-..

s
-.\

ZIMB A ts IvE s cH L
o {-} xr xr\ r\{xldA T,tr
General Certificatc of EcJucalirrn L, oi{ s o Ii r\/ [.,,{ L
.qtlu*..0 Levei
GEOGR.APF{Y
PAPER ] -, 91s6/1
,: t '
'1.':1:.: , .

wednesda)', [0 Nov[MBE]r 2004 ],,, .

tvrolTting
3 hours
I : 50 000 survey u,ap is encrosed
l rvith trris q*estio'Irarrer.
,
i
Additiorral materials
i ^
Answer.caner
-:.-_.F-.':-_--.'
-
L

f-IMtr 3 hor.s

*
i rF{STRUCTIONS TO CA] T}IDATES
i!l
;,ll

ri*mber and candidate number

in the ,ou;", orovirieqr on the
;,j#:if$;in:-?Jitue answer

:lnswer fo ur questions.

-Arrswer one question flom Secljon A, two questions

Section C. fi:om section B ancl one question
fi-om

'r&'rite your answers on trre sepa^rate

€ulswer paper
- provided.
.\
r f --
l.
-f you use more tha' orie sheet of paper, fasten the sheets
togerher.
T}'F ORIWATI OJ\ FOIT CAJ{ DIDATES

l}.e number of ntarl<s is given in

brackets I J at the end oi"each quesrion or.part questior.
:<=tch maps alrd diagranrs sho*id be
drawn wherever th"y ,.-, to il'srrate a, arlsq,er.
:-clr are advised to spenrJ no
longer.trran 45 minules on sectio'A.
: are rerninded of the need for goc'cl English
''Lr and clear preseirtatio' i' l,our.arsrvers.

i
{
$
-Tlrir q*rtilFl,*;i,n*rr.f
S p,,t,,d.t Fg*
'.-cirr'riglrl: .1:i';l,. tr.,re iclr,,,rri iixaririnatir.Lnl
()ttrrit..ii, tl.,:)t),i.
:I]5 EC N2OO4

iT'urn or ei-

E;n
 ).

Section A (Prncticals)

Answ'er one question f,on1'this section

(a)
Do not spend more than 45 rninutes on this question'
ib'i
(a) Wirh r:ctcrdnce ro rhe map provided (1 :50 000 Muchirakrjr'ehda,:Zimbabrve), drai'v
trvo skerch mlps to show-in simptified form, the relief and drainage fqalures of
the (c)
areas A ancl B as defined below:

Area Vertical grid limrts Horizontal :grid limits

A 88*95 I l.- l9
B 03 - i0 07*15
lt3l

(b) Suggest possible reascns fqr tf9 diffbrences in landfonns

I
and drainage'oeiwaen
the two areas outlined in (a) above. tl?]

you are required to make a study of rainfall distribution and reliability

in.area of
approximately I 000 km'. Records of lainfall for each rnonthrdre available lor the
purt :O years at 20 weather stations scattered acro5s the area;' A detailed
iopograpilical map olthe arqa is a[so available' I ' '

(a) How would )'ou use the availabie data to show the seasonal,,occunellae of
rainfall at intiividual weather stationsf t6l

(h) (i) Dcscribe how you would use the rainfall data. and the topographicaf
map rc consrruct a map showing the distribution of annual rdnfalf in
thc arca. t l0l

(ii) Brietly discuss rhe advantages and limitations of the mapping technique
You illustrated in b(i) above' i5l

" (iii) Explain how rainfall dispersion graphs can be usQd to show rainfall
reliabiliry. t4l

r :b \:ji{16
\

\
 3

Section B (Plrvsical Core)

Answer hvo questions fronr this seciion.

(a) BrieflyexpIainthetermsgreenhouse,efectandg|obul,,,,n.,,.^in,8,'.
: :, \
i6l
witlr refere'ce to'examples. explain how heat islancrs cl.r.elop.
*'e), draw ,(b) lrban Ir 2]
ires of the (c) with, reference to examples of'air rnasses, describe a'd
explain trre
development of wearher at the Inter-Tropical Converg.n..
zon. (ITCZ)
in Africa.
17l

l t3l

etween
I l?l

h€

rf
t6l ir.r : l,:
!.J:,,:
eal
Il in
t l0l

;hnique
i5l i,t i
illr
t4l'

9t56/t N2004
l:...
 i:'
l

ii
,]
i, t -t
lii
l'

)
( zz.t
ri, 4 (a) Deilnethetertl.tscle+|:,t.ctitlzltldhcti[.

: (b) Irig. 1 shows the nieart amual frequeney of tirunderstorm ilays over Aliica (.1=,t

..,) (.c)

20"N
,aj
\0i
b)
40

X$
;\
'oo.

ou-- -:-*-- ---lg) i

I
I

:l
i

I
I
'I
I

0l.tr 800 1600 I

KMI
I
I

0u

Fig. I

I)escribe and explain the paiterns shown in Fig. 1.

I

(c) Hc.rw may tire a:rrount of rainfall be influenced by human activiry? r, t-

t'
 1z't) v'iith the aicl 0i'a criagram, crescnbe ancr expiain rrog,lrie
varic.s across ilre channei. i.irer
'erocir,r, 'Ia
l6l
(rj) exantp es, explain the nrain carises o1-r,ariatrons
in tire cliselrrr.gc of.
l1tl',i ovet'
fl\'efs

(i) sliorr tinre periods. arlti

(rr) a iihole year. ,

L,I2J

c) To w'hat extent rs the risk of flooding inr:reased

by hLrrnarr activity?
t7)

,z) Briefly explain the causes and nature of overiand flow trrat occLlrs on siopes.
t6l
ib) with reference to Fig.2,explain the inrpor{.ance
oloverlanci flovr anci rnass
--l--'1 v,'astilg in the cievelopment of slope forms,
rnl
I

ir I

Zone of I

little eresion i
I

Transport
N\
v\\
t\ \ slope

Vr Zone of
'+^ deposition
a^ot

"4:
/^ x\
'9%r.^{
'k\ \\
I

f+ direction and
(}^
c retatlve rmpoFtance oer,
' of water movement
"c^
'./^

\ i'-*
\_f ---.--},- A
I r*-
+

Fig.2
[1

[:: To vyhat extent can hi;man actlvrtles modify

processes operating on.siopes?
[; 17l

9156/t N2004

[Trirn over
 'it
il
\i I

li
!
ri
{i')
'l '
Explain tlre differtjnces bettveen block tlis:it'ttegrcrtion and granulat: rli.tinteg4ation.16
i
l 't.
(b' (i) With the aiid of diagrams, describe the narure trf:deep rvearlrdi'erl :lay,e-rs ,,

I
in tropical regions. i,, . :ri''l
,

,i (iil Explain the conditions which favour their developmenr. tl

,{

(c) How has the stripping of regoliths contributed to the developmenr of Iarrdfbrms
in the tropics?

8 (a) Dlaw a labelled diagram to show the linkages that €xist in tropical grassland, ,

ecosystems [6

(b) with reference to areas you r-

have studied, explailn the physical and human
Eaus",ofsoilerosionin'tropical grasslands.' ^ ' ; -:-''.' {l

tc, ASsesstheeffec,tivenedsofrrieasuresuse<itoreciucethenegativeimpactof
human activities on tropical grassland ecosysrerns. U

(c.l T,
to

9l 56/l:N2001
 .\

! (u) u r sIIng u Is lr bet rvee rt p o tl.s o I s, tult] I tt I o s o Ls, .

l6l
:ntegr,al ion.16
(b) Explain horv rhe environnrenra,l conditions shol,n in l;ig.3 hnve iHiluenced
the t:

:.J iayers lievelopnrent of tropicnl soils. i '

. ..:11..
u2I
Hig]r e nrpera ttlre Lolv
I 1f (.)
Low Rainfall I{igh
O

arrdtbrtns .o
..) C)
o
11
I
I
lssland'
t6

inan I
c)
{l: o0
,o.
.E
of lr cn
act
,t7'

c) C}
$) ()
t& tn

Fig.3

(c) To rvhat extent can environmental degradation in the h"opical regions O" unttOu,*!,r,
to human activity?

j9156iliN2004
 Zit
a"
\t

:ie,ction (. (l'hvsical OPtions)

:' Atrsw'ei onc question lioni this section irri,,:-i: :r

10 (r) -- - --'a cliagrants, clescribe and c'xplain

Usirrp. lhe triain leatrtt'es ot'constrr-tctive
rql
(divergent) pl41e boirndaries. L'J

(b) 1{ow may the.,processes at the constructive plate boundaries be trsed'to expiain '.
lltrt\
the origin and:distribLrtion of landforitls on:a global scale'? l , .L

(a) Briefly desuribe tbc natur9 of hazards resulting fiom ctustal movements' 19]
11
t
(b) With reference to areas you have studied, ekplain the effectiveness olmeasures :
taken to cope rvith the efl'ects ofthe hazards you have identified in (a,) abgve' [1t

'1

t2 (') l}:iefly explain how the soilsand vegetation of arid and semi-arid areas have
been influence d by the prevailing climatic conditions. le

(b) Assess the role of past climates in ihe developmeni of desert landfol:n-rs. [.],

13 (a) With the aid of cliagrams, ciescribe the rnain processes leacl.ing to ciiff rqcession
al..,rng tloastal areas, Ie

([r) IJotv can coast.s be protected in a maruler which is treneficial to both hutnan
Lises and the cnvironrrtt:nt'/ [1

74 (a) Br icfly cle scribe glaciat rnass baiances. [6

(1,) Witfu the aid of diagrams, clesclibe the ma.in piocesses of alpine glacial et'osion. Ii

(c) Using exarnples, explain the. det,elopment of fl r.rvic- glaci al landlbr ins " Li

1
 erMiBABWqscHpol EXAMrrsATroru$ couNcrL.
Generar certificate
of Education Acjva'ced Lever

ccruF[ffitrzuTlAtl*

tel
h{OvffiruIffiffiR 2frT:,4

It(

r, -SS1On
r0l MARKITdG ScHffifid/lffi
-t
V)

-::an
[](
. lt1
tulA)(lMUiW M$/\RK: i 0fi
lul

=r
osion. [11 SYLLAffiUS/ 6i,i
tT.

GtrOGRAph{Y pS\FtrR t
I

zt6
Section A (Practicals)

1 (a) Sketch maps that generalize the landforms arrd drainage features as
' as labeling the features either directly or though a key InoufO O.
well
rewarded.
Atterrpts to- reproduce mini contour maps will receive.very merit.

The sketch maps should.show the foliowing: -. .r : , :

Area A

ReJret .. . -.:,

- Mainly a hilly area.

- Plains to the South Earth with few residual hills, e.g. Nharira,
Zimanu etc
- Rugged section to the North West with moderately dissected
uplands such as Musaru and Gungubvre uplands. ;

flrninrna
rrqri tqq9

- Main rivet's are lManwanzou and Chipfurubwe, which flow East and
North East respectively.
- The plain is characterized by a dendriiic drainage pattern while the
uplands are fairly wet.

Area B t

- !enerally a near level surJace/genfle sloping plain

- Few isolated hills anc uplands such as Derere and Dikatir

Drainaqe

- Main rivers are Ruya and Dzomutiro

Dentritic drainage pattern

4 marks for relief comparison and

3 marks for drainage comparison per rerief unit area.
Up to 7 marks for A
But total should not exceed 13.

t13l

tj
 ef rWBABWH^SCH9OL HXAnfi r N,ATroNs
Generar certificate of EcJucation Acrvanced
cou ruc! L"
Level

rres as well
ao

'it ,. ,

-J' I
ccruFImffiruTtAfl*
'" "

t?llf?,

ected

,,v East and h{OVHMf BHR ?CIff4

'n while the

MI\RKIf{G SGHHfu/Iffi
-- -t
trr
--=- __l
MAXIM{JM M/\RK: ,f 00
I

______l
__-----l
SYL s6/
6/TII I

Gtrf;GR/epF{Y pAptrR t
I

I
I

t13l ---__._l
{

Section A (Practicals)
z1
1 (a) Sketch maps that generaiize the landforms'and drainage features as well
as labeling the features either direcily or though a-key ihould be
rewarded.
Atternpts to reproduce mini contour maps wirr receive very merit.

The sketch maps should.show the following: - ::'" i,

Area A

Rekf.
- Mainly a hilly area. ,

- PlainsJo the south Earth with few resirjual hills, e g Nharira, i:

i.
Zimanu, etc
- Rugged section to the North west with moderately dissected $

t
uplands such as Musaru and Gungubwe uplands.

l-\rai^-^^
utuit rc!l('

lVlain rivers are lVlanwanzou and Chipfurubvie, which flow Eaet and
North East respectively.
The plain is characteriz_ed gy a dendritic drainage pattern while the
uplands are fairly wet.

Area B

Generally a near level surfaie/genfle sloping plain

Few isolated hills and uplands such as Dere?e and Dikatir

Drainaqe

- Main rivers are Ruya and Dzomutiro

Dentritic dra inage pattern

4 marks for relief comparison and

3 marks for drainage comparison per relief unit area.
Up to 7 marks for A
But total should not exceed 13.

i13l

CI
 =,IWNBABWq$CHPOL EXANfi I N,*TISruS COU Nfi
Generar certificate of Educati.n IL.
Acrva'ced Lever
)s as well

ccruFImffirqrlAfl*

tra,

ted

East and
hIOVHMHHR ?0ff4
while the

MARK'hIG $CHffiE/Fffi

nfiAXlMUtW frVt/\RK: 1fifi

$YLLAffi 6'f
qEwRAph{Y pApffift r
i13l
 L.
--
Ft I

Section A (Practicals)

1 (a)
' Sketch maps that generalize the landforms and drainage featuies as well
as labeling the features either directly or though a-key should be
rewarded.
Atternpts to reproduce mini contour maps will receive very merit.
,
( ii)
The sketch maps should show the following. -

Area A

Bqltet
Mainlya hilly area.
- llrins,to the South Earth with few resirjual hills, e g. Nharira,
Zimanu, etc
- Rugged section to the North West with moderately dissected h
uplands such as Musaru and Gungubvre uplands. f"

Drainaqe

- Main rivers are fl,4anwanzou and Chipfurubwe, which flow East and
North East respectively.
- The plain is characterized by a dendriiic drainage pattern while the
uplands are fairly wet.

