT) rl;lj;jpy;
mlq;fpapUf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ,J Kjy; ,iza rl;lk;. ,J
Kf;fpakhf UNCITRAL khjpupahd rl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; ru;tNjr tu;j;jf rl;lk;
(UNCITRAL) kpd;dZ tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd khjpup tpjpia 1996
,y; Vw;wJ. kpd;dZ jfty;njhlu;G kw;Wk; fhfpj mbg;gilapyhd
jfty;njhlu;G cgNahfpg;gtu;fSf;F ,izahd rl;l rpfpr;ir
mspf;f ,e;j khjpup rl;lk; toptif nra;fpwJ.
jfty; njhopy;El;g rl;lk; 2000> kpd;dZ tzpfk; (kpd;dZ
tzpfk;) kw;Wk; tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; njhlu;Gila ,JNghd;w
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 311

jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; eltbf;iffSf;F Cf;fk; mspf;Fk; tifapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ>
rl;lk;> 2000
NkYk; kpd;dZ MSif (kpd;dZ MSif) %yk; ek;gfkhd
kpd;dZ gjpTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. muR mYtyfq;fSld;
Fbkf;fs; Rje;jpukhf nray;gl toptif nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld;> muR
Fwpg;Gfs; mYtyfq;fspy; kpd;dZ gjpNtLfs; kw;Wk; vz;zpay; ifnahg;g
gad;ghL kw;Wk; xg;GjYf;fhf ,r;rl;lk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. kpd;dZ
Clfk; njhlu;ghd guptu;j;jidfs; kw;Wk; gpw nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis
jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtij jLg;gjw;F> mJ xU xOq;FKiw
Ml;rpiaAk;> vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo;fs; toq;Fk; rhd;wspf;Fk;
mjpfhupfisf; fz;fhzpf;fTk; toptif nra;fpwJ. RUf;fkhf>
IT rl;lk;> Kf;fpakhd kpd;dZ MSik> kpd;dZ gjpT kw;Wk;
vz;zpay; ifnahg;gk; njhlu;ghd tpjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;W
$wyhk;.
rl;lj;jpy; rpy rpwpa jpUj;jq;fs;> jfty; njhopy;El;g (jpUj;jk;)
rl;lk;> 2002 My; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
kpd;dZ tzpfk;
kpd;dZ tzpfk; (kpd;dZ tzpfk;) vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; kpd;dZ
Kiwapy; tzpf uPjpahd gupkhw;wj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. nghJthd
gad;ghl;by;> ,J ,izaj;jpd; kPJ ruf;Ffis tu;j;jfk; nra;tij
tiuaWf;fpwJ. ,izajs nrayhf;fk;> kpd;dQ;ry; kw;Wk; cyf
mstpyhd tiy (www) my;yJ ntWk; tiy cyhty; Nghd;w
,izajs njhopy;El;gq;fis gad;gLj;jp kjpg;Gf;fhd nghUl;fs;
kw;Wk; Nritfis epfo;epiyapy; thq;Fjy; kw;Wk; tpw;gid nra;fpd;wd.
kpd;dZ tzpfk; mjd; jw;Nghija tbtj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; Foe;ijg;
gUtk; vd;w fl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. vl;L Mz;Lfhy mQ;ry; rl;lk;
nfhz;l fhyj;jpy;> kpd;dZ tzpf mjpfupg;G> nkJthd Ntfj;jpy;
eilngWfpwJ. kpd;dZ tzpf epiyg;ghl;by;> ,iza njhopy;El;gk;
toq;Fk; Kf;fpa rthy;fs; ek;gfj;jd;ik> miytupir> Ntfk; kw;Wk;
guptu;j;jidfspy; ghJfhg;G MFk;.
13.2.3 IT rl;lk;> 2000 ,d; jpl;lk;

jfty; njhopy;El;gr; rl;lk; 2000> 94 gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L 13
mj;jpahaq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 1 Kjy; 8 tiuapyhd mj;jpahaq;fs;
ngUk;ghYk; vz;zpay; ifnahg;gq;fSld; njhlu;ghdit. mj;jpahak;
IX Kjy; xiii tiu jz;lidfs;> Fw;wq;fs; Kjypait cs;sJ.
,r;rl;lkhdJ> NtW rpy rl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mjd; tpisTfspd;
jpUj;jq;fSf;fhf ehd;F ml;ltizfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Kjy; ml;ltiz ,e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lk; 1860y; jpUj;jq;fisr;
nra;fpwJ kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ ml;ltiz> Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; fhfpj
mbg;gilapyhd guptu;j;jidfs; njhlu;ghd Fw;wq;fis ifahSk;
gy;NtW tpjpfspy; Njitahd khw;wq;fis toq;Ftjw;F ,e;jpa
rhd;W rl;lk; 1872y; jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;fpwJ. ,e;j %d;whtJ
ml;ltizapy; tq;fpfshy; kpd;dZ Kiwapy; guhkupf;fg;gLk;

fzf;Fg; Gj;jfq;fSf;F rl;lG+u;t Gdpjj;ij mspf;f tq;fpahsu;fspd; jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
rl;lk;> 2000
rhd;Wfs; rl;lk; 1891 ,y; jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;fpwJ. ehd;fhtJ
ml;ltizg;gb> epjp epWtdq;fSf;Fk; tq;fpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa
kpd;dZ epjp gupkhw;wj;jpw;F VJthf ,e;jpa upru;t; tq;fp rl;lk;
1934y; jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;fpwJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
tpjptpyf;Ffs; [gpupT (4)]. mjd; xJf;fPL rl;lk; 2000> gpd;tUk;
Mtzq;fSf;F nghUe;jhJ:
1. khw;WfUtp rl;lj;jpd; fPo; (fhNrhiy jtpu NtW) khw;wf;$ba
fUtpia nray;gLj;Jjy; rl;lk; 1881.
2. tof;fwpQu; rl;lk; 1882 mjpfhuj;jpd;fPo; tof;fwpQu; mjpfhuj;ij
nray;gLj;Jjy;.
3. ,e;jpa mwf;fl;lisr; rl;lk;> 1882 d; fPo; xU mwf;fl;lisia
cUthf;Fjy;.
4. 1925 ,e;jpa thupRupik rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> tpUg;g Mtzk; gw;wpa>
NtW ve;j ngaupYk;> ve;j ngau; nfhz;L te;jhYk; mij
epiwNtw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.
5. mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fis tpw;wy; my;yJ mjd; kPJ VNjDk;
mf;fiw ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhd xg;ge;jj;jpy;
EiotJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
6. kj;jpa murhy; murpjopy; mwptpj;jy; Nghd;w Mtzq;fs;
my;yJ guptu;j;jidfis epiwNtw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;gpypUe;J NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
Mtzq;fs; ePq;fyhf> mj;jifa Mtzq;fs; kl;LNk mq;fPfupf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ifahy; vOjg;gl;l ifnahg;gq;fs; MFk;. NkYk;>
,tw;Wf;F rpwg;G rhd;nwhg;gk; kw;Wk;/my;yJ gjpT rk;gpujhaq;fs;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd> ,J mtu;fspd; xJf;fj;ijAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.
kpd;dZ nfhLg;gdTfis ,yFthf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; cs;s
Vw;ghLfis> IT., rl;lk;> 2000 ‘fhNrhiy’ f;F Vw;Gilait. kpd;dZ
fhNrhiy kw;Wk; Jz;blg;gl;l fhNrhiy Mfpatw;wpd; Nfhl;ghL>
2002 jfty; njhopy;El;g (jpUj;jk;) rl;lk;> xU Gjpa gpupT 81a I
Eiog;gjd; %yk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb> xU fhNrhiyapd;
tiuaiw> khw;Wr;rl;lj;ij jpUj;jpaikf;f rl;lk; 2002 y; jpUj;jk;
nra;ag;gl;l fhNrhiy kw;Wk; kpd;dZ tbtj;jpy; xU fhNrhiyapd;
kpd;dZ gpk;gk; Mfpait cs;slq;FfpwJ.
13.2.4 fzpdpka ifnahg;gk;

jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tpjp fzpdpka ifnahg;gj;ij mq;fPfupf;fpwJ
,jdhy; ,iza xg;ge;jk; mq;fPfug;gl;L fl;rpfSld; ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j kpd;dZ, ifahy; vOjg;gl;l ifnahg;gq;fSf;F rkkhdit. xU
kpd;dZ nra;jp my;yJ ifahy; vOjg;gl;l ifnahg;gk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
guptu;j;jidfs; rhj;jpakpy;iy. cWjpg;gLj;jy; gjptpd; mq;fPfhuj;ij
rpy kpd;dZ my;yJ fzpdpka Kiwahy; mila Ntz;Lk;. ‘fzpdpka
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 313

jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; ifnahg;gk;’ %yk; xU kpd;dZ gjpit mq;fPfupg;gjw;fhf xU egupd;
rl;lk;> 2000
ve;jnthU Kiw my;yJ eilKiwiaAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ
‘fzpdpka ifnahg;gj;ij nghUe;Jjy;’> rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2 (l) (d)
,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; ‘fzpdpka ifnahg;gk;’ vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;> re;jhjhuu; %yk; ve;j
kpd;dZ rhjdj;ijAk; mq;fPfupg;G nra;Ak; rl;lj;jpd; 2 (I) (p) ,y;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> mjhtJ> ,J ‘fzpdpka ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo;’
vd;w ngaupy; xU egu;> gpupT 3 ,d; tifaq;fSf;F cl;gl;L kpd;dZ
Kiw my;yJ eilKiwapd; %yk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
kpd;dZ gjpNtLfis cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; (gpupT 3)

ve;jnthU re;jhjhuUk; jdJ fzpdpka ifnahg;gj;ij ,izg;gjd;
%yk; xU kpd;dZ gjpNtl;il mq;fPfupf;fyhk;. kpd;dZ gjptpd;
cWjpg;gLj;JjyhdJ ‘rkr;rPuw;w kiwKf mikg;gKiw’ kw;Wk; ‘Gy
(`h\;) nraw;ghL’ vd;w gad;ghl;lhy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J
Muk;g kpd;dZ gjpNtl;il kw;nwhU kpd;dZ gjpNtl;bd; ciwahf
khw;WfpwJ.
tpsf;fk;—,e;j Jizg; gpuptpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> ‘`h\;
nraw;ghlhdJ’ xU topKiw tiuglj;ij my;yJ kw;nwhU
,Ukvz;fspd; xNu tupirapd; nkhopngau;g;ig Fwpf;fpwJ. nghJthf
rpwpa> ‘Gy (`h\;) KbT’ vd;W miof;fg;gLk;> ,e;j kpd;dZ
gjpT mNj Gy (`h\;) tpisit mspf;fpwJ> xt;nthU KiwAk;
newpKiwia mNj kpd;dZ rhjdj;Jld; nray;gLj;jg;gLj;Jk;NghJk;>
xt;nthU KiwAk; mjd; cs;sPl;il fzf;fPl;L Kiwapy; fhz
KbahJ—
(a) newpKiw %yk; jahupf;fg;gl;l Gy (`h\;) KbTfspypUe;J
mry; kpd;dZtpay; gjpit ngw my;yJ kWfl;likf;f KbAk;.
(b) mNj ,uz;L kpd;dZ gjpTfspd; newpKiwia gad;gLj;jp
mNj Gy Kbit cUthf;f KbAk;.
rupghu;g;G: re;jhjhuupd; nghJ ,izg;Gg; nghwpia gad;gLj;jp
ve;j egUk; kpd;dZ gjpNtl;il rupghu;f;f KbAk;. jdpg;gl;l
,izg;Gg; nghwp kw;Wk; nghJ ,izg;Gg; nghwp re;jhjhuu;fSf;F
jdpj;JtkhdJ kw;Wk; ,J nray;gLk; Kf;fpa ,izg;Gg; nghwp
,izia cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
tzpfj;jpd; kpd;dZ gupkhw;wk; my;yJ rl;l nra;jp/
Mtzq;fs; tp\aj;jpy; ,J cz;ikahdJ kw;Wk; gupkhw;wj;jpd;
NghJ ve;jnthU eguhYk; rpijf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Kbitf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> NkNy $wpAs;s gpupT
3> ‘rkr;rPuw;w kiwKf mikg;G Kiw’ gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
kpd;dZ rhjidfspd; mq;fPfhuj;ij mspf;fpwJ vd;W $WfpwJ.
mjhtJ> ‘kiwf;FwpaPlhf;fk;’ (FwpaPLKiw) kw;Wk; ‘kiwaPL
ePf;fk;’ (Fwptpyf;fk;) Kiwia gad;gLj;jp Ma;T newpKiw kw;Wk;
nkd;nghUs; fUtpfs; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; nray;gLj;jyhk;.

xU ‘kiwf;FwpaPlhf;f nkd;nghUs; epuy;’ ,ay;ghf> gbf;ff;$ba jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
rl;lk;> 2000
ciur; nra;jpia (‘ntw;W ciu’) vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ> NkYk;
gbf;fhj Fwpaplg;gl;l ciu my;yJ ‘kiwaPl;Lr;nra;jp’ vd;w
nra;jpia gw;wp Vw nra;fpwJ. ngWeu; gpd;du; kiwaPl;Lr;nra;jpia
kPz;Lk; xU rhjhuz ntw;Wiuahf khw;w kw;nwhU nkd;nghUs; Fwpg;Gfs;
epuiy (njhlu;Gila kiwFwpahf;f nray;jpl;lk;) gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
,e;j nra;jpia ,ilkwpj;j vtUk;> mtu; ,izg;Gg; nghwpia
itj;jhnyhopa> mjhtJ> nghUj;jkhd kiwf;Fwpahf;f epuy; ,Ue;jhy;
jtpu> nra;jpiag; gbf;fNth my;yJ jhkjg;gLj;jNth KbahJ.
‘rkr;ruP w;w kiwKf mikg;GKiw’-apy;> xt;nthU egUk; ,uz;L
xj;jpirthd kw;Wk; nghUe;jpa ,izg;Gg; nghwpfis nfhz;Ls;sd—
,it ‘jdpg;gl;l ,izg;Gg; nghwp’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J
vg;NghJk; me;j egUld; ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; kw;nwhd;W
‘nghJ ,izg;Gg; nghwp’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ> ,J me;j egu;
kw;wtu;fSld; gfpu;ej ; y; kw;Wk; ‘fsQ;rpaq;fs;’ my;yJ rhd;wpjo;
cWjpg;gLj;jy; %yk; rpwg;G juTj;jsq;fis kw;wtu;fSf;F fpilf;f
nra;fpwJ. ,e;j ,uz;L ,izg;Gg; nghwpfs;> nghJ ,izg;Gg; nghwp
kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l ,izg;Gg; nghwp Mfpait KiwNa ,e;j nra;jpia
kiwahf;f kw;Wk; kiwaPL ePff ; k; nra;a gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mDg;Geu;
me;j nra;jpia Fwpahf;f> cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;ltupd; nghJ ,izg;Gg;
nghwpia gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd (mtu; ngWgtuplkpUe;J jhuhskhf
ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; my;yJ nghJf; fsQ;rpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J gjptpwf;fk;
nra;aJf;nfhs;syhk;). nghJ ,izg;Gg; nghwp kw;Wk; ve;jnthU egupd;
jdpg;gl;l,izg;Gg; nghwpiaNah fzpj uPjpahf ,izf;fg;gl;L xU
,izg;Gg; nghwp FwpaPli ; lg; gad;gLj;jp Fwpahf;fk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ>
,J kw;wtw;wpidg; gad;gLj;jp kl;LNk Fwpahf;fg;gl KbAk;.
RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gpl;lhy;> fzpdpka ifnahg;gj;jpd; gad;ghL
gpd;tUk; nray;Kiwiafis cs;slf;fpaJ:
(i) fzpdpka ifnahg;gk; ngw> xUtu; rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhu
rigf;F (CA) xU milahsr; rhd;W> trpg;gplj;jpw;F rhd;W
kw;Wk; Njitahd fl;lzk; Kjypad Nghd;w mtrpakhd
Mtzq;fSld; xU gbtj;jpy; tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fis CA rupghu;f;fpwJ. Mtzq;fs;
tupirapy; ,Ue;jhy;> ,e;j tof;F Vw;f;fg;gl xg;Gjy; ngWfpwJ.
(iii) xg;Gjy; mbg;gilapy;> CA tpz;zg;gjhuUf;F fzpdpka
rhd;wpjo; toq;FfpwJ. ,J xU ‘jdpg;gl;l ,izg;Gg; nghwp’
kw;Wk; xU ‘nghJ ,izg;Gg; nghwpia’ tpz;zg;gjhuu;f;F
toq;FfpwJ. ‘nghJ ,izg;Gg; nghwp’ itj;jpUf;Fk; mNj egu;
jhd; ‘jdpg;gl;l ,izg;Gg; nghwpia’ itj;jpUf;fpwhu; vd;w
rhd;wpjo; cj;juthjj;ij mspf;fpwJ. rhd;wpjo; fzpdpkakhf
ifnahg;gkplg;gLfpwJ.
(iv) xU fzpdpka rhd;wpjiog; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhy;> itj;jpUg;gtu;
jutpd; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd my;yJ NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 315

jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; jdJ jdpj;Jtkhd ,izg;Gg; nghwpfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
rl;lk;> 2000
,e;j ,izg;Gg; nghwpfs; fzpjKiwAld; njhlu;Gilait>
fzpdpka ifnahg;gkpl;l Mtzq;fis kiw Fwpahf;f kw;Wk;
kiwaPl;il ePf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;L ,izg;Gg;
Fwpg;Gfs; nghwpfspy; xd;W juit kiw Fwpahf;fk; nra;fpwJ kw;Wk;
kw;w ,izg;Gg; nghwp me;j juit kiwaPL ePf;fk; nra;fpwJ.
(v) mDg;Geu;> xU fzpdpapy; mtuJ ngau; cl;gl mDg;g Ntz;ba
nra;jpia jahu; nra;fpwhu;.
(vi) mDg;Geu; xU ‘Gy nray;Kiw’ (‘Gy (`h\;) nray;ghL’ Vw;fdNt
NkNy tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)> mjhtJ xU fzpj R+j;jpuk;
my;yJ newpKiwia gad;gLj;jp xU fzpdp nkd;nghUspd;
tbtj;jpy;> xU ‘Gy Kbit’> mjhtJ xU jdpj;Jtkhd fzpj
kjpg;ig toq;Fk; Kftupapd; nghJ ,izg;Gg; nghwpiag;
gad;gLj;jp kiwf;Fupaf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j ‘Gy
KbthdJ’, ‘nra;jp RUf;fk;’ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
(vii) mDg;Geu; ,e;j ‘nra;jp RUf;fj;ij’ jdJ nrhe;j ‘jdpg;gl;l
,izg;Gg;nghwp’ %yk; NkYk; kiwahf;fk; nra;fpwhu;. ,e;j
kiwahf;fj;jpd; KbT mDg;Geupd; fzpdp ka ifnahg;gkhf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;>
fzpdpka ifnahg;gj;jpy; ,e;j kiwahf;fg;gl;l ‘nra;jp RUf;fk;’
mlq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j ifnahg;gk; nra;jpf;F gpuj;jpNafkhdJ
kw;Wk; xt;nthU Gjpa nra;jpf;Fk; tpj;jpahrg;gLk;.
(viii)
mDg;Geu; jdJ fzpdpka ifnahg;gj;ij nra;jpAld;
,izfpwhu; my;yJ Nru;fpwhu.;

