Design Calculations Malidduwa

Reference Description Out put
Part -1 Design of Superstructure

1.0 General data
2550 Overall width of deck
2550 Carriage way
226T10-1-150 Top&Bottom
50mm Thick Concrete
T-113,B-113
29T10-2-150 wearing surface Grate 30 (19)
CL
1 : 60 1 : 60
225
200
10mm thick fillet plate
29T10-3-150 M16 HSFG bolt
1000 1000 150 x 75 x 18 kg/m "C"

channel as cross bracing
500x200x89.7 kg/m at 3000mm spcings
UB Section
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF DECK

Typical cross section of the deck
Scale 1: 20
Span of the Bridge - 16.5 m

Distance between beams 1.00 m
Beam - 500 x 200 x 89.6 UB sections
Deck - 200 mm Thick reinforced concrete deck
Wearing surface - 50 mm
Density of concrete - 24 kN/m3

Density of asphalt - 22.6 kN/m3
Weight of hand rail - 0.585 kN/m
2.0 Loads Applied on Deck
Dead load of the deck = (200/1000) x24 = 4.8 kN/m2

Wearing surface = (50/1000) x22.6 = 1.1175 kN/m2
Beam = 89.6x9.81/1000 = 0.879 kN/m
Hand rail = 0.585 kN/m
Live load = 5 kN/m2
Tractive force = (200+8x16.5) x 0.6 =
Since it allowes only light vehicles, assume tractive force as 100 kN
Live load during construction = 2.0 kN/m2
Load Combinations ( For Superstructure design)
COMB 1 (ULS Loading)

Dead load x 1.155 ( For Steel parts)
Dead load x 1.265 ( For Concrete parts)
SID x 1.925
Live load x 1.65
COMB 2 (SLS Loading)

Dead load x 1.0 ( For Steel parts)
Dead load x 1.0 ( For Concrete parts)
SID x 1.2
Live load x 1.2
1
2.1 For construction Stage Analysis
Unit weight of the UB section = 89.6 kg

Density of concrete = 24 kN/m3
Density of the steel = 78.5 kN/m3
Dead load of the beam = 0.879 kN/m

Dead load of the concrete = 4.8 kN/m
Live load during construction = 2.0 kN/m
Design BM of beam 0.879x16.5x16.5x1.155/8+4.8x16.5x16.5x1.2

= 65/8+2x16.5x16.5x1.65/8
353.49 kNm
Design Shear force 0.879x16.5x1.155/2+4.8x16.5x1.265/2+2x16.

= 5x1.65/2
= 85.69 kN
2.2 Design of the beam 500 x 200 x 89.6
Design for Bending
cl.9.3.7 Check for compact section:

σy = 275 N/mm2
cl.9.3.7.2 web:
web depth = 448 mm Web thickness = 10.0 mm
m = 0.5
34tw(355/σyw)0.5/m = 34 × 11.4× (355/275)0.5/0.5
= 772.6036
cl.9.3.7.3.1 compression flange:

Flange width = 200 mm Flange thickness = 16.0 mm
Root radius = 20 mm
bfo = (200 - 10 - 2*20)/2
= 75 mm
7 tf0(355/σyf)^0.5 = 7 ×16 × (355/275)^0.5
= 127.2524 > bfo

Hence Section is compact
cl.9.6 Determine Effective Length
cl.9.6.2 le = k1 k2 ke L
k1 = 1.0 (flange is free to rotate in plan)

k2 = 1.2 (load is free to move laterally during construction stage)
ke = 1.0 (No lateral deflection at support)
2
(Compression flange will be restrained during construction
L = 3000 mm
by c channel)
le = 1.0 × 1.2 × 1.0 × 3000 = 3600 mm
cl.9.7 Slenderness
cl.9.7.1 Half wavelength of buckling = lw = L = 3000 mm

Mpe = Spe × σyc
Spe = 2,232,000 mm3
Mpe = 2232000 × 275 × 10^-6 = 613.8 kNm
cl.9.7.2 λLT = le k4 ην / ry

k4 = 0.9
η = 0.94 (From Fig. 9(b): MA/MM = MB/MA = 0)
λF = le/ry(tf/D)
ry = 43.3 mm D = 500 mm
λF = 3600/43.3x (16/500)= 2.66
i = Ic/(Ic+It)
i= 0.5
ψi = 0.00
ν = 0.927
λLT = 65.21
cl.9.8. Limiting moment of resistance: λLT ((σyc/355)(Mult/Mpe))0.5
Section is compact, hence Mult = Mpe = 613.8 kNm
λLT ((σyc/355)(Mult/Mpe))0.5 = 57.3904 kNm
le/ lw = 1.0 (No intermediate restrains)
From Fig.11(b) : MR/Mult = 0.8
MR = 491.0 kNm
cl.9.9.1.2 MD = MR /γm γf3

γm = 1.05
γf3 = 1.1
3
MD = 425.1 kNm > applied BM (353.49kNm)
Hence the section is OK for bending
Design for Shear
cl.9.9.2.2 web thickness tw = 10 mm

dwe = 448
σyw. = 275 N/mm2
λ = (dwe/tw)*(σyw/355) 0.5
λ = 39.43
From Figures 12 to 18 τl/τy = 1

Note: if λ < 56 then τl/τy = 1
Transverse web stiffeners will not improve the shear strength of the web.
τl = τy = σyw/√3 = 158.7713 N/mm2
VD = (tw(dw - hh)/(γm γf3))τl
dw = D = 500 mm
hh = 0
γf3 = 1.1
γm = 1.05
VD = 687.32 kN > Applied Shear force (85.69kN)
Check for Deflection
Esteel = 200 kN/mm2

l = 16.5 m
w = 0.879+4.8+2*1.2
= 8.079 kN/m
I = 4.8E+08 mm4
Span between supports = 16.0 m
= 0.072114 m
= 72.11 mm
Allowable deflection = Span/200
4
= 80 mm > 72.11 mm
Hence deflection is within the allowable limits
2.3 For Service Stage Analysis
Area of the UB Section = 114.2 cm2

Density of the steel = 78.5 kN/m3
Dead load of the beam = 0.879 kN/m

Dead load of the concrete = 4.8 kN/m
SID Load = 1.1175 kN/m
Live load on a beam = 5 kN/m
Design BM of beam = 0.879*1.155*16.5*16.5/8+4.8*1.265*16.5*16.