Area B
lrir
Gerrerally a near level surface/gentle sloping plain !'
-,: Few isolaied hills and uplands such as Derere and Dikatir '

Drainage 1
:

- Main rivers are Ruya and Dzomutiro

. _=-.,;
=r '

4 marks for relief coriparison and

- 3 marks for drainage comparison per relief unit area.
UptoTmarksforA l_-s:_-
But total should not exceed 13. . "..:-^^-
t13l

::
 -.[

: Sg$r+g&!f;rrences in landforms ard draina$:

N.B. Reasons to OJexpUnreO th"r*ghmtM
_
(i)
:._

Rock tvpe
Areas A and B could probably
i as well have rjiflerent rock type with
that in area A being more ruritt*tlhan
in This courd B
resutr in A havino riore ,pruno-i
hilly/rugged. - rvr 1..,;;1,
-r'-'
(r Iq ;. i;u o iIffir,1_
:

(ii)
ry maturing stage of landform
evoiution hence the many uplands
suoh as isolated hi,s.
' -r ':''. ', ':.ii,' ' , Area,B courd be in the rui" rutrriiri ,tug*
or.randfo'm
::'' ',',';'i,:
,,
,'evorutiorr hence the'near
rever of uirrnau.penepr,aihs 1,
(iii) Rcck permeabilitv
ta. lffi i';i :"J*. i;' [ff; ?: :; l'" ffi ::?! [, i f ; "# ! T.
o,
",
ed About 4 marks for each fully developed
poirrt
(iv) Radiai drainage in A is due to presence
,sheds B has marnfy oenCiiiic drainage of hills which act as water ,

duc to genfle dipping plains

East and
r r with homogenous rocks
(v) More rapids along the Ruya river
due to heierogeneous rocks
whiie the
(vi) Ruya river is wider rjue to gentier
gradient and softer rocks.
l12l
Candidates should refer to the foliov,,ing: _
t25J

base map of the area showing

iocation of uveather stations
calculaiicn of m,ean monthly rainfall
eonstruction of nar grabh, ,io,.
prr rtri[n
superimposed on the base -'qr v gar
u""h ,t"tion.- uo graphS to be
,up.
- mark each stage of construction.
mark tor identification of type
of map.

t6l
lonstruction of isoline rnap to
'.'lethod of show rainfall distribution
ccnstructio.n
t13l
calculation of mean arinuai rainfali
rainfall figures are plotted i" p",_.r"ii totals for eaci: station
on the base map

',t!
ilt
: ,i
.F

- constder range of data and choose a suitabie isolitre irrterval

- <jraw isolineJby interpolation
density shading can be dpne for emphasis
- put a little and keY
-reserve1markfornamingofcorrecttechnique.Cre$i!expiand;tionof
interpolation uP to 3 tnarks. r' 1;:

110l
(ii) Advantageg 'i ' '

- quick visual impression, clarity, simplicity

technique is useful for representation of continuous data

Limitations

- | interpolation
is highly subjective
density shading giu"r thaimpression of abrupt changes in distribution.
the method can be used effectiveiy only when there are many points or
the base ntap

Up to 3 marl<s for advantages and limitation but iotal skrould not exceed 5'

(ii) Calculate deviation from the mean and inter'-quartile range. Higlt
cieviations and ranges indicate great variability/unreliability and
'-r--r:-
collcefll.i -r rL^
aIlutlal uullu '-^^ -n indicates a high degree of i-eliabilitv'
LI lc lllud

N.B. Canclidates slrould not explain the construction of rainfall dispersior

graph'sl
rt
Llt
rt5
LL"
(a) Radiation is trapped within the atrnosphere by gases such as carbon
dioxide and ci-rloroilouro carbons, hence warning the earth's surface and ,
lower atmosphrere. The greetritouse effect controls the earilr - h
atmosphere thernial balance, hence the planet's weather and climate. i
Diagrams to illustr:ite the greenhouse erfect may be drawn

Global warning is tlie general increase in the global average temperature,

caused by an enhanced greenirouse and the desiruction of the ozone
layer,

3 mari<s eacl-r i6

Jr

I'li
 (b) Examples fiUst
riust hn h_'-^r such
be named
f;;l ;fi _
as chicago, London
or other rargercities
"

:-ryjfi:ifl H,,:,,J? i: j,: : :

if+T"J; Jdurrng o",1: *: 1,,;,
gradualiy
the night. su/l
nuut during the :"t
day, which is re]easeci ::f:,r,., ;
u n'nn
and'iion of
rhey have a higher
."".*n,lo,^.::,::l 'ii"''"i.";j3,?'
carbon dioxide ",^,i,,-"u"i^"^=r * dllons of poilr".itants s
oj
higher,",o"1?#,.:5!i;Tj,",'""3,'l'ff 1'J:?ilil:i,H::.1;il::"
tl

]!ere are greater sources

domesrjc "":H;j of h .r",h. factories, power
''
.r , .-, ,,. , ,..., ,
:,",""?]l
'Up'io'e'r*U.
";;;"
cooling systems,
"1lj:1 ",
trri.n- aiiloor"- neai tpstations ancJ
tvB' ,",. a well explaned,nrr"
Lrr,ban areas
'l
For full credit.
exarlples rrust be given:
mark by impr.ession

iistribution,
3,; Candidates nrust
explain ,n! 1.121
: ,
mass rouuruli:"Tiil?"".?"."0t or r-r- c.z ancthow
:any points or r"tJ,:u"o'"".'il?'in " it arre*s air
F;:,T,"T"T be rere,recr to e-s
Z+i;X;l"ir' sor rn
^^^! tt J
uti
L
!f 2 ,,.narks ior the explanatir
Lr ctr z is a
.-).

t5l
ir :: svsrem,concept :lll"
o*he r 1. c t-he z
r;gir
accoroins
;i:il3i':IJi:"rilre iliJh rucruares in posiriorr
enables North
nniddrereversrf,i:;lj::':,',#re::'i"J,iffi HIif .'"'^":l;{ff ii'
a.r i 'o
^:^t-iti+,,
= tdlJltlly. a ct v ty, wh
i
chn, n i,i, i".l ['JEl;,, ]f : c?n v_e rs e n c e n;;n"j ; ;." il;
i
i i
i
rrggered or by ro."r ;:X?, ,fl
::ail dispersior .uiiJ., n".,i,JJ... ""
The
:
wearher ri
s ;;, J,?"r;?Y',ff
o n d it io n
IA
( h e a vv
ra n a n d g
[*5;'i? id:. cre ve rop rn e

.
n ror ti n s r a b I e
r?q
LL"
i
h rnl n r i
sl *",i'#,:,^I#:i:Ti"r' i o-, lH, J" Ir,o rm s
"l' " "
:s carbon Mark by jmpression
-. surface and
-i-
t7I
ri climate, -"
;[.j:*]?f:[:1i,ffi:l;'JilI"ilt^,^y:l:r
""hen
ground temperatures
dropieis o,r
located near,round
rever. rt occu.s
r,16 t2si

s ro s h n * rn;i drop dlects

e iemperature
, os r h
; ;; ; ; #.1? ll j :51": fl
u o u ,:;1 , J, fu.,,
:le ozone I ffiT,rrfi
t2l
i6
.{
n I

Rain - water droplets of greater than 0.5 mm that fall to the eari| from
the I

clouds. Rain is caused by concjensation of water vapour aroynd , , a

poil! at q. htgn
,

hygr.oscopic nuclei br:ought about by cooling of air to fey

aitiiuOe in tne atmospheie or melting of hail pellets o flakes beiole, , t
tn
reaching the grourrd:.
N
l
c
Hail - hail comprises large, roughly spherical ice pellets, .:
5 - 50 mm in diameter slrowing layered internai slrucluie. rol

t6l rw Re
lL)

(b)
,'ha ' Storms ar"e lriglrly significarl! featules ,o.1,i1",'{utlnel,1f'ff1ica'with lO"to 2t
1.
mote than i'00 thunderstorm'idays each year'
i
,r
the.continent experiincing
Candidates should note the foiiowing:

(i) Areas of higir concentrations of stornts:

- Equatorial zone of East Africa
'" Highlands in tl-re Guinea belt of West Africa
' 'r' (Fata Ja{on highlands and Carneroon Mountains)'
- East African highlands
- Madagascar
- Anornalously high area in the Southern Africa
i{ts
(around Drankensberg Mountains)'
#
i
4 marks for descriptiorr and explanation
-E:
(ii) Flequency decreases noi-th ancl soutlr of the equatorial zone

(iii) Low frequency in the Sahara and K.alahari zones

(i;) Lowest frecluency is aiorig Nanribia coast Cue to the presence of i,

the colcl Bengirela currenf.. -

(v) East coasts oi $outern Africa have higher frequency lhan West'
L'Ihl a'
coasts ' 1 :ir srl
';i;tt''Pclm
"h
. i ' ., ,. ra/".lec
2 nrarl.ls each for description and explanation, , .;. .:i,

Bcg-sryg
+i

l-ligh tempei^aiure s in the eqi;alorial zone ei'lccurage strong con,ir-ective

trB
aciivity, which i-esuits ip the forntatior; ol cumiricnirli:us ciouds and
thurrcJerstr-rrilrs,, Tl'ie erll.ratol"ial zr:nc is affected oy tl-re 11'CZ where.middle
Ievei c;crtverEenc,e of the NIF arrd SE trade wtnds gives rise to the Fese-
vlrdei;prearj tl'it-.:n,:jrlrstcrtns irr tlte areas o\"el vyhiCli the ITCZ will have
forrled. The ITCZ lasses tiie equalortal zone twice ayear as it migrates
 seasoiailv ncrth and south of the
Equator. orographic uprift arso
acccunis for lhe. high frequency around
the prarit<ensuerg mountains.
:n from the Madagascr ries in1h.
qgrh or iropicat vJry row frequency
'rQ around the sahara and the Namiblr<aranari "v"ron.r.
:. .

extreme ariditv of the areas. East

o"r.rtJ rs as a resurt of the
at a htgh coast or soutnein Africa has higher
'are',.i. frequency than vrest coast because
ro1 of the presence of warm ocean
current in the east and cotd ocean
LL) currents in the *"r1.:fn",I"lli"
|rilf#: tp n
::i,ffi "'n' " "n1
n' g h ;I;il ;;:';;
!.wh cr, s u p-p,"
r"o
r

",''
'..'
12) 112)
t6l : ways in which human activities infruence
the amount
qrrr\rLir of rainfail. rr
Reference should be made to ilre
._._. torioffi. -
',vjth 20% of ' ,.. -a..:..,
s each year. - cloud seeding
' urbanization and industrialization and
the subsequent development
of urban heat isrands, which
'Yr rrur I rrin"ru"u"-
rL'r cdbe tendencies towards
ihstanitity.
pollution which increases condensation
nuclei.
oevegetation and draining of swamps
-, Dam construction
The gr-eenhouse effect resurts in intensification
droughts of cycrones and

NB A balanced answer should include both activities

wlrich irrcrease
and decrease the amount nf rainiaf
f.

Up to 4 marks for an unbalianced

answer.
zone. t7l
{3 l"r(t
t.-J I

greqhsl vzloerlj,. -
esence of Iwsl fril:n^'

an West'
lfi dac
:, i 'lsAafiru
' : 'ii''r
i i'l trnrl wa
'iii gwal fiicftia tl, la
"' ".d;&rt
I
I Aexcc luv,t vol
aly
i

'rB A rveil-iabelled ciiagr{tm can get

full credit.
\ inc aeserye 2 rnarks f6r
either diagram or: description.
,.;,ll have t6l
s rt migrates
 (b) (i) Shortterm variaiions in drscharge carl be linked to individual
rainstorms, i.e. intensity and duratiotr,. short-term srtow rnelts (dav
Credit'any'relerence to variations which occur up to one ntonth, tnc
influence of antecedent molsture.

(ii) Long-term variations are associated with 'the annual rainfali dtstl
pattern and generai snowmelt in sJ:ring for temperate rivers. ,,ffiE

activities can be included/clranges in land usei, 'e.9. deveg F..=r

urbanizatiorr, abstraction, etc.

,'.,i";r, ;[!Q"; ',1-lvrir:c0raphs can be tlSed to illustrate the 3ffi-we[,,,1 -; -@

' : :. ,t

2. ntar?s for s rvell erplair-red point.

(c) Candidates shoulcJ debate the iar;ses of flooding and evaluate the srgnll
of tl-re huttran factor.

Qauscg*qf&qds , ''

Naturdl ,*
sr-row nteits. tropical cyclones, tidal wavas, higlr annual i
abnclrnla ly wet seasc)n s ij sscci fi ted'r;ith sft ort-tei-nl cl irnatic changes.
I

l-luman clevegetatiort, urh;anizatic.rti, goltl pannirtg nrismanagem

farmlarrcls vuhich [elirrlt in tire siltatiort cf rivr;rs.
Eii,m
Reserve 2 r'narks fc.rr a statement on evaiuation.
ff-mil
Ncl erraluatiorr ^- n^relxititttttt 5 Lnilrks gs {ffffi

Reserrre 2 rnarks fr:r eitlrer natural or human causes.

\d/ Causes of overlarrd flo,,v on slopes Cfl,ffirllr

infiitraiion excess flovv firM
-: saturation overland flow * f'@
- steep siopes
f.
i
- accutlulation of waier ai the bas* cl the siope.
:,i

h
Irlatr-rre of overland florrrl r

- slreet wash
- concentrated flow

(b) Zone 'l: seel:age slope

- littlc rurtr;ii
- st-U-rii,tttaJ c.c;nv:;;lity
Both erosicn ancJ nrass wasiing are lirnited

i5
 zcne 2. - upper pari -- convex creep srope srre et
wash remr:ve.s fiirr:-
i;al reierials. -fransporlationai nrain,siope: conce'tratecj flow
-il\ielrelrts are irnportant. Tlrere is rapid *r,ur
melts (daY : I' ei-osion
- "noretreat.
ancJ slope
; nronth, incll REctilinear slope frclrl develr:ps

zxte 3 coliuviai foot si.r:pe aiicj 'irlluviai ioe siope.

fhere
--.aierials due tc; i:l i,lcpositicltr of
-ainfall distrib
Eentle:3radient Slope fornr is cr_)r-.ssy" : .:1.:.

e riveTs. H. ;';1ark by,ilnpressiory. - . /-

i rJ. deveget, -,rp to 6 markrs per segnrent.
Resei've 3 marks per segmerrt.
[12]
3 gldjdates sh ouid <jebate,ancl -, - i:'-:r;ri'1:;,;
eva j r,r ate the extenrJ to;iliirir:lt ltrrrnan 1,,. l, i:

,^ictivitios,can mocjify slope, foi-ni Reference

slir.:s1'1 l:..r ilrar_le io the lollowinq

Jerracing'- recJruces clverloacj ilorv ern,-i rrrarss wastirrg to a larg;e e.xterrt.