(ix) mDg;Geu; fzpdpka ifnahg;gk; kw;Wk; Fwpahf;fg;gl;l nra;jp
my;yJ Fwpahf;fk; nra;ag;glhj (mry;) nra;jpia kpd;dZ
ngWeUf;F mDg;Gfpwhu;.
(x)
ngWeupd; fzpdpka ifnahg;gk; rupghu;f;f mDg;Geu; ‘nghJ
,izg;Gg;nghwp’ gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;. mDg;Geupd; ‘nghJ
,izg;Gg;nghwp’ gad;gLj;jp rupghu;g;G nra;jp cz;ikahdjhfTk;>
khw;wg;glKbahj kw;Wk; mDg;Geuhy; kl;Lk; mDg;gg;gLk;
vd;gijAk; ep&gpf;fpwJ.
(xi) ngWeu; mNj ghJfhg;ghd Gy newpKiw gad;gLj;jp nra;jpapd;
xU ‘nra;jp RUf;fj;ij’ cUthf;Ffpwhu;. ,e;j ‘nra;jp RUf;fk;’
mDg;GeuplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l ‘nra;jp RUf;fk;’ Mf ,Ue;jhy; ngWeu;
cz;ikahd nra;jpapy; ve;j khw;wKk; nra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;gij
cWjp nra;a KbAk;. ngWeu; me;j nra;jpia jdJ ‘jdpg;gl;l
,izg;Gg;nghwp’ %yk; kiwtpyf;F nra;tjd; %yk; thrpf;fyhk;.
fzpdpka ifnahg;gk; vd;gJ xU ifahy; vOjg;gl;lij tpl
ghJfhg;ghdJ. mJ Nghypj;jdkhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. xg;ge;jk; jug;gpduhy;
filrp gf;fj;jpy; ifnaOj;jhdhy;> kw;w gf;fq;fs; rpijf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh
vd;gij fz;lwpa topapy;iy. Mdhy;> mNj xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;s

fzpdpka ifnahg;gq;fs; mry; xg;ge;jk; mg;gbNa cs;sJ vd;Wk; jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
rl;lk;> 2000
xU vOj;J $l khw;wg;gltpy;iy vd;gij cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
NkNy gad;gLj;jpa gy;NtW ntspg;ghLfs; rl;lj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd:
Fwpg;Gfs;
rkrPuw;w kiwKf mikg;GKiw [gpupT 2 (1)(f)]: ,J xU
ghJfhg;ghd ,izg;Gg;nghwp ,izapd; xU mikg;G MFk;.
,J fzpdpka ifnahg;gj;ij rupghu;g;gjw;fhf xU fzpdpka
ifnahg;gk; kw;Wk; nghJ ,izg;Gg;nghwp cUthf;f xU jdpg;gl;l
,izg;Gg;nghwpia nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
kpd;dZ gjpT [gpupT 2 (1)(t)]. ,J xU kpd; tbtk; my;yJ
Ez;zpa-glk; my;yJ fzpdpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Ez;zpa -Gidit
nfhz;l juT> gjpT my;yJ juT nra;ag;gl;l> cUtk; my;yJ xyp
Nrkpf;fg;gl;l> ngwg;gl;l my;yJ mDg;gg;gl;l jfty; MFk;.
,izg;Gg;nghwp ,iz [gpupT (I)(x)], xU rkrPuw;w kiwKf
mikg;gpy;> ,iz vd;gJ xU jdpg;gl;l ,izg;Gg;nghwp kw;Wk; mjd;
fzpjj; njhlu;Gila nghJ ,izg;Gg;nghwp vd;W nghUs;gLk;. ,J>
jdpg;gl;l ,izg;Gg;nghwp cUthf;fpa fzpdpka ifnahg;gj;ij
nghJ ,izg;Gg;nghwp rupghu;f;fpwJ.
jdpg;gl;l ,izg;Gg;nghwp [gpupT 2(l)(zc)]. ,J xU fzpdpka
ifnahg;gj;ij cUthf;f gad;gLk; xU ,izg;Gg;nghwp ,izapd;
,izg;ghFk;.
nghJ ,izg;Gg;nghwp [gpupT 2(l)(zd)]. ,J xU fzpdpka
ifnahg;gj;ij rupghu;f;fTk; fzpdpka ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjopy;
gl;bayplTk; gad;gLk; xU ,izg;Gg;nghwp ,izapd; ,izg;ghFk;.
re;jhjhuu; [gpupT 2(l)(zg)]. ,jd; mu;j;jk;> ahUila ngaupy;
fzpdpka ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
rupghu;g;G [gpupT 2(l)(zh)]. ‘rupghu;j;jy;’ vd;gJ fzpdpka
ifnahg;gk;> kpd;dZ gjpT my;yJ nghJ ,izg;Gg;nghwp Nghd;w
,yf;fz NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; mwpthw;wy; ntspg;ghLfSld;
njhlu;GilaJ MFk;.
(a)
Muk;g kpd;dZ gjpT b[pl;ly; ifnahg;gj;Jld;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ Jiz vOj;jhsupd; nghJ tpirapy; njhlu;Gila
jdpg;gl;l tpiriag; gad;gLj;Jjy;;
(b) Muk;g kpd;dZ gjpT mg;gbNa jf;fitf;fg;gl;L my;yJ khw;wg;gl;L
tpl;lJ mj;jifa kpd;dZ gjpT b[pl;ly; ifnahg;gj;Jld;
,ize;jpUe;jJ.

,e;j jiyg;gpd; fPo;> jfty; njhopy;El;g rl;lk; (2000) gb tpjpfs;
cs;sd: (a) kpd;dD gupkhw;wj;ij cUthf;fpajd; fhuzk;? (b)
me;j kpd;dZ gjptpd; urPij xg;Gf;nfhs;s Kftupg;gtu;/ngWeu;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 317

jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; fl;Lg;gl;bUg;ghuh kw;Wk; (c) kpd;dZ gjpTfis mDg;Gk; Neuj;ijAk;
rl;lk;> 2000
,lj;ijAk; vt;thW jPu;khdpg;gJ?
kpd;dZ gjpTfs; (gpupT 11)

Fwpg;Gfs; xU kpd;dZ gjpT mJ mDg;gg;gl;bUf;Fk; NghJ mij mikj;jtu;
fhuzkhfpwhu;.
(a) Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; %yk;
(b) me;j kpd;dZ gjpNtl;il nghUj;jkl;by;> xU egupd; rhu;ghf
nray;gl mjpfhuk; ngw;w xUtu; %yk;; my;yJ
(c) jhdhfNt ,aq;fj; njhlq;Fgtupd; rhu;ghf my;yJ jpl;lkplg;gl;l
xU jfty; Kiwik %yk;.
Njhw;Wtpg;ghsu; [gpupT 2(1)(za)]. xU kpd;dZ nra;jpahdJ
mDg;Gjy;> cUthf;Fjy;> Nrkpj;J itj;jy; Mfpa nray;ghLfs;
%yk; xUtuhy; mDg;gp kw;NwhUtuhy; mNj Kiwfshd mDg;Gjy;>
cUthf;Fjy;> Nrkpj;J itj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ,ilaPl;lhsu;
,y;yhky; ngwg;gl;lhy; mDg;gpa egu; Njhw;Wtpg;ghsu; vdg;gLfpwhu;.
,ilaPll ; hsu; epiy [gpupT 2(1)(w)]: ,ilaPll ; hsu; epiy
vdg;gLtJ> xU kpd;dZ nra;jpapd; nghUl;L> mjhtJ xU egu;
,d;ndhU egupd; rhu;gpy;> ngWjy; Nrkpj;jy; my;yJ gfpu;jy; my;yJ
me;j nra;jpapd; nghUl;L NtW VNjDk; cjtpfs; nra;jiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.
ngWeu; [gpupT 2(1)(b)]. Njhw;Wtpg;ghsuhy; mDg;gg;gl;l kpd;dZ
gjptpid xU egu; ,iyaPl;lhsupd; jiyaPL ,y;yhky; ngWjiyf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
urPJ xg;Gjy; (gpupT 12)

cld;ghL ,d;ik. xU Fwpg;gpl;l gbtj;jpy; my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l
Kiwapy;> kpd;dZ gjpNtl;bd; urPJ nfhLj;jjw;fhd xg;Gifr;
rPl;Lld; kl;LNk mDg;Gdu; ngUeUld; cld;gLfpwhu;. xg;Gif rPl;L
,t;thW mspf;fg;glyhk;.
(a) ngWeu; %yk; VNjDk; jfty; gupkhw;wk;> jhdpaq;F my;yJ
,y;iynadpy;;
(b)
ngWeupd; elj;ij> kpd;dZ gjpT ngwg;gl;bUg;gij
mwpKfg;gLj;j NghJkhdJ. [gpupT 12(1)].
Njhw;Wtpg;ghsupd; epge;jidfshtd. ,e;j kpd;dZ gjpNtl;il
xU xg;Gifr; rPl;bdhy; kl;LNk fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mDg;Gdu;
tiuaWj;Js;shu; vd;gjhy;> xg;Gif rPl;L ngwg;gltpy;iynad;why;
kpd;dD gjpT> Njhw;Wtpg;ghsuhy; xUNghJk; mDg;gg;gltpy;iy vd
fUjg;gLfpwJ.[gpupT 12 (2)]
Njhw;Wtpg;ghsupd; epge;jidapd;ik. ,e;j kpd;dZ gjpT>
mj;jifa xg;Gifr; rPl;bdhy; kl;LNk fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W Njhw;Wtpg;ghsu; $wtpy;iy. xg;Gif rPl;Lxg;Gf;nfhz;ljd;

jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
gb Fwpg;gpl;l fhyf;nfLTf;Fs; ngwg;glhtpl;lhy; my;yJ rupahd rl;lk;> 2000
xU Neuj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpl tpy;iynad;why;> Njhw;Wtpg;ghsu; jhd;
,Jtiu mDg;Gif rPl;il Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpw;Fs; ngwtpy;iy vd
ftdpg;G rPl;L mDg;gyhk;. ,J ngWduhy; kpd;dZ jfty; vJTk;
ngwg;gltpy;iy vd;w mu;j;jj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ. [gpupT 12(3)]. Fwpg;Gfs;
mDg;Gifapd; Neuk; kw;Wk; ,lk; kw;Wk; kpd;dZ gjptpd; urPJ [gpupT 13]
cUthf;Feu; kw;Wk; ngUeUf;F ,ilapy; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;glhj
tifapy;> xU kpd;dZ gjptpd; Njf;Fgtu;> cUthf;Fdupd;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F ntspNa xU fzpdp tsj;jpd; %yk; cs;Ns EioAk;
NghJ epfo;fpwJ. [gpupT 13(1)].
NtW tpjkhf Nrkpf;Fk; cUthf;Feu; kw;Wk; ngWeupilNaahd
,zf;fkhd NtW Kiwapy; Nrkpf;f gl Ntz;Lk;. kpd;dZ gjpNtl;il
ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; fhyk; gpd;tUkhW> mjhtJ:
(a) kpd;dZ gjpTfs; ngWk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf fzpdp tiyaikg;ig
ngWeu; nfhz;bUe;jhy;:
(i) kpd;dZ gjpT epWtg;gl;l fzpdp Mjhuj;jpw;Fs; Eioifapy;>
urPJ ngwg;gLfpwJ. my;yJ
(ii) kpd;dZ gjpNtL Kftupapd; xU fzpdp Mjhuj;jpw;F
mDg;gg;gl;lhy;> mJ epakpf;fg;gl;l fzpdp Mjhuk; my;y.
kpd;dZ gjpNtl;il ngWduhy; kPl;nlLf;fg;gLk; Neuj;jpy;
urPJ epfo;fpwJ.
(b) Fwpg;gpl;l fhy Neuj;NjhL xU fzpdp tiyaikg;ig ngWeu;
ngw;Wf;ftpy;iy vd;why;> VNjDk; ,Ue;jhy; kpd;dZ gjpNtL
Kftupapd; fzpdp tsj;jpd; cs;Ns EioAk; NghJ> urPJ
ngwg;gLfpwJ. [gpupT 13(2)]
cUthf;fpatu; kw;Wk; ngWgtUf;F ,ilapy; xg;Gf;nfhz;lgb
NtW tifapy; Nrkpf;f Ntz;Lk;> xU kpd;dZ gjpT vd;gJ> jdJ
njhopy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ,lj;jpy;> xU kpd;dZ gjpNtl;il itj;J>
me;j ,lj;jpy; KftupapYs;s tpahghu ,lj;ijg; ngwg;gl;l Kiwahf
fUjg;gLk;. [gpupT 13(3)]
cg gpuptpd; fPo;> kpd;dZ gjpT nra;ag;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk;
,lj;jpypUe;J> fzpdp Mjhuk; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; tpj;jpahrkhdjhff;
fUjg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> Jizg; gpupT (2) tpjpKiwfs; ,J nghUe;jf;
$Lk;. (3) [gpupT 13(4)]
,g;gpuptpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf:
(a)
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ltu; my;yJ Kftupaplk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
tu;j;jf ,lq;fs; ,Ue;jhy;> tpahghuj;jpd; gpujhd ,lk; tpahghu
,lkhf ,Uf;Fk;;.
(b)
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ltu; my;yJ Kftupaplk; tu;j;jf ,lk;
,y;iynadpy;> mtUila tof;fkhd trpg;gplk; tzpfj;jpd;
,Ug;gplkhf fUjg;gLk;;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 319

jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; (c) ‘tof;fkhd FbapUg;G ,lk;’> xU epWtdj;Jld; njhlu;GilaJ
rl;lk;> 2000
vd;why;> ,J gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ,lk; vd;gjhFk;. [gpupT 13 (5)]
ghJfhg;ghd kpd;dZ Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; tpuy;rhu; ifnahg;gq;fs;

Fwpg;Gfs; kpd;dZ gjpNtLfs; kw;Wk; nra;jpfis ghJfhg;ghfTk; ek;gfkhdjhfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> kpd; tzpfj;ij
mjpfupg;gjw;fhf> IT rl;lk;> 2000 ‘kpd;dZ gjpT’ kw;Wk; ‘tpuy;rhu;
ifnahg;gk;’ Mfpait ghJfhg;ghdjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd fUjg;gLfpwJ.
ghJfhg;ghd kpd;dZ gjpT (gpupT 14)

ve;j xU ghJfhg;G eilKiwiaAk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; kpd;dZ
rhjdkhf gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;> mj;jifa gjpT xU Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyg;gFjpapypUe;J xU ghJfhg;ghd kpd;dZ rhjdkhf rupghu;f;Fk;
Neukhf fUjg;gLk;.
ghJfhg;ghd tpuy;rhu; ifnahg;gk; (gpupT 15)

rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpduhy; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU ghJfhg;G
eilKiwapd; %yk;> xU b[pl;ly; ifnahg;gj;ij> ,izg;G
nra;ag;gl;l Neuj;jpy;> mjid rupghu;f;fg;gl KbAk;:
(a) jdpg;gl;l re;jhjhuiu ,izj;jy;
(b) mj;jifa re;jhjhuiu milahsk; fhZk; jpwd; nfhz;lJ
(c)
re;jhjhuupd; gpuj;Naf fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU
topKiwiag; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;> ,J kpd;dZ Kiwapy;
gjpT nra;ag;gl;L> me;j b[pl;ly; ifnahg;gk; khw;wg;glhtpl;lhy;>
mj;jifa b[pl;ly; ifnahg;gk; ghJfhg;ghd b[pl;ly;
ifnahg;gkhf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ghJfhg;G eilKiw (gpupT 16)

kj;jpa muR ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> nray;Kiw
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ tzpf R+o;epiyfs; NkNyhq;FtJ gw;wp
ghJfhg;G eilKiw gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ:
(a) gupkhw;wj;jpd; jd;ik
(b)
jq;fsJ njhopy;El;g jpwidf xg;gPL nra;Ak; fl;rpfspd;
nrsfupa epiy
(c) gpw fl;rpfspdhy; <LgLj;jg; gl;l eltbf;iffspd; msT
(d)
ve;j fl;rpahy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lhYk;> mjw;F toq;fg;gLk;
khw;wPLfs; fpilf;Fk; jd;ik
(e) khw;W eilKiwfspd; nryT kw;Wk;
(f)
nghJthf gad;ghl;by; cs;s guptu;j;jidfs; my;yJ
jfty;njhlu;Gfis gad;gLj;Jk; eilKiwfs;.

jfty; njhopy;El;g (rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhurig) tpjpfspd; 2000 jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
rl;lk;> 2000
Mk; Mz;bd; ,uz;lhk; fl;lj;jpy;> ‘jfty; njhopy;El;g ghJfhg;G
newpKiwfis’ kj;jpa muR gupe;Jiuj;Js;sJ.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf Fwpg;Gfs;