5/8+5*1.65*16.5*16.5/8+1.1175*1.925*16.5*1
6.5/8
= 595.1532 kNm
Design Shear force = 0.879*1.155*16.5/2+4.8*1.265*16.5/2+5*1.6

5*16.5/2+1.1175*1.925*16.5/2
= 144.2796 kN
Atual Section
1000
20
0
500
200
Strength of concrete = 30 N/mm2

E concrete = 28 kN/mm2
E steel = 200 kN/mm2
Modular ratio α= Ec/Es = 0.14
Equallent width = 140 mm
140
Area of the section = 114 cm2
200
5
500 10.0
16.0
200
Equalling the area x Measured from the top of the section

11420+140X = 140(200-x)
280X = 140x200-11420
X = 59.214 mm
Therefore the plastic nutral axis is within the concrete section
Plastic modulus of the section = A/2 x l
l= (200-59.214)/2+(59.214+500-(11420*500/2+(500+59.214/2)*140*59.214)/(11420+140*59.214))
= 262.00 mm
Plastic modulus of the section = 5,164,129 mm3
Mpy of the composite section = 1,420.14 kNm
cl.9.9.1.2 MD = MR /γm γf3 309.214 93333333.33

γm = 1.05 40.786 478000000
γf3 = 1.1 1709815132
MD = 1,230 kNm
Applied Bending Moment = 595.15 kNm
Therefore the section is safe against BM
Check for Shear
Applied Shear Force = 144.28 kN
This is lessthan the shear capacity of the construction stage.

Therefore the analysis was not done for the service stage since it is
higher than the construction stage capacity.
Therefore the section is safe for Shear
Check for Deflection
6
Esteel = 200 kN/mm 2
l = 16.5 m
w = 0.879+4.8+5*1.2 +1.1175*1.2
= 13.02 kN/m
I = 1.7E+09 mm4
Span between supports = 16.0 m
= 0.03249 m
= 32.49 mm
Allowable deflection = Span/200

= 80 mm > 32.49 mm
Hence deflection is within the allowable limits
2.4 Design of Shear Conectors
Shear force of the beam V = 144.28 kN
Horizontal shear stress τ = VAY/Ib
A = 11420 mm2
Y = 250 mm
I = 5E+08 mm4
b = 200 mm
τ = 4.48283 N/mm2
Shear force = 896.566 kN
BS 5400 V 76mm x 38mm x 6.7kg x 150mm Channels are used as shear connectors
Table 7
Capacity of a shear connector = 283 kN
Required number of shear studs = 3.16808
Provide channels at 200mm intervals
3.0 Design of concrete deck
Thickness of the deck = 200 mm

Maximum span between UB sections = 1.000 m
2550 Carriage way
50mm Thick Concrete
29T10-2-150 T-113,B-113
wearing surface Grate 30 (19)
CL
1 : 60 1 : 60 7
225
200
2550 Carriage way
Reference Description
Out put
50mm Thick Concrete
29T10-2-150 T-113,B-113
wearing surface Grate 30 (19)
CL
1 : 60 1 : 60
225
200
10mm thick fillet plate
29T10-3-150 M16 HSFG bolt
1000 1000 150 x 75 x 18 kg/m "C"

channel as cross bracing
500x200x89.7 kg/m at 3000mm spcings
UB Section
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF DECK

Dead load of the deck = 4.8 kN/m2
Scale 1: 20
Wearing surface = 1.1175 kN/m2

Hand rail = 0.585 kN/m
Live load = 5 kN/m
1m strip of the slab was considered and modeled it using SAP2000
Applied BM of concrete at midspan = 0.8 kNm

Applied BM of concrete at support = 1.6 kNm
Strength of the concrete = 30 N/mm2

Cover to the r/f = 45 mm
Diameter of the main r/f = 10 mm
Diameter of the distribution bar = 10 mm
Yeild strength of steel = 460 N/mm2
Effective depth = 140 mm
Mu
K = 0.00267
f cu bd 2
Compression r/f are not

required
BS5400 IV Mu = 0.87fyAsZ
Cl5.3.2.3
Eq 1 & 5 Z= 1- 1.1fyAs d But < 0.95d
fcubd
Z = 133.00 mm
As required = 14.65433 mm2
Provide T10 @ 150
As Provided = 520 mm2
8
BS 5400 IV
1990 As Min. = 210 mm2
Cl 5.8.4.2
Provide T10 @ 150
Check for shear
Design Shear force 8.9 kN
Sheaar stress 0.064 N/mm2
Shear capacity of concrete = 4.107919 N/mm2

0.75(fcu)0.5 (N/mm2)
satisfy
1
0.27 100 As  3 1 3
0.48245 N/mm2
vc  f cu
 m  bd 
ξ s =(500/d)1/4 1.374708
Shear capacity =ξsvc (N/mm2) 0.663228 N/mm2
satisfy the shear capacity
4.0 DESIGN OF SPLICES

4500 3750
1
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 CL
76x38x6.7kg/m Channel shear connectors

welded to beam
1 500x200x89.7kg/m beam 3750

8250
Location : Splice to be located at 4.5 m from the edge of the support
Ultimate Limit State
Bending Moment at Splice at ULS = 0.879*1.155*4.5*12/2+4.8*1.265*4.5*12/2+5

*1.65*4.5*12/2+1.1175*1.925*4.5*12/2
9
472.19 kNm
140
Area of the section = 11420 mm2

200
Second Moment of Area = 1.57E+09 mm4
NA axis to bottom flange = 499 mm

500.0 10.0
16.0
200.0
Bending Stress
Bottom Flange = 472.19*10^6 *464

1.566E+09
464
= 150.493 N/mm2
Top Flange = 472.19*10^6*3.2

1.566E+09
= 0.3016 N/mm2
Tension force on Bottom flange = 481.58 kN
Web Stresses
Web Top = -0.3016+19.6/(467.2)*(150.493+0.3016)