:he signifii - deforestation _ increase runoff
- changes in rantJ rise. e.g rrrbaniz,etjcrr ar:;rire iainiirrg,
- Afforestaiion anc.l reqrassing
n.rrning erc:
- Embanknrents, rcacj constrJciion
LJp tn 2 rri;,lrlts for.hstirr,J
;. annual ra
aanlfc. ic score ltigir ri'rarks catrdiclaies n.rusi give:r bariarrcecl
rsspor-ise v,,hic.h
"'""'1 .iri1.;lrliglrts
3:ocesses which stabilrze sropes and tdose ,uvriici-r
*""i,n,iinu;- : .

isr:anageme I
t"'

.. ' ;

Slock clisirriegration is the breali cioin,rr of

rocl<. Lry b,rtlr'clrerrrical a'r1
:, ' iZ:t
:nechanical weatherirrg into
large niocks. rne process crep'rcrndr+ on gre 4lxrsterrrr;e
:Lf joints ancl beocjin.q pia'rrs
r^rhicr' can Lre pr:rretrateJ;; ;;;;il;;;;;;;i;
?s ia76fs1 ancJ irurrrtic acicjs. "'u '1r il;
t3l
'3r'atruiar disinteg]raiion is ilre break cioi,vn
of iocl,: \rye.jtherin.q pi-r;cesses into
::nstitueiit minerals o'' groLips ci minerals ll is; by
arti"ciaiecl vviilr prcicesses strclr
:s freeze'tlraw thernrar e>rPansicir. sari crysrar;i;-at;c,riarrd
*xiiirtr.Li.

r) Tlie uriagrarir(s) of weathci"ed layels io si.,c,,^.,

;,, v'er'lic;nl pr.ofiie
rfir
fr^om the surface to tlie un'eaiher+r; 'l-he
bs,irr.rr-:r., iollo'.,rrintJ layeri;
be shov,rn rrtr.tst

(aI fir lv
I rieccmposed I rrck i re s clLi Lr i ci*br s'')
i r
(c') resiriual cJebris .r^r1il^r slcrrrea
(c) cols sio;'r*s wiii-i residual ricbrrs
{d) a ciearly definecj basai surlace t.rf r,,,,eathering
(e) F a |ii a I'; ra.'eaitlrei-od b edrr:ck
i
 iVla><irnurn 'il fr:r texi witirr:rrt a rliagr.anr
(lrt+tJit ll,:ir.) r-)l'a lericu iri ciiiiijr'.:riil, tc si)o\1v
3;[3q-1; in regolith forrnatiort,

(ii) (.irrnr.iitiriirs iivlllr;h tavr-rr.tr' tl-re c.kivc;lt:;:rirr?i1lt 'of ,. : Ii

-" ., '
cleep, l,ireath*.1e
'
ii'rveji'l;: -i.
.:,.];-,-

Irt:rt lrlrriricl tjrinrirliulis, cj !. ttotjir;al lairilcirest.

i-rhr-rrtriirrri rjLtr)f)lrr ( ii rrtnisture anr.l r-iriifornrity hig
tcrflpr;r i,rit.ircs tl $f rt.:qr1f r;1: clretriical reaciit;r rs.
de:rrse.v*1"y<;iaiiui^i arri-;ito"s rc,:golitfi ori :;l,ipcs. Ver;etatic
,,-;i'eatc,s si,ri-iac;r; s;iiibiiity eiiiolvirrg
r.egoliiir rr-:cgrr,u,ttit:n, '
ve g el i,tti orr d eco r.n p os t rrn re €::*ii: s h u rii c ar:r rjs.
i i i i

pe|ittr,rai:le anc pr*rr(.)i-is rcclr.g i;ilow !1/i,trt8r' dild hLtnilc acid5:

pr;netrelte.
[t.;t :toL ir ; :;ii.rliii i i,7

I
(r.i) t.jarrdir!r:rir,:g vilrcii-rlci r.lisr;r.i:;siire rnle r:f rri;:r1::rrr1.1 of regoliil"rs iri seasonal
hittnid lrttl:ir:s itrtlil iite. baiE,;.ri i::rJri'i.icc lrels b,$un ex1.roeJ.-|. firipping aurnt
i)rF"*$$rJr'{:} rmlei.r:;r i:trcJ i-jililiitil; i91 q;r.r:-'t:rllrn,* rtir:}r.s T"[is irici.ea*es seleciirr
i:[le,:rititr;'tl lveultlierirrJ,; [-;:nrjiorriis; io l.iel Liili.r:usgecl ll6or-ricj
incit..rcje it1 -4
iitlloviirr{'-t. irt*cli:.,ui-13u, tr}i^$, latcr.ite-r:;apperj rnels;ii$, ijules, etc. t' *

{i/iurlt i.:y iiri1.;r<iu:;ir:ri.

( ,i,'l
)
,',,' ,, r+,il:iu-
f i*lll
j(. rtrtll, 7'(r,f ,ri,l',
r1,,.,,,.,,....-,..-..,..,i..,.,,.. -,.:...,,",

,{
'a
.-',:r-. "r -:*.'il r'.,'..,.:,.. r
il

fl .v t, i, r,, .t;
il-
.,.,e

I'ri[1. i)rciiiL lirilt;;r1,;n t:liegrr.nnl* r)liri ;it ici nr:r ii,-;it t r;rli.iirei:1

l{i

i i}
 I his is ;) r:i?se stucry- hcsr:cJ questii.rn:
specili* i;liar.n;:rr,*,;
Are recir;ireci ior- hi,r,1h nrarlis. i..rr.,r:r .

fi;rrnation. Ir4als 5 if rr*: c*s,c ii;turI1r is riiv*;.r.

I6 i-'hysir;:'il r:tIlrgBs n-i l;oiI cr(.!sirjr!:

;sp $reathe,rec lc+arJinsl t* r'nirrrtrur"frirr,:i,,rtr (::r,],iri{ n,
. _] :,1-i ,:, ,-
:iiil'Jllij'jj.l:;;ii]t-'o r;f 16;1,{ i11;i111

ciror-rght' r'iliiicjr tr:cfuc+sr rve$teiatii:ln jrrrcrr,r

,.
cr)rrr:r' arir.l lliir; rnirl<tls il.te
ilr{rne to,,niirr,cj and waler errjriir:rr
-riforrnity higi *rodil:rility r:f tfie soil, *.L;. er:cJic ,lr.riisl
:iteel_) slopr+s.
s, 'Vegctaticr
nulatirln!.', .:i '
t-i- iIi.in.'an c*tJ$Hs nf sgil grnsic-rri. {lg:r it { rneirl,kr"r
nunric:acids tq - papulation presi$urr* r.irr l,fre li:ncj
+
I " devegetatiori
T

i - rninirrglquarr3ring
t6I
- rltisma.fla$en]ent nf farnllarill*, *r.g-1.
cfulrlulicl
&reffs, arairle.: farnring oi1 sf{.},el-i
cr.rltrri"..rlit-,rrt irr !!- r\/ ,h,,1
fit.ivu r;rin,.r,[gil

; i;-r seasonaliy ovei"stocking

ukipnu'
i;cliirlg cau$es golcl r:annirig
iases selective
, -l
;.:t rilctr lcte iliq t-alrq'irJallesi siicr.tlrJ;ill$+).gs
tlre +lfer:ti\ic)rr{.:$i:; i-:i iir,i,; fr:il*v,ril.r$.:i ,r,*,,*r,,,r,,u,r.tt'1"
. i: : : i
'" $
.; Afforestation al.rcj r efaresintiu; I

fijB: J-rees are nnt iyrlry e.ft"ectirrr; i:re;(;ilrt,.i:

$rer.,, i.,illq,:+
lc-rng fa fiet esiai:lishetJ. F.t*rglrasiirri,ft rnt)tlrl:e+
i..r llel{,f*r (il.rfir:rri.

lri'iglaliIg can 'h'g usefrli f+ s;{}irr# e;'11{,rrli

irrigal,inncanresatltinsil[ir.risationcifihel.;r:liis. irrli r,}x(;x:*;rii!,,i:r l,l:l;(l *i

(lreation of national p:larlts

;ll;e-i ,,-,rnir{*: r::ir{1 )r { {.tvt*
i:ncj enimals but r:verstockinc nf.rnrildlrf$ f ligi'i:,i
sonre prerlis, e.g,t. fltiiiasqi itrrilra i,,t,r,l
slerencjeti in [:a'rt Afiic,a is c;*u.sirrg
*,luir,l,,,nr*,,:,t*r oo.r,o5.trnrrr:.f;rri:ir1p.
fl rl f? ftlf r/

il
t{'i
/: -
:j
i
iir.
(i) Effective measures, can include systenratic culling of wilcjlife, *.otorrirr *$
i:

Upto3 rnarks for;l rnere rrarration of measures.

MarN by impressiorr.

(a) ' llog!.sol are [Jeneral associated vyith temperate coniferous forests..They:,
develop in areas wirere precipiiation exceeds evapotrarrspirationi'r
Excessive ieaching,.y of bases and iron learres behind silica content. Horizor
A is learched. lllurviation of seqLlioxides intcl irorizon B results irr
,, :it', t't indurations., Podsols develop inrareas of marked seasortaliiy. .. J
,::..'

i
leloials- are tropical soiis Tlrey develop in areas of good drainage and
surplus. Rapid lrurnification ierid ieaching are important. Desilificati
acidifrcation of soils occur due to excessive leaching. Soils have a well-
illuviation horizon, e.g. not humid tropics.

\iVell arrnotated soiI profiles can gcore fr-rll rnarl<-s

(b) Glglzatlqn occurs irr areas of i'righ rainfail and gentle slopes. ,lntermitt
rogcJrngresults in inrpede soil drainage. Oxidation of ferric com
restrioted and tlre; solid develops a bluslr * grey rnolted appearanob
preserice of ferror-rs compounr:s. Soiis cor..rpounci has no recognizable s

LgAq[ru is irnportant in areal; of k:w to rnoderate temperature, t-righ, rai

free clrainage. Rainfall is l-righer ihan evapotranspiratir:n. Leach
eluviatir:n resr"llt in sciils rvith a clearly del-inable bleached 42 horizon.

llgntt&4i*on is im;:ortant to areas r:f moderate rainfali temperature with n,

to gentle slopes. There is reduced hurnification in areas of impeded
and those with low rainferil. lrr the forrner, tlrere is accun"rul'ation of
deconrposed organic matter.
-l
llllllii
Sanillgq'!1..o,I ln ho{ arrci dry ai"eas, salis are precipitated to the surface du
evaporation rate.s. -lhere is ineffective l-rur-nification. This i^esults in f
soionetz arrd solonchak soils. There is ai:iserrce of soils in areas of ste
and low rainfall. I @
NB: Carrdidate{} can start r,vith enrrirorrnrental conditions anrJ then .Ml
with sciil fornring pt-ocesses niln

3 rnarks for each condition.

12

Itl
lr
 l:-: cales sht:Lilcl ciebate the roie of f-rurnan r:c;tivity irr
":: aieas A baianced answer slrolrid refer to botlr l^rr,trnanthe r1egratJation oJ,

l3tourism, '= l:: 'E't

--" anrj natr-rral

:=:"'?: cause, o Ug-d_A!_an

-'-:;3ris cyclones, nat,jral frres, voGnoes, etc

--::an causel- deforestation, overgrazing

arabie farnring,
::-:.nercjallogging,mining,pollritiorr,etc:'
le'-:':aies should evaluate the exteni of ttre l)rJ,1.1311 irnpac:t for 2 marks

,,:
=valuatiori - maximr_rm 5 nrari:s
;=se.-ve :
2 nra|lis for eitirer iitrntair Oi cartses. .. -.'' ,
l-;artr-i;-cl
ii] )

0-s,l
:tage and ===tures of clivergent bounclarie:i to inclucje the following
Desilifica ..ci-tittain ranges, submarine
volcanic islands. mirJ-ocearric riclg;es,'axia-i r"ift valleys,
ai/e a well --asaltic lava flolirs. and pillow lava:;. nragnetic stripping
.-e mid-oceanic ricige. -) " r-I' crr eitirer ulJ" u

.,:agramstclshr:ivdivergingcurrelrls,rnaglI€lrisirtg;irrrdsomeoltlre
: :'cve-listed features

lntermitt
-t-ic com
is0earan0e a/- /\
7z /'-
I
'
cnizable,s r/'/

//"2
e high rain{
i Leachiii
:rizan.

::ure with ni't

/- -1, \\

v/;*i* **-
.nrpeded dn
:-.:latiorr- ol_i
#0:-\\\t?ffi)i:f/1zr;--*
D lu era,^ r'E,ialsli
:t jn?l:, l?,. the <iiasfer;r'Htr-,Ft'Jffi,r**o ciiagr:inr L,a,r score more
nrarks each. Marks for tireory.
srriace due
i;its irr forma Iej
:as of steep641 Candidates shouid brietly outltne the theory crf plate
activities at divergent boundaries wiiir tl"rose tectonrcs and link
occurring at convergent arrd
ccnservative irrargins. E:.g at destrctrr.,e/convergent
rid then lin, and forrnations, irenches lnd israncis arns margils srrbduction
vvhire."at ,Jlgino
there is fornration of transforrn faults. "or,r""ruu1iuo

li
 C}rnstruciir,'e+ nrarglin$ - r.tp ir_r I rne:rlis.
l"iestructivr-l rnargii'ts - r,';;r tr Z nrarks.
'lcrl:arl
siroLrld not e;lcec;ci '12
lViarlt by iilrl:rres;*iiorr
()relrJit relicrencr; lo l*r rdbrrn rleveiopmeirt along constructive
nrargiris.
[16j
, l25l
11 (a) l.'lsrzarc1s rilsr-rlting ironr crusiai moveinent are comt'rronly associated witfi
eartlrrlr.ri;rltes elricj vr:lr:::nic er upticirs.

l'"1a;":ari-ls ;.,lr-e ninst sevc+i'e) In d<:r-rsefy pclpulateci areirs

l:il,r r' tf rrj r.r i t l,lr-: rc I r.i I rtC !'"r r: t,ta I (. j
ar

-l;.{rtll*iir':l*s;iliii.};lv;.:iatrche.:g
- licli,rl w;lr.rrirsiii;r.ii-reritii
l-.)a n rai;e tr-r i.: u r i cj i rr g g a cJ i r rfra.structu rer
..
r-r

k.lr;s r.:1'lil-c

Up to 5 niarlcs
\lt;lr.:;,tr iic.: er r.tf)l ir r; I r cli,Lr)i.i lir,i;iirt r-ls:
' il-ivir i.li';.i ii;t.t..' ilct,oi,l.;
^ Ir,ric:iltii,llli-riiI,
. \lr.rlr:;trnic lli.jrli..]$ arrr:i ngh
ttr;tii. ; i'r..il l,r::)i;
it ti:iIic:'i i,tlir;i t r ii tr,.;!'ltltrrtictt i ;inci l;r-riIc-lirig1s
". l."Ltii${:}f i;,,il^tttlilrLiJti
.- ,i\1.:jr"l l;irir.-.u
\
'lntal [-lp to 5 mair.iis
sliulrl<J rtot e)(.f,cicrl g. igl

ilr) '1..:ritt(liiliii(]r; liit:.ritlrf rr /{,ikJiti# tlru r,;i;et:tivi}trs$$i cif gtirt*; rri'llre tflear;t.ti*:s:

rrrinirrti;::it-t1.1l.liriliJirrgirrlrig;lr-riskareas
l rt i'i,J &$oi ijrr I i{i l;r..r i lcli i"i g rjesi gi is
I I

p rr:cl uii c I ol1 i-r ncl f-.a i"i y';y*1 1^'-n i nt; s yrg{slrt s
i i

it ir.;ur irr ir-:tl i;ga i rrst pol:: i I ri+,, r'_la ila gellost;es
rtilr riir;iir riJ :jyI;t0itli,i
iti'r;:Lrt,.i zsti ti:iilt-r
;il$lt-:,' i f.'rli.ir. I tiirit fi ::tCii i ii-rf y
Cl i I t i

clJrriir:rile;rl r:irrlr,^?rgr*und i:xJ.;losir:fts rr:lie'.re stresg hel'cre a rnajor

*ilt'tl'tt !Ui:{ti,:.

j;;:(l$ullil-qi.r-i: t.lr,iriiir.iur,riir:r g:rredicti*ri is; ai'^rly'

pci'ily slrcces.sfui as ar:cun"enc*i
is iri'ci;t.tl;:i'. ['ii* rit;rgrritr.leli+ of the earthcp*ri<e is cli'flficr.rlt to pre,:lict.
iri15l'rl1r
[V[;tiitili pri,lrlsi eri::i j.liul{ iirte ntair l:r,:h.*u;r+ cji{"ieri*rrily.

l/1
 Vo1ppnoe.g
- hazalcl ;rr-rnatieit nraps
- mCInitcririgvolcanoesanclfr";t'*r:;rstini;r:ru;riiortr.r
- disasl.r*r respcrisri lnachin*ry

/nia-rcl
Jittt, :ic ;,:ssessrttlli'it (]'i i11.Jt:i$i.lr(:iit -- Iiril,x.ilt rt-irit 1 (J.

l10l
l-,Al
I,LJ)
-'.'r'ic:.r iriiit t/;rlie'l atea.\ ,, , ,
::aterj' v'lith
;i+=A!''/e 2 titittl.ll; ii-r! i)i r:]Ll::;.