1. ,-MSik vd;w nrhy; %yk; ePq;fs; vijg; Gupe;J nfhz;Bu;fs;?
2. tpuy;rhu; ifnahg;gj;jpd; %yk; ePq;fs; vijg; Gupe;J nfhz;Bu;fs;?
13.4 rhd;wspf;Fk; Mizaq;fis Kiwg;gLj;Jjy;

rhd;wspg;Gf;fhd xOq;FKiwfis cUthf;Fk; Nehf;Fld;> 2000 IT
rl;lk;> flikfs;> mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; flikfSf;F ‘rhd;wspf;Fk;
mjpfhupfs;’ kw;Wk; Vida cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; epakdq;fSf;F
toq;Ffpd;wJ. xU ‘rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupaplk;’ cupkj;ij
toq;Ftjw;fhd eilKiw> mNjNghy eilKiw> ,ilePf;fk;
my;yJ jpUk;gg;ngWjy; my;yJ cupkj;ij GJg;gpj;jy; MfpaitAk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j rl;lk; rhd;wspf;Fk; mYtyu;fspd; gzpfs;
kw;Wk; flikfis toq;FfpwJ.
fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; kw;Wk; gpw cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;fhd epakdk; (gpupT 17)

1.
mjpfhug;G+u;t tu;j;jkhdpapy; kj;jpa muR mwptpj;jjd;
%yk;> ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> rhd;wspf;Fk;
mjpfhupapd; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsiu epakpf;Fk; kw;Wk; mjd;gb my;yJ
mjw;F mLj;j mwptpg;G %ykhf> Jiz fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;fs;
kw;Wk; cjtpahsu; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F ,J nghUe;Jk; vd;W
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
2. ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo; kj;jpa murpd; nghJthd fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk;
topfhl;Ljy; Nghd;w gzpfis fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; epiwNtw;wNtz;Lk;.
3. Jiz fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; cjtp fl;Lg;ghl;L
mjpfhupfs;> fl;Lg;gLj;Jduhy; mtu;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l
nray;ghLfis nghJ Nkw;ghu;itahsu; kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jdupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
4. fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;> Jiz fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;fs; kw;Wk; cjtpf;
fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;fs; MfpNahupd; Nritapd; jFjpfs;> mDgtk;
kw;Wk; tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfs; kj;jpa murhy;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;glyhk;.
5. fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; mYtyfj;jpd; jiyik mYtyfk;> fpis
mYtyfk; Nghd;wit kj;jpa muR Fwpg;gpLk; tifapy; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa muR ,jpy; nghUe;jf;$ba ,lq;fspy; ,it
mikf;fg;glyhk;.
6. fl;Lg;ghl;lhsupd; mYtyfj;jpd; xU Kj;jpiu ,Uf;Fk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 321

jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; gzpfs; (gpupT 18)
rl;lk;> 2000
fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; gpd;tUk; gzpfisr; nra;ayhk;> mjhtJ:
(a)
rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfspd; eltbf;iffs; kPJ Nkw;ghu;it
Fwpg;Gfs; nra;jy;;
(b) rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfspd; nghJ tpirfis cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;;
(c) rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfshy; guhkupf;f Ntz;ba juepiyfis
tFj;jy;;
(d)
rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfspd; jFjpfs; kw;Wk; mDgtq;fis
Fwpg;gpLjy;;
(e)
rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfs; jq;fs; njhopiy elj;j Ntz;ba
epge;jidfis Fwpg;gpLjy;;
(f) tpuy;rhu; ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjo; kw;Wk; nghJ tpiriag; nghWj;J
vOjg;gl;l> mr;rplg;gl;l my;yJ fhl;rpg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;
tpsk;guq;fis tpepNahfg;gLj;jf;$ba my;yJ gad;gLj;jf;$ba
cs;slf;fq;fis Fwpg;gpLjy;
(g) xU tpuy;rhu; ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjopd; Kf;fpa tbtk; kw;Wk;
cs;slf;fj;ij Fwpg;gpLjy;;
(h)
rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfshy; fzf;Ffs; guhkupf;fg;gLk;
gbtj;ijAk; KiwapYk; Fwpg;gpLjy;;
(i)
jzpf;ifahsu;fs; epakpf;fg;gLk; tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk;
epge;jidfis Fwpg;gpl;L> mtu;fSf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba
Cjpaj;ij toq;f Ntz;Lk;;
(j) xU rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhup> KOikahf my;yJ $l;lhf gpw
rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfSld; Nru;e;J mj;jifa Kiwikfis
xOq;FgLj;Jk; tifapy; VNjDk; kpd;dZ Kiwia epWTtjw;F
toptif nra;jy;;
(k) rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfs; re;jhjhuu;fSld; jq;fs; xg;ge;jq;fis
elj;Jk; tpjj;ij Fwpg;gpLjy;;
(l)
rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfSf;Fk; re;jhjhuu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa
cs;s eyd;fspd; Kuz;ghl;il jPu;j;jy;;
(m) rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfspd; flikfisr; rupnra;jy;
(n) nghJkf;fSf;F mZff;$ba tpjpKiwfshy; Fwpg;gplg;glf;$ba
rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhurigapd; ntspg;gLj;jy; gjpitAk;
cs;slf;fpa xU juTj;jsj;ij guhkupj;jy;;
ntspehl;L rhd;wspg;G mjpfhuq;fis mq;fPfupj;jy; (gpupT 19)

tpjpKiwfshy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sgb> mj;jifa epge;jidfs;
kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;L> fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpd; Ke;ija xg;GjYld;> cj;jpNahfG+u;t tu;j;jkhdpapy;
mwptpg;G %yk;> ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf rhd;wspf;Fk;

mjpfhupahf ntspehl;L rhd;wspg;G mjpfhuj;ij mq;fPfupf;f jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
rl;lk;> 2000
Ntz;Lk;. [gpupT 19(1)].
rhd;wpjo; Mizak; Jiz gpupT (1) ,d; fPo; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLk;NghJ>
mj;jifa rhd;wspf;Fk; Mizaj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l tpuy;rhu;
ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjo; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nry;YgbahFk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
[gpupT 19 (2)].
mq;fPfhuj;ij jpUk;gg; ngWjy;. fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; mtu;
jpUg;jpaile;jhy;> ve;j rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; Jiz gpupT (1)
,d; fPo; mq;fPfhuk; toq;fg;gl;l epge;jidfs; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfs;
vijAk; kPwtpy;iy vd;W mtu; vOj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf> cj;jpNahfG+u;t tu;j;jfkhdp ,J Nghd;w
mq;fPfhuj;ij jpUk;gg; ngWfpwJ [gpupT 19 (3)].
fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; fsQ;rpakhf nray;gLjy; [gpupT 20]

xU ‘fsQ;rpak;’ vd;gJ tpuy;rhu; ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjo;fs; kw;Wk;
fzpdp njhlu;ghd ,izak; my;yJ kpd;tzpfj;jpd; Clf tu;j;jf
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;gtu;fSf;F gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk; gpw
jfty; njhlu;ghd juTj;jskhFk;.
fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gLk; midj;J
tpuy;rhu; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo;fspd; fsQ;rpakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
[gpupT 20 (1)].
tpuy;rhu; ifnahg;gq;fspd; ,ufrpaKk; ghJfhg;Gk; cWjp nra;a>
fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; fz;bg;ghf cj;juthjk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;:
(a) td;nghUs;> nkd;nghUs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfis gad;gLj;Jjy;>
Mfpait cl;GFjy; kw;Wk; jtwhd gad;ghl;bypUe;J
ghJfhg;ghf cs;sd
(b) kj;jpa murpdhy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l juepiyfis fz;fhzpf;f
Ntz;Lk; [gpupT 20 (2)]
mj;jifa juTj;jsk; kw;Wk; nghJ tpirfs;> nghJkf;fs; kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdUf;Fk; fpilf;Fk; tifapy;> midj;J nghJ tpirfspd;
fzpdpkakhf;fg;gl;l juTj;jsj;ij fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; filgpbf;f
Ntz;Lk; [gpupT 20 (3)].
mjpfhupfSf;F rhd;wpjo; toq;f cupkk; toq;Fjy;

tpuy;rhu; ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjo;fs; (gpupT 21)
ve;j xU egUk; tpuy;rhu; ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjo;fs; toq;f mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;
ngw xU tpz;zg;gj;ij fl;Lg;ghl;lhsuplk; mspf;fyhk;> mtu;
mj;jifa Njitfis fy;tpj;jFjp> epGzj;Jtk;> kdpjts> epjp
tsq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw cs;fl;likg;G trjpfs; Mfpatw;NwhL G+u;j;jp
nra;fpwhu;. kj;jpa murhy; [gpupT 21 (2),d; gupe;Jiuf;fg;glyhk; gb
tpuy;rhu; ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjo;fs; toq;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
,g;gpuptpd; fPo; toq;fg;gLk; mDkjpg; gj;jpuk;:
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 323

jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; (a)
kj;jpa muR epu;zapj;j mj;jifa fhyfl;lj;jpw;Fs;
rl;lk;> 2000
nry;YgbahFkh
(b) khw;wf;$baNjh my;yJ kuGg; gz;ig cUthf;fNth $lhJ
(c) xOq;FKiwfshy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l mj;jifa tpjpKiwfs;
Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;lit [gpupT 21 (3).
mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngWtjw;fhd tpz;zg;gk; (gpupT 22). cupkk;
toq;Fk; xt;nthU tpz;zg;gKk; kj;jpa murhy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk;
tifapy; mj;jifa gbtj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. rhujp mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;
toq;Fk; tpz;zg;gj;jpid cld; toq;f Ntz;Lk;:
(a) rhd;wspg;G gapw;rp mwpf;if
(b)
tpz;zg;gjhupapd; milahsk; njhlu;ghd eilKiwfs;
cs;spl;l xU mwpf;if
(c)
kj;jpa muR epu;zapj;Js;s gb> 25000 &gha;f;Fk; kpfhky;>
mj;jifa fl;lzq;fis nrYj;Jjy;;
(d) ,J Nghd;w kw;w Mtzq;fs; kj;jpa murhy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;glyhk;.
rhd;wspg;G eilKiw mwpf;if [gpupT 2 (l)(h)]. ‘vz;zpay;
ifnahg;gk; rhd;wpjo;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd eilKiwfis
Fwpg;gpLtjw;F xU rhd;Wg;gLj;Jk; Mizak; ntspapl;Ls;s mwpf;if
,J.’ ,e;j mwpf;if mjd; nray;ghl;by; xU rhd;wspf;Fk; Mizak;
(CA) njhlu;e;J rhd;wpjo;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd xU tpjpKiwfisAk;
tpjpfisAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; toq;fy; my;yJ epuhfupg;Gf;fhd nra;Kiw
(gpupT 24). fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;> vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo; toq;f
cupkk; ngWtjw;fhd tpz;zg;gj;ijg; ngw;wTld;> tpz;zg;gj;ijAk;>
mj;jifa gpw fhuzpfisAk;> mtu; nghUj;jpg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ>
cupkj;ij toq;fTk; my;yJ tpz;zg;gj;ij epuhfupf;fTk; nra;ayhk;.
vdpDk;> tpz;zg;gjhuu; jdJ tof;if jhf;fy; nra;a epahakhd
tha;g;G mspf;fg;glhtpl;lhy;> ,e;jg; gpuptpd; fPo; ve;j tpz;zg;gj;ijAk;
epuhfupf;fg;gl $lhJ.
mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; GJg;gpj;jy; (gpupT 23). mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;
GJg;gpj;jYf;fhd xU tpz;zg;gk;:
(a)
,j;jifa tbtj;jpy;;
(b)
,J Nghd;w fl;lzq;fSld;> kj;jpa murhy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lgb>
5000 &gha;f;Fk; kpfhky;> mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; nry;YgbahFk;
fhyk; fhyhtjpahFk; Njjpf;F 45 ehl;fSf;F Kd;du; tiu
Fiwahky; Mf;fg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ,ilepWj;jk; (gpupT 25). tprhuizf;
fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;> mtu; xU tprhuiz nra;j gpwF jpUg;jp mile;jhYk;>
rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cs;s cupkj;ij jpUk;gg; ngwf;$Lk; —
(a)
xU mwpf;ifapy;> my;yJ nghUs; tptuj;jpy; rupapy;yhj my;yJ
jtwhd> mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; my;yJ GJg;gpj;jYf;fhd tpz;zg;gk;;

(b)
tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; cupkk; toq;fg;gl;ltw;Wf;F cl;gl;Ls;s jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
rl;lk;> 2000
epge;jidfSf;F ,zq;ftpy;iy
(c)
gpupT 30 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s eilKiwfs; kw;Wk;
juepiyfis guhkupg;gJ Njhy;tpAw;wJ;
(d)
,e;jr; rl;lk;> tpjp> fl;Lg;ghL my;yJ Miz Mfpatw;wpd; ve;j Fwpg;Gfs;
tpjpKiwfspd;gb kPwg;gl;lJ.
vdpDk;> rhd;wspf;Fk; Mizak; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l tpyf;Ff;F
vjpuhd fhuzj;ij fhl;Lk; xU epahakhd tha;g;ig toq;fhtpl;lhy;>
cupkk; uj;J nra;ag;glhJ [gpupT 25 (1)].
,e;jf; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;> mtu; fl;lisapl;l ve;j tprhuizAk;
Kbtila Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf> mj;jifa cupkj;ij epWj;jp
itf;f> Jiz gpuptpd; fPo; (1) mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;ij tpyf;Ftjw;F
VNjDk; ikjhdk; cs;sJ vd;W cWjpgLj;Jtjw;F mtu; epahakhd
fhuzj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. vdpDk;> rhd;Wg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhurigf;F
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l ,ilepWj;jj;Jf;F vjpuhd fhuzj;ij fhz;gpg;gjpy;
epahakhd re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;glhtpl;lhy;> gj;J ehl;fSf;Fk; Nkyhd
xU fhyj;jpw;fhd mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ,ilepWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;>
ve;j rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupAk; ,ilePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s epiyapy;>
ve;j vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjioAk; ,e;j ,ilepWj;jypd;NghJ
toq;f Ntz;Lk; [gpupT 25 (3)].
mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; ,ilepWj;jy; my;yJ kPsg;ngwy; gw;wpa
mwptpj;jy; (gpupT 26). rhd;wspf;Fk; Mizaj;jpd; cupkk; epWj;jp
itf;fg;gl;lhNyh my;yJ jpUk;gg; ngwNth> fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;
mj;jifa ,ilePf;fk; my;yJ jpUk;gg;ngWjy; gw;wpa mwptpg;ig
mtu; %yk; guhkupf;fg;gLk; juTj;jsj;jpy; ntspapl Ntz;Lk;. xd;W
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fsQ;rpaq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,lj;jpy;>
mj;jifa ,ilePf;f my;yJ kWnjhopy;juTfspd; mwptpg;Gfis
,J Nghd;w fsQ;rpaq;fs; midj;jpYk; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; ntspaplyhk;.
vdpDk;> tof;F Nghd;w ,ilepWj;jk; my;yJ jpUk;gg; ngWjy;
gw;wpa mwptpg;G mlq;fpa juTj;jsk;> fbfhuj;ij mZff;$ba xU
tiyj;jsk; %yk; fpilf;fr; nra;aNtz;Lk;.

rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; fPo;f;fz;l mjpfhuq;fis
nfhz;Ls;sd:
1.
jkJ mjpfhuq;fspy; vjidAk; my;yJ ve;jnthU
cj;jpNahfj;jUk; jkJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; nghUl;L>
vOj;J %yk; my;yJ cjtp fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; my;yJ
mjpfhupnahUtu; kPJ mjpfhuk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; (gpupT 27).
2. rl;lk; my;yJ tpjpfs; my;yJ xOq;FKiwfspy; VNjDk;
kPWtJ gw;wp Gyd; tprhuizf;fhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
mjpfhuk;. ve;j xU mjpfhupf;Fk; mtu; ,e;j [gpupT 28(1)]
mjpfhug;G+u;tg;gLj;jyhk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 325

jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; 3. 1961 tUkhd tupr; rl;lj;jpd; XII Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpd; fPo;
rl;lk;> 2000
tUkhd tup mjpfhupfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fisg; Nghd;w
mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l cj;jpNahfj;ju; %yk; jd;idg; gpuNahfpf;Fk;
mjpfhuk; [gpupT 28 (2)]. mj;jifa rpy mjpfhuq;fs; RUf;fkhf
Fwpg;Gfs; fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd:
(i) Ma;T njhlu;ghd epiyfs;> ve;jnthU egupd; tUifia
mKy;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mtiu gjtpg;gpukhzk; nra;jy;>
fzf;Fg; Gj;jfq;fspd; cw;gj;jpiaj; njhFj;jy; Nghd;w
epiyfis nghWj;j kl;by; ePjpkd;wj;jplk; mjpfhuk;
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(ii) fzf;fpy; Gj;jfq;fs;> Mtzq;fs; my;yJ tpiyAau;e;j
Gj;jfq;fs; itj;jpUg;gjhf ek;gg;gLgit kw;Wk; mtw;iw
ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd ve;j fl;llj;ijAk;> ,lj;ijAk;>
EioaTk; NjLk; mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(iii) fzf;F itj;jpUg;gtu;fs; my;yJ nrhj;Jf;fis
itj;jpUf;Fk; ve;jnthU mjpfhupfspypUe;Jk; nrhj;Jf;fis
thq;Ftjw;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(iv) jftYf;F miof;Fk; mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(v) cWg;gpdu;fs; my;yJ cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjpNtL VNjDk;
,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw Ma;T nra;J efy;fis vLj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(vi) tprhuiz nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
rl;lk;> tpjpfs; my;yJ xOq;Ftpjpfspd; Vw;ghLfSld;
,zf;fg;ghl;il cWjp nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jhy;> mj;jifa
eltbf;iffis vLg;gjw;F my;yJ mj;jifa eltbf;iffisr;
nra;tjw;F> me;j mjpfhurigapd; ve;jnthU gzpahsiuAk;>
xOq;FgLj;Jk; mjpfhuj;jhNyh my;yJ mj;jifa nraw;
ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tij epWj;jNth mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ
[gpupT 68 (1)].
5. ve;jnthU ‘fzpdp tsk;’ (mjhtJ fzpdp> fzpdp Kiwik
kw;Wk; fzpdp tiyaikg;G Nghd;wit) %yk; mDg;gg;gLk;
ve;j jftiyAk; FWf;fpl murhq;fj;jpd; ve;j epWtdj;ijAk;
xOq;FgLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,e;jpahtpd; ,iwahz;ikapd;
my;yJ xUikg;ghl;bd; eyDf;fhf mtrpakhfNth my;yJ
cfe;jjhfNth ,Ue;jhy;> khepyj;jpd; ghJfhg;G> me;epa
muRfSld; my;yJ nghJ xOq;iff; nfhz;l el;G cwTfs;

my;yJ ve;j milahsk; fhz Kbahj Fw;wj;jpw;fhd
J}z;LjYf;fhfTk; cs;sJ [gpupT 69(1)].
fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; juT mZfy; (gpupT 29)