5.9 N/mm2
Web Bottom = 150.493-19.6/(467.2)*(150.493+0.3016)

= 144.3 N/mm2
σb = 5.9+144.3
2
= 75.1 N/mm2
σ1 = (75.1+144.3)/2
= 109.7 N/mm2
Since the bending resistance will be given only to the flange splice, above
stresses are not necessary
50 100 100 100 120 100 100 100 50
50 140 75 75 140 50
20mm Thick
10
40
S275 steel plate

160
40
50 100 100 100 120 100 100 100 50

50 140 75 75 140 50
20mm Thick 40
S275 steel plate
160
40
50 100 100 100 120 100 100 100 50 111
820 40 40
50 100 100 100 120 100 100 50
40
M20 HSFG bolts
111
40
TYPICAL SPLICE
J OINT DETAILS
Scale 1 : 20
Design of flange connection
Tension force on Bottom flange = 481.58 kN
No of bolts provided = 8
BS 5400/3 Friction capacity of the connections

CL.14.5.4.2 PD = kh Fv μN
γmγf3
Fv - Prestress load, as defined in 14.5.4.3

μ Slip factor, having a value in accordance with 14.5.4.4
N is the number of friction interfaces
kh = 1.0 where the holes in all the plies are of normal size,
as specified in BS 4604, otherwise kh is asstated in 14.5.4.5
Prestress Load Fv = F0 - Ft
BS 4395 F0 = 144 M20

Part 1
General Ft = 0 as no tension develop
Grade
Table 4 kh = 1.0
μ = 0.35 for surface treated with zinc

silicate paint
γm = 1.3
γf3 = 1.1 (ULS)
N = 2 on cover plates on both side
PD = 1*144*0.35*2/(1.3*1.1)
(M 20 bolts)
= 70.49 kN
Capacity of the connection = 563.92 kN > applied 549.90kN
11
Design of Web Connection
0.879*1.155*(16.5/2-4.5) +
Vertical load applied on the connection 4.8*1.265*(16.5/2-4.5) + 5*1.65*(16.5/2-
4.5)+ 1.1175*1.925* (16.5/2-4.5)
= 65.582 kN
BS 5400/3 Check for Shear Capacity

CL.14.5.3.4
Average shear stress τ < σq
γmγf3(2)^0.5
V < σq
nAeq γmγf3(2)^0.5
Applied load on fasteners

V < σq n Aeq = PD
BS 4395 γmγf3(2)^0.5
Part 1
1969 Aeq = 245 mm2 M20
Table 4
Note 3 σq = 635 N/mm2 M20
BS 5400/3 PD = 635*2*245*10^(-3)
Table 2 1.3*1.1*(2)^0.5
= 153.9 kN
BS 5400/3 Check for Bearing Capacity

14.5.3.6
Bearing Pressure σb < k1k2k3k4σy
γmγf3
V < k1k2k3k4σy
Aeb γmγf3
V = k1k2k3k4σy Aeb
γmγf3
Web thickness = 11.4 mm
Aeb = 24*11.4 M 20
= 273.6 mm 2
k1 = 1.0 for HSFG Bolts
k2 = 1.7 edge distance 1.5 d
12
k2 = 2.5 edge distance 3 d
By interpolating between values for 50 mm edge distance provided
k2 = 2.23 M20
k3 = 1.2
k4 = 1.0
PD = 273.6*1*2.23*1.2*1*"275*10^(-3)
1.3*1.1
= 140.8 kN
Maximum load on a bolt = 16.40 kN
Hence provided bolts and plates are satisfy the requirements of the splice
joint.
Part -2 Design of Substructure

4.0 Design of Substructure
Front
projection
face of 1.050 m
abutment
Back 0.230 m
projection 0.855 m
Ballast wall 0.91 x 0.3 m2

Capping beam 0.45 x 0.81 m2
Abut. Stem 2.81 x 0.6 m2
Pile cap 0.6 x 2.5 m2
Loads from super structure
Live load from superstructure = 41.25 kN/m

SID loads = 18.87 kN/m
Dead load of the superstructure = 46.85 kN/m
13
Live load surcharge = 10.00 kN/m 2
Density of soil = 17.28 kN/m3

Density of Gabion = 18 kN/m3
Active earth co efficient = Ka
β = 0 deg 0
α = 0 deg 0
Wall friction = 0 deg 0
Friction angle of soil ϕ = 35 deg 0.6109
Ka = 0.271
Kp = 3.690
Total height of the structure = 4.778 m
Horizontal loads
Horizontal load due to Surcharge = 53.4534 kN/m
Horizontal load due to active earth presure = 12.95 kN/m
Horizontal
Since load
this is due to passive
a pedestrian earth
bridge withpresur = 0.00
light vehicles, kN/m
it is only
considered 100kN of tractive force
14
Tractive force = 37.00 kN/m (without considering
factor 0.6)
Verticla loads
Live load from superstructure = 41.25 kN/m
SID loads = 18.87 kN/m
Dead load of the superstructure = 46.85 kN/m
Self weight of the substructure

Ballast wall =0.914x0.3x25 = 6.86 kN/m
Capping beam =0.45x0.805x25 = 9.06 kN/m
Abut. Stem =2.814x0.6x25 = 42.21 kN/m

Pile cap =0.6x2.5x25 = 37.50 kN/m
Soil backfill = 17.28x4.178x 0.855 = 61.73 kN/m

LL Surcharge = 10 x 0.855 = 8.55 kN/m
Horizontal loads
Tractive force =100 /2.55 = 39.22 kN/m
Lateral earth = 0.271x17.28x4.778^2/2 = 53.45 kN/m
Lateral Surch. = 0.271x10x4.778 = 12.95 kN/m
4.1 Design of Pile foundation
Load Liver arm Moment

Description
Live load from Fx (kN) Fz (kN) x (m) z (m) M (kNm)
superstructure 41.25 (0.030) (1.24)
SID loads
Dead load of the 18.87 (0.030) (0.57)
superstructure 46.85 (0.030) (1.41)
Ballast wall 6.86 (0.455) (3.12)
Capping beam 9.06 (0.203) (1.83)
Abut. Stem 42.21 (0.100) (4.22)
Pile cap 37.50 - -
Soil backfill 61.73 (0.828) (51.08)
LL Surcharge 8.55 (0.828) (7.08)
Tractive force 39.22 3.864 151.5