,.i L ili'ic;Ciir,r,:i ie r;i i-,i rl()i;:$it-lr {-':l iij ;1,i1;1lr::rtl ti r.it r(}le+ct (,}i f(rr rhl"lc'ilctt)'y'
'
:a,.,eloL,irie tti '

I'il'l
I =--'i:irlatts i;i rr)rrjc r-lisc,-.rs$ tlrn iirilr:tvii rU

rc 5 rnar!<s , i)eselt ,.:lirna"rir: co'"!{.iiiior"i$ .* c+rti.rente erririi{,v, lriil[t i'ninii{:.rlrrllr.riri} i']t'r{j

tct{{:(,r t'; s i,., g e v a I ( )t ft:t t't l; 1-t i |a I i 0 tt.
r

frr-eserill:r,: c-ri saioiietz ilrrcj gr:rloni.Jlak sr.rils. ltf r.rr;1liri(j::i. uI

:;alinislri.i*rr cile ic, e;(r;*]ris;i\,'*> av;-ry.:otri,ri-rsl"rir;.tlir.rri. Iitill'i'tictirrr'r
tr r.r rr f r: n ii r: r i, i r.i t rii :r l i,r re/az^ n n a I s n i i il.
ri i

t: i'Jatlrrc cf ve:gr,:taiii:ri ;lrrcJ its arll,lprtirti':rt-r tu 1iir,l lttr,rv;lillu1l

en rr rr:; r l ri r;r'ita I i.:i,: r irl i iir:t,r g :
i r

-....-. t r l-;, .,^-..

- iiiili.ili
^, iiir.)i-iiijiSl
- ii4::iopl.iiiifi g;l*Lnts
- p,rli",rtti,g rnritlr irl :;ll(.)il, liia t;1ri-:le itt ILlI, lj(:ii l;1iti it' iirr'l t.,::i ,i:':]i(Ji rl:tl
ii 5 marilr: r;rit't strtrrrr.$, +tc.
iol
ir1
.'i itraricri ir-rr s'*lils
3a$Llr-t)$:
5 rnari<s krr veg*i;,riir:rrr i!,rl

l":lidaies .r';!roulcj c{ei:ate tl're roie r.rf g:r;lsi i:lintal+: inr tllc cJevalo[lri+rrit n['
:=:e:i !anejir:r'nis. iieltr*rerrce slrr::i-rlr:l be lhacle to'ihe foilcnnrirrr:-'l :

cli.iscr:itrr:i plaii*art ;.rrriJ v,liicli lanrJgr-:;rtrr::.g, nrali:t$ ltrrr I i:rilllt;, li'irr

rr ecl rnr: r rt zoni] an{.i fi r{:l;i{ina:i pil a ii'is.
i

evic{et'tc;e of clirnatic charigr:, e.[;. *xterrsiv* lvrirji lrc,liv."iilrkr,

*qi-i rirr lii r rU ktlies, e;. r; filie'gil Cl it trJ, fossi I e'yrrlence.
)rg a rn[riOr
I -;?tzlic.*r.} itrrllwgf sirilr.rlcJ inr:lL.ttJ+'' i:r*sent-r;lery f.:rfilil{:islis;}r; lai]dl'r)n'ttf:jl
: j ,"';tCi {,.ril*cir:rn i.lj^;{l tl*1-r,,:Siiii:itt, fc:irl r-:f rihe+t afid g.tfeat'yt ilr!n{iti, n;itll'c-.
c{l{lLlrren{:e :; riese it gir"rrnrs arr{l ttrteir gr-*omrtri,rhic sigriifir;arrc*, elc.
i: ic preclict.

15
{

[A balanced answer should rnclude present.day processes landforms].

e:9, wind erosion and deposition, roie of sheet and stream floods
nature
of desert storms and their geonrorphic significan.* *t.

No evaluation - maximum 1O marks,

. : j: ;

125l
4a (a) candidates shouid describe briefly processes of waVe eiosion ..' :

and mass wasitng. Dragrams illustrating rotational slipping

cliff recession
and extension of the wave-cut platfornr shoulcJ be drawn. "

#; lffi i:i:iiii.Hg,:Tffi ,
- 't.lFg.',
G(eenSanu

\crnqn-
5€C*curs
be*,k* IT,{l'

**,.- ,

ffi
fi:,,irfi
t ,'irl \ir 1.!
-iCl;:'r:.;i r: -r
i;\:::;:&Ei
siUi :)
lti:.,1ffil; ;:'f Hllf !" 0".,,,,
E^-A Rr-e-
;

r-jrir;

r$
.i,i
lel
-'i
.d
(h) Measures to proteci cc;ilsr.ei i:ir i:j,.js srlih :rs sprrt rt-ianagerpernt
stabilizaiio. of coa.stal rJunes. ilc;i;irr,.r i:r:rrr:r.eie ,,:r.;ili,
1.1i:o1;i,*n, *i. srrourcr
be disctrrist:rj trt rlctail i'rllr:lelctic:rr l;i,,-,:lr: i,i,, j,,,,.,,i,r..',,.1, ,-:.-,i,_;,:;l ,r*u.** :trnw
pose lretzat'd {o ecosy'st*rtil; i)coltle.ri:ll i;:i.,iji_:{)1r_jii ,- -, 5r,
:}mg
,.lrriiji .ii,,.i$ lrr
other places, natr-tral pr1:r:t,;,3s,it,,,; :;iil.ritju i-:* ii:.ii i.j .,;,,,r;,rii, "",r.r'Jtiiyr.il
interflerence.
lrr''i
L.-:
Ma:k by impression i''.) i::.t

--5
 ''r-O-tpen9-eg
andformsl
- hazaicl ;i,;natiolt ntaf.)s
r nature - monitarrrrg \1ol,j:inoes filtr.j lc;ier:i:sting
- disas{er tEspct-isf} nlacflnery
r.rtLrl;iir;rrr.;

i'Jc_r ;,195g95t.'()r?t til.j;::$l.tl r.:r: _- ti"ril;:i*tiJr.

'f 1(-).
[16]
125l ('rarlriiii) ''n'ici'iirrr, {i'rr'.
;;ill i;,,':;:i,,:';'il. ,i.''u'it'' 'iriri1,;rirr;, i:; :t1,1.1 t-.,,,.,'
-:r :.''! i :

i i?es;erve 2 rtrarrlss {ist. rjrr}[):,:.

i'scession :
I
I
t
t i,iLi. Ji.rfl?r.:tive:irel:s ill:: il*fist-'{i.:i i .; ir:,liriei
Il cravr:klptnet'ti '' -' ' "-
"-" '" -'I tr" fill,Uir':c"
r ri lCrr rlifit.llp$jr
t
I

I lfij
'12):;;1
{,aircii,-iai+s $inrulrt discusli
/qe- ilie ic,jlur,lrir iil
a-{-t:o,rs
:-a!- ii) []ese'f {'}liinaiic c'':ntJi1.ipr"is "* e)rir6,:}nre :rrirJiiv. lrirll-r tr,rrrrp{ir.a{,Lrio i:r.l{l
-J:*\, e){oc}l-isi vs erra ;:o trct rr s p
,.U ' ii)
'
Fr"e'.seni.)(r L)l $(jlolteii
i
"ar,,f
r;t- li ilrr
t;r_;lr)j-ri.:J lltli l1il.s. :,r:'r;c$riil:t
gaiinigaiian cJr.le tc f
*;r'r.!ljsr\rr: no,r,,,rrol,tur,rr*i1lir;:ililrri. ,l'njJ,*r.:liur,,i
'l
\{sJF- h r ri i I'i r:il c: ti,
(iii) L-r f i t rr i a t u r t+ | az- r:.t lr i r;
irt
r, i;.
u i
j

\-r. ...Pt
) ili1j;iff,,,,,;1,,Jii,ff:,T#,ili-,*,c
;;;'" nr{;;i';ii1{i111, r,, {ir ; r:rc,^v;:riri'i;
','\c.c-e- .: tjr;ti; ll l:icxl;,lsll
_ lifr)r.opliitic trrlarrts
- pllrntg -witii ;l i;li,,rtI ljie ny.;lr: irr rr,,r;,;rr,i1r;:;t,;
'r
r':'ti l(i
itr i,t4r
ir li'r tr.r(.)1,,.(;,ri;
lr'li ;ir.,t1t,il
rait't str:rt ttg, *tc. i: )r::

f Crl
lwJ
,tl rnarir.* frrr
s;ciis
,agenl€)nt, 5 rnarj<s fr:ir veg;e,ratiori
;i. snould lllj
-^l{ie$5gS tr C;rrrJirjafes sltaulcj cjel:ate
fl.re role oi |:llsl elirrr;;l+: ir_r
:.ir'r'ts lrr fhc rlclvolo[:rlriel,.it rri
cesertiartcjfoi.trisnerere.n*lur''.],,r,:nerhi,,tei;;.;;;-icrilcrurirt6:'
; .!1:ii ,8i,11
i
t
ii--,i
JL t
.]
iil
Jfiifi":;;i?,['#J.f#j'l;il;,ffi*'X1
e vic{ence r:i clirnatici -;;;,8*,l;i;t'i,.:'",,',,,', '.]o,,€t$
i,,r'rcr r,riilcr;, ilir,,r
l;. ., j
strrirrl<f'g tat.,e.!, ,u.it. t**gli 'i;;;r;, ; g c;rleri*ivr_-i r,virc{i nctiru{jrli$,
ii,i'rii ;;fffi__
i,r\ l"ialaric*rl errgwgr siroi.rlcJ ittr:";lL.rrjr. rJrr:iinr.rr_.1"t.r,,
,,^,
1; wiirci eri:*rir:n.ara
= crel:,.riiri.r;: ;;;;;;i.',#;;;li_l;T,;}'ffi;,,fl1llll;,Jn1*:
rif .lesei t stornrs; anri tfreii gro,rri,.ri,l,ic
. sii:r-irfir:anrer, elc

l5
 [A balanced answer should include present"day,processes landforms].
e;9. wind erosion and deposition, roie of sheet and stream floods, nature
of desert storms and thejr geonrorphic significance, etc.

No evaluation - maximum 1O marks.

[16]
.,,, r, I : L25l
4t
IJ (a) Candidates should describe briefiy processes of wivb erosion
and mass wasiing. Diagrarns illustrating rotational slipping, cliff recession
andextensionofthewave-cutplatforrlshoulclbedrawn.

, Jj
#T.,:t"#. i,;#ti;.o:S,.i5:;,,"
\onqo
Jt-LJ-Lo65
be-'.k*
a.aCLr"l ,

s\q&\g
f,.xtij IYoical cro<i-.".,;^- ^, -. . .

\ur-r,
,,.. *o"n i,oij,iiliii Y"":':"" .,

lel
(h) Measures to protect cc*slai l*'*ljs sr{ch i]s spit rr-ianagernenl,
stabilrzaticrn of ccastal ciuners, -;iq;i,irr!.r (.i){r,-rieie
"n,'eii i;ioliiir:s, elc should
be discussed irr rjctail f"tir:le:ctittri tlrl-,irlij i,i: ,ii-:ir4i 'r'liti;,it, j-r;:rii-jiiji t-)rcessES
pOse l"laZEit'd to ecosSstert'ir;. iri'lol:lp .-,;ri.i i;-ii.;, rli-:citi.rili * i) #r.*i-iia.,,',-', lri
other places, natr-trril [jtf-ic8s$Li:i :;itL.;it]tj bi; ii.'ii ii.-r ,-,iii:tf i:iii-J \.hii.i\h\.tl
interference.
llfjl ,r
Ma:k by iinpression ii);,1
L':'-' I

+:
 ;='erence should
and !:,T..0" to the glacier system lnputs,
ablation
=::,mulation shculd 6e exptained in detail.
iandformsl.
s nature

-^e gia(ief
,a';nce are
btslance !ial there iq a ror^
rtro nei
^ t'alan'e il ih€ iolilile bdlan(e afd lhe
equai negarrve

[16]
r^ Ft
lt")
., l

:- recesslon

lplng lummer aulumn

-l.--..-_-_ balance fear

A/q€-
Ji
€C-ttc,rs f ( ;{
i,o-o.!- --=
L,'-) (iA main processe,s to be discusseci
\)
,
:-: sub-glaciai fluviel actton
are: abrasion, plr-rcking, cliiall,iiirrr i
:

Srvca$-
<l.':)
'^x-irrcs-
(i

,qtllhhlrr lhws d.rotx le,gtl*n't

fql q,nd crwiccs to h.te ol glat;ra
IJ

qE3r,t4 s
aragertrent,
":cdt
etc should wqLl
-+tt: r-\r/.l)cqtic i i1L ( il,ft.slt pl,,l.,'l
l-,rt- r, !J,.r ,r' .: i,t,clds suTllnt ':' jior;r, 'ue.L.
::-;i.:lt'its in 1lb nJ Aq'; *,/ofir*ol t&e n' !,1 ti r,!t'r",4f.r,,'
*rlt"s
,. .i" .r.,., r1
r,\ , flnt#
irt,0f
nwJi^3.'
.. \ \*r{*
-:_::::--l"-*
\\
,/..
s nh?ru gr
A1fl lf daff,i"
\,--- ?.-. ' //

' lrn N pl alrasrp,., ,wtdenti5rt iomk \

og pte*w:e viltase

tr-=s:-.
:
e 4 nrarks for cliagraitr
i1., I

I
 Carrdidates shor.rld discuss any three of the following landforms for ful
rnarl<.s:

outwash pairis
VAT VES
eskers
liames errrd kanre terrac;el;
tiraidcd strearns

,i 4iiyLrr.rrNil1r i,.rl(r lrlr(r :jril tr,{:.! r50I r tr)r

ro
io

,-,
irms for fuli
I [=' -'3 i"' ;] I"iil-q s ilF.A ffi {il,L }I }f alvgHN A
TIC N S C $ {JN C B.L
Gemer''aii cen6lficate sifl E{xucasion Ad'ancqrd r,evel

:>ti )i
.: :]-:, :')
.-. -:{-r:- Ji
9d56t2
I l\ ir\&,ivfl ffi Fi.f,?. Zfi {},{ lr4orning .l hours .l;ilr:

- -;c-ia lr.
17j
T/) trl
l1-'j
. =i i,ii:a;'

rtr-l'fiib'er e.ild candiri.ate ntrmber

: ,'''-=:,,t':i'ts in the spacen provided on the ansv/er

" r* - -::stion fi:nrm section A, fwre questions fi'oiii fiecticln B and one questi'n ftorn
iI :---::i:e:'s cn the separate allsvr'ef peper provirlecl.
? -"';o ilr:rn .r,
!:i{.if,i ,o o.ur;e;t
\rrjv oL,o- of papei., fasten the shegfs tr:gether^

::=_:'1*':ft:..'f't:lti*:f
:-l-:-:.s j:iigs. 6,4, 6B and [] at,the enrt
of'eac]r quesriorr or parr quesrion.
-.- -J r-
6C for lrse u,rtir euestion 10.
iF-r:).

exampl*s,'sturliei in *rr. fierd or the.classroour,

;=:f::;T.i::Ttl:-"-:,:ffropriare
:--r relevant
!:,-(r L to a L{question.
L\, 1r e
{ltrrlr LIUll,
ro* ..:j to spe*d no lcnger tha"n,4ii minules
olr Section A.
e- -'tea of tl:e need for gooci-
En1;lisrr and .i;";;;;;ri"ii.. in vour answers.

r : js qrnesf
folr paper corisisrts
-.--'"-'€.''--:-*---- of g?m@
Copyriglrt: Zimbabwe School Examiriations
Council, l!2C04

fur^
 Scction A (Practicals)

Answelone question lrom this section. ''r: r-i'.- :

You are advised to spend,not more than 45 ininutes on this question. ':

Yrlu afe recluirecl to collect information about traffic flows along majoriroads
w[ir:[ connect tfie Central Busine'ss District (CBD) and suburban areas of a city
t.t
rlrtritrg the tnot'ning and evening rush hours.

(:r) IJxplain how you would plan and carry out a survey to collebt accurate' '
infbt'mation on the ilow of trafirc during the.rush hour periods' [10]

(b) tJsing a sl<etch cliagram, show how you rvould represent the totai volume h"
ancl dir:eciion of ruslt hour traffic during both morning and eVening' t8l
I tl-l
llow irelpfi:l would be your findings to the city1ransport planners?r'
.