,e;j rl;lj;jpd; tifaq;fs; VNjDk; kPwg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W re;Njfpf;f
fl;Lg;ghl;lhsUf;F epahakhd fhuzk; ,Ue;jhy;> nra;ag;gl;l

tpjpKiwfs; my;yJ xOq;FKiwfs;> fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu; my;yJ jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
rl;lk;> 2000
mtUf;F mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l NtW egu; VNjDk; fzpdp mikg;Gf;F>
fpilf;ff;$ba VNjDk; jfty; my;yJ jfty; ngWtjw;F xU
Njliy NjLtjw;F> ,J Nghd;w mikg;Gld; njhlu;Gila VNjDk;
rhjdk;> juT my;yJ NtW ve;j nghUSk; fzpdp mikg;igg; ngw Fwpg;Gfs;
Ntz;Lk;. mtu; Njitnadpy;> mj;jifa epahakhd njhopy;El;g
kw;Wk; gpw cjtpfisg; ngw> fzpdp mikg;G> jfty; cgfuzk;
my;yJ %yg;nghUs; Mfpatw;wpd; nray;ghl;by; my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l
ve;j egiuAk; mtu; ,af;fyhk;.
rpy eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhuk; (gpupT 30)

vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo;fis toq;f fl;Lg;ghl;lhsUf;F
mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;l egiu> rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhup vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ [gpupT 2(1)(g)].
xt;nthU rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhuKk;> mikg;gpd; ghJfhg;G
njhlu;ghd rpy eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp> mjd; Nritfspd;
nray;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;. ,jpy; Njitg;gLgtd:
(a)
cl;GFjy; kw;Wk; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtij ghJfhf;f
td;nghUs;> nkd;nghUs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
(b)
cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;lg; gzpfspd; nray;jpwidg; nghUj;jtiuapy;>
mjd; Nritfspy; epahakhd msT ek;gfj;jd;ikia toq;Fjy;;
(c)
vz;zpay; ifnahg;gq;fspd; ufrpak; kw;Wk; jdpAupik cWjp
nra;a ghJfhg;G eilKiwfisf; filgpbj;jy;; kw;Wk;
(d)
xOq;Ftpjpfspd; %yk; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Vida juepiyfis
ftdpj;jy;.

rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhurigf;F fPo;f;fz;l flikfs; cs;sd:
1. gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l xt;nthU egUk;> jdJ Ntiytha;g;G my;yJ
<Lghl;bd; NghJ> rl;lk;> tpjpfs;> xOq;FKiwfs; kw;Wk;
Mizfs; (gpupT 31) fPo; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk;.
2. mjd; cupkj;ij> mjd; tzpfk; (gpupT 32) nfhz;L nry;Yk;
tshfj;jpd; xU ,lj;jpy; njspthf fhz;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3.
,ilePf;fk; my;yJ jpUk;gg; ngw;wTld; cupkj;ij
fl;Lg;ghl;lhsuplk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk; [gpupT 33 (1)].
4. tpjpKiwfspd;gb Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;j:
(a)
mjd; vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo;> rhd;wspf;Fk;
mjpfhupahy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jdpahu; Fwpg;Gf;F njhlu;Gila
nghJ Fwpg;G> kw;nwhU vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjOld;
vz;zpayhf ifnahg;gkpl cs;sJ
(b) rhd;wspg;G eilKiwg; nghUj;jkhd mwpf;if
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 327

jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; (c) rhd;wpjo; toq;Fk; Miza rhd;wpjio jpUk;gg; ngWjy;
rl;lk;> 2000
my;yJ epWj;jpitj;jy; gw;wpa mwptpj;jy; VNjDk; ,Ug;gpd;;
kw;Wk;
(d)
xU vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjopd; ek;gfj;jd;ikiag;
Fwpg;Gfs; ghjpf;Fk; NtW ve;j cz;ikAk;> me;j mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;l
my;yJ mjd; Nritia nra;Ak; mjpfhuj; jpwd; [gpupT 34 (1)].
5. rhd;wspf;Fk; Mizaj;jpd; fUj;Jg;gb> ve;j xU epfo;KiwapYk;
ghjpf;fg;gl tha;g;Gs;s ve;j egiuAk;> mjd; fzpdp mikg;gpd;
Neu;ikiaAk;> my;yJ mJ njhlu;ghd epge;jidfisAk;>
my;yJ xU vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
Nghd;w epfo;T my;yJ R+o;epiyia rkhspg;gjw;fhf> mjd;
‘rhd;wpjo; gapw;rp mwpf;if’ Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s eilKiwfspd;gb
mtu; nray;glyhk; [gpupT 34 (2)].
kj;jpa muR> ‘jfty; njhopy;El;gk; (rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfs;)
tpjpfs;> 2000’ vd;W mwptpj;J> mij rhjfkhfg; gupe;Jiuf;fyhk;.
,e;j tpjpfspd; ml;ltiz III ‘rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfSf;F ghJfhg;G
topfhl;Ljy;fs;’ vd;W gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
jw;NghJ> rpg;]; f;upg;l;l;> lhlh fd;ry;ld;rp ru;tPr]; (TCS)> Njrpa
jfty; ikak; (NIC) kw;Wk; kèfu; njhiyNgrp epfk; ypkpnll; (MTNL)
Mfpait vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo;fs; toq;f mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l
rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfshf cs;sd.

xU jdpegupd; milahsj;jpid mq;fPfupg;gNj vz;zpay; ifnahg;g
rhd;wpjopd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,J jfty; mDg;gpatUf;F cz;ikahfr;
nra;jpia mDg;gpa egu; ahu; vd;gij cWjp nra;fpwJ. rhd;wspf;Fk;
mjpfhurigapdhy; vz;zpayhf ifnahg;gkplg;gLfpwJ.
vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo; toq;f rhd;Wg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; (gpupT 35)

tpz;zg;gk; ve;j xU egUk; kj;jpa murhy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s
mj;jifa gbtj;jpy; vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo; toq;f
rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhurigf;F tpz;zg;gk; nra;ayhk;. tpz;zg;gj;Jld;
Nru;j;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;:
(a)
kj;jpa murpdhy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;glyhk;. ,J Nghd;w fl;lzk;
25000 &gha;f;Fk; kpfhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> gy;NtW
tifahd tpz;zg;gjhuu;fspd; tFg;GfSf;F ntt;NtW
fl;lzq;fs; gupe;Jiuf;fg;glyhk;.
(b)
xU ‘rhd;wpjo; eilKiwf; $w;W’ %yk; my;yJ mj;jifa
mwpf;if VJk; ,y;iy vd;why;> xOq;FKiwfs; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
mj;jifa tpguq;fs; mlq;fpa mwpf;ifia mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
rhd;wpjo; toq;Fjy;. vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo; toq;Ftjw;fhd
tpz;zg;gj;ijg; ngw;wTld;> rhd;wspg;G Mizak; ‘rhd;wpjo; eilKiw

mwpf;if’ my;yJ NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kw;w mwpf;iffisAk;> jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
rl;lk;> 2000
mJ nghUe;jf; $ba tifapy; mj;jifa tprhuizfisr; nra;J
Kbj;j gpd;du;> vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo; my;yJ vOj;jpy; gjpT
nra;a Ntz;ba fhuzq;fSf;fhf> tpz;zg;gj;ij epuhfupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
vdpDk;> rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhuk; jpUg;jp mspf;fhjtiu b[pl;ly; Fwpg;Gfs;
ifnahg;gk; rhd;wpjo; toq;fg;glkhl;lhJ:
(a) tpz;zg;gjhuu;> vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjopy; gl;bayplg;gl
Ntz;ba nghJ Fwpg;Gf;F njhlu;Gila jdpg;gl;l Fwpg;ig
itj;jpUf;fpwhu;;
(b)
tpz;zg;gjhuu; vz;zpay; ifnahg;gj;ij cUthf;Fk; jpwd;
cila jdpahu; Fwpg;ig itj;jpUf;fpwhu;;
(c) rhd;wpjopy; gl;bayplg;gl Ntz;ba nghJ Fwpg;ig tpz;zg;gjhuu;
itj;jpUf;Fk; jdpahu; Fwpg;gpy; xU vz;zpay; ifnahg;gj;ij
rupghu;f;f gad;gLj;jyhk;.
vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo; toq;Fjy; njhlu;ghd
Nfhupf;iffs; (gpupT 36)
vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo; toq;Fk;NghJ> rhd;wspf;Fk;
mjpfhuk;> mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s jfty;fs; Jy;ypakhdit> mit:
(a) ,r;rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfSf;Fk;> mq;F nra;ag;gl;l tpjpfs; kw;Wk;
xOq;FKiwfSf;F ,zq;fpAs;sJ
(b) ,J vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjio ntspapl;Ls;sJ> my;yJ
mij ek;gpAs;s mj;jifa egUf;F mJ fpilf;fr; nra;fpwJ
kw;Wk; re;jhjhuu; mij Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;shu;;
(c) re;jhjhuu;> vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjopy; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s
nghJ Fwpg;gpd; njhlu;Gila jdpahu; Fwpg;ig itj;jpUf;fpwhu;;
(d) re;jhjhuu; nghJ Fwpg;G kw;Wk; jdpahu; Fwpg;G xU nray;gLk;
Fwpg;G N[hbiaf; nfhz;lJ kw;Wk;
(e) ,J ve;j xU nghUs; gw;wp mwpT ,y;iy> mJ vz;zpay;
ifnaOj;J rhd;wpjo; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;why;> mJ cl;gpuptpy;
nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpj;Jtq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikia ghjpf;Fk;.
vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjopd; ,ilepWj;jk; (gpupT 37)

vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo; toq;fpa rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
mj;jifa vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjio epWj;jptplyhk;:
(a) ,jd; tpisthf xU Nfhupf;ifiag; ngWtjw;F:
(i) vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjopy; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s re;jhjhuu;;
my;yJ
(ii) me;j Jiz vOj;jhsu; rhu;gpy; ve;j egUk; Kiwahf
mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 329

jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; (b) nghJ eydpy; vz;zpay; ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo; epWj;jp itf;f
rl;lk;> 2000
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUj;J ,Ue;jhy;.
,e;j epiyapy; re;jhjhuu; xU tha;g;igf; nfhLj;jhnyhopa>
gjpide;J ehl;fSf;F Nky; xU fhy mstpw;F vz;zpay; ifnahg;g
Fwpg;Gfs; rhd;wpjo; epWj;jp itf;fg;gLk;. NkYk;> ,g;gpuptpd; fPo; vz;zpay;
ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo; ,ilepWj;jg;gLjy;> rhd;wspf;Fk; mYtyu;
re;jhjhuu; Nghd;NwhUld; njhlu;G nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjopid jpUk;gg;ngWjy; (gpupT 38)

rhd;wspf;Fk; Mizak; mij toq;fpa xU b[pl;ly; ifnahg;gr;
rhd;wpjio jpUk;gg; ngwyhk;:
(a) re;jhjhuu; my;yJ mtuhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l kw;w egu; me;j
tpisitf; NfhUfpwhu;; my;yJ
(b) re;jhjhuu; ,wg;gpd;NghJ my;yJ
(c)
epWtdk; fiyf;fg;gLjy; my;yJ epWtdj;ij Klf;Fjypd;
NghJs;s ];jhgdk; my;yJ epWtdkhf ,Uf;Fk; xU
re;jhjhuiug; gw;wpaJ.
rhd;wspf;Fk; Mizak;> mJ fUj;jpy; nfhz;bUe;jhy;> ve;j
Neuj;jpYk; mJ toq;fg;gl;l ,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjio
jpUk;gg; ngwyhk;:
(a) Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU nghUs; cz;ik ,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gr;
rhd;wpjopy; ngha;ahf cs;sJ my;yJ kiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
(b) ,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjio toq;Ftjw;fhd Njitia
jpUg;jpfukhf ,y;iy.
(c) rhd;wspf;Fk; Mizaj;jpd; jdpg;gl;l tpir my;yJ ghJfhg;G
mikg;G ,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjopd; ek;gfj;jd;ikia
ghjpf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; rkurk; nra;ag;gl;lJ
(d) re;jhjhuu; jpthyhf my;yJ ,we;jjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhy;> me;j
re;jhjhuu; ];jhgdk; my;yJ epWtdkdJ fiyf;fg;gLk; my;yJ
KLf;fg;gLk; ,y;iynadpy; epWj;jpitf;fg;gLk;.
,e;j tptfhuj;jpy; re;jhjhuu; Nfl;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;glhjtiu
,yf;fKiw ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo; uj;J MfhJ. NkYk;> ,g;gpuptpd;
fPo; xU ,yf;fKiw ifnahg;g rhd;wpjopid jpUk;gg; ngWjy;>
rhd;wspf;Fk; Mizak;> re;jhjhuUf;F jfty; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,ilePf;fk; my;yJ jpUk;gg; ngWjy; gw;wpa mwptpj;jy;
(gpupT 39) ,jd;gb> xU ,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjo; gpupT 37
my;yJ gpupT 38 fPo; ,ilePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lhy; my;yJ jpUk;gg;
ngwg;gl;lhy;> rhd;wpjo; Mizak; ,j;jifa mwptpg;G ntspaPl;bw;fhd
,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gr; rhd;wpjopy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l fsQ;rpaj;jpy;>
,JNghd;w ,ilePf;fk; my;yJ jpUk;gg;ngwg;gl;l mwptpg;G xd;iw
ntspapl Ntz;Lk;. xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fsQ;rpaq;fs;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,lj;jpy;> rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhup mj;jifa jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
rl;lk;> 2000
,ilePf;fk; my;yJ jpUk;gg; ngWjy; gw;wpa mwptpg;Gfis ,e;j
fsQ;rpaq;fs; midj;jpYk; ntspaplyhk;.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf Fwpg;Gfs;

3. ‘fl;Lg;ghl;lhsupd;’ gzpfisg; gl;baypLf.
4. rhd;wspf;Fk; Mizaj;jpd; ,uz;L flikfs;.

1. ‘kpd; MSif’ my;yJ kpd;dZ MSif vd;gJ>
vspikahd> jhu;kPf> nghWg;Gzu;Tld; $ba kw;Wk;
ntspg;gilahd (];khu;l;) MSikiaf; nfhz;LtUtjw;F
muR nray;gLk; nray;KiwfSf;F jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd;
gad;ghl;ilf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jpy;> muR epWtdq;fSld; kpd;dZ
Kiwapy; Mtzq;fis gjpT nra;jy;> ,-Nritfs; kw;Wk;
kpd; epu;thfk; Mfpatw;wpd; tiyg;gpd;diy cUthf;Fjy;
Mfpait mlq;Fk;.kpd;dZ MSif (kpd; MSif) Ntfkhf
gpbf;fg;gl;L NkYk; NkYk; gy murhq;f nray;Kiwfs; Fiwe;j
mjpfhuj;Jtj;jhy;> ntspg;gilahd kw;Wk; njwpfpd;w Kiwapy;
elf;fpd;wd. epWtdq;fs; kpd;dZ gbtj;jpy; VNjDk; gbtk;>
tpz;zg;gk; my;yJ NtW ve;j Mtzj;ijAk; jhf;fy; nra;J
cupkk; / rhd;wpjo;fs; ,izaj;jpd; %yk; ngw KbAk;.
2.
,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gk; vd;gJ ifahy; vOjg;gl;l
ifnahg;gj;jpd; kpd;dZ Kiwf;F rkkhdjhFk;. kpd;dZ jfty;
gupkhw;wj;jpy; ifahy; vOjg;gl;l ifnahg;gk; rhj;jpakpy;iy.
gjptpd; mq;fPfhuj;ij rpy kpd;dZ my;yJ ,yf;fKiw
Kiwapy; mila Ntz;Lk;. ‘,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gk;’ %yk;
xU kpd;dZ gjpit mq;fPfupg;gjw;fhf xU egupd; ve;jnthU
Kiw my;yJ eilKiwiaAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;
vd;gJ rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 2 (1) (d) ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. fl;Lg;gLj;Jdu; gpd;tUk; nray;ghLfs; midj;ijAk; my;yJ
VNjDk; xd;iw nra;ayhk;> mitahtd:
(a) rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfspd; eltbf;iffs; kPJ Nkw;ghu;it
nra;jy;;
(b) rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfspd; nghJ tpirfis rhd;Wg;gLj;Jjy;;
(c) rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfshy; guhkupf;f Ntz;ba juq;fis
epu;zapj;jy;;
(d)
rhd;Wg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhupapd; Copau;fs; itj;jpUf;Fk;
jFjpfs; kw;Wk; mDgtq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 331

jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; (e) rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfs; jq;fs; njhopiy elj;j Ntz;ba
rl;lk;> 2000
epge;jidfis Fwpg;gpLjy;;
4. rhd;wspf;Fk; Mizaj;jpd; ,U flikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) rl;lk;> tpjpfs;> xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; fl;lisfs; (gpupT
Fwpg;Gfs;
31) Mfpatw;wpd; tpjpfspd;gb> jdJ Ntiy my;yJ
epr;rajhu;j;jj;jpd; Nghf;fpy;> gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l my;yJ
NtWtopapy; <LgLj;jg;gLfpw xt;nthU egUk; ,zq;Ftij
cWjp nra;tjw;fhf.
(b) mjDila tzpfk; nfhz;Ls;s (gpupT 32) gb> gfl;lhd
,lj;jpy; mjd; cupkj;ij fhl;rpg;gLj;Jjy;.
13.6 RUf;fk;.
••jfty; njhopy;El;gk; njhlu;ghd rl;lk;> 2000 Mk; Mz;L
mf;Nlhgu; khjk; 17 Mk; Njjp eilKiwf;F te;j epiyapy;>
2000 Mk; Mz;by; cUthfpa njhopy;El;gk; (IT) rl;lk;> 2000 ,y;
,J mlq;fpAs;sJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; irgu; rl;lkhFk;.
••jfty; njhopy;El;gk; (IT) rl;lk; 2000> kpd;dZ
tu;j;jfk; (kpd; tzpfk;)> guptu;j;jidfs; kw;Wk; tzpfk; kw;Wk;
tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd xj;j eltbf;iffSf;F Cf;fkspf;f
kw;Wk; ek;gfkhd kpd;dZ gjpTfs; %yk; kpd;dZ MSik
(kpd;-MSik) trjpaspf;fTk; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
•• jfty; njhopy;El;gr; rl;lk; (2000) 13 mj;jpahaq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
,J 94 gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ. I Kjy; VIII tiuapyhd
mj;jpahaq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gk; njhlu;ghdit.
mj;jpahak; IX Kjy; XIII tiu jz;lidfs;> Fw;wq;fs; Kjypad
mlq;Fk;.
••‘,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gk;’ vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;> re;jhjhuu;
%yk; ve;j kpd;dZ rhjdj;ijAk; mq;fPfupg;G nra;Ak;
rl;lj;jpd; 2 (1) (P) gpuptpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ
xU ‘,yf;fKiw ifnahg;g rhd;wpjopy;’ ngau; cs;s egUf;F>
gpupT 3-,d; tifaq;fSf;F cl;gl;L kpd;dZ Kiw my;yJ
eilKiwapd; %yk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
••,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gk; vd;gJ ifahy; vOjg;gl;l xd;iw
tpl ghJfhg;ghdJ. jug;gpduhy; filrp gf;fj;jpy; xg;ge;jk;
ifnaOj;jhdhy;> kw;w gf;fq;fs; rpijf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij
fz;lwpa topapy;iy. Mdhy;> mNj xg;ge;jj;jpy; mry;
xg;ge;jkhdJ mg;gbNa ,Ug;gij ,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gk;
cWjp nra;Ak;> xU thu;j;ij $l khw;wg;glhJ.
••jfty; njuptpf;fg;gl;l kpd;dZ gjpNtLfs; kw;Wk;
nra;jpfs;> kpd;dZ tzpfj;jpw;F Cf;fj;ijf; nfhLg;gjw;F
ghJfhg;ghfTk; ek;gfj;jd;ikAld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
cz;ikiaAk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L (jfty; njhopy;El;gr; rl;lk;)>