Lateral earth 53.45 1.593 85.13
Lateral Surch. 12.95 2.389 30.94
1
15
1
Centroid of the pile group (from front pile)

1/1.2 x 0 = 0
1/1.8 x 1.5 = 0.833
1.389 0.833
e = 1.5/2 - 0.833 / 1.389

= 0.150 m
Pile group I about centroid = 1/1.2(0.6)^2+1/1.8(0.9)^2

= 0.750
Rear pile vertical load = Fz/n-(M-Fze)x/I

= 9.17 kN
Front pile vertical load = Fz/n+(M-Fze)x/I

= 321.30 kN
Front pile axial load = 321.3/cos(10)

= 326.26 kN
Structural capacity of pile
Size of the casing = 141 mm out side dia. & thi 9.52 mm
Account 1.6 mm for corrosion
Casing outside diameter = 141- 2 x 1.6

= 138 mm
Casing inside diameter = 141- 2 x 9.52

= 122 mm
�/4[ 〖��〗 _𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔^2- 〖��〗 _𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔^2]
Pile casing steel area =
= 3231.598 mm2
Casing yeild strength Fy casing = 241 MPa
Radius of gyration √(
= 〖��〗 ^2+ 〖��〗 ^2 )/4
�/4 〖��〗 ^2
Grout area =
= 11,682 mm2
16
Grout compressive strength fc-grout= 34.5 MPa
Allowable tensile force = Pt-allowable = 0.55 Ft-steel x Area casing
Pt-allowable = 428.35 kN
Allowable axial unit steel stress = Fa = Fy-steel/FS
= 120.50 MPa (assume FS = 2)
Allowable compression force = Pc-allowable
Pc-allowable = 0.4 fc-grout x Area grout

+ Fa x Area steel
= 550.62 kN
Geotechnical capacity of pile

The pile bond length shall be installed using a Type B pressure grouting methodology
17
Select αbond nominal strength = 300 kPa
�_(𝐺−𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)=𝛼_(𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)/𝐹𝑆×�× 〖��𝐴〗 _𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑×(𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)
≥ 326.26 kN
Bond length ≥ 326.26/(300/2.5xπx0.2)
≥ 4.33 m
Select bond length = 5m
PG-allowable = 300/2.5 xπx 0.2 x5
= 376.99 kN > 326.26 kN
As per the soil investigation data, the bond length is very much higher
than the required 4.33m. Therefore the geotechnical capacity of a pile is
calculated with conservative assumptions. (Bore hole logs are as follows)
18
Check for lateral loads
Lateral load applied on a pile = (39.22+53.45+12.95)x 1.2 kN
= 126.74 kN
lateral load resisted by battered pile = 376.99x sin(10)

= 65.46 kN
Lateral resistance of pile due to soil pile interaction = P
�=[𝛿_𝑝/𝐹_𝛿 ]×𝐸�/( 〖 [(𝐸�∕𝑓) 〗 ^(1⁄5) ]^3 )
OD = 141.00 mm
ID = 121.96 mm
Ecasing = 200,000 Mpa
Egrout = 31,000 Mpa
Icasing = 136,667,997 mm4
Igrout = 173,763,895 mm4
EI = Ecasing Icasing + Egrout Igrout
= 27,339 kNm2
Limiting displacement for 6.35 mm
modulus of subgrade reaction f = 17,600 kN/m3 for dense soil
T = (EI/f)1/5
19
= 1.09 m
Pile length = 25 m > 5T
Hence use Fδ = 2.3
P = [6.35/1,000*2.25]x[27,339/1.093]
= 59.2 kN
Therefore total lateral load

capacity of a pile at front row = 124.70 kN
Therefore total lateral load

capacity of a pile at back row = 59.24 kN
Total lateral load capacity of

the foundation = 124.7*4+3*59.24
= 676.52 kN
Total Applied Lateral load = 100+240.54+58.27

= 398.81 kN < lateral load capacity 676.52kN
4.2 Design of Abutment Stem
Thickness of the abutment stem = 0.6 m

Height of stem = 2.81 m
height of capping beam = 0.45 m
height of ballast wall = 0.91 m
Load Liver arm Moment

Description Fx (kN) Fz (kN)
Live load from x (m) z (m) Msls (kNm)
Muls(kNm)
superstructure 41.25 0.07 2.89 56.719
SID loads
Dead load of the 18.87 0.07 1.32 2.543
superstructure 46.85 0.07 3.28 4.1487
Ballast wall 6.86 - 0.34 (2.30) -2.905
Capping beam 9.06 - 0.10 (0.93) -1.174
Abut. Stem 42.21 - - 0
Tractive force 39.22 3.26 127.9 175.8
20
Lateral earth 53.45 1.59 84.99 140.23
Lateral Surch. 12.95 2.39 30.95 51.068
Design BM = 426.4293 kNm
Design Shear force = 163.49 kN
Design for bending

Ultimate Bending Moment = 426.43 kNm/m
Width of the section = 1000 mm
Depth of the section = 600 mm
Diameter of main r/f = 16 mm
cover to r/f = 45 mm
Strength of concrete (fcu) = 30 N/mm2
Strength of main r/f (fy) = 460 N/mm2
Effective depth (d) = 547 mm
Mu
K = 0.0475
f cu bd 2
required
Mu = 0.87fyAsz
BS5400 IV z = 1- 1.1fyAs d
Cl5.3.2.3 fcubd
Eq 1 & 5
Z = 519.65 mm
Provide T 20 @ 150
As provided = 2094.40 mm2
BS 5400 IV Minm r/f = 820.5 mm2

1990
Cl 5.8.4.2 Provide T 16 @ 150
Check for shear
Ultimate Shear Stress = 163.49 kN
Ultimate Shear Stress v = V /bd

d = 547 mm
Shear stress v = 0.299 N/mm2
21
BS 5400-4, cl. 5.3.3.1

0.75√fcu = 4.11 N/mm2
Hence, v < 0.75√fcu

and Maximum shear stress is satisfied
BS 5400-4, Table 8, for determination of Shear Capacity
100 As /bd = 0.383