( r,) Lil

You are iequired to stucly the Cerrtral Bnsiness District of a town and you have
il:rlrt pruvicleci with a large scale map (1:5 000) showinl; streets arrd buildings.

(rt) WJrat iirfonnation about landuse would you require and how would you
ciassily stich informa tion? [10]

{t,) (i) L)escribe how the extent of the CBD of the town could'be '

iclentifiecl using infbrmatiort obtained in (a).

(iD What other infonnation would you collect to complete your

str"rcly of the CBD?

(,") (r) Iixplain briefly the two sampling techniques shown i.

A B

F''ig, I

{iii Olitline tlvo arlvantages of each technirlue shown 1.

9 li6i 2 N20i1
 3

Section B (Hunran
Core)
Answer hvo questtons
fi.om thi-s 5gs;jsn.
;,:ulation changetin relation
to food supplies by regions
ij.om l95.j
ln.
Der,eloped countrjes
-l^
a|..ij Developing courrtlies
.!)0
a ci.ty
+q0
o
5ll ,! ;:i
E
d oo o
,a :JJ
O c 60
lrate- ' l 50 €a
c 30 5!
[10] o st 30
o
tr & (J
c)
,-a,lume. '' '
F
E
: : D€r person cr
oj
1- lsl
:o I
I

973
r
l 9Bs 1 990
^: r11 .

L/ l
Etg. z
.: lave
-:lgs. I

th e
thmeti c and ome ari
.'r::ffi?"J$ f 1:'fi"t:
Le Malthusian
se rri c rares o r. pop'r
ari o'
theory.
ic you l6l
, ,[10J
iii ilff ii ;Til';;J}:.,.; T[i;f 'r betwe e n ro o d pro c1 u cl i,,,i a nd

!::gest Uzl
--.-'
shown
reasons whr o*' ot',on in ileveJopi'g counrr.ies
".ry iir,rJilLo.lptoduction
171
18l

l.

I I
!
I
t9

"l
I

U)
9 r 56/2 N2004
 - sl1
4

shows the totai populatiorr of a

Fig. 3 sliorvs t,'vo population grap-hs A and B. A
into the samc:
clf in a deve loping country and B shows migration of popr-riaticn
city.
A,C11
GROUP
I n0r'
1 ss-sc
-lI 50-54
rs-+c
'1 rr; ,t +
.J
| 35i9
"l:o-la
I
-J
25.,19
l .i. ,. ,

-l i- t**---*1-*-r-;t
-1 r:-t'; t--*'.*'l-r"
j
ro-rq
5-e
["
l-. '*"rtT'
I u-4
l-t*-,*,--r-rs i -r-r'-r--*r#JrrlTl-ll
ei,i jiioiz3456 9t0 ,!rot!rtirrbc 65 4 3 2l o 12"34:
i\4Al'E L'ttr'i'qts
I',4ALE FEMALE
ATIOI'I POPi ILA"llilf i
,iOTAL POPULA'|ION I].l,.h4lGli

[lig" 3
ffi
Desbribe ancl ac<;ount for thr: charac;tet.isticl;
of gi:a-1rlrs A. aircl ll. tffi
(*) t*
yort have strtdi*d'
(h) With ref crcnce to olte city in a clevelopirig oounrri' Il'-
in-n-rigration'
riesr;ribe the nature oipr"t,t*n'to ,,u,,u*il bt' niass;ive
Li
y

(c) Assess the attenrpts made tr: arlclress

tlie probiems iclenlifierJ,il (b)
above.

,r /i
/'!
 5
-r|31:,,s settlement leatures of region y.

a1r0n of a Khadoum

t, :he same TI

a./

7 Hassa l:leisa
tr/,a

aa.-ra'.aa
/.,.-,,
''"f*1:'1-
'.2 .''?2-,
: l0l ],345 til ,-r,t-ra
}.EIViAI.,E V/ad lv{erlani
; POPIII-A.11ON
ir'{anaqil

ffi irilnate city

@
G
- irst-or.der centre
U Second-order centre
;.ridi*C, Thirri-order cenh-e
!n. r1i
t-t
: Boundary of Cezira
i "-i Area v/ith services
I
h (b) i
- Regional road
i?i Railrvay j\
I
I 0 5n
I

l.*-*,_-,._**-.-_:_,, J
lcm

Fig.4

--''escribe the distribution of settlements sitowll.

t6j
'- ittline thc factors leaiing ro ltrimac-v. f1'j1
I t..1. i

".'itl: refererbe r:o al). ivtoie EconcnricaU), D.u",oF;ed

Coun{ly (MFIDC)
: tu ilave sturjjed, evaruate rr,e extent rb whicrr
governlne't effor:ts ha,,.e
.:liied tlie problem of primacl,i
fil

9155t2 I,t2()c4
 6

ri {u) IJxplain briefly the tenns suburb an is ation and. co unter-urb anis ation. t6l

( [r) in a rural-urban fringelof aMore

Fi51, 5 shows landuse changes
tlcouomically Developed Country between 1960 and 1990.

Percenlage
loss/gain
R.esidential
+60
-, Transport, utilities
+40

+20
Health, education, etc_.

Delence Iand
-24

-40

-60

Fig. 5

(.4lurowledgeryent: M. C'arr; New Patterns: Process anci Change in Human

(ieography - I997)

(i.l lJescribe the changes showir by the grapir.

{ii} Sr.rggest r<:asorls for sucit changes.

s i:) l,Vith rsierence tcl exa:nples trom More Economically DeVeloped

{.-lottntries, assess tlie impact of cr:unter-urbanisation to the source
i'i;giotrs, L7l

/ 4lr'l i.)utlirre the diffbrences between subsistence and commercial larming. t6l

{;u } \rtzith refcrence to one example you have studied. explain how subsistence
ialrning has changed or :r tire past 30-ycar.s lr2l
,(cr 'r;rrlr
une L,ess Econrrmically Dcvelopecl (-'ountry )'oll nxve stutlied,
!
i:'raluate the success of lancl reforrn irrogrammes being inrpler^renrcC. t-t\
L,l

',.. :''.r
1r1/'
\r
fitplain bid rent theory in relation to agriculturai landuse. " t6l

'1
ii"jr \4ritli refi:rence to N4ore Econom.ically Developed Countries, shorv how
lltc itttpact of physical factors on aglicttliurai production has been'
i::rIti,,:cd,

lhe contribtttir,rn tnacie b.v srlail-scale farmers to the national

rr',:i:tcss
it(jouonty oi'any cne l-,ess I-conomically Developed Country you ltave
,r*',liCri
,l i
 ZIT14tsAEwE 5 CF{CI GL EXA l\dTTqAT
I{oNs
General Cdrf ifi ea te of, Idducafioll
C CXJNCIL
Adyanced Le'el

::cn. t6l [oGRAFFTY

F: 9X5$/z

krr
hr'.' 18 NOVEMtsER.2004
N4orning 3 irours
-
F. - tt.,-iolt
lF.*- : .-:i

I
[-_ -: iours :

--
E CTION'S TO CAI\TDID,,{TES

E::' -':nfains Figs. 6A, 68 anrl 6C fbr rvirh eiresrion I0(bl.

'se

iiz Human

l'121

t71
L')

l6l

itstence
lrz)

a -r l'1 t
L/r

t6l

fo lv
This insert consists of 2 prixafeci pagcs.
I12] i Copyright; Zinrbabwe Schooi Exantinatiorrs Council, N2004,

P'*
l1)
 Initial stage

Main port

Overseas suppliers

Fig. 613

Intennediate stage

p
Overseas suppliers

Fig,6C

GG
Overseas supplicrs

a.1')
r
 7

Define ahrz fhpss of the follorving

terms:
(i) gross weighr loss;

(it agglomeration;

(iii) externalecono{niesof,scaie,

(iv) de-industriaiisation:

) { r ) rmport_substilrrtion.
l6l
Give a reasoned account of the
I distribution anci character or
l\ ranufacturing industry in any o.r*
i\\ you harre 51161"6.
"o,,nt.y rt2l
3GS forv far true is it ro sa1' that raw rnateriars,
; suppliers i : i a-r' an imporlant ro e. i'
rr-rer and power rro rongcr.
--t r
o.r gi;ui r. t1ing,up a'ci sr-rbsequent
:ranufacturing in dLrstries ?^the gro ra,.trr of

r7l
4 :rp]ain tlte lcrnrs
tnoJs. l,:1tt.,,sttt atrd.
ecotouris:m.
l6l
;,*fo
;;gs, 6a, 68 a'd 6C (j,nserr I) iepresent
rlug:_, in the tourism_propellcti
::onomic development of a'Les, p"ono,nir?il,
il;.;;.a co,,n,,1,.
ii) Describe
'"l-:1oru,,n th.e rinkage between tourism cieveroprncnr
ard agricultirral pr.oduction as ,io*n in the
di;g;;;r,r,
iir) why is sLrch devero''rent mor.e to mass tourisnr than
ecolourisrn? 'inked
-'l:ith lr2l
lt reference to a nameci Less
, lrco'o'icarly Developecr cou'tr.),. assess
::e measures rhar ha'e been pr;
i::s * ;i;;; to deverop i,rtrrrrii""ar tourism
r7l

'l
./
- -crt ap"cttcv

-F
-,.1rq

I li6i2 i.j2ilr)l

f i-urn rtr c;
 I

Secfiqrrr C (L{uman Options)

' Aus\.ver one question fi.om this section

rx (a) ulv'rg
exarnples, briefry *xprain the terms *acririonarfiters,
and
commerciol t'ilels. ,r i. t6r
L-l

(b) Fig' 7 shows comrne'ciar energy co*sumption per

capita by region in
ll995.

Iur ope

Ocrania

Itiorth
A.rncrica

100 lsO ?-00 2s0

:Cigajoules
per capita

(Acl:nowle,dgr:rnent. {i.8.}/i. Vo!.

23 No. 2).

F''ig. 7
l,
t)esr:ri,e and ex;rlaiu the tre'ds ir e'er.gy consumption srrown. I 1)1
L'"1
(c.) Wirii le I,:rence io ,rlne Less Econornicalli, p.ua,oped Counlry,
assess ilie
rrleasures takcr to address the enrzironrnental problems
ca*sed by the use
o f rra,.!; ri..ri, rrl Juel:;.
Ll J

{a} I'iescribe and acr:trunt for ihe various

iorms of poilutiori i, urban ariiaS. ii 0l
{ilr} \\'iLh r-:Jcic'Iicc io Lri;r-e Lii'!.)al1 A'ea vcLi have stucliec, evaruare rhs
atlenlpts
uretr"ie tow;u.r1s ieclui: iltt irolluiion,
Ii -51

li i3 (a) F'ri anlz o,.ee l-,ess Econcmicalry Devclopec countiy you

have st*died, explain
t;t"- inf lneiicei me deveiop*.n, oi thut
lll,ll:1,:: 11]l]_ j
u'iln::ljol1 )€t\4,or l{.
country, s tl I

ir0l
(bl For aily ome c:ormtr:/ ou have srucried,
assess tire n,easlres rvhicli have been
t*it':* tri iii!'. (:*rrlrerri ro ,r'p.'ve on rr.re ,r*,rrr;;i
;;;;;ila r:er..r,orks. Ir 5l

9 1561 2 1\12()04
 t6t
L_
'
l10l

l trtl'
I t- |

112)

r-1
L /l

; iiOl

-.J

{151l
t'-

. ;xpiain

Ii0]
ffi
: been
'-:. 11 {l
LlJj
f'--

ZIMBABWH SCI-fl OOL EXAMINATIChIS COUNCII-

\

General Certificate Of Educarion Adrranced Level

't'

ffiffiNFHH}ffiNTIAIL

hIOVEfuIBEIR. 2AO4

MAR.Kflt$G SCE.{EM[:

MAXf,ftfiUlVfl MflARK: 100

GHCGRAPHY ([-{UMAhU 9',1 56/2

\l
 9

NCIL -.'.'-:lt
ref-eretrce to exantp-,les stuclied, explairi
ihe terms
r.i) core region;

{ii) resoLlrce frontjer. regiotr;

(iii) downrvardtr-ansjtionregion.
li0l
:, With reference to a couni.ry stuclied, evaldate
the polir: r+s' iittrorlLtoe(i
by the govermnent to redLrce regional imt,alances.
I I /:r.
I Lti

9 l:6/2 N2(ti)-1
F-F:

EIMBABWH SCI{OON- EXAMIilIATICNS COUNCIL

1.

General Certificate Of Education Advanced Level

ffiffiNF[ilHNTIAIL

hIOVEMBEIq. 2OA4

MARKIhJG SCh[EM[:

MAXf, tulU llll IWAR K:'t 0S

@flflmm
'fifZmuerr

GHOGRApHY {$-{ L}rulAN} sX s6t2

ij'E

\7
 Section A (practicals)
{CIL
- : r-=s:cn caiis for both planning and executing a survey.
-=.': :.', :y- points could
be brought up:
'
= -
.:iselreconnaisance/piloilfireirrninary
: -:s _.,irve)/ - seeking permission I
::.a a:rg a base-nrap
:3^i'f;,i1-19 the number ancl Jocation
of survey points
jishing observer teams/or
==.ar working alon-e'
-::-,,'al or tirning of counts
:=s oI vehicles to be colrr-itecl/sarnpied
--: : -:'ng
of data
-
= -: to count traffic in both directions at any observation point

-^ five deveioped points written in any order Credit (1)

f.jj:/
' L ywr{rL. (10)

--^l!^r-.
rs not expected to draw a comprehensive map. Any
^{ at least two major routes f-^*- rr-
il u| t Lt le L,tJU woLlld be
:'=
. realistic teclrnique woulcl be to use a flow line
nrap, since it
erable tlre representatir_ln of both direction and volume
-,1, of

'- - =_iraryrlflow line map should show the following

-l
__l
:
: -: stc\,n,volume
;r -: -:: on of direction of traffic by msans of arrows
:*-: ::- .ange of values from volume/key
:i : i- .. :il indicating volume
of traffic
r ::: :--orr,,s/lines to show two way traffic

I ! =,.'..e diagrams
_l
, maxirlum 4
*
''r"*i: - - = ,rark for iliustration showing 2 routes
I ': - -- :,.ant points
on both sl<etch map ancJ text

':: each of the above points

':i using text only (rro diagram)
:: ag;-am with one route (no mark) rriaximum
7
(rr )

i
 : -:e part
: _,=stionnai
(c) candidate should show the value of the survey for planning prjrposes
n, :atcrs w
whrch could include thc following:-
- l:: .-
- *identifying areas
where congestion would occur and herrce
need io: _ : - -^ ^ ^ -
-:^ n.nn
widen the road :

___
-:^F^^^>

huild traffic circles "='lla =d5:

, r ''U !
construcl dual carriage ways :-i=naa

- "*icientifyirrg troLrble areas so as to (accident prone)

-z . ani,,\

: -
_rtlV.J
-- =an.6
-,, rLL
:-aanaa
*__,Ltvi
rnclal traffic liglrts - - ^ , ^r;
build access roads -:,; cJLiL

bt-tild bypass roLltes I ^

^ ^J.-- c
Oonstruci ring roads; J;itri

cctns[it]ct fly overs etc

i, - ----^r n
Credit (1) for single points or (2) for ilrree developed points aricl 1 -: -.d. il!
:;in57le poin|2,2,2.,1 No neecl for balance of * and ** (7)
i?{1
L-"..1 i:- lOri

(a) If ris qL;esliorr is based orr observation

. Jiltid
-l-ire sliidy : lsnts
does not, howevet, restrict the candidate to fi-": _:
r
:- '-i',^.
obsr:lrvation only, br,rt could also include ihe need to l<now lhe _ - , JtUC:

land use valrres hence tire use of qrrestionnaires ancl inLerviews j u.u

\ /ould brl appropriale.