2000> ‘kpd;dZ gjpT’ kw;Wk; ‘,yf;fKiw ifnaOj;J’ Mfpait jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
rl;lk;> 2000
ghJfhg;ghdjhff; fUjg;gl;L gpwg;gpj;jJ.
••kj;jpa muR> mjpfhuG+u;t murpjopy; mwptpf;if nra;tjd; %yk;>
,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhupfis epakpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;> mj;jifa Fwpg;Gfs;
Jiz fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; cjtp fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;fis
epakpf;Fk; mNj my;yJ mijj; njhlu;e;j mwptpg;igAk;
mspg;gjw;Fk; mJ nghUe;JfpwJ.
••fl;Lg;gLj;Jdu; midj;J nghJ tpirfs; fzpdpkakhf;fg;gl;l
juTj;jsj;ij guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J Nghd;w juTj;jsk; kw;Wk;
nghJ tpirfs; ve;j xU nghJ cWg;gpdu;fSf;F fpilf;Fk;
tifapy; cs;sJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb nra;ag;gl;l tpjpKiwfs;>
tpjpfs; my;yJ xOq;FKiwfspy; VNjDk; tpjp kPwy; ,Ug;gjhf
re;Njfpf;f fl;Lg;ghl;lhsUf;F epahakhd fhuzk; ,Ue;jhy;>
fl;Lg;gLj;Jdu; my;yJ mtUf;F mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l NtW
ve;j egUk; fzpdp mikg;G> mij rhu;ej ; cgfuzk; %yk;
juTfs; my;yJ mj;jifa mikg;Gld; njhlu;Gila NtW ve;j
nghUisAk; mZf KbAk;. NkYk; NjLjYf;F my;yJ xU

Njliy Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mj;jifa fzpdp mikg;gpd;
%yk; VNjDk; fpilf;ff;$ba jftiy ngWtTk; KbAk;.

••kpd;dZ tzpfk;: kpd;dZ tzpfk; (kpd;dD tzpftpay;)
xU tif tzpf khjpup> my;yJ xU ngupa tzpf khjpuapd;
xU gpupT> mJ xU jdpegu; my;yJ xU tzpfj;ij kpd;dD
Kiwapy; nghJthf ,izak; %yk; topelj;JfpwJ.
••,yf;fKiw ifnahg;gk;: ,J kpd;dZ Kiwapy;
,izf;fg;gl;l Mtzj;ijAk; mjd; cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk;
mDg;Geu; milahsj;ijr; rupghu;f;fTk; cjTk; xU b[pl;ly;
FwpaPL (nghJ tpir Fwpahf;fk; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l) MFk;.
••kpd;dZ gjpTfs;: ,J kpd;dZ %yk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l jfty;fis
Fwpf;fpwJ mjhtJ> jpUk;g ngw kw;Wk; ngwKbahj fhfpj
gjpthf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,J kpd;dZ gw;wp gbf;ff;$ba gjpNtL
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. jfty; njhopy;El;gk; vd;why; vd;d?
2. jfty; njhopy;El;gr; rl;lk; (2000) mjd; gpd;dzpapy; cs;s
fhuzq;fs; ahit?
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 333

epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty; 3.
rhd;wspf;Fk; mjpfhupfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jgtu; vt;thW
mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lk;> 2005
epakpf;fg;gLfpwhu;?
4.
jfty; njhopy;El;gr; rl;lj;jpd; (2000) fPo; rhd;wspf;Fk;
mjpfhupfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jgtupd; gzpfs; ahit?
Fwpg;Gfs;
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. jfty; njhopy;El;gr; rl;lj;jpd; (2000) fPo; ‘rhd;wspf;Fk;
mjpfhupfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jgtupd;’ mjpfhuq;fis tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. jfty; njhopy;El;g rl;lk; (2000) gw;wpa Fwpg;Gld; ‘kpd;dZ
tzpfk;’ kw;Wk; ‘kpd; MSif’ vd;w tpjpKiwfis tpsf;fTk;.
3. jfty; njhopy;El;gr; rl;lj;jpd; (2000) fPo; ‘rhd;wspf;Fk;
Mizaj;jpd;’ flikfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
4. ‘,yf;fKiw ifnahg;g rhd;wpjo;’ njhlu;ghd> jfty;
njhopy;El;gr; rl;lj;jpd; (2000) Vw;ghLfis tpthjpf;fTk;.
13.9 NkYk; gbf;f

gjpg;gfk;).

myF 14 epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty;
epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty;

Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
14.0 Kd;Diu
14.2 epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;: rpWghd;ik tl;b ghJfhg;G
14.3 epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;: Kuz;ghL Kiwfs;
14.4.3 nghJ jfty; mYtyupd; gjtp
tpilfs;
14.6 RUf;fk;
14.9 NkYk; gbf;f
14.0 Kd;Diu
,e;j myfpy;> rpWghd;ik eyid ghJfhg;gJ kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> fiyj;jy; Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; njupe;J nfhs;tPu;fs;.
epWtdj;jpd; KbntLj;jy; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ikapy; rpWghd;ik
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; cupikfis xLf;FtJ> ngUk;ghd;ik Mjpf;fj;jpd;
gpur;ridia nty;tjw;F> epWtdr; rl;lk;> 2013 xU jPu;Tld; te;jJ.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> rpWghd;ik gq;Fjhuu;fs; 10 rjtpfpj gq;Ffs;
my;yJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; E}W gq;Fjhuu;fs;> gq;F %yjdk; ,y;yhj
epWtdq;fs;> mjd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifapy; %d;wpy;
xU gq;ifg; ngw;Ws;sdu;.
epWtd fiyg;G vd;gJ xU epWtdj;jpd; tho;f;if KbTf;F
nfhz;L tug;gl;L mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; fldPe;Njhu;fspd;
ed;ikf;fhf epu;tfpf;fg;gLk; xU nray;Kiwahf tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,J xU epWtdj;jpd; tho;f;iff;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;Fk; filrp
fl;lkhFk;.
,e;j myF> jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;jpd;> (2005) fPo;
cq;fis mwpKfk; nra;Ak;. ,J Fbkf;fSf;F jfty; ngWk;
cupik kw;Wk; nghJ mjpfhupfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; cs;s
jfty;fis ngw cjfpwJ. xt;nthU nghJ mjpfhuj;jpYk;
gzpGupjypy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gzu;T Mfpatw;iw
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTfpwJ.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 335

epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty;
••epWkr; rl;lj;jpd;gb rpWghd;ik gq;Fjhuu;fspd; eyd;fs; vt;thW
Fwpg;Gfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
••epWtd fisg;G njhlu;ghd tpjpfis kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
••jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; 2005> Kf;fpa gpupTfis
tpthjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
14.2 epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;: rpWghd;ikapdu; eyDf;F

ghJfhg;G
ngUk;ghd;ikr; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd; Ml;rp> /Ngh]; vs ù;ghl;by;-d;
Kd;dzp tof;fpy;> 1843-Mz;Lf;F Kd;djhfNt ngUk;ghd;ik
ePjpj;Jiwahf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
tof;fpd; cz;ikfs;: /Ngh]; kw;Wk; lu;l;ld;> ‘tpf;Nlhupah ghu;f;
fk;ngdp’ ,d; gq;Fjhuu;fspy; ,Utu; jq;fSf;Fk;> kw;w gq;Fjhuu;fs;
rhu;ghfTk; (Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltu; jtpu) Ie;J ,af;Fdu;fSf;F
vjpuhfTk;> fk;ngdpapd; rpw;gp kw;Wk; fl;bl cupikahsu;fSf;Fk;
vjpuhf xU eltbf;ifia nfhz;Lte;jhu;fs;. gy;NtW Nkhrb
kw;Wk; rl;ltpNuhj nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis nra;J> mjd; %yk;
epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fs; jtwhf gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ> me;epag;gl;L
tPzhfpd. ‘Fw;wthspfs; jtwhd eltbf;iffshy; Vw;gLk; ,og;Gfis
epWtdj;jpw;F rhjfkhf;f ePjpkd;wk; cj;jutpl;Ls;sJ’ vd;W thjpfshy;
Nfhug;gl;lJ. Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;ltu;fs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;s elj;ij>
gpuj;jpNafkhdjhf Vw;gLk; xU ghjpg;G vd;W ePjpkd;wk; js;Sgb
nra;jJ. vdNt ngUepWtdq;fs; kl;LNk ,e;j eltbf;ifia
rl;lg;gb nfhz;L tu KbAk;. ,y;iynadpy;> ePjpkd;wk; tQ;rdkhf
ele;J nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. Vnddpy;> re;Njfj;jpw;fplkhd flik kPwy;
tof;if nghJ $l;lj;jpy; epWtdj;jpd; (ngUk;ghd;ik gq;Fjhuu;fs;)
%yk; cWjp nra;a KbAk;.
/Ngh]; vs ù;ghl;by; tof;fpy; cs;s jPu;g;G> rpWghd;ikapduhy;
jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l tof;F xd;wpd; kPJ> ePjpkd;wk; jq;fs;
mjpfhuq;fSf;Fs; nray;gLk; epWtdq;fspd; cs;ehl;L Nkyhz;ikapy;
jiyaplhJ. Mdhy; ftdf;FiwT kw;Wk; jpwikapd;ik
ep&gpf;fg;gl;LtpLfpwJ. Vnddpy;> xU nghJf; $l;lj;jpdhy; ,irT
nra;ag;gLk; tplaq;fSf;F mbg;gilahf rl;l eltbf;iffs; ,Ug;gJ
mu;j;jkw;wJ. epWtdj;jpw;F ve;j ghjpg;Gk; nra;ag;gl;lhy;> mJ jpUg;jp
mila me;epWtdk; xU eltbf;if vLf;Fk; vd;W ju;f;f uPjpahf
fUjg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; jdpg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fs; jq;fis epWtdj;jpd;
ngaupy; Fw;wk; rhl;Lk; cupikia Vw;f KbahJ vd;W ,e;j tof;fpy;
NkYk; tptupf;fg;gl;lJ. Vndd;why; rl;lg;gb> xU epWkk; vd;gJ mij
cUthf;Fk; cWg;gpdu;fsplkpUe;J jdpj;j rl;lG+u;tkhd xU egu;
MFk;. NkYk;> epWtdj;jpw;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLtjw;fhd xU tof;Ff;F

rpWghd;ikapdUf;F mDkjp toq;Ftjpy; ve;jg; gaDk; ,y;iy> epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty;
ngUk;ghd;ikahd gq;Fjhuu;fs; mt;thW Ml;Nrgpf;ftpy;iy vd;why;>
xU $l;lk; $l;lg;gl;L> ghjpg;ghdJ xU ngUk;ghd;ik thf;F %yk;
mq;fPfupf;fg;glyhk;.
/Ngh]; vs ù;ghl;by; tpjpfspd; gb, ngwg;gLk; njspT Fwpg;Gfs;
vd;dntd;why; ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; KbTfNs fk;gdpapd; kPJ
fl;Lg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; xU rpWghd;ikapdu; 49 rjtPjk; ,Ue;jhYk; $l>
epWtdj;jpd; tptfhuq;fshd fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jpy; Fuy; nfhLf;f
KbahJ vd;gjhFk;. mj;jifa epiyikapy; Mgj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd
vd;gJ ntspg;gil MFk;. mj;jifa epiyikapy; Mgj;Jf;fs;
,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gJ ntspg;gil MFk;. ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs;
Kul;Lj;jdj;Jld; ,Ug;ghu;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd; eyDf;fhf
KOikahd ed;ikf;fhf nray;gLtjpy;iy> /Ngh]; vs ù;ghl;by;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tpjpfspd; fLikahd gad;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy;
rpWghd;ikapdu; ngUk;ghd;ikapduhy; Ruz;lg;gLthu;fs;> ,jw;F
vjpuhf rpWghd;ikapduhy; ve;j eltbf;ifAk; vLf;f KbahJ.
cz;ikapy; mJ xU mjpu;r;rpfukhd tp\akhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt> rpy
tpjptpyf;Ffs;> ‘ngUk;ghd;ikahd gq;Fjhuu;fspd; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd;
tpjp’ vd;w tifapy; ePjpapd; eyDf;fhf xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.
gq;Fjhuu;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ik Nkyhjpf;f tpjpfspd; tpjptpyf;Ffs;

gpd;tUk; R+o;epiyfshy; ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; tpUg;gq;fs;
NkNyhq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. xU jdpg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu; my;yJ rpWghd;ik
gq;Fjhuu;fs; jq;fs; eyd;fis ghJfhf;f epWtdj;jpw;F vjpuhf
eltbf;if nfhz;L tuyhk;:
1. ,t;thW nra;ag;gLk; nray;> epWtdj;ij rl;l tpNuhjkhf;FfpwJ:
Kd;G Rl;bf;fhl;baJ Nghy;> /Ngh]; vs ù;ghl;by; tpjpapd;
mbg;gil> xU nghJf; $l;lj;jpd; %yk; rup nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba
tptfhuq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l rl;lG+u;t eltbf;iffis
nra;tJ mu;j;jkw;wJ vd;gjhFk;. vdNt> ,e;j tpjp> epWtdj;ijj;
jPtpu tpNtfkhfTk; my;yJ rl;ltpNuhjkhdJkhd nray;fSf;F
nghUe;jhJ. Vnddpy; ngUk;ghyhd gq;Fjhuu;fs; mj;jifa
nray;fis nra;a KbahJ. ,J Nghd;w xt;nthU gq;FjhuUk;>
xU jilAj;juit jhf;fy; nra;tjd; %yk; epWtdk; mj;jifa
nray;fis nra;tij jLf;Fk; cupik ngWfpd;wJ. (ghuj;
fhg;gPL tiuaW epWtdk; vs fd;àh yhy;)
2. ,e;j nray; %yk; elf;Fk; Nghjhj ngUk;ghd;ikahy;
epiwNtw;wg;gLk; jPu;khdj;jpd; MjuT: rpy jPu;khdq;fs;>
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> C1 nghUl;fis khw;wpaikj;jy;. ,e;j
gjpTf;Fwpg;gpy; Kf;fhy;thrp ngUk;ghd;ik Njitg;gLfpwJ.
mj;jifa jPu;khdk; rhkhdpa ngUk;ghd;ikapduhy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy;> ve;j gq;FjhuUk;> ,e;jj; jPu;khdj;jpd; kPJ
epWtdk; nray;gLtjpypUe;J fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if
vLf;fyhk;. (ehfg;g nrl;bahu; vs. nkl;uh]; ge;ja rq;fk;)
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 337

epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty; 3. rpWghd;ikapdUf;F Nkhrb Vw;gl;Ls;sjhf Gfhu; njuptpj;jhYk;>
mjw;F nghWg;ghdtu;fs; epWtdj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sdu;:
ngUk;ghd;ik tpjpapd; nghJthd Nfhl;ghlhf cs;s ,e;j
tpjptpyf;F> xU rpy Kd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xU jPuk
; hdj;ij ,aw;wpaJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; ,jdhy; rpWghd;ikapdu; jq;fSf;F cupikAs;s rpy Mjhaq;fis
Kiwaw;w tifapy; ,oe;J tpLfpd;wdu;. ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs;
epWtdj;jpy; Neu;ikaw;w epiyapy; cs;sdu;. vdNt> epWtdj;jpd;
kpfr; rpwe;j eyd;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> epWtdj;jpd; rpy gpupTfspd;
ed;ikf;fhfTk; mtu;fs; jkJ mjpfhuq;fis ey;y Kiwapy; gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk;. ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs; jkJ nrhe;j eyDf;fhf jkJ
mjpfhuq;fis gpuNahfpf;fpd;wdu;. mNj Ntisapy; rpWghd;ikapdu;
kPJ Nkhrb nray;fSk; muq;NfWk;.,jdhy; ve;jnthU gq;FjhuUk;
mj;jifa jPuk ; hdq;fs; nray;gLtijj; jLf;f epWtdj;ij
epWj;j eltbf;if vLf;fyhk;.vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ngUk;ghd;ikapduhf
,Ue;jhy; ePjpkd;wk; epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fis jhq;fs; xU
Fiwe;j kjpg;gpy; tpw;gid nra;tjw;F jPuk ; hdj;jpy; epr;rakhf
jiyaPL nra;Ak;. ,t;thW> ngUk;ghd;ikNahu; mjpfhuq;fis
gad;gLj;Jk; vy;yh re;ju;gg; q;fspYk; rpWghd;ikapdiu xLf;fNth
my;yJ Vkhw;Wtjw;Nfh> /Ngh]; vs ù;ghl;by; tpjp ey;yitfis
nfhz;bUf;fhJ.
rpWghd;ikapdupd; kPJ Nkhrb gw;wpa xU gpk;gk; nkdpau; vs
`_g;gu; je;jpg;ilg;gpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mq;F> epWtdk; Atpd;
cWg;gpdu;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs; epWtdk; Bapd;
cWg;gpdu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. epWtdk; Atpd; epWtd $l;lj;jpy;
epWtdk; B f;F vjpuhd xU nraiy rkurk; nra;a ngUk;ghd;ik
jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wpaJ. Mdhy; epWtdk; A tpw;F rhjf
epiy ,y;iy. epWtdk; B f;F rhjfkhf ,Ug;gjhff; Fw;wk;
rhl;lg;gl;lJ> Mdhy; epWtdj;jpw;F rhjfkw;w. rpWghd;ikapdu;
njhlu;ghd kDit ePjpkd;wk;> rkurk; nry;YgbahfhJ> vd;W
mwptpj;J NkYk; eltbf;iffis jil nra;jJ. cldb
tof;fpy; ngUk;ghd;ikapdu; rpWghd;ikapdupd; Nky; rpytw;iw
jpzpf;f Kad;wJ vd;gJ ftdpf;f gl Ntz;Lk;.
xU jPu;khdkhdJ> xU jdpg;gl;l gq;Fjhuu; my;yJ rpWghd;ik
gq;FjhuUf;F jPq;F tpistpf;ff; $baJ vd;whYk;> xU
jPu;khdk; KOikahf nry;YgbahFk; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;> mJ xl;Lnkhj;j epWtdj;jpd; Mjhaj;jpw;fhf mJ
epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,jdhy;> irl;ghl;lk; vs nfu;\h yP]; & Nfh- ,y; ePjpkd;wk;
xU jPu;khdj;ij cau;j;jpg; gpbg;gjd; %yk;> xU Nghl;bapLk;
njhopiy elj;jpa my;yJ xU Nghl;bapLk; njhopiy
elj;Jk; ve;j epWtdj;jpd; ,af;FeuhfTk; ,Ue;j ve;j xU
gq;FjhuUk; mtu;fSf;F Njitg;gLtjhf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;
,af;Feu;fSf;F xU mjpfhuk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,af;Fdu;fs;
mtuJ gq;Ffis mtw;wpd; KO kjpg;gpy; khw;w Ntz;Lk;.

4. xU jdpg;gl;l gq;Fjhuupd; jdpg;gl;l cWg;gpdu; cupikfs; kPwg;gl;l epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty;
epiyfspy;: kPzL ; k;> ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffs;> xU gq;Fjhuiu
mtUila jdpg;gl;l cWg;gpdu; cupikfspy; ,Ue;J gwpf;f
KbahJ. fhuzk;, mtUf;F epWtdr; rl;lk; my;yJ epWtdj;jpd;
nray;Kiw tpjpfs; %yk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cupikfSk; vt;tpj Fwpg;Gfs;
jdpg;gl;l gq;FjhuUk;> jdJ nrhe;j ngaupy; epWtdk; kPJ
tof;Fj; njhluyhk;. cjhuzkhf> mtu; thf;fspf;Fk; cupikiaf;
ifahs;tjpy; ,Ue;J jLf;fg;gLfpwhu; my;yJ mtuJ ngau;
rl;ltpNuhjkhf cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjptpypUe;J ePff ; g;gLfpd;wJ.
5. epWtdr; rl;lk;> 1956-d; 397 Kjy; 409 tiuahd gpupTfs; nghUe;Jk;:
epWtdr; rl;lj;jpy;> mlf;FKiw kw;Wk; jtwhd epu;thfk;
Mfpatw;why; rpWghd;ikapdiu ghJfhf;Fk; tpjpfs; cs;sd.
,e;j tpjpfs; mLj;j jiyg;gpd; nghUis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
14.3 epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;: epWtd fiyg;gpd; Kiwfs;

xU epWtdkhdJ xU nraw;if eguhFk;. ,jw;F ,aw;ifahd
KbT fpilahJ. xU epWtdj;jpd; tho;f;iff;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;f
KbntLf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk;> gpd;tUk; %d;W rl;l epfo;Tfspy; VNjDk;
xd;W gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;:
(i)
epWtdr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;, ‘kPs;fl;likg;G’ kw;Wk; ‘fyitay;’ vd;w
jpl;lj;jpd; %yk;> xU epWkk; kw;nwhU epWtdj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;L>
khw;wg;gLk; epWtdk; fiyf;fgLjy; Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;glhky;>
khw;wg;gLtjw;F ePjpkd;wk; cj;juT gpwg;gpf;fpd;wJ. my;yJ
(ii)
mjd; ngaiu> gjpthsu; %yk; epWtdq;fspd; gjpNtl;by; ,Ue;J
ePf;FtJ %yk; xU nraypoe;j epWtdkhf cs;sJ.
(iii) epWtd fiyj;jy; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; %yk;.
epWtd fiyj;jypd; nghUs;.

Nguhrpupau; Nfhtupd; nrhw;fspd;gb> xU epWthdj;ij ‘KLf;Fjy;’
my;yJ ‘fiyj;jy;’ vd;gJ xU epWtdj;jpd; tho;f;ifia KbTf;F
nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd xU nray;KiwahFk;.
xU epWtdj;ij fiyj;jy; vd;gJ mjd; tho;f;if Kbe;J
mjd; nrhj;Jf;fs; mjd; fld; nfhLj;jtu;fs; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fspd;
ed;ikf;fhf epu;tfpf;fg;gLk; xU epfo;KiwahFk;.
xU fiyg;ghsu;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; xU epu;thfp>
epakpf;fg;gl;L epWtdj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;il vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu;. mtu;
mjd; nrhj;Jf;fisr; Nrfupf;fpwhu;> mjd; fld;fisr; nrYj;Jfpwhu;>
,Wjpapy; mtu;fsJ cupikfSf;F Vw;g cWg;gpdu;fspd; kj;jpapy;
midj;J cgupfisAk; tpepNahfpf;fpwhu;.
,t;thW> epWtdj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fspilNa nrhj;Jfs;> nghWg;Gfs;>
cgupfspd; gq;fL
P > cgupia gfpu;ej
; spj;jy; Mfpait ,e;j fiyj;jy;
Kiwapy; mlq;Fk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 339

epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty; KLf;Fjy; vs. fiyj;jy;
epWtdk; fiyf;fg;gLjiyAk; xU epWtdj;ij KLf;FjiyAk;
xd;nwd vLj;J nfhs;s KbahJ. xU epWtdj;jpd; KLf;fk; mjd;
fiyg;Gf;F Ke;jpAs;sJ. fiyf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;du;> epWtdj;jpd;
Fwpg;Gfs;
rl;l epWtdk; Klf;fg;gl;L> rl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj; njhluyhk;.
fiyg;gpd; NghJ> epWtdk; ,Uf;f Ntz;bajhfpwJ. mjd; ngaiu
gjpthsu; %yk; epWtdq;fspd; gjpNtl;by; ,Ue;J Jz;bj;J mjd;
cz;ikepiy cj;jpNahfG+u;t tu;j;jkhdpapy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j KLf;Fjy; mikf;Fk; gzp Kbe;jTld;> ,e;j epWtdk;
fiyf;fg;gLtjw;F rpy Fwpg;gpl;l eilKiwfis Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf:
(a) mjhtJ ‘ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cj;jutpd; fPo; fl;lha fiyg;G’ vd;why;>
mNj Nghy; ‘ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Nkw;ghu;itf;F fPo; jd;dpr;irahf
KLf;fg;gLj;jy;> epWtdj;jpd; mYty;fs; KOikahf KLf;fg;gl;L>
mjpfhug;G+u;tkhff; fiyf;fg;gLk; NghJ> me;j epWtdk; mjd; rhu;gpy;
mike;j ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tpz;zg;gk; nra;jTld;> me;j epWtdNk
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cj;jutpd; NjjpapypUe;J fiyf;fg;gLfpwJ’ kw;Wk;
(b) ‘jd;dpr;irahf KLf;fg;gLk; epiyapy;’ epWtdk; ,Ug;gjhf fUjg;gLk;
NghJ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; mjpfhug;G+ut ; fiyg;ghsu; tptfhuq;fis
Klf;Fk; elj;ij kPJ jpUg;jpfukhd mwpf;ifia rku;gg ; pf;Fk; Njjp
Kjy; fiyf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU mwpf;ifia rku;gg ; pf;f mjpfhuG+ut; khd
fiyg;ghsu; mtrpak; Mthu;. ePjpkd;wk;> ,Wjp fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk;
KWf;Ftjw;fhd gpw gjpNtLfis gupNrhjpj;j gpd;du;> epWtdj;jpd;
fiyg;ghsuhy; rku;gg ; pf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ‘KLf;fg;gLjy;’ vd;gJ
epjp ,lu;ghLfisf; nfhz;l epWtdq;fshy; njhlug;gl;lhYk;>
jpthy;jd;ik rl;lj;jpd; fPo; xU epWtdj;ij jpthy; vd;W mwptpf;f
KbahJ. vdpDk; rpy epiyaq;fspy; epWtdk; jhdhfNt Klf;fg;gLk;
epiyf;F tUfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf epWtdk; cUthf;fpa nghUs;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhNyh my;yJ xU epWtdk; murhq;fj;jhy; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; mghaj;jpy; cs;sJ vd;w epiy tUk; NghJ epWtdk;
kw;nwhU epWtdj;Jld; xd;wpizf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fiyj;jy; Kiw
rl;lk; xU epWtdj;ij fiyg;gjw;F gpd;tUk; %d;W topfis
toq;FfpwJ (i) ePjpkd;w cj;jutpd; fPo; fl;lhakhf fiyj;jy; (ii)
jd;dpr;irahf fiyj;jy;; kw;Wk; (iii) ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Nkw;ghu;itapd;
fPo; jd;dpr;irahf fiyj;jy; ,g;NghJ> fiyj;jy; Kiwfs; gw;wp
RUf;fkhf> xt;nthd;whf tpthjpg;Nghk;.
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %yk; fiyj;jy;
ePjpkd;w cj;jutpd; fPo; fiyf;fg;gLtJ fl;lha fiyj;jy; vd;W
mwpag;gLfpwJ gpd;tUk; R+o;epiyfspy; xU epWtdk; ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
fhag;gLj;jg;glyhk;:

1. rpwg;G jPu;khdk;. epWtdk;> rpwg;G jPu;khdk; %yk;> ePjpkd;wj;jhy; epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty;
fhag;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W jPu;g;gspj;jJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Mw;wy;>
tpUg;gkhdJ Kd;$l;bNa nghJ eyd; my;yJ epWtdj;jpd;
eyd;fis vjpu;f;Fk; vd;W ePjpkd;wj;jhy; fz;lwpa KbahJ.
,J xU gpugykhd Kiw my;y. Vndd;why; mq;fj;jtu;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;
epWtdj;ij KLf;fptpl KbT nra;jhy;> mtu;fs; ‘jd;dhu;t
Kidg;Gld;’ Nju;T nra;fpd;wdu;. ,e;j tof;fpy; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
FWf;fPL Fiwe;jJ.
2. rl;lG+u;tkhd $l;lj;ij elj;Jtjpy; my;yJ gjpthsUf;F
rl;lg;G+u;t mwpf;ifia toq;Ftjd; ,ay;Gepiy. xU epWtdk;
epajpr;rl;l mwpf;ifia gjpthsUf;F toq;Ftjw;Nfh my;yJ
epajpr;rl;lf; $l;lj;ij elj;Jtjd; %yNkh Fiw ,Ue;jhy;>
ePjpkd;wk; Klf;Ftjw;fhd cj;juit vLf;fyhk;. ,e;j epyj;jpy;
xU fiyj;jy; kDit gjpthsu; my;yJ xU gq;fspg;G
%yk; toq;f KbAk;> rl;lG+u;tkhd $l;lk; eilngw;w filrp
ehspypUe;J 14 ehl;fs; Kbtile;j gpd; my;yJ mjw;F gpwF.
,q;Nf kPz;Lk;> ePjpkd;wk; fiyf;ff; fl;lisaplg;gltpy;iy.
ePjpkd;wk; tpUk;gpdhy;> mJ fhyj;ij ePl;bj;J> rl;lg;G+u;t
re;jpg;G elj;Jtjw;F xU Njjpia cWjp nra;ayhk; my;yJ
epahakw;w mjpfhupfis jz;bg;gjw;fhf rl;lg;G+u;t mwpf;ifia
toq;fyhk;.
3. xU tUlj;jpw;Fs;shf tpahghuj;ij Muk;gpg;gJ my;yJ
xU tUlj;jpw;F mjd; tzpfj;ij jw;fhypfkhf
epWj;Jtjpy; Njhy;tp xU epWtdk; xU tUlj;jpw;Fs;shf mjd;
tpahghuj;ij njhlq;ftpy;iy my;yJ xU tUlj;jpw;F mjd;
tzpfj;ij epWj;jptpl;lhNyh> mij Kbj;Jtpl cj;jutplg;glyhk;.
,q;Nf kPz;Lk;> ePjpkd;wk; mtru mjpfhuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ.
epahakhd R+o;epiyfs; epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;Ftij jLf;f my;yJ
mjd; tzpfj;ij jw;fhypfkhf jLf;f kw;Wk; epWtdj;ij xU
epahakhd Neuj;jpy; njhlq;Ftjw;F vz;zk; nfhz;lhy;>
ePjpkd;wk; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
4. Fiwe;j gl;r cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
rl;lg;G+u;t Fiwe;jgl;r tuk;Gf;F fPNo Fiwf;fg;gl;lhy;> mjhtJ>
xU nghJ epWtdj;jpy; 7-f;Fk; FiwthfTk;> xU jdpahu;
epWtdj;jpy; 2-f;F FiwthfTk; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy;. ePjpkd;wk;
,jpy; xU fiyj;jy; Miz cUthf;f fl;lhakhf cs;sJ.
5. fld;fis nrYj;j ,ayhik. xU epWtdk; mjd; fld;fis
nrYj;j Kbahtpl;lhy; my;yJ mjd; gz cWjpg;ghLfis
nfsutpf;f Kbahtpl;lhy;> fiyf;fg;glyhk;. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gb>
xU epWtdk; gpd;tUk; %d;W tiffspy; mjd; fld;fis
nrYj;j Kbatpy;iy vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ:
(i) jdJ fldhsu; my;yJ mtupd; Kftu; my;yJ rl;l
MNyhrfu; %yk; nrYj;jg;gl;l Nfhupf;ifapd; %d;W
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 341

epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty; thuq;fSf;Fs; 500 f;Fk; mjpfkhd njhiff;F fldspf;Fk;
fldspg;ig epWtdk; nrYj;Jtjpy; Njhy;tp vq;Fs;sJ.
fld;> ,Ug;gpDk;> cz;ikahf> cldbahf
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mJ ve;j tpjkhd MjhuKk; ,y;yhky;>
Fwpg;Gfs; epahakhd tpthjKk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Neu;ikahdjh vd re;Njfk; ,Ue;jhy;> gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy> vdNt ,e;j epyj;jpy; (gpupl;b\; ,e;jpah Vs nghJ
fhg;gPl;L epWtdk; ypkpnll;) Kbf;fNtz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
vt;thwpUe;j NghjpDk;> kDjhuu; xU njhiff;F xU
fldhspahf ,Uf;fpwhu; vd;gjpy; ve;j re;NjfKk; ,y;iy.
mJ mtiu xU fiyj;jy; epiyf;F nfhz;L nry;Yk;>
epWtdk; mtUf;F mspj;j Jy;ypakhd njhifiag;
nghWj;jtiuapy;> ,e;j kDTf;F NghJkhd gjpy; ,y;iy
kw;Wk; xU fiyj;jy; epiy cUthf;fg;gLk;.
(ii) epWtdk; xU fld;fhuiu Mjupj;J xU ePjpkd;w Mizia
G+u;j;jp nra;aj; jtWfpwJ – KOikahfNth my;yJ
gFjpahfNth, ,e;j tof;fpy; ve;j njhifAk; ,y;yhj epiy
cs;sJ vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sTk;. ve;j xU Mizg;
gw;wpAk; jpUg;jpailahj tifapy;> ve;j xU Miziar;
nra;jhYk;> gzk; nrYj;j Kbahj epiy Vw;gLk;.
(iii) epWtdk; mjd; ‘fld;fis nrYj;j KbahJ’ vd;W
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jpUg;jpf;F ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy;. mij
epu;zapf;Fk; NghJ> ePjpkd;wk; epWtdk; gw;wpa cWjpahd
kw;Wk; tUq;fhy nghWg;Gfis fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.
,e;j cl;gpuptpd; fPo;> ,e;j tzpf uPjpahf jpthyhdjhf
,Ug;gjhf ep&gpf;f KbAkhdhy;> ,e;j kDitf; nfhz;L>
fk;ngdpf;F ,Wjpf;fl;lkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. me;j kDtpy;
ek;gg;gLk; fld; ru;r;irf;Fs;shdJ (O.P. nkhf;jh ];By;
vyf;l;uhdpf;]; mz;l; fd;l;Nuhy; fk;gdp gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;).
mjd; jw;Nghija fld;fis epiwNtw;w KbahjNghJ> xU
epWtdk; ‘tzpf uPjpahf jpthyhdJ’ vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.
nrhj;Jf;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf mtw;wpd; Njit
mtrpakpy;iy. epWtdk; jdJ nghWg;Gfis epiwNtw;w
NghJkhd nrhj;Jf;fis ngw;wpUf;fyhk;> Mdhy; me;j
nrhj;Jf;fs; jw;NghJ rPuikf;fg;gl KbahJ my;yJ
njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; ,d;wpaikahjjhf ,Uf;fyhk;>
vdNt epWtdk; mjd; jw;Nghija nghWg;Gfis G+u;j;jp
nra;a ,ayhky; Nghfyhk;.
,e;j R+o;epiyfs; ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy;> ePjpkd;wk; jdJ tpUg;gg;gb
nra;ayhk;:
(a) clNd xU Kbj;jy; Miz nra;J nfhs;sTk;. my;yJ (b)
me;j epWtdk; jdJ jw;Nghija nghWg;Gfis epiwNtw;Wk; epi-
yapy; tpiutpy; ,Uf;Fk; vd;w fUj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy;> me;j cy;iy