1/ 3
0 . 27  100 As 
vc =   fcu 1 / 3
m  bd 
Where ϒm = 1.25
fcu = 30 N/mm2
for mild steel, fvy = 250 N/mm2
for tor steel, fvy = 460 N/mm2
Hence, vc = 0.49
Depth Factor εs, εs, = (500/d)1/4 or 0.7 whichever greater
= 0.98
εsνc = 0.48 N/mm2
> 0.299 N/mm2
Hence Shear satisfied
Abutment
Critical SLS BM due to Live

161.70
Loads (Mq)(kNm/m)
Critical SLS BM due to dead
86.36
BS 5400 Loads (Mg)(kNm/m)
Part 4 Governing SLS moment for
248.06
Cl. 5.8.8.2 crack width(kNm/m)
Bar Spacing (mm) 150
Effective depth -d (mm) 547

Main r/f diameter (mm) 20
Table 117 acr (mm) 83.01
22
Reinforced Nominal Cover (mm) 45
Concrete Es (kN/mm2) 200
Designer's Ec (kN/mm2) 28
Hand Book Es
Modular ratio αe= 14.29
Ec 2
(Ec/2 =>providing allowances for creep)
Section thickness -h (mm) 600
As provided (mm2) 2094.40
Reinforcement Ratio (r)= As/bh 0.0035
Neutral  2 axis
 e rd  1   1
depth /(x)   er 
147.61
x
Z d 497.80
3
M SLS
Stress of steel/ fs zAs 237.92
fs
Strain of steel (εs) Es 0.0012
Strain where cracking being considered /(ε1)
Strain at the bottom    h  x 
 d  x 0.0013
fiber (ε1)=
 3.8  bt h a   d c    Mq 
From Equation 25;  m  1    1    10
9
  A
s s  h  d c    M g 

Effect of tension stiffening
εm 0.00119
3a cr  m
Design crack width given by equation 24;  a  c nom 
1  2 cr
h  dc 
Crack width -w (mm) 0.25
Maximum value recommended in Table 1, Part 4, BS 5400 as 0.25 mm for severe case
4.3 Design of Pile Cap
For designing of pile cap, a FEM was carried out using SAP 2000 vr.14.01.0
100.4kNm
-55.3kNm -56.9kNm
41.9kNm
23
243.9kN
130.7kN
Design BM = 100.4 kNm
Design Shear force = 243.90 kN
Design for bending

Ultimate Bending Moment = 100.40 kNm/m
Width of the section = 1000 mm
Depth of the section = 600 mm
Diameter of main r/f = 16 mm
cover to r/f = 45 mm
Strength of concrete (fcu) = 30 N/mm2
Strength of main r/f (fy) = 460 N/mm2
Effective depth (d) = 547 mm
Mu
K = 0.0112
f cu bd 2
required
Mu = 0.87fyAsz
BS5400 IV z = 1- 1.1fyAs d
Cl5.3.2.3 fcubd
Eq 1 & 5
Z = 519.65 mm
Provide T 20 @ 150
24
As provided = 2094.40 mm 2
BS 5400 IV Minm r/f = 820.5 mm2

1990
Cl 5.8.4.2 Provide T 16 @ 150
Check for shear
Ultimate Shear Stress = 243.90 kN
Ultimate Shear Stress v = V /bd

d = 547 mm
Shear stress v = 0.446 N/mm2
BS 5400-4, cl. 5.3.3.1

0.75√fcu = 4.11 N/mm2
Hence, v < 0.75√fcu

and Maximum shear stress is satisfied
BS 5400-4, Table 8, for determination of Shear Capacity
100 As /bd = 0.383

1/ 3
0 . 27  100 As 
vc =   fcu 1 / 3
 m  bd 
Where ϒm = 1.25
fcu = 30 N/mm2
for mild steel, fvy = 250 N/mm2
for tor steel, fvy = 460 N/mm2
Hence, vc = 0.49
Depth Factor εs, εs, = (500/d)1/4 or 0.7 whichever greater
= 0.98
εsνc = 0.48 N/mm2
> 0.446 N/mm2
Hence Shear satisfied
Since the provided r/f are verymuch higherthan the required, CW will be satisfied
Check for punching shear
Critical punching load = 475.6 kN From FEM
Punching perimeter = 1545.362

= 4065.221 mm
25
Shear stress = 0.563 N/mm2
Shear capacity as per the above = 0.476 N/mm2

shear check
Since the punching perimeter lies below the abutment stem, shear will enhance
av = 340 mm
Enhanced shear stress = 1.53 N/mm2
Therefore, punching shear check satisfied
26
1000
467.2
192.8
200
Content
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Loads Applied on Deck 3
3.0 Design of Super Structure 4

3.1 Out puts of the Analysis 5
3.2 Design of the beam 152 x 89 x 16 7
3.3 Design of the beam 305 x 165 x 40 9
4.0 Design of Sub Structure 12

4.1 Results Obtained from FEM 13
4.2 Design of Pile 15
5.0 Design of the structure during construction stag 18

5.1 Check for the Compresion capacity of the pile 18
5.2 Results of FEM for construction stage 19
Design of temporary platfoam for piling works
1.0 Introduction
23190 23190 23190 23190
Existing ro ad centerline
F ROM KADUWELA
4050 Existing bridgeedgeline 6600

New road centerline
12000
6000
8000
10775
11800
9145 P ier center line 9000
4200
6000
13195 3000
9000 15600
Plan View of the Plat foam

˜ 600
E xi sti ng bri dgeedge

New road centerline
1500
3000
1800
1500mm dia. pile

4500
4500
2670 2670
12000
300x150x6 Hiron 150x75x5 H iron

3000
50
3000 3000 3000

9000
Plan view at pier P2
Existing Pier
9000 50mm Ø GI Hand rail
1200 6mm thk. MS plate
750
150x75x5 mm H iron
3000 3000
300x150X6 mmH iron
2000-2500
Water Level
300x150x6mmH iron
River bed level
SECTIONAL VIEW A-A