Basically carrdidates wclr-rld neerj to:

_ _ :>=JjLS
---^^^-r^
know wlrat a piec;e of lanci is used for e.g sl-rops, houses, P-::::
l€---^
in
prlai-eror:nds;, ol'fices open/vacant spac;es etc. l?

c;lassify or clevelop any meaningfur crassification system based

-=: -:S=ttS S

on sorrte identiliable criteria e.g. r- .-1r f.,,;3

^ q5--
- O[)el. SpaCu -- ?: lvli

- corninc:rc;ial
^ light rnanufactltring
- speciaiist services
- parking
- governmerti use
- residc:ntial
- recreation
t(f
tu
(10)

r1 {A
 :::art (a) allows the use of observation, intervievvs arrci
'-:-naires, candidates are likely to come up with a variety of
:: .:'s whrch would identify the exteni of the CBD.
:: =,'ant observations would include.-

:--3ase inland value PCVI

:: ^'r"rg pedestrian ancl trafiic flows
::-ease in building height l

=--:d decline in CBD specialist usages

:s3:ce of parking metres and parkades or restriction of parl<ing
-- ^^lrr\
- 'v )
- : : j:-:e of traffic lights
r ir:3-:e of displaV windows
- .= -- ?:i3n anO' use of indices such as
$" ,:':ral Business tieight lndex (CBFll) = T_atAj_E_EIaoIEpsqq
Ground Floor Spar:e

ff -=-.'zi Business lntensity lndex (CBII) = Total C Floor.$paqe x LQ0

Total Floor Space' 'l

i for eaclr single pclrrt lri

J: -:ormation could be obtatned from the council pianrrirrg; oi{ices

--:-: .gents and valuation agencres concern,ng:-
:
.'alues
::=-
- :^ r,,+,,*^
,
iuLLllC ^t^^-
pldl l5
-: - s history 1,1
IJ

lsl
random sampling It allows a sample to be drawn fron'r a
such a wav that each element has an equal chance of
l1

':-:-.nts stratified random sampling The randc'rm sampling i.s

,-: two strata.

m hor of points sampled within each stratum sl-rould be

:;oned to the size of that s;tratum. l4
l/,

the name/iclentificatiorr of technique

af

ES

{T Sam lin

s inti'ociuced in the c;hoice/ it gives everyone an equal

:e selecied
 " it is capable of giving a balanced cross-section of population
conditiorrs 12

9!L4UI!g48 e r rd p-q $ elurtl E

- can be usecl 1'or comparison of different groups urithin,the sampled

,population. r ' :

ensures adeqrrate cover;ilge of each group (stratirrn)

qood for stLrdying clustered or patterrred items 12
Wrong rnearrirtg'l Generic; rnarl<ing JI)
[25]

Sectloru t? (F{urnan Oane)

3 (a) Food proclucttr:n increasing at a slow rate (1 ,2,3,4,5.. ) due to

d irriinislrirrg r*;trrr rrs.

- l;rnC is titr,ti, t3

C) er.l rn etri c ['i-;l ie

., l.loprrla'ii:r-r clr:utries or grows at an exponential rate

('i ! 't B, 16,J2 )
- resulling in foorl shoriagr:s because it outstrips food production l2

f?eserve (2) loi"illustratiori arid/r.rr sl<etch diagram. (6)

-ltends
(b)

grcrwilt
- Fir.lth fooci 1ltorlr.rctior"r arrd popuiation are irrcreasing in iVlEtiCs anci
I-EllCs
, i--oocl 1:rotir,tclrorr is i-riglrr;r in IVIEDCs than in LEDOs
- [-:clod procJLrction per pelsorr is irarely increasing in LEDCs but had
' greatly irrc;reaser:{ irr lMEl.)Cs.
- l:opLrlation risirrgi consitantly irr LHDCs wlrereas there was a
c{er.;rease belween 197t) and '1976 irr per capita food proditction in
VIHL]C \

. T-he ga1-r helw*en population anq-i food produtction is widenirrg for lhe
[t/iEDC'rl vulrerreras for LEDCs is natrowirig

f,rtr[:t: No crerlits g;iven fcrr r;ancJiclates simply for describirrg graph.

l\eecj to share relatirinships
'^-'l'rerrcis
arrcl reasons need not be linked

*!
 Reasons

- implementation of green revolution increasing food prociLiction

irr
z MEDCs
- llEDCs have better production techniqu*.1fi#r_rDcs hence
high
food output, high food production pei person in flre MELr(;s
due t'
high mechanisation.
-5U
- Physical constraints affect production in LEDC.., tiraii,,trey cJr: in
'.1EDCs
- 3overnmerrts efforts^towards popuraiion and foorJ prr.rdLrc:tiorr
differ
i2 n ltlEDCs and LEDCs for the MEDC's strive t. reririue popr.iraiio'
\7) fcr high standards of living whilst in L.EDCs eflorts are
mininral oi.
i.,: r j :3n-extstent

l'::r: (2) for a well developed description and explarratioii

irp to 6
- - -:-
--:: t il) for single point
t12t

::rtrnued fragmentation of land reciurces prociuction since holclings

:'e smaller and inputs limited

-rre people work on land in LI:DCs conrpar.ecr io MFDCs hence

:-:Cuction per person does not change; it everr fall;
-aie
::,e or no investnient - in ternrs of finarrce, tecrr'noi'g)/. and
::lcation - still using prin-ritive techniques
,A!
:: rot grow appropriate crops/lack of knr:wledge/eciucaiion

: --, sical constraints and culturai factr.rls irirrder progress

irr larrrrilcl
:. ^. :: ,/3rnment attitude ncrt motivationar
::::'ols on produce -
ancr supportive e.g price
this discourages
3U
:: ,'efty makes them not invest in land
...j :: :i:al instabiiity
;SA : e-based. Candidale to give examples for
r -, iir : -:=--:
'3". No credit to shortage of labour higl.r bir"th rate
a cornpreirensive

.1-^
--::
-::
: ..2) for 3 developecl points
- : (,1) for single points (7)
',= Reasons 2 centre per person
ll5J
 4 (a) Population graphs A and B lrave similar structures in thai tltere a:re
more males thart females.

most people are in the working age group i.e. 15 - 44

A has more children

both have 1'ew people in the aged group i3

il!
since the bulk of the populationS male and a lot of males rnigrate
into the town, this could be an industrial toln where males are
attracted lty en'tployment.

the larger number of r:hildren in Graph A may lle a result of naiural

birth rate than migration.

the city could be a remote resource town e g a lumber caftlp or

r!
-
mine centre where it is not conducive to flave the wlrole iarnily
there.

- in some LEDCs there are by-laws which prevent females and

children from migrating into industrial towns. I

- rnore males in micldle age group t5

Credit 3 for description and 3 for account {(;)

(b) An open question vyhich dwells more on problems caused by rnigration

to a receiving areaiiown.

- soffre of the problems could inclLtde strain on housing, education,

health, recreation, unempioymettt, high crime rate, growth of
squatter settletrents etc.

- for an exemplified credit ('l ) for sing le points maximunr- 6 or (2) for 6
developed poirrts

- if not relerrirtg tr: a parrticular city maxirrium (5) general answer

islums (Mbare) --legal

*squatter (Pota)
- illegal treat separately (1Zj

(c) Cancjidates are expecteci to discLtss attenrpts and evaluate them. 'Thi.s
deperrds on the nature of problems iderrtified in (b) abo',rg answer
irnt<ed to (b).

- candidates shoui<j therefore sticl< to rhe city studied

.4
,-l- r)
 = :^;:aqe
^ ^ -^,-t
and should ctiscuss succcsses or
)fc)
',e'','r,nicit says no attempts
--:::i;s have b,r:cn macje
, is a two-dimensiorial answer.

-: ::::rts and 1 single point

- - :nctrei- example or which is not specific rnax
(7)
l?
[25]

I dLU
are : Sezira boundairy

-
= = -' :cnrmunicaii,orr t-egional road ano, raitwj y
ural
' ' '=':o.um (capital) outside the irrigateci ar.ealonly
\ : -:s
_
.e :he Gezira boundary.
30r --
:'niiy '- = ::rfluence
- : :as ',vith a lot of services
and '= s=::jeinents/centrat places evenly spread i,rlitttin
'- tiie
=
1.2

-:'_ el piaces along major lines of conrmunication i.e

i5)
.:- 'e.9. 1 first order, 2 second order, 1 primate city)

are between the Bh_re and White Nile

Ittorl
r-r e points (6)

tion,
rof
nose economy catnnot support many larqe urban
F^.
IUI Q
U
:ng lradition/history of colonisation (imperjal centres

with poor conditions of urbanisalion and

-
-
t-.-based co untries exr:ept fo r a gricultu re

This =-::iion leacJing to cJominance of,one port

cli/af

r" : - l^;es (one town derieloped for administraiion)

 - generally poor countries

Credit (2) for 6 developed points (12)

Credit ('1) single points max up to 6
'I

(c) Answer depends dn e.g. chosen

- however, some of the efforts may include

- decentralisation
- Satelliteinetr'r/dorrnitory lowns etc

The answer should be evaluative (7),

General answer ntax 3. [25]

6(a) Suburbanization

- Note thal il does not refer to urbanization

- lt involves the decentralization of peopte, employmetrt and services

(1) from the inner and central ciiy areas (1) and iheir subsequent
relocatir:n towards the margins of tlie built up arr:a(1) 13,

C oun ter:urh4ryjzation

- a process whereby popr-rlation decentralises oi move from major

utban areas io smaller towns and rural areas (1) takes place in
MEDCs (1) and is a result of the need for a cleaner environment (1)
and it is mostly associaied with the older/reiired people (1) l3
(6)

(b)(i) l-hts part seeks to focus on the candidates abiiity to rnte rpret the
g raph.

1'he graoh shows % Ioss/gain over a period of 30 years (no rrark).

Farmland and residential have had a loss and gain of 60%

respectively (1) but it does not mean that ali farmland has been
tLrrned into residential land ('1).

It is farmland which is fast disapl:earing and threatened (1) while

the changes in the vacant land, woodlanci etc, is less pronounced
(1). Highest gain was in residential ('1) biggesi loss in farmland (,'1).,

t-owest gain in health and educaticn. Lower or loss in cl+fence

land/minerals (1). )

Credit (1) for 6 single points l6

Lr5
 l: : :: :1 ,,,e reaso's why there is clecline/gr.owtir of lancluse
: -:- je s show a donrinance of the suburbanisaUc;rr pror;e;ss.
2l
= :'
-*iai-urban fringe occurs
\l/irere rural randuses never wirr
=-: :_shed out

=--
-: ro longer the fundamental
basis clr rr_iral
-r" life-
'
i.:l:.,', 't: : 'i
=.:-::s by farmers to diversity into norr-a.qrici.rltural ac.tivities ''
cr ct
=
-=-'- zndlwoocr rots become a source'of oiitdocrr ,-"rr*"iino."i '
-: =:s:d demand for recreationar ra.d fronr rarg;e urban ar"eas
- : -: ... and commerce
attracted by row i atbs ress l;liir;l
'i :.-- ':-rental laws and improved inforr-natiorr technolog;i; l;;;;J
5l :___=':ilges

-EiE- :ertres decongesteti by by-passes/rirrg rcrads to fring,;c area.

; =--:: ievelopment takes up farmlancr or rurar rand -[']rcse
-L -=z:r, uses
= education, residential recreation lanci LlsLrs.

:: -r :1./ern,metrt support for conser.varicn ar;iivities

:-1
t I ::- i :g conlnluter zone
. and conrmerce ale regional nuclei
' for six single points up to sjx.
':, lrt
{t 2)
3

6) ::-=: should be abre to icierrtify the urbarr areas affectecl by tlre

:. - :ifecis inclucle social, economir:, infrastrLrctural ancl slr oulci
:- : ard negatir.,e for a balarrced answer birt overally its on tho

- - ^Sestion on hearilr, educatiorrar, transporl,

-=s :efers to services rccreatio.ai
--J

-;:3n size affected and structure, age in-rbalance

- j space for flre remaining population ir tlre cnce ,,pressurecJ
.^..1
- ternrs of employment, heaith etc.

: :-sr,/er (3) no assessmetrt rro exanrDle '(f ')

[25]

t0
{-

7(a) The questton calls for comparrson betweerr the two farming systems in-
iernls of;

- technical skills
capitalisation
size of farms
- r.tse of labour
- inten"srty of prr:clLrctiorr/scale of farming
\ - types and use of productslmarketing
- level of technology useidegree of mechanisation
- productionoblectives

Cr:edit (2) for 3 developeci poinisimatching table i"

Credii (1)for single points
':;r-r, , '

For an ans\,A/er which treats the two systems separately max. 2

{6)

(b) A general cluestion callirrg for an answer based on any country where
subsistence agrrcLrltrrre is practised.

" the following clranges may l:e inciuded, positive or negative

- farrling for flnan'cial gains,/ccnimercialjsation

- orops gTOM,,rt a rLspollse tr; rnarl<et cjemands

fa rrnin5; rroriv cltversifie -,

- political bounriaries ancj conrpetiiion for iand has led to a change

o
fr-orn rrcirlaclic anri sirifllng cLriiiiration respectively

social changes of GF{

- nror-lern iools a','.t.l techrrolog5r 1c\..,r i:eing employed green

revolr.rtiori

- biochenrical clranges of Gi1

. family labour replaced by hired labour

- recluction in the size of larrd used

Credit (2) tor 6 cleveloped points

General ans\,4/er max. 5 (12j

(c) The stlccesses atrd difficulties of Iand reform wril depend on the
exanrple c;hoser"r.

i1

\1
 should be an atternpt to evaluate
land reform in terms

B;::-:':- aid reform

J *=-: *::: .cr land reform
=:-::. =:^alges

\
;:.:- :::- .esource balance
i = =: :_ 3f iano
-*:n:al vs,socio-economic issLies
::-::--- : fOf eXample ':
"" F:-=:=-:lt (6)
,|
(7)
[25]
--- a demonstration
of an understandirrg or the biri-rent
-- s ;deas without or
ner.r.uiity ,"furarii'g to tnem
: landuse pattern emerges with
cJistance frrm rnar-ket (1)
*: :'13 vrhich brings.the
higlhest returns/or needs maximrm
;::-- :-; is grown closer to the niarket (1)
: - :.:st bidde,,,i^.-.th:,crop vuhich gives the
i- =:ecific location (1)/iniensiiv ,.r nrnr.rr highest returns on
r:=-:: ,,,orn tfra ruifraiii')"'="o''r 'Ji p-iocuction
^ri^^ deciiires
-- wnn ^,

;::-'!
for showing the land use zones using
3W.
a diagram as

t2
(6)
= :: constraints or adverse conditions may rnean
- -:DCs, in MEDCs itmay impty reJuced prodLrction n()
only.
-_- :an be include:-
--- sers in case of poor soils

:* -*:a:icn _ dry conditions

: : : -:-s:eoing technrques
: :-:-':r poultry

)2
 :rOSS \i
green houses - to control temperature - ,:{es pl€

smudge ports and windmills to control frost ' l-tlorr-.:,V Y

_: j:.a
, - !ttu: n
dams - regulate river flow to reduce flooding of larmland ^.