Nky; xOq;if xj;jp itf;f Ntz;Lk;. (gpiul;ld; N`hl;ly; epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty;
Nfh.) my;yJ (c) fld; thq;Fgtu;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs;
,e;j kDit ey;y fhuzj;jpw;fhf vjpu;f;fpwhu;fs;. epWtdj;jpd;
nkhj;j nrhj;Jf;fisAk; nghWg;GfisAk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mJ
njhlu;e;J tu;j;jfk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; (R. W. \u;kd; ypkpl;ll;). Fwpg;Gfs;
6. rkkhd kw;Wk; Neu;ikahd: xU epWkk;> me;j epWtdk; xU
tifapy; fhag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W ePjpkd;wk; fUj;J $wpdhy;>
mJ NkYk; fhag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W fl;lisapUf;fyhk;. ,e;j
cl;gpuptpd; fPo; ePjpkd;wk; kpfTk; gue;j tpUg;Gupik mjpfhuj;ij
ngw;Ws;sJ. xU ‘epahakhd> rkkhd’ fhuzk; vd;gJ xt;nthU
Fwpg;gpl;l tof;fpd; cz;ikfisg; nghWj;jJ. ePjpj;Jiw
KbTfspd; mbg;gilapy;> ePjpkd;wk; ‘ntWkNd kw;Wk; rkkhd’
jiyikapy; ve;j ,lj;jpy; mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W cj;jutplyhk;
vd;gjw;F gpd;tUk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; nfhLf;fg;glyhk;:
(i) epWtdj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jNghJ
my;yJ mjd; Jiz mLf;F (H.C. fhg;gPl;L rq;fk;
ypkpl;ll;) (H.C. fhg;gPl;L rq;fk; ypkpl;ll;) vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
epWtdk; Kd;nkhope;j ‘fhg;Gupik’ ve;j ,lj;jpy;> mij
toq;f KbahJ> my;yJ epWtdk; rpy ,aq;Fk; tzpf
ngw Kd;nkhope;jJ Mdhy; tpw;gidahsu; tzpf tpw;f
kWj;jhu;.
(ii) epWtdj;jpd; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; KOikahd Kl;Lf;fl;ilg;
NghLk; NghJ (mNfhyh vyf;l;upf; rg;is epWtdk;
ypkpl;ll;) ,af;Feu;fs;> (nadpNl Nlhghf;Nfh Nfh)
my;yJ NtW VNjDk; fhuzj;jpw;fhfNth my;yJ
xUtUf;nfhUtu; tpNuhjkhfNth Ngrpf; nfhz;bUf;f
khl;lhu;fs;. ,e;j ikjhdk; nghJthf neUf;fkhf
,Uf;Fk; epWtdq;fs; tof;FfSf;F nghUe;Jk;> ,jpy;
,af;Feu;fs; kl;LNk gq;Fjhuu;fshf my;yJ ngUk;ghd;ik
gq;Fjhuu;fshf ,Ug;ghu;fs;> vdNt ,af;Feu;fs; FO
kW mikg;G nra;tJ vd;gJ rhj;jpag;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;>
,af;Feu;fspilNa ntWk; FOf;fisf; nfhz;l FO>
epWtdj;ij KWf;F nra;tjw;F xU tof;F nra;tjpy;iy.
(iii)
ngUk;ghyhd gq;Fjhuu;fs; rpWghd;ik kPJ xU
xLf;FKiwahd nfhs;ifia Vw;wNghJ> vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
mtu;fs; rpWghd;ikapdu; kPJ xU epahakw;w jpl;lj;ij
fl;lhag;gLj;jpdhu;fs;> my;yJ rpWghd;ikapdu; xU
tifapy;> rpWghd;ik ,dj;jtu;fs; vd;W fUjg;gLfpw
tifapy;> epu;thfk; ele;J nfhs;fpwJ.
(iv) epWtdk; rl;ltpNuhj my;yJ Nkhrbahd njhopiy
Nkw;nfhs;s fUjhjNghJ my;yJ epWtdj;jpd; tzpfk;
rl;ltpNuhjkhdNghJ> v.fh. epWtdj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;
vd;why; FYf;Fr; rPl;L elj;JtjhFk;.
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 343

epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty; (v) epWtdj;jpd; tpahghu> el;lj;ijj; jtpu NtW
ve;j tifapYk;
Kd;ndLf;f KbahJ. vdpDk;>
ngUk;ghd;ikahd gq;Fjhuu;fs; mjw;F vjpuhf cs;sdu;.
xU epWtdj;jpw;F ,og;G (Rgu;gd; N`hl;ly; Nfh) nra;J
Fwpg;Gfs; nfhLj;J tUtjhy; ,og;gPl;bw;F ePjpkd;wk; cj;juT
gpwg;gpf;f khl;lhu;fs;.
(vi) xU epfo;T> me;j epWtdk; vg;gb gpsTg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
gw;wpa xU epfo;T tpjpfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l NghJ ele;jJ.
(vii) mJ ntWk; ‘Fkpop’ epWtdkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> ve;j xU
njhopiyAk; Nkw;nfhs;tjpy;iy my;yJ ve;j nrhj;Jk;
(,yz;ld; kw;Wk; ehl;Lr; epyf;fup Nfh) ,y;iy.

1. xU epWtdj;ij %Ljy; kw;Wk; fiyj;jy; Mfpatw;wpf;F
,ilNa cs;s NtWghL?
2. epWkr; rl;lj;jpd;gb epWkj;jpd; gy;NtW topfs; ahit?

‘jfty; mwpAk; cupik’ vd;gJ> ve;jnthU nghJ mjpfhur;
rigapd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; fPo; elj;jg;gLk; ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
mZff;$ba jfty; mwpAk; cupik> gzp> Mtzq;fs;> gjpNtLfspy;
cs;sitfshd (i) Ma;T nra;tjw;fhd cupik Mfpatw;iw
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. (ii) Fwpg;Gfs; vLj;jy;> Mtzq;fs; my;yJ
Mtzq;fspd; rhd;Wg;gLj;jg;gl;l efy;fs;> (iii) rhd;Wg;gLj;jg;gl;l
nghUl;fspd; khjpupfis vLj;jy;; (iv) tl;Lf;fs;> nefpopfs;> ehlhf;fs;>
tPbNah Nfrl;Lfs; my;yJ NtW VNjDk; kpd;dZ Kiwapy; my;yJ
NtW ve;j rhjdj;jpYk; mj;jifa jfty;fs; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
mr;Rfs; %yk; my;yJ gpw VNjDk; xU fUtpapy; jfty; ngWjiyf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
,r;rl;lk;> Neu-fl;Lg;ghl;L nrayhf;f ml;ltiz> ,zf;fkw;w>
Fiwe;jgl;r tpjptpyf;F tpjpKiw kw;Wk; ed;F tbtikf;fg;gl;l
KiwaPl;L mikg;G Nghd;w njspthd mk;rq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
nfhz;Ls;sJ.

jfty; cupikr; rl;lk; 2005> gpupT 1(h) gb> ve;j xU mjpfhuk;
my;yJ mikg;G Raepu;za epWtdkhf epWtg;gl;lNjh my;yJ
mikf;fg;gl;lNjh mJNt nghJ Mizak; vd;W nghUs;gLk;.

(a) murpayikg;gpd; %yk; my;yJ fPo; epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty;
(b) ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l NtW ve;j rl;l%ykhf;
(c) khepy rl;lrigahy; nra;ag;gLk; NtW ve;j rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf;
(d) cupa murhq;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l my;yJ xOq;F nra;ag;gl;l Fwpg;Gfs;
mwptpg;gpd; %yk;> ,itfis cs;slf;Fk;—
(i) nrhe;jkhd mikg;G> fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l my;yJ fzprkhd
epjp;
(ii) mur rhu;gw;w epWtdj;jhy; fzprkhf epjpaspf;fg;ggl;L>
NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth murhq;fj;jhy;
toq;fg;gl;l epjpfshy;;
jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;jpd;(2005) 4-Mk; gpuptpd; gb>
(1) xt;nthU nghJ mjpfhuKk; —
(a) mjd; midj;J Mtzq;fisAk; Kiwahf gl;baypl kw;Wk;
FwpaPlhf;fg;gl;L> ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jfty; ngWk; cupikia
vspjhf;FfpwJ. fzpdpkakhf;fg;gLtjw;F nghUj;jkhd vy;yh
gjpTfSk; xU epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs;shfTk;> tsq;fisg;
ngWtjw;F cl;gl;Ls;sd> fzpdpfs; gy;NtW mikg;Gfspy;
ehl;bd; kPJ cs;s ,izak; %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.
,jdhy;, mj;jifa gjpTfis mZFtJ vspjhdJ.
(b) ,e;j rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;ljpypUe;J 120 ehl;fSf;Fs; ntspapl
—
(i) mjd; mikg;G> nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; flikfspd;
tptuq;fs;;
(ii) mjd; mYtyu;fs; kw;Wk; Copau;fspd; mjpfhuq;fSk;
flikfSk;;
(iii) Nkw;ghu;it kw;Wk; nghWg;Gzu;Tj; jlq;fs; cs;spl;l
KbntLf;Fk; nrad;Kiwfspy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l
eilKiw
(iv) mjd; nraw;ghLfis tpLtpg;gjw;fhf Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gl;l tpjpKiwfis;
(v) mjd; fl;Lg;ghLfs;> ifNaLfs; kw;Wk; gjpNtLfs;> mjd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fo
P ; my;yJ mjd; gzpahsu;fis mjd;
nray;ghLfis ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jjy;;
(vi)
mjd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; my;yJ mjd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; cs;s Mtzq;fspd; gpupTfspd;
mwpf;if
(vii)
mtw;wpd; nfhs;if my;yJ nray;Kiwia
cUthf;Fk; nghUl;L> nghJkf;fs; cWg;gpdu;fshy;
MNyhridAld; my;yJ gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;af;$ba
ve;jnthU Vw;ghl;bd; tptuq;fs; MFk;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 345

epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty; (viii)
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fs;
mlq;fpa rigfs;> FOf;fs; kw;Wk; Vida
mikg;Gfisf; nfhz;l xU mwpf;if mjd; gFjpahf
my;yJ mjd; mwpTiuapd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfTk;
Fwpg;Gfs; thupaq;fspd; $l;lq;fisg; gw;wpAk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
me;j FOf;fs;> kw;Wk; gpw mikg;Gfs; nghJ
kf;fSf;F jpwe;jpUf;Fk;> my;yJ ,j;jifa $l;lq;fspd;
epkplq;fs; nghJ kf;fSf;F fpilf;fpd;wd
(ix) mjd; mYtyu;fs; kw;Wk; Copau;fspd; xU Nfhg;gfk;;
(x) mjd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; toq;fpa ,og;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk;
cl;gl mjd; xt;nthU mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; Copau;fshy;
ngwg;gl;l khjhe;j Cjpak;;
(xi) xt;nthU jpl;lj;jpw;Fk; xJf;fg;gl;l tuT nryTj;
jpl;lj;jpd; tptuq;fs;> jpl;lkplg;gl;l nryTfs;
kw;Wk; toq;fg;gl;l mwpf;iffs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;;
(xii) khdpaj;jpl;lq;fis epiwNtw;Wk; Kiw> xJf;fg;gl;l
njhiffs;> mj;jifa jpl;lq;fspd; gadhspfs; tptuk;
cs;spl;l tptuq;fs;;
(xiii) rYiffs;> mDkjp my;yJ mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wtu;fs;
gw;wpa tpguq;fs;;
(xiv) tpguq;fis nghWj;jtiu mjpy; fpilf;Fk; my;yJ
itj;jpUf;Fk; jfty; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;> kpd;dZ
tbtj;jpy; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. jfty; ngWtjw;F
Fbkf;fSf;F fpilf;ff;$ba trjpfs; gw;wpa tptuq;fs;>
xU E}yfk; kw;Wk; mjd; thrpg;G miwapd; Ntiy Neuk;
cl;gl midj;Jk; nghJ gad;ghl;bw;fhf guhkupf;fg;gLjy;.
(xvi) nghJj; jfty; mYtyu;fspd; ngau;fs;> gjtpfs;
kw;Wk; Vida tpguq;fs;;
(xvii)
,J Nghy ,d;Dk; rpy jfty;fSk;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;glyhk;. mjd; gpd;du; xt;nthU Mz;Lk;
,e;j ntspaPLfis GJg;gpf;fTk;.
(c) Kf;fpakhd nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fk; NghJ my;yJ
nghJkf;fis ghjpf;Fk; KbTfis mwptpf;Fk; NghJk;
njhlu;Gila midj;J cz;ikfisAk; ntspapl
Ntz;Lk;;
(d) ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fSf;F mjd; epu;thf my;yJ ePjpj;Jiw
rhu;e;j KbTfSf;fhd fhuzq;fis toq;Fjy;.
(2) ,J xt;nthU nghJ mjpfhuKk; xU njhlu;rr ; pahd Kaw;rpahf
,Uf;Fk; cl;gpupT (1) gpupT (b) gb NjitfSf;F Vw;g eltbf;iffis
vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J Nghd;w gy;NtW jfty;njhlu;Gfs; %yk;
nghJ kf;fSf;F gy jfty;fis rPuhd ,ilntspapy; toq;f

Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; nghJkf;fs; ,e;j rl;lj;ij gad;gLj;jp jfty; epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty;
ngw Fiwe;j gl;r Gfyplk; Ntz;Lk;.
(3) cl;-gpuptpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf>(/) xt;nthU jftYk; gue;j
mstpy; gutyhf;fg;gl;L nghJ kf;fSf;F vspjpy; mZff;$ba
tifapy; gutyhf;fg;gLk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
(4) midj;J nghUl;fSk; nryT Fwpj;j guprPyidf;F vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. midj;J nghUl;fSk; nryT Fwpj;J
guprPyidf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. cs;Shu;
nkhop kw;Wk; cs;Shu; gFjpapy; jfty; njhlu;G kw;Wk;
kpfTk; gaDs;s KiwahdJ jfty; ikak; my;yJ nghJ
jfty; mYtyu; MfpNahUld; kpd;dZ tbtj;jpy; rhj;jpakhd
mstpw;F vspjpy; mZfg;gl Ntz;Lk;.,e;j epiyia nghWj;j
tiu> ,ytrkhfNth my;yJ eLj;juf; fl;lzkhfNth my;yJ>
mr;rPl;L tpiyapd; tpiyia epu;zapf;fyhk;.
tpsf;fk;.- cl;-gpupTfSf;fhd (3) kw;Wk; (4) ‘gug;Gtpj;jy;’
vd;gjd; nghUs;> mwptpg;Gg; gyiffs;> nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> nghJ
mwptpg;Gfs;> Clf xspgug;G> my;yJ gpw topfs; %yk; nghJ
kf;fSf;F jfty; njuptpg;gij my;yJ Ma;T nra;tJ cl;gl
murhq;f mjpfhur; rigapd; mYtyfq;fs; MFk;.
14.4.3 nghJ jfty; mYtyupd gjtp

,r;rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5 nghJj; jfty; mYtyu; gjtp njhlu;ghd
tpjpKiwfis tpsf;FfpwJ:
1. xt;nthU nghJ mjpfhuKk; ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb> 100 ehl;fSf;Fs;
kj;jpa nghJj; jfty; mYtyu;fs; my;yJ khepy nghJj;
jfty; mYtyu;fs; vd gy mYtyu;fshf mjd; fPOs;s
midj;J epu;thf myFfs; my;yJ mYtyfq;fspy; ,Uf;fyhk;.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jfty; NfhUk; egu;fSf;F jfty; mspg;gJ
mtrpakhfpwJ.
2. Jiz gpupT (1)d; tpjpKiwfSf;F ve;jtpjkhd ghugl;rKk;
,y;yhky; xt;nthU nghJ epu;thfKk;> ,e;j rl;lj;jpd;
mkyhf;fj;jpd; xU E}W ehl;fSf;Fs; xt;nthU Jiz kz;ly
kl;lj;jpy; my;yJ Jiz khtl;l mstpy; kj;jpa cjtp
nghJ jfty; mjpfhup my;yJ khepy cjtp nghJ jfty;
mjpfhup, kj;jpa rl;l jfty; mjpfhup my;yJ khepy nghJ jfty;
mYtyu; my;yJ gpupT 19d; Jiz gpupT (1) fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
%j;j mjpfhup my;yJ cldbahf Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhf ,e;jr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tpz;zg;gg;gbg;G my;yJ KiwaPLfSf;fhd
tpz;zg;gq;fisg; ngWtjw;Fk; tof;F kj;jpa jfty; Mizak;
my;yJ khepy jfty; Mizak; vdTk; tof;F ,Uf;fyhk;.
jfty; my;yJ Nky;KiwaPl;L tpz;zg;gk; xU kj;jpa cjtp
nghJ jfty; mYtyu; my;yJ xU khepy cjtp nghJ jfty;
mjpfhupf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;lhy; (1) gpupT 7 gb Jizj; jiyg;gpd;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 347

epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty; fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gjpiyf; fzf;fpLtjpy; Ie;J ehl;fs; fhyk;
Nru;f;fg;gLk;.
3. xt;nthU kj;jpa jfty; mYtyu; my;yJ khepy nghJ jfty;
mYtyUk; jfty; mwpAk; egu;fsplkpUe;J Nfhupf;iffis
Fwpg;Gfs; rkhspf;fTk; mj;jifa jfty;fisj; NjLk; egu;fSf;F
epahakhd cjtpia toq;fTk; Ntz;Lk;.
4. kj;jpa nghJ jfty; mYtyu; my;yJ khepy nghJ jfty;
mYtyu; ve;jnthU kw;w mYtyupd; cjtpAk; ngWtjw;F
mtu;fsJ flikfis rupahd Kiwapy; ntspf;nfhzu
mtrpakhff; fUJfpwhu;.
5. Jiz gpuptpd; (4) fPo; cjtp NfhUk; ve;j mjpfhupAk;> mtuJ
cjtpia ehLk; my;yJ mtuJ cjtpAk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W
NfhUk; gl;rj;jpy; kj;jpa nghJ jfty; mYtyu; my;yJ khepy
nghJ jfty; mYtyuplk; midj;J cjtpfisAk; nra;a
Ntz;bajhfpwJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfis kPWjy; njhlu;ghd
fhuzq;fSf;fhf mj;jifa gpw mYtyuhf fUjg;gLk; xUtu;
xU kj;jpa nghJj; jfty; mYtyu; my;yJ khepy nghJ
jfty; mYtyu; vd;w Kiwapy; elj;jg;glyhk;.

jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; (2005) 6tJ gpuptpd;gb jfty;fisg;
ngWtjw;fhd Nfhupf;if njhlu;ghd rl;ltiuit tpsf;FfpwJ—
1. ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ve;j jftiyAk; ngw tpUk;Gk; xU egu;>
Mq;fpyj;jpy; my;yJ `pe;jpapy; cs;s kpd;dZ topfspy; my;yJ
tpz;zg;gk; nra;ag;gLk; gFjpapy; cs;s cj;jpNahfG+u;t nkhopapy;
Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhy; mj;jifa fl;lzj;Jld; ,izf;fg;glyhk;.
(a) kj;jpa nghJ jfty; mYtyu; my;yJ khepy nghJ
jfty; mYtyu; xUNtis rk;ge;jg;gl;l nghJ mjpfhupahf
fUjg;glyhk;;.
(b) kj;jpa cjtpahsu; nghJ jfty; mYtyu; my;yJ khepy
cjtpahsu; nghJ jfty; mYtyu; mtuhy; Njlg;gl;l
jftypd; tptuq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L ,Uf;fyhk;:
,j;jifa Nfhupf;if vOJk; NghJ kj;jpa jfty; mYtyu;
my;yJ khepy jfty; mYtyu; vOj;Jg;G+u;tkhf Fiwf;f
Nfhupf;ifia vOJk; egu; midtUf;Fk; epahakhd
cjtpfisAk; nra;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. jfty; NfhUk; tpz;zg;gjhuu; mtiuj; njhlu;G nfhs;s
Ntz;batu;fisj; jtpu NtW ve;j jdpg;gl;l tpguq;fisAk;
jfty; NfhUtjw;fhd fhuzj;ij mspf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.
3. xU jftYf;fhf Nfhupa xU nghJ mjpfhupaplk; tpz;zg;gk;
vLf;fg;gl;lhy;–

(i) kw;nwhU nghJ mjpfhupahy; elj;jg;gLjy;> my;yJ epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty;
(ii) ,e;j tplaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> kw;nwhU nghJ m jpfhu
rigapd; gzpfNshL> mj;jifa tpz;zg;gk; nra;Ak;
nghJ mjpfhuj;Jld; kpfTk; neUf;fkhf njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ.
tpz;zg;gj;ij my;yJ mjd; Fwpg;gpl jFe;j gFjpia Fwpg;Gfs;
kw;w nghJ mjpfhurigf;F jFe;jgb khw;wNtz;Lk;> NkYk;
mj;jifa gupkhw;wk; gw;wp cldbahf tpz;zg;gjhuUf;Fj;
njupag;gLj;jyhk;: ,e;j Jizg; gpupTf;F ,zq;f
tpz;zg;gg; gbtk; tpiutpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;> Mdhy;
tpz;zg;gj;ij ngWk; ehspypUe;J Ie;J ehl;fSf;Fg;
gpd;du; Fwpg;gpl Njitapy;iy.
4. ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> gjpNtl;il my;yJ mjd; xU gFjpia
mZf Ntz;ba ,lk; kw;Wk; mZf Ntz;ba egUf;F mDkjp
Njitg;gLk; NghJ> kj;jpa nghJ jfty; mYtyu; my;yJ khepy
nghJ jfty; mYtyu;> ,e;j Ma;Tf;F jFe;jgb> mj;jifa
cjtpfis toq;FtJ cl;gl> jfty; mZfiy nray;gLj;j
cjtp toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. jftYf;fhd mZfy; mr;rplg;gl;l my;yJ ve;j kpd;dZ
tbtj;jpy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lkhdhy; tpz;zg;gjhuu;> Jiz
gpupT (6)d; tpjpKiwfSf;F cl;gl;L> mj;jifa fl;lzk;
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gpupT 6 ,d; cl;-gpupT (1) kw;Wk; gpupT 7d; fPo; 5 (1) kw;Wk;
5 (5)d; fPo; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; fl;lzk; epahakhdjhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPo; ,Uf;Fk;
egu;fsplkpUe;J mj;jifa fl;lzk; mwtplg;glkhl;lhJ.
nghUj;jkhd muR epu;zapf;f Ntz;Lk;.
6.
vJ vt;thwpUg;gpDk; 5-d; cl;-gpuptpd; gb> jftYf;fhf
Nfhupf;if tpLj;j egu;> cl;gpupT (1) ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fhy
tiuaiwfSf;F ,zq;f xU nghJ mjpfhu rig
jtWjYf;fhd jfty;fis ,ytrkhf toq;f Ntz;Lk;. Jiz
gpupT (1)-d; gb kj;jpa murpd; fPo; ve;j KbitAk; vLg;gjw;F
Kd; nghJ jfty; mYtyu; my;yJ khepy nghJ jfty;
mYtyu;> gpupT 11-d; fPo; xU %d;whk; jug;G gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
guprPypf;f Ntz;bajha; ,Uf;f NeUk;.
7.
Jiz gpuptpd; fPo; (1) xU Nfhupf;if epuhfupf;fg;gl;l
,lj;jpy;> kj;jpa nghJ jfty; mYtyu; my;yJ khepy
nghJ jfty; mYtyu;> mij Nfhupf;if nra;Ak; egUf;F
njupag;gLj;j Neuyhk; —
(i) mj;jifa epuhfupg;Gf;fhd fhuzq;fs;;
(ii) ,j;jifa epuhfupg;Gfis vjpu;j;J Nky;KiwaPL nra;a
Ntz;ba fhyfl;lk; tpUk;gg;glyhk;; kw;Wk;
(iii) Nky;KiwaPl;L mjpfhupapd; tptuq;fs;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 349

epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty; nghJ jfty; epWtdq;fspd; Mjhuq;fis Kiwahf jpir
jpUg;g my;yJ Nfs;tpf;Fupa gjptpd; ghJfhg;gpw;Nfh my;yJ
ghJfhg;gpw;Nfh jPq;F tpistpf;fhJ vd;w tbtj;jpy; xU jfty;
rhjhuzkhf toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
3. jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; ve;j gpupT> nghJ nra;jp
mYtyu; gjtp njhlu;ghd tpjpfis tpsf;FfpwJ?
4. jftiyg; ngWtjw;fhd Nfhupf;if njhlu;ghd rl;ltiuit>
jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; ve;jg; gpupT tptupf;fpwJ?

1. epWtdk; fiyf;fg;gLjiyAk; xU epWtdj;ij KLf;FjiyAk;
xd;nwnd vLj;J nfhs;s KbahJ. xU epWtdj;jpd; KLf;fk;
mjd; fiyg;Gf;F Ke;jpAs;sJ. fiyf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;du;>
epWtdj;jpd; rl;l epWtdk; Klf;fg;gl;L> rl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
tof;Fj; njhluyhk;. fiyg;gpd; NghJ> epWtdk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;bajhfpwJ. mjd; ngaiu gjpthsu; %yk; epWtdq;fspd;
gjpNtl;by; ,Ue;J Jz;bj;J mjd; cz;ik epiy cj;jpNahfG+u;t
tu;j;jfkhdpapy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ.
2. epWtdr; rl;lk; ,e;j %d;W topfspy; ve;j xU
epWtdj;ij Klf;Ftjw;F toq;FfpwJ: (i) ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
cj;jutpd; fPo; KLf;fg;gLj;jy; (ii) jd;dpr;irahf
KLf;fg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; (iii) ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo;
jd;dpr;irahd KLf;fg;gLj;jy;.
3. jfty; mwpAk; cupik rl;lj;jpd; 5 Mk; gpupT nghJj; jfty;
mYtyu; gjtp njhlu;ghd tpjpKiwfis tpsf;FfpwJ.
4. jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; (2000) 6tJ gpupT> jfty;fisg;
ngWtjw;fhd Nfhupf;if njhlu;ghd rl;ltiuit tpsf;FfpwJ.
14.6 RUf;fk;
•• rpy tpjptpyf;Ffs; ‘ngUk;ghd;ikahd gq;Fjhuu;fspd; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd;
Ml;rp’ vd;w tifapy; ePjpapd; eyd; fUjp epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpy;
mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
••ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; tpUg;gk; NkNyhq;fhJ kw;Wk; nray;Kiw
epWtdk; my;yJ rl;ltpNuhjkhf nray;gLk; gl;rj;jpy;
xU jdpegu; gq;Fjhuu; my;yJ rpWghd;ik gq;Fjhuu;fs;
jq;fs; eyd;fis ghJfhf;f epWtdj;jpd; kPJ eltbf;if
vLf;ff;$Lk;.

••rpWghd;ikapdUf;F Nkhrb Vw;gl;Ls;sjhf Gfhu; nra;ag;gl;lhy; epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty;
mjw;F nghWg;ghdtu;fs; epWtdj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sdu;
vdNt ngUk;ghYk; ntw;wp ngwhJ.
••xU epWtdk; KLf;fg;gLjy; vd;gJ mjd; tho;ehs; Kbtile;J
mjd; nrhj;Jf;fs; mjd; fldPe;Njhu; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; Fwpg;Gfs;
ed;ikf;fhf epu;tfpf;fg;gLk; epfo;KiwahFk;. ,jw;F fiyg;ghsu;
vdg;gLk; xU epu;thfp epakpf;fg;gLfpwhu; mtu; epWtdj;jpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;il vLj;Jf;nfhz;L mjd; nrhj;Jf;fis Nrfupj;J
fld;fis nrYj;Jfpwhu; ,Wjpahf mtw;wpd; cupikf;F Vw;g
cWg;gpdu;fs; kj;jpapy; cgupiaAk; gfpu;e;jspf;fpwhu;.
••mjhtJ ‘ePjpkd;w cj;jutpd; fPo; fl;lha fiyg;G’ vd;why;>
mNj Nghy; ‘ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Nkw;ghu;itf;F fPo; jd;dpr;irahf
KLf;fg;gLjy;> epWtdj;jpd; mYty;fs; KOikahf KLf;fg;gl;L
mjpfhug;G+u;tkhff; fiyf;fg;gLk; NghJ> me;j epWtdk; mjd;
rhu;gpy; mike;j ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tpz;zg;gk; nra;jTld;> me;j
epWtdNk ePjpkd;w cj;jutpd; NjjpapypUe;J fiyf;fg;gLfpwJ.’
••‘jd;dpr;irahf KLf;fg;gLk; epiyapy;’ epWtdk; ,Ug;gjhf
fUjg;gLk; NghJ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; mjpfhug;G+u;t fiyg;ghsu;
tptfhuq;fis Klf;Fk; elj;ij kPJ jpUg;jpfukhd mwpf;ifia
rku;g;gpf;Fk; Njjp Kjy; fiyf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU mwpf;ifia
rku;g;gpf;f mjpfhuG+u;tkhd fiyg;ghsu; mtrpak; Mthu;.
ePjpkd;wk;> ,Wjp fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk; KWf;Ftjw;fhd gpw
gjpNtLfis gupNrhjpj;j gpd;du;> epWtdj;jpd; fiyg;ghsuhy;
rku;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••‘jfty; mwpAk; cupik vd;gJ> ve;jnthU nghJ mjpfhurigapd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; elj;jg;gLk; ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mZff;$ba
jfty; mwpAk; cupik> gzp> Mtzq;fs;> gjpNtLfspy;
cs;sitfshd (i) Ma;T nra;tjw;fhd cupik Mfpatw;iw
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. (ii) Fwpg;Gfs; vLj;jy;> Mtzq;fs;
my;yJ Mtzq;fspd; rhd;Wg;gLj;jg;gl;l efy;fs;> (iii)
rhd;Wg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUl;fspd; khjpupfis vLj;jy;; (iv)
tl;Lf;fs;> nefpopfs;> ehlhf;fs;> tPbNah Nfrl;Lfs; my;yJ NtW
VNjDk; kpd;dZ Kiwapy; my;yJ NtW ve;j rhjdj;jpYk;
mj;jifa jfty;fs; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s mr;Rfs; %yk; my;yJ
gpw VNjDk; xU fUtpapy; jfty; ngWjiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
••jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; (2005) 4-Mk; gpuptpd; gb>
xt;nthU nghJ mjpfhuKk; mjd; midj;J Mtzq;fisAk;
Kiwahf gl;bayplTk; kw;Wk; FwpaPlhf;fg;gl;l ,e;j
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jfty; ngWk; cupikia vspjhf;FfpwJ. fzpdp
kakhf;fg;gLtjw;F nghUj;jkhd vy;yh gjpTfSk; xU
epahakhd Neuj;jpw;Fs;shfTk;> tsq;fisg; ngWtjw;Fk;
cl;gl;Ls;sd> fzpdpfs; gy;NtW mikg;Gfspy; ehl;bd; kPJ
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;
; 351

epWtd rl;lk; kw;Wk; jfty; cs;s ,izak; %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd> ,jdhy;
mj;jifa gjpTfis mZFtJ vspjhdJ

Fwpg;Gfs;
••xU epWtdk; KLf;fg;gLjy; my;yJ fiyf;fg;gLjy;: ,J xU
epWtdj;jpd; epiyia KbTf;F nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd xU
nray;Kiw MFk;.
••jfty; mwpAk; cupik: jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
jfty; mwpag;gLjy; vd;W nghUs;gLk;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,e;jpahtpy; epWtdq;fis Klf;Ftjw;fhd rl;l nray;Kiwfis
gl;baypLq;fs;.
2.
xU epWtdk; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; KLf;fg;gLk; R+o;epiyfis
milahsk; fhzTk;.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. epWkr; rl;lj;jpd;gb, ngUk;ghd;ikahd gq;Fjhuu;fspd;
Nkyhjpf;fj;jpw;fhd tpjptpyf;Ffis tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lj;jpd; (2005) rpwg;Gf; $Wfis
tpsf;Ff.
14.9 NkYk; gbf;f

gjpg;gfk;).

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ேதசியத் தர நிர்ணயக் ��வ�ன் �ன்றாம் �ற்�த் தர மதிப்ப�ட்�ல் A+(CGPA: 3.64) த�தி�ம்

காைரக்�� – 630 003

��நிைல வண�க நிர்வாகம்

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 1 5/20/2019 12:57:44 PM

"The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University"

Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 2 5/20/2019 12:57:44 PM

gFjp – I: tzpf rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil mbg;gilfs;

gFjp – II: $l;lhz;ik kw;Wk; epWtd rl;lk;

gFjp – III: IIPR kw;Wk; IT

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 3 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

gFjp – IV: MSME

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 4 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

gFjp – I: tzpf rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil

myF 2 rYif kw;Wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; 14–28

myF 3 guprPyid 29–55

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 5 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

myF 4 rpwg;G xg;ge;jq;fs; 56–72

gFjp – II: $l;lhz;ik kw;Wk; epWtd rl;lk;

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 6 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

myF 6 ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Ytjw;fhd rl;lq;fs;; 97–123

myF 7 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lk;; 124–160

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 7 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

gFjp – III: IIPR kw;Wk; IT

myF 10 $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; 212–250

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 8 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

myF 11 epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 251–281

gFjp – IV: MSME

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 9 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

myF 13 jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; rl;lk;> 2000 309–334

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 10 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 11 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

tzpf rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gil

myF 1 ,e;jpa xg;ge;j rl;lk;> 1872 Fwpg;Gfs;

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 1 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

1.1 myfpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

1.2 xg;ge;jj;jpd; jd;ik> $Wfs; kw;Wk; cUthf;fk;

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 2 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

mjhtJ rl;lj;jhy; mky;gLj;jg;glf;$ba flik MFk;

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 3 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

Fwpg;Gfs; 1.2.2 mj;jpahtrpa $Wfs;

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 4 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

mDg;Gtjhf xg;Gf;nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j xg;ge;jj;ij kPwpajhf

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 5 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 6 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

tptupg;gjw;F Kd;du;> Kjypy; ‘xg;ge;jq;fspd; tiffs;’ gw;wp

1.2.3 xg;ge;jq;fspd; tifg;gLj;jy; : nry;Ygbahf;fk;> cUthf;fk;

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 7 5/20/2019 12:57:45 PM

B. cUthf;fk; Kiw mbg;gilapyhd xg;ge;jq;fspd; tiffs;

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 8 5/20/2019 12:57:46 PM

,oe;j ruf;Ffis cupikahsuplk; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;JtJ

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 9 5/20/2019 12:57:46 PM

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 10 5/20/2019 12:57:46 PM

$lhJ my;yJ kw;nwhU egupd; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F tpisT

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 11 5/20/2019 12:57:46 PM

1.6 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 12 5/20/2019 12:57:46 PM

Fr;rhy;> M.C. kw;Wk; tpNtf; Fr;rhy;. 2013. tzpf rl;lk;> MwhtJ

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 13 5/20/2019 12:57:46 PM

MBA_II_Business-Laws.indd 14 5/20/2019 12:57:46 PM

myF 2 rYif kw;Wk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; 14–28

myF 3 guprPyid 29–55

myF 4 rpwg;G xg;ge;jq;fs; 56–72

myF 6 ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Ytjw;fhd rl;lq;fs;; 97–123

myF 7 1881> khw;W Kiwahtzq;fs; rl;lk;; 124–160

myF 10 $l;lhspfspd; cwTfs; 212–250

myF 11 epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> 1956 251–281

myF 13 jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay; rl;lk;> 2000 309–334

28 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;