150x75x5 mm H iron
3000 3000
300x150X6 mmH iron
2000-2500
Water Level
300x150x6mmH iron
River bed level
SECTIONAL VIEW A-A
6mm Thk. MS Plate

6000
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 575 575 575 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
150x75 x5mm H iron
300x150x6 mm H iron
100x50x6 mm C chanal
Water Level
12000
˜ 6000
River bed level
SECTIONAL VIEW B-B
6000
2175
Y 1650 2175
725
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 575 575 575 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
300
2000-2500
Water Level
800
River bed level

300
<2000
4 no 300x150x6 H iron
2000-3000
welded to the
X vertical H iron
SECTIONAL VIEW C-C
Sections used
Column - 305 x 165 x 40 UB sections
Cross beam - 305 x 165 x 40 UB sections
Stringers - 152 x 89 x 16 UB sections
Decking Plate- 6 mm
Bracings - 100 x 50 x 6 C channels
2.0 Loads Applied on Deck
Piling machine = 7 Ton

Piling tool = 4 Ton
Excavator = 22 Ton
Mobile crane = 20 Ton
Bentonite tank = 3 Ton
By considering the dimensions, it was found that the UDL applied on

the platfoam is less than 10kN/m2. Therefore the UDL considered
for this is 10kN/m2. This value is less than the HA UDL.
Other than the above UDL, it was considered the 50% of HB loads
for this design since estimated maximum load of the machinaries
that are going to use on this platfoam is less than 35T.
Since the Speed of the vehicles are very low on this platfoam, the
tractive force is used as 100kN.
Finite element model is used to calculate the actions to design the

structural elements. To apply the HB loadings, it was used a moving
load case.
Finite element model
3.0 Design of Super Structure
Definition of lane to Apply HB Moving load
Applied Other loads
Dead load and live load UDL
Load Combinations

Dead load x 1.155
HB load x 1.3
Dead load x 1.155

Live load x 1.5
COMB 3 HB SLS
Dead load
HB load
COMB 3 SLS Live
Dead load
Live load
Envelope
COMB 1
COMB 2
3.1 Out puts of the Analysis
3D View of M33
27.8kNm
BM Envelope of Stringer Beam
80.15kNm
MB Envelope of Main Beams
3D View of V22
37.77kN
SF Envelope of Stringer Beam
87.23kN
SF Envelope of MainBeam
Design Bending Moment for 152 x 89 x 16 = 27.80 kNm

Design Bending Moment for 305 x 165 x 40 = 80.15 kNm
Design Shear Force for 152 x 89 x 16 = 37.77 kN

Design Shear force for 305 x 165 x 40 = 87.23 kN
3.2 Design of the beam 152 x 89 x 16
Design for Bending

σy = 275 N/mm2
cl.9.3.7.2 web:
web depth = 121.8 mm Web thickness = 4.5 mm
m = 0.5
34tw(355/σyw) /m = 34 × 4.5× (355/275)0.5/0.5
0.5
= 347.67

Flange width = 88.7 mm Flange thickness = 7.7 mm
Root radius = 7.6 mm
bfo = (88.7 - 4.5 - 2*7.6)/2 Slenderness Pa
= 34.5 mm
7tfo(355/σyf)0.5 = 7 × 7.7 × (355/275)0.5
= 61.24 > bfo

cl.9.6.2 le = k1 k2 ke L

k2 = 1.0 (load is not free to move laterally)
L = 3000 mm
le = 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 3000 = 3000 mm
Basic Limiting
cl.9.7 Slenderness

Mpe = Spe × σyc
Spe = 123,000 mm3
Mpe = 1.23 × 105 × 275 × 10-6 = 33.83 kNm

k4 = 0.9
λF = le/ry(tf/D)
ry = 64.1 mm D = 152.4 mm
λF = 3000/64.1 (7.7/152.4) = 2.36
i = Ic/(Ic+It)
i= 0.5
ψi = 0.00
ν = 0.782
λLT = 30.94
le/ lw = 1.0
From Fig.11(b) : MR/Mult = 1
Mult = 33.83 kNm
cl.9.9.1.2 MD = MR /γm γf3

γm = 1.05
γf3 = 1.1
Design for Shear
cl.9.9.2.2 web thickness = 4.5 mm

dwe = 121.8
λ = (dwe/tw)*(σyw/355) 0.5
λ = 23.82

τl = τy = σyw/√3 = 158.77 N/mm2
dw = D = 152.4 mm
hh = 0
γf3 = 1.1
γm = 1.05
3.3 Design of the beam 457 x 191 x 74
Design for Bending

σy = 275 N/mm2
cl.9.3.7.2 web:
web depth = 407.6 mm Web thickness = 9 mm
m = 0.5
34tw(355/σyw)0.5/m = 34 × 9× (355/275)0.5/0.5
= 695.34

Flange width = 190.4 mm Flange thickness = 14.5 mm
Root radius = 10.2 mm
bfo = (190.4 - 9 - 2*10.2)/2
= 80.5 mm
7tfo(355/σyf)0.5 = 7 × 14.5 × (355/275)0.5
= 115.32 > bfo

cl.9.6.2 le = k1 k2 ke L

k2 = 1.0 (load is not free to move laterally)
L = 12000 mm
le = 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 12000 = 12000 mm
cl.9.7 Slenderness

Mpe = Spe × σyc
Spe = 1,653,000 mm3
Mpe = 1.653 × 106 × 275 × 10-6 = 454.6 kNm

k4 = 0.9
λF = le/ry(tf/D)
ry = 242 mm D = 457 mm
λF = 12000/242 (14.5/457) = 1.57
i = Ic/(Ic+It)
i= 0.5
ψi = 0.00
ν = 0.890
λLT = 37.33
le/ lw = 1.0
From Fig.11(b) : MR/Mult = 1
Mult = 454.6 kNm
cl.9.9.1.2 MD = MR /γm γf3

γm = 1.05
γf3 = 1.1
Design for Shear
cl.9.9.2.2 web thickness = 9 mm

dwe = 407.6
λ = (dwe/tw)*(σyw/355)0.5
λ = 39.86

τl = τy = σyw/√3 = 158.77 N/mm2
dw = D = 457 mm
hh = 0
γf3 = 1.1
γm = 1.05
4.0 Design of Sub Structure