'pesticides, herbicides, insecticides to control pests and,diseases

I
- |tdLtr
r, I

q terracing, contour and other ploughing techniques to control

moisture levels
t Aggto
synthetic hormones I - :'=r'h^
_ -_-v iltg
.: -: :'lnth
.t geneilc engtneenng _

hydrophobic * growinCJ crops in water

'z. :aies
;J
Credit (2) for 6 developed points
Credit (1) for single points
General answer rnax (5) tI,2)
fl --xtern

:: -: aC'Van

(c) Ansvrer should be country-specifrc and the contribution wili depend on

-:-:ji;^^
_ .1, tg
--^-li',^
country chosen. Candidates can cover subsistence (communal) artd/or = - IIVE
small-scalecommercialcropandanjmalfarrning.

food self-sufficierrcy
I ie-indu
- raw rnaterials to agro-basecl industries e.g Cairns fruit. and 4

vegetable canning - but sonre produce is discarded as sub- b:: -te los
standard
fn:-::sing d
Foreign cui"rency earnings - coitcn, wheat, tobacco, tea, coffee p--:ny
l
(1)
growers e.g Tanganda, Gokwe, Sanyati, Chisumbanje
'
Employment generation - although not permanent or gainful at
times. rlpod sr
Consunrers of rnarrufactured gords like harvesters, drivers, f: -::;ng loc
cultivaturrs, m if king machines
B:_: -rg imp(
Help to diversify national'economy
i: -_: alterna
Credit (2) f or 3 developed poinis and ('1) single point
General answer max (3) (7j
[25]

t3

'li;ri
 Gross weight loss

:akes place when processing impure

raw materials (1)
a hLige weight ross which occlrrs
during
- r processing
-eference
to minerals ('l ) - vvvuul 'v particurarry
Po' trL with

I'r..i. :ry material index of greater than .1(1)

F.
clntrol:r ,

F Agglonreration economies

i t, :'..rstering or associatton'of ,dconomic a

:i
ctiviti es ii'Lr os ei' 6iuxii^ri ity' i03
:-e another (1)

'::ilitates beneficial lorward ancJ packward linkages and minimizing

F External economies of scale

-_ii advantages arising from locating in a particLrlar

location (1 )

:-d on :=^:fiting from a ready pool of skilled labour,

infrastructure, or
a:d/or :-::ortive industries (i )

De-industrialisation
: and
^ UU-
5
,1. e::: lte loss of jobs in industry (1)
*:-:asing displacement
of manufacturing by service activitjes in the
- -. tt.-
--ltcc ^
'*::-:my (1)

.i , ^l
*l dt
nrpoft substitution

-r'./e[S, -:: ng local industrial base bv LEDCs (1)

: -; imports of foreign manufactured goods (1)
-; .::natives to imports (1)
=
t/la t//a t/r^ (6)
(7)
125l

i4
 (b) Example-based answer

The following general factors can be raised

Distribution factors

l*-

- fuel and power

- government policy

rnarkets

- transport and communication

- availability of labour

- foreion investor decision

- econonles/d!seconomies of scale

- iinl<ages folr,vat'-i and backr,vard

,
. profitabilriy

- otlrer factcrs

Credit (2) for 4 Ceveloped distribution single points max 4 IB

Cl^raracter-

export oriented/cictnestic r narket driven

labour/capital intensity

- type

- footloose I4

Credit (2) for 2 di-rplicated character, single points max 2

General answer tnax 5 (12)

(c) An evaluatlve question and not necessarily an example-based one

Candidates shoulcl weigh the significance of each of the two faciors -

fuel/power and ritw materials.

A balarrced ansv/el-is highly creditable

15

5l
 answer maximum 3
(/)
[25]

movement of large numbers cf torrrists (pelcl<age

triurs)
fr
borders particularly two cont,asting
rei;ions (1)
spending (1) and seasonality (1)
I2

_--_-_- :--."i:": J l

the movement of small numbers r.rf

people or indivicJLra{s

* - .3s travel to unspoilt

natu ral envli-or-:m enis
- ..--e based
_ -::'vation led
-
-renf (1)

i':=:: ated with low spendlngiiow comrne]-cialisation

(1)
I')
(6)
-:-. ::eate a high demand
for food hence entergence 01 ian-lters

/B
:: - croduced food may be cheaper than inrported
-r-::s may create a dernand for local tastes hence bclr:st
' !16

-- lure becomes lucrative because l.iotels pa)r

lrigh prir;es
'- r:3rators can buy farms/shares in agric;Lriturar
::saling to ensure constant supply, prcductic;,. and
: -^-s ro* .orl.
lead to the development oi aillicutture
,;;;;,:';rr.,ii
l4
-= ',r;le initiaiiy overseas sup;-riie,s are nr.ur./ ;hr.,r
: ::ed by special independeni tur,-n"r. ;,-,; are gradualiy
;"_;;{ '.rr'lO crCdUCe
(12) = siecification of tourist taste.
IB

-- . t) ror 4 developed points

.-^-1 nna
I:=J ULIU
----sts mgve in Iarge
numbers, are irigh spenders ;rnci lrave
.,: lactors -- :: ,'e tastes and hence prop up economio
O"vef opmlni

t6
f

- ecotourists are there to enjoy the unspoilt environment, food and

experience the unique culture of an area thus such tourism tends to
preserye the status quo.

Credit (2) for developed points !4 (12)

lU
\ (c\
\"/ The answer sltoLtld be evaluative

Answers are likely to toucir on issues such as: ,: :.

development of infrastructure - roads, rails, hotels etc.

.; - , ntarl<eting -- advertising, exhibitions, seminars, trade;fa,irg,:.r, 'i .- iJ- ,.:i '-. (.

- Iegislation - conservalion and protectiorr of areas of interest

- clevaluation of cLrrency of currency/exchange rates

. political stability

Credit 2for 3 developed points and 1 for a single point up to 4 (7)

[25]
'11(a) Ia1gitl_q!-allsejs .

- often collected for comrlon Tesources sucn as open land and

woocilan<is(1)

- their collection and burning rnay create environrneniql,p;roblems (1)

- exarnples inciude firewooci biomass ('l)

- oonlnronly used b,y LEDCs i1) 13

CommerciAl fvels,

- refers to fossil fuels (1) commerciaiiy produced energy sources (1)

- often used lry MEDCs (1)

- commercially used /3 (6)

(b) - Africa has the least energy consurnption per capita . ::

- per capita consumption in Africa, Asia, South America is below the

world average I

- energy average use is several times greater in MEDCs than LEDCs

t7

.4 1
 :r- riretica consumes far more energy than any otl-rer region i.e
-,,- :: .-at of Europe, ten times that of Asia and more tiran 20 tirres
: i-, :' Africa
:-:- -iiiericauses five times the world average
I
=: : 2) marks only for one continent

a'ation ! ::',- l
k
* -: s:enario is a result of ,low socio-economic {eveloprrent in
--- :: a:C Asia (1)

; :: :'nrotor-vehicle use in North America

:::- 3-ergy serving in South America

::-- -easurement of energy use in LEDCs

: :',els of technology

ig standards/povefty

=:: I ior 5 developed points combining description and explanation

: =-:- jC use evic.ience from graph to support the answer (12)

r-: :aies shou\d assess i e how far successfu\, to what extent, very
:::-.s'ui - supporiirrg
-----t,,1 -...-.- evidence from the chosen corrntry highly

-s: cf alternative sources of energy e.g H.F.p, solar

:=:.e station and re-afforestation

::, :lcpment of energy-saving teclrnology

=_: s ation of the clearance and trade in firewood

=:-:ation and awareness campaigns

4

(7)
max 3 125l

1B
f-
- soak

1'2(a) VVater pollution- industrial elfluent , '

- prope
sewage
a g riculture-ferti isers,
I he rbi cid es, i nsecti ci d es - smok,

a r pollution exhaust fumes from vehrcles/cars - chimn

industrial discharge
t dump fires
heat
- et-.a^

_ i^: _-

land pollution - dumping of r,vaste

ja-
littering

nojse pol!irtion- automobileslca,rs

^ -^
electronic gadgets ^ t
planes

sight pollution - grafflti/litter

visual intrusion
t

FoT any 4 credrt 3, 3,2,2 in any order (10)

t'Ll)
\-/ Arr ct',er-r ::rreslicn whose example can be drar"vn from e'lhe;' i.-f DC or 3 i2-^
MEDC urban area

Likelv ansv/ers will focus on:- nra

- legislation by council and govel"nment agairist discharge of

i,-rcii;stirai effiueiii. srnr-rke. noise etc

" r:lean-up c;arnpaigtrs by -sfLJdsnts and organisations e.g Environnrent

?_400

irrproved technc;iogy in waste disposai e g compaciiorr.

errcoulagirrg ihe us€) of environmentali't friendly production

procedrrres e.g ISO certification

awareness through the media - prinl and eleclronrc

i:y-lav,rs limitirrg cultivation near rivets and ca-ns

ca{'bon tax . --=- -

u.se of unleaded fuel

1 :^-
^

r rse of catalyttc converters

r'egular collectiorr of gar"bage anci clear,ing

incineratiorr of litter

lo

rsb
 =" ..',a.' method
:=-' :--rping sites

-'=:-ecipitaiion

-- -':..s and filter gases

\.
q : : -=::.:alks for. cooling

;:-- r a:sorbers/reduction techniques

':- eyaluate language like 'very sLlccessful' , not successful',
-.-::ess', 'failure', 'successfui to some extent' etc.
attempts IB
evaluation t7

:= aiswer i.e one dimension only or not referring to one urban

".'3i: 17 (15)
[25]

_, ut e-based question. Tlrc factors will deperrd on countr5r

= -ay include:
)

-:: of initial capital, funcis, trade revenue derived,

taxes, toiis on route user

S:ent level of wealth/income, standard of living,

?q population distribution

external agencies, government attitude and

con-rmitment, military and strategic
.-:rion reqrrirements

terrarn, drainage, shape and size of regron,

climate

:-,:, iegacy

:'editable answer to cover at least 3 dimensions

3, for each dimension or follow breakdown

'cr one dimension ans\Mer or a general;answer (10)

20
(f-
(b) An axarppre-based question. candidates
can give LEDC or MEDC and
rSsurd'adcJ'ess botir transpoJ system.
r*ooE.iand
confrectivity) projects, *ct,emu, tor cirosen networks (inter_
.;;;;ly.
l\lea sures may inclucie:

-
t dualization of highways

trclley (roro) systenr

- e lectrification of rail

, n ew bu.s terJlf
f l '

- ne,'v airports and seaports

- c{redging of waterurays

- ringroacjs arrd by_passes

- parl< and ricle

.- feecJer.systerns

- flyovers

- mass fransit system _ tram

- sub ways -- tubal irains

$ - train buses

- double <Jet:kers

Crr:cJit (1)
for iJ singie poirrts
Credil (2) for 4 cieveloped measures
IB
Assessnre.t-iarroibre schemes
General answer"rnax (T)
ancr
.,.\,/
r'!
- "- projects to be evaruated

ffi
l7

4(a) (i) Clore rcgion

- tlre rnost ecrmornically cleveloped
region of a country (1)
- inclLrcles towns, ports and otrrer
inOuiir"f
\'r srvqo f\ rf
- it has the trrgliesr srandarct jiji "r"as
- "ril"irg
has lrigh revers'f technorogy,
.upitrr, labour and growth rates (1)
l4

2t

57
 Res ou rce frontier region

'='= resourc-es have been cliscovered or are being

a:: mines, tourist resources etc (1)

ceripirery but generates economic development (1) /3

;irr Downward transition region "'

- :haracterised by stagnant or declining ecttnomies (1)
- is part of the periphery (1)
- exhaustion or primary resources e g minerals ('1) t3 (i 0)
: :.,_...
-airovv in text nature of imbalances
, ,,,1$ y:. ii irr'.i_

- regionalpolicy/policies .15
- how successful iVthey have been t5
e.gs may include Venezuela, Brazil, ltaiy, Costa Rica, Zirnbabwe,, UK;
France, Sierra Leone (15)
1251

. srv^Fxrrc scFEuf GEo slt6 2 Novor

22
 ABWE SCHCOT, trXAIW{NAT{ONS CCUNCXL
General Certificate of Education Advanced Level

\ RAPHY 91 56/1 1-)ii

/ t,;
I
'.'; 2 JUNF,-2004 I\,Iorning 3 hours

i-Survey rnap is enclo.sed with this question paper

-.2:eri a l s:
:: paper

IONS TO CAI\jDIDATES
!
iame, Centre jrului:er
\ ancl oand,idate r:grnber in the ,Ou"a, provided on the sirs!,,/er.
? -
:r booklet.

.rr questious.

lne question iiom section;\, hvo questions from

Section B and one qr_rCsticn lrciii
F

*
!i ilswers on the separate answer paper pr.ovided.

-rre tha'o'e sheet of paper, fasten the sireets together.

rTIOI\ l- 0 Xt CANil IDATES

if rnarks is giver i* brackets I },at the end of each question or parl qrresiiorr.

: and diagrams shor-rld be drawu rvhereveiifiey berve

to illustrate a6 answer
:sed to spend no longer tharL 45 minutes on Section
A.

:ded of the need for goocl English and clear presentatiog

ip your aps\vcr.s.

estion paper consiits ot6 p-ffidjrges_? blr;.k pr@ ex tract.

'i
Copvright: Zinbabr.r,e Schot:l i..xarrri'^atiolts CoLr'cil. J2004.

I
 2

Section A (Practicals)

Answer one question from this sec:::,:,

r
fi
T
i
l:
Do not spend more than 45 minutes on this question.

q Study the map extract provided (1:50 000, Mufungwe, Zimbabwe).

(a) Draw a sketch map to show the main features of reief and drainage of the area i

on the map. ,; e-

(b) Describe and explain the relationship between the relief and drainage features
lt
+
sho#n on the map. i2
1

You are required to make a detailed study,-of the vegetation of a small area, approximate
10km2. 'f:'-
, - r' .

i : . t:
(a) I{ow woulci you plan and carry out the survey to establish the changeg in
vegetation ofthe area coVered?

(b) [4rat vegetation charaiteristics would you obs,erve in the field?

(c) FIow would you present yor-rr findings? i

$
,"
(d) Outline the probiems you are likely to face during the survey und ,ur*fu,qh
ways you would use to overqome them. .
rt, l

l)
':' -,( r
r
,t
l*.ll'

9156/r J2004

(,a
-|

Section B (Physical Core)

Answer two questions from this section.

. ,., i.. .:. . .'',,.1 .-l:-- ,.., .;,.,,t
*
tr
(a) Brietly outline the six factor'day model'of the 6lrnerrphere's energy budget. [6] , "
t
(b) Fig. 1:shows glodal temperature anomalies for the month of JiinuCry. ""r

f
the areE
l:
;1

atqres

.t

roxim

€ i-.
!.

,):J O

*H
j
/o /u
lt

Fig. 1
:
l)escribe and explain the anontalies shown. l12l
.,(r) J'o what extent do human activities contribute to i,,cai temperature
vuriatior rs? L /l

9l:i6 l.il()0.1
 m,t
!'l

4 (B) Briefly outline the Bergeron process of raindrop

formation.
t

(b) (i) On what bases are ciouds classified?

t
i.'' (ii) Explain:wriy some crouds are more
likery to produce rain than oih.rr.
Ir 'i
ti
(c) why zue radiation fogs parficurarry associaterl l
with valreys a'd urban o'
industrial areas?
\ U
' ,Briefly
3 t'ui aeitiii;e #hui'is mrunr by rhe roiro*irrg ,ypes r

of strea* o;;'., :.'; '"

(i) laminar';
(ii) turbulent;
(iii) heticoidal.
t6;
(b) with the aid ,f diagrams,_describe and exprain
cirannel ^-
features produced
by the combined eflect of river erosion
ancl deposirior,.
Lr-
(c) In what ways can human a*ivities nro,ifo
charrner landforms?
17j

5 (n) outline the main differences rretween granite

and tirirestone rocks,
i6j
{b) with the aid of diagrams, extrrrain the rore of
vreathering a'd erosion in
tiredeve1opmentofIanr1formsinlirnestoneregions._--i
I r;_
(c) with reference to sllecific exar'pies, exprain
rrow hiLman activities can
influence weathering.
17t

(a) with the aid of diagrams, disring*isir betrveen parailer

srope retreat and
slope decline,
l6j
(b) 'unc{er
what co'dirions clo various t1'pes of rnass
rnovements occlr on siopes?
[1-
(c) Miat clirnatic and geologicar conriitions favour
parailer srope retreat?
L/t

9t56il J2004

1.,
|,
t.'',.+
 '\
(a) Define t'e follou,ing terms as used in the sfudy
of soils:
(i) incluration;
iiil t.aching;
(iii) iltuviatiln. :,

theis.' i6l
(b) Explain the processes responsibre
for the formation of different types
tropical soils. of
u2l
(c) wirh refere"::l: counrry I .l i I r' .,ijrt ii,l
, , .halqpeen raken to"1. rou
f.1ve {ud1ed,
evaluale measure,; i,uhich
:...-,'-.:.
i

of soils,
'
improve iirJiruriry
" : fa1
L/ l
-

ls?