Since this is a framed structure, it is considered two adjucent piers
to design of substructure. But the beams connecting two piers are
released to transfering of moments. As mentioned in superstructure
design, 100kN load is considered as tractive force since the traffic
movement is limited and the speed can be controled less than
10km/hour. Considered traffic movement on this structure is
concrete mixture and 20 T mobile crane. The total weight of thes
vehicles are less than 35T.
Load due to water current, log impact and load due to debries are
also considered for design of this structure up to normal water lebel.
Force due to water current and force due to debries are acting on a
pier with an angle of 200
Pressure due to water current P1 = 52kv2
k = 0.66 (for circular cutwaters)
v = 2.00 m/s
P1 = 137.28 kg/m2
1346.72 N/m2
Height to acting point (Bottom to Bed level+2/3

bed to NWL)
= 7.00 m
Force due to water current = 6.060 kN/m
Load acting on pier shaftcolumn = 1.818 kN/pile 0.6218
1.7084
Force due to debris
P2 = 52kv2
k = 1
v = 2.0 m/s
P2 = 208.00 kg/m2
= 2040.5 N/m2
Height to acting point (Bottom to = 7.80 m
NWL-1.2m)
Force due to debris = 2.39 kN/pile 0.8165

2.2434
Force due to log impact P3 = 0.1wv
v = 2.0 m/s
w = 2000 kg
P3 = 400 kg
3924 N
Force due to log impact = 3.92 kN
Height to acting point(Bottom to NWL) = 9 m
Tractive force = 100 kN
4.1 Results Obtained from FEM
101.5kNm
BM Envelope M22
-24.6kNm
BM Envelope M33
105kN
SF Envelope V33
14.25kN
SF Envelope V22
84.5kN
Axial Force Envelope

4.2 Design of Pile
X Dirn Y Dirn
Bending Moment on a Pile 101.2 kNm -24.6 kNm
Shear Force on a pile 105 kN 14.25 kN
Axial Force (SLS) 84.5 kN
Hu applied 36.69 kN 8.25 kN
H applied (SLS) 21.4 kN 4.8 kN
Perimeter Length of the

1.3 m Skin friction 12 m
of pileof
Depth pileUlt. Skin
N co-eff ,fu friction (Prof
soil (1.5 x N) Th) kN
0 0
9 0 0 0
1 30 45 56.47
1 30 45 56.47
1 30 45 56.47
0.00
12 169.40
FOS for skin friction 2

FOS for end bearing 3
Ultimateend bearing capacity (2500kN/m2) 12.825 kN
Allowable bearing capacity of a pile 88.974 kN > Applied (84.5kN)
σy = 275 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 200 kN/mm2
Coefficient of modulus variation (η) 16.5 MN/m3
Assumed No of piles = 4
Second moment of Area (Ix) = 0.00008503 m4
Iy = 0.00000764 m4
Stifness factor (T)  EI  5 = 1.0061 m

T  

2T = 2.0121 m
4T = 4.0242 m
Pile length > 4T
Zf = 1.8T = 1.8109 m
Unsuported length (e) = 6 m
Since the used section is compact, Mult is same as the value find
at the beam design
Mult-x = 454.6 kNm
Hu = 2Mu/(e+Zf)
Hu-x = 116.39 kN > Applied (36.69kN)
Considering the FoS = 2
H allowable -x = 58.20 kN > Applied (21.4kN)
Mult-y = 39.1 kNm
Hu = 2Mu/(e+Zf)
Hu-x = 10.00 kN > Applied (8.25kN)
Considering the FoS = 2
H allowable -x = 5.00 kN > Applied (4.8kN)
Design Shear Force of the section = 565.39 kN > Applied (105kN)
Since the piles are subjected to combine bending and axial force,
P Mx My y
  
Ae Z x Z y  m  f 3
Puls = 116.5 kN Ae = 5130 mm2

Mx = 101.2 kNm
My = -24.6 kNm
Zx = 560000 mm3
Zy = 92600 mm3
σy = 275 N/mm2
P Mx My
  = -62.235 N/mm2
Ae Z x Z y
y = 238.1 N/mm2
 m f 3
Hence the section satisfy the requirements

5.0 Design of the structure during construction stage
5.1 Check for the Compresion capacity of the pile
Pile Section - 305 x 165 x 40

Ix - 85030000 mm4
Iy - 7640000 mm4
E - 200 kN/mm2
Length of a pile - 12 m
Le (2L) - 24 m for cantilever pile
rx - 129 mm
ry. - 38.6 mm
D - 303.4 mm
b - 165 mm
σy - 275 N/mm2
Ae - 5130 mm2
Cl.10.6.1 rx/y - 0.850

ry/y - 0.468
le/rx(σy/355)0.5 - 163.75
le/ry(σy/355) 0.5
- 547.24
Fig 37 σc/σy - 0.06
σc - 16.5 N/mm2
Cl.10.6.1.1 PD = Aeσc/γmγf3
= 73.29 kN
The driving force of the pile is less than 30kN (3T). Therefore the
pile is safe
After completion of driving

le (=L) - 12 m Conservatively
le/rx(σy/355)0.5 - 81.87
le/ry(σy/355) 0.5
- 273.62
Fig 37 σc/σy - 0.63
σc - 173.25 N/mm2
Cl.10.6.1.1 PD = Aeσc/γmγf3
= 769.50 kN
The maximum identified load of this structure is 35T.
If that load is totally applied on a pier, the piles are safe against
compresion after the pile set.
The maximum load due to floating logs is 3.9kN. If that load is

directly applied to a pile at the normal water level, maximum moment
generates on a pile is 38.6kNm at ULS(FoS=1.5x1.1)
The above moment is less than the moment capacity of a pile around
y axis (i.e 39.1kNm)
Therefore the substructure is safe during construction as well.
Otherthan the above, FEM was run and checked for each and every
span during construction. As per the results, it was found that the
actions on the members are below the capacities that are found
above. Few images of the results of those FEM are attached below
for reference.
5.2 Results of FEM for construction stage

Step-1 One Span Completed and Machine Moves to Construct Next Span
Isometric view of the model

M33 Diagram for beams
Axial force diagram
Step-2 Two Spans Completed and Machine Moves to Construct Next Span

Axial force diagram
Step-3 Three Spans Completed and Machine Moves to Construct Next Span

Axial force diagram
Step-4 Four Spans Completed and Machine Moves to Construct Next Span

Axial force diagram
Step-5 Five Spans Completed and Machine Moves to Construct Next Span

Axial force diagram
Step-6 Six Spans Completed and Machine Moves to Construct Next Span

Axial force diagram
Step-7 Seven Spans Completed and Machine Moves to Construct Next Span

Axial force diagram
Analysis of the remaining parts are same as above.

Therefore it was not carriedout the remaining parts and consider
the results of the above analysis to design
The maximum values of the Bending moments, Shear forces, Axial

forces ect.. Are lower than that values of the results of the global
analysis that are considerd to design the structural elements.
Therefore the structure is safe even for the loads occurred during
the construction.
Calculation of Bending Capacity of Compact
Universal Beam
Fundamental Data
Length of the beam = 3 mm
Nos of Pannels = 1
k1 = 1
k2 = 1.2
Effective length of the beam,le = 4 mm
Sectional Properties
Section Selected = IPE300A
Nominal Yield Stress, σy = 275 N/mm2
Radius of Gyration, ry = 64.1 mm
Plastic Sectional Modulus, Zplx = 1.23E+05 mm3
Overall Depth, D = 152.4 mm
Thickness of the Flange, tf = 7.7 mm
Safety Factors for Steel

γm = 1.05
γ3 = 1.1
Slenderness Parameter for the Flange

le  t f
F 
Table 9 ry  D
i = 0.5
λF = 0.0028
I
i c fromactor, v = 0.972
Ic  It k4 = 1
η = 1 (Ref Table 9)
Slenderness Parameter for Lateral Torsional Buckling
l
LT  e k 4v λLT = 0.05
ry
 li
From;  yc = 0.05
 yc
Figure 10  LT = 1
355
Basic Limiting Compressive Stress, σli = 275 (Ref Graph 10)
Limiting Compressive Stress, σtc = 275
N/mm2
Cl. 9.8.2 Bending Resistance of the Section; N/mm2
Cl. 9.9.1.2
Z pe   tc
MD 
 m 3
MD = 29.29
0.6218
1.7084
0.8165
2.2434
Euler's buckling formula
Pcr =  2 EI
2
Le
Pcr-y = 26.2 kN
Pcr-x = 291.39 kN

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Reference Description Out put

Part -1 Design of Superstructure

10mm thick fillet plate

29T10-3-150 M16 HSFG bolt

1000 1000 150 x 75 x 18 kg/m "C"

TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF DECK

Span of the Bridge - 16.5 m

Density of concrete - 24 kN/m3

2.0 Loads Applied on Deck

Dead load of the deck = (200/1000) x24 = 4.8 kN/m2

Load Combinations ( For Superstructure design)

COMB 1 (ULS Loading)

COMB 2 (SLS Loading)

2.1 For construction Stage Analysis

Unit weight of the UB section = 89.6 kg

Dead load of the beam = 0.879 kN/m

Design BM of beam 0.879x16.5x16.5x1.155/8+4.8x16.5x16.5x1.2

Design Shear force 0.879x16.5x1.155/2+4.8x16.5x1.265/2+2x16.

2.2 Design of the beam 500 x 200 x 89.6

Design for Bending

cl.9.3.7 Check for compact section:

cl.9.3.7.3.1 compression flange:

7 tf0(355/σyf)^0.5 = 7 ×16 × (355/275)^0.5

= 127.2524 > bfo

cl.9.6 Determine Effective Length

cl.9.6.2 le = k1 k2 ke L

k1 = 1.0 (flange is free to rotate in plan)

cl.9.7.1 Half wavelength of buckling = lw = L = 3000 mm

Mpe = 2232000 × 275 × 10^-6 = 613.8 kNm

cl.9.7.2 λLT = le k4 ην / ry

cl.9.8. Limiting moment of resistance: λLT ((σyc/355)(Mult/Mpe))0.5

Section is compact, hence Mult = Mpe = 613.8 kNm

λLT ((σyc/355)(Mult/Mpe))0.5 = 57.3904 kNm

le/ lw = 1.0 (No intermediate restrains)

From Fig.11(b) : MR/Mult = 0.8

MR = 491.0 kNm

cl.9.9.1.2 MD = MR /γm γf3

Hence the section is OK for bending

Design for Shear

cl.9.9.2.2 web thickness tw = 10 mm

From Figures 12 to 18 τl/τy = 1

τl = τy = σyw/√3 = 158.7713 N/mm2

VD = (tw(dw - hh)/(γm γf3))τl

VD = 687.32 kN > Applied Shear force (85.69kN)

Check for Deflection

Esteel = 200 kN/mm2

Allowable deflection = Span/200

2.3 For Service Stage Analysis

Area of the UB Section = 114.2 cm2

Dead load of the beam = 0.879 kN/m

Design BM of beam = 0.879*1.155*16.5*16.5/8+4.8*1.265*16.5*16.

Design Shear force = 0.879*1.155*16.5/2+4.8*1.265*16.5/2+5*1.6

Strength of concrete = 30 N/mm2

Modular ratio α= Ec/Es = 0.14

Equallent width = 140 mm

Equalling the area x Measured from the top of the section

Therefore the plastic nutral axis is within the concrete section

Plastic modulus of the section = A/2 x l

Plastic modulus of the section = 5,164,129 mm3

Mpy of the composite section = 1,420.14 kNm

cl.9.9.1.2 MD = MR /γm γf3 309.214 93333333.33

Applied Bending Moment = 595.15 kNm

Therefore the section is safe against BM

Check for Shear

Design BM of beam = 0.8791.15516.516.5/8+4.81.26516.516.

Design Shear force = 0.8791.15516.5/2+4.81.26516.5/2+5*1.6

Bending Moment at Splice at ULS = 0.8791.1554.512/2+4.81.2654.512/2+5

Bottom Flange = 472.1910^6 464

Top Flange = 472.1910^63.2