9156/t J2004
 Section C (Physical Options)

Answgr onc question from this section.

'')

(a) Accountfortheglobaldistributionofmountain'chains.o;eanicridges,,
deep trenches and island arcs.
tel
. : .. . - ..

(ir) Compare.the phygibgljandscapeb of ;urcicli shieiils (crdlo--:S ,.:::. lnc-ce sf '1,-:..r,..r

young fold mountains.
[16]

10 (a) In which parts of the world, and rbr what reasons, do tropical cyclones occur?
tel
(b) using examples, assess the effectiveness of rrreasures taken to limit rhe
effe cts of tropicalptorms.
[]61

ll (s) Briefly explain the main erosional processes occuning in hor ceserrs. tel
(b) With reference to examples, discuss the concepl of sustainab:l:r. i:r iiie contexl
of arid and semi-arid environments.
llr, j

t2 (a) s/ith the aid of iabelled diagrams, describe the main fearu:=, :: ..,.:.. c
deposition.
lel
(b) With reference to examples, discuss the vie*, tliat ihe :,:s:
managing coastalenvirorunents is ro leare rjr:nL :lr,i..

13 (a) Describe the main types of permalrost.

(b) With the aid of diagrams, explain the mal:: -:=.

tliermokarst.

L+
ir
i'1
 'ZIMBABWE scHool EXAMtNATtotts couNctL
General Certificate.of Education
Advanced Level

tel

'. 1l"r;i:'
:

oj
CONFIDENTIAL
Ll

-,a
\! tn.l
L7 l

t1 6l

to'l
Ll)

i:e Xt
l'l r' J U NE 2OO4

lel
MAIRKING SCHEME
[16 j

lel MAXIIMUM MARK: 100

llt,l
SYLL,ABUSICOMPONENT: 9156/01

GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1
 t

qts'sl w"- r:$,in i;1'',ii;46 GUOg

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& fj,,i,r,, lj; S".T &/ryr- Sr,{jul /1:,,:J.,!:

ffrly}tg
h. I
\/ V.
 (a) sketch maps that generarize the randforrrrs anci drainage features
either directly or through a key shoulcj be credited, Atiernpts to
reproduce a min-contour line map will receive litfle credit
7t bf8A
The sketch maps should show the following; -

NB; The sketcl-i map rectangle shouJd be proportiopal to t,1g ai,ea

to be sketc.hed. lf not, drop 1 mark

Relief features: -

the charama plateau generally abr:ve 3 g()0ft irr tire south

West part ol the map
lobgs of tliis plateau extending to trie North, Last an'clbouir, '
the Manyclni river starting to disscent the clharama plateau
the steep escarpments into the plateau ecJgi;
the numerous embayments into the platearr ffom the North,
East and South

Up to.7
Drainage features

main rivers Mpate, Gwave, Jsri Rsftlngwe and rnany other

unnamed ones radiating cenirifugally fronr the plateau
direction of flow of main rivers should be shr.rwn
-
thdse rivers in deep, rlarrow valleys but haver lvide charrnels
- their first and second order tribuiar^ies ar-e shcrt and a dense
network in the embaymerrt in aliuvial fan like manner.
Manyoni River on plateau flolving westwards irr vyider- Valiey
reserye 6 marks for Relief/Drainige features^

UptoT
NB: total should not exceed 13

! ltsl
uplift blocl<iChararna plateau has no or few drairrage
channels on,it (dry prateau) because it is made of porous
and/or pervious rocks such as sands and/or sandstones with
a high iransmissivity of water inhibitinq channelisation on thb
I

T
 surface. lt is also flat at the top. This encourages infiltration
rather than runoff
dissection by the Manyoni River from the west and other
rivers fr:om the North, East and south indicates the plateau is
:,ro wdtershed.
radial.centrifugal pattern resulis as plateau acts as a cerrtral' ,;
highland area.
- the large stream density for rivers flowing from the plateau
shows that the water is flowing on clayey or basartic rocks of
increased erodibility but narrowness of vaileys 'indicates
reduced slumping due to cohesion of rocks/soils or fl-re upper
--J i;:iilltr ri rFtr:. r,l :
corJrse, O,ft thq, river va eys
II

numerous streams because of steepgradients ':': ' : i:

- dense drainage due to impermeable but soft rocks l

- sub-parallel pattern over steep slopes with uniforrn rocks

waterialls due to sudden change in gradient
- dendritic drainage over gentle dipping uniform rocks
- the ernbayments are cuspatei/deltaic in appearance
indicating sapping and slurnping as a results of headward
erosion into sands and sandstones
- dendritic patterns dominate below the circular embayments
suggesting gentle tili of land from the outwards in all
directions and homogeneity of rocks on which the rivers,are
flowing

Each description of relationship -1 mark. Expianations per description

may score 2 marks.
112l
rotr1
LLJ
(a) Candidates to describe the following steps: -
J

- pre-survey of the area

- seeking permission lo carry out survey
- getting assistarnce
- obtaining a base map of ihe area
- decide on the appropriate method of carrying out the survey,
e.g. use of quad rat size and sampling technique.
\c

Actual survey conducting to be credited. Max 3 marks for planning.

5 nrarks for description of liejdrn,ork.
Max 2 marks for listing.
iBl
(b) Candidates to identify the following vegetation characterisiics; ..

height

I ;'i
 density
species count per quadrat, identification of tree/prarit
species
amount of grouhd Iitter, reaf and characteristics
- type of species
- drip area

!.1,
'1 mark for each identified characteristic. :' ,'

i5l
(c) To present findings, candidates can use any
one of the following
ways of presenting _ data.

fr', ,0'. - .', I' histograms frequency of species

- pie charts proportions of species
- mapping spatial distribution ctf the main species

There shourd be some indication of which

findings (proportion of
species, type, density etc) the techniqr" r"t*r.s
to
1 mark for cori-ect ioentification of method
5 nrarks for description and explanation

i6j
(d) candidates to discuss the following problems and
solutions: _

' accessibirity - pre-survey and introduce some,bias

- sampied pcints may noi be r"pr"r"nt"tiu".
in sampre
,should cover at least 1/ --. i'
sorutionsamnre
a rot of moribund affectsarea
3of the
species count. sorution_
concenlrate on the parts of the grasi
units of anarysis of some aspeits of vegetation
may noi be
-i practical,, e.g. ritter. soruiion-crassify/quantity
species after
pre_survey.

1 mark each problem and 1 mark its solution ):.

i16j
r)q1
LLa J

(a) candidates may draw'a diagram to show ftr'e

incoming
rr 'vvr'r'r rr and
outgoing radiation.
Processes to be incruded are reflection,
absorption,, scattering,
radiation, etc.

One mark each process.

 (b) The description should focus on: -

1 Areas of positive anomalies include

: No(fr Atlantic".Ocean, North Pacific, water bodies

.:,,.r, .
'

i:' "'continental interrors- of ,the southern hemisphere; ,i.,e.

South America, Souihern Africa and Austraila

2 Negative anomalies inclurje continental interior-s in the

Noriherrr hemir;pi'iere in Asia and Eastern North An-rerica;
Norih Africa in Morr:cco and Algeria, western coastal areas
.f
:., .. Af ,.11tttherr,,,A{r;ca.:ind,fior-rth America ,:. ,: ^,
,

1-he expianatron siloutci focr:s r:n '

- effect of contlnentalify
- sun's position/shorter days in the currents
- coid and warm ocean clrrrents
- size of lanrj masses

6 marks for descriptions

li2j
(c
(c) Cancjidal.es si-rnuld :;horru hr:w hl.iman activities cause temperature
Variations due to change in albedo, e.g. urbarrization, deforestation,
hfforesiatiorr, ciarn corrsiructicn, etc_

Mark by impression. {Jn to ii marks'for urbanization ancj the development

of the urban heat islanci.

No evaluation - max 5 nrarks;.

t7l
125)
Z, (a) Bergeron process occurs mainly in mid and low iatitude areas
- air rise to atrove freezing level in the atrnosphere (a)
- occurs yrhere there is co-existence of ice and super -ccoled
water droplets.
* saturation vapour pressure and freezes on ice causing the
growth of ice crystals.
- Terminal velocity is reached leading to falling and r"nelting of
ice crystals forrning rain drops
- formation of hail pellets-melting of hail pellets gives nse to
many large rain drops"

itr'
 (b) (i) Clor.rcls can be classified on the following basis:

- height (low, micjdle, lrigh ancj clor"icls of great vertical

extent)
- appearance
- temperature
rairr bearing ancl non-rain bearing

candidates .shcuid use exanrples of cloucls to bring out ilre

classes.

3 marks for each weil explained arrd exernplified methocj,

[ .,rr-' ...
(ii) candiclates slror.:l.J use exarnpres of relevant clorids.
Reasons to inclLrde; -

ntoistr-ire r:orrterrt of cloud

verticai extent
anrourrt oi condensatir:n nucler

NB: CandirJates can i'efer to specific clor-rd tlrpes

t6l
112 j
(c) Canciidate$ can inciucle tl^ie follnwinq reasons.
Valley-noctr:rnai racliation,r,', .r,rr,.,,-lt.ain slopes. Coitl air rjrairis into
valleys creating inversions Diagrarns can L:e rJrawn to illustrate
answers,

lndustrial/urban areas presence of pollutarrl.s which act as

condensatiorr nuclei,
- rapid heat loss fr"onr dark surlaces
- frequent inversi.ons leacl to forrnation ancl persistence r.lf fog.

Up to 4 nrarks for urban/inrlusirial areas

ll
t25l
(a) l-aminar - the speed and direction of I'rcw at any given point are
steady or smootlr, hcrizontai rrrflr,ement of water.
Turbuletrt * a series of erratic ecldies, botlr vertical arrr:i horizontal
Helicoidal - a l<ind of corlcscrew rnotir:rr on the current of a river
which usually occurs in nreancJers.
2 marks each
Credit up to 1 marl< ir:r correct diagrarns.
iel
 t-

(b) Features formed by combined erosion and depositiqn include:

- pools and riffles
- meanciers
- point bars
- ox-bow lakes
-. .,,,.:- flood plains ,
::, .r,

Any 3well explained features can earn full marks.

Reserve 2 marks for a diagram per feature. Well-annotated

diagrams can score more marks.
I 1t1
t.,-l
t' .'".;1.

(c) Candidates should emphasize how hunran activities ,modify

features and not just mere description of activities. Effects include
straightening, raising banks, dredging, siltation, damrning,
diversion, planting grasses to stabilize banks. (r

Up to 3 marks for listing

2 marks for a well explained point. t7)
14vJ
rrtr'l

(a) Accept any 3 clear differences for full marks, Difierences include

Granite Limestone
- massiveiimpermeable - hiQhly permeable via joints
- igneous rock and bedding planes
- sedimentary
'
- formed deep'underground rd
compos ition-mica quartz and - form at the surface
feldpar - B0% calcium carbonate
- has pseudcbedding pianes '-islayered,has bedding planes
- hard --soft, e.g. chalk
- cryrstalline - fossils of marine creatures

[,,
(b) candidatet to explain how weathering
development?te- and erosion lead to the
of the following landforms: _

- uvalas, dolines, poljes

- pavemerrts (grikes + clints)
- gorges
- towerkarst, cone,kbr.lt, cock pit , i ":
- caves
NB: Do not credit ref to stalagmites/pirars
and staractites.
q well developed
|!V
NB:
features to earn full marks.
No c:edit roi a rnere ,-'"t'rtioi oi
;;;ff;s pro..u.ur,
Up to B marks for text without
diagrams. Diagrams tc sccre more
L12J
(c) to show how human activities increase
:r*$:l:s wearherins lor

- _ physicat wearhering
IIi:,? il9 :rrrryins
- rncusrriarrzation increases acid _ chemlcal
- afloresiation increases chelationrain
agenir,';i;.-' "'*"'
weaihei^inc;
- deforestation

by impression
Itttart<
17l
t25l
(a) well-annotated diagrams can earn
fuil mar.ks. Differences to incrude
n3 --.'ldTrl"
\\&
qr
]\. '-l -'-. \-? r I
'

Parallel retreaf utope

- rnaximum slope ang6 is +<- angle dzchnL
decreases with trn^,e
maintained
-or-iginai snap---_ is - free face destroyed
maintained
-uufnmon tn afld and semi_ - occurs in humid areas
arid

- diagram max 4 marl<s.

No

Reserve 2 rnarks for correct diagrams.

i6l
 {I

(n

(b) Candidates to explain ihe following:

incoherence of materials
steep gradients
water content
vegetation cover
triggering forces such as earthquakes and geological conditions
that favogr sloPe retreat.

Maximum 4 marks for listing.

Any 4 well-explained conditions could earn full marks'
t12l

that
(c) Candidaies to discirss both climatic a.tld ger:logical condjiions
favour sloPe retreat.

Geologic:al conditions inclr-tde- - (c)

resistaint rocks
presence of free faces
steep slopes on areas of soft rocl<
excessively clraineci rocks, e.g' limestone and sandstones

Climatic conditions. \

with limited v,rater to enhance rapid chemical

Arid anci serni-ariJ cpfidiiions
weathering, which destr:oys free face slopes' (a)

- insufficierrt water to allow rapid renroval of debris

sufficierrt mass movement and sheet ttrash to remove materials'

Reserve 3 marks l'or G/C.

t7l
1251
(a) , tnduration - refers to the hardening
of a mixture of sesquioxides
of clay to create a hard Pan.
Leaching * renroval of soluble bases from A horizon by percolating water
and materials are later deposied in B horizon

liluviation redeposition of material rernoved frorn the upper layerp of soil

-
to the B horizon. Matet:ials include soluble and non-soluble, e'g' salts,
collolds and rrrineral particles. Redeposition of mineral oxides is also due
to capillary rise.

2 marks each l6l

[,'l*
- b) Candidates to explain how various soil forming processes leacJ to the
development of tropical soils such as latosols, solonetz, ferrugious soils.
Processes to be discussed include orgartic sorting, weathering,
humificcation and chelation, translocation, gleiying, elluviation, tlluviation
and salinisation. Grasslands - seasonality of rainfail causes induration in
horizon B. Rainforest,- strong leaching ancl elluviation, leaching .'of
horizon,A2andacidifiiationofsorls-tatosJls/ferralitic. "' i''
jitions
Desert, 'ar€aq. - saline soils, e.g. solonetz 'andl solCnchak diie to
precipitation of :salts near the surlace. Azonal/imnrature soils.

4 marks for each clirnatic region, i.e. arrd grasslarrd and iainforest
;. l12l
l'" :
t{B:
.. I

Candidates to identify tlre major soil forming'procbs'bes:for each of

the climatic regions.
l12l

Candidates should evaluate the methorjs used to maintein soil fer,tilitV.

Narration of methods will earn a maximum of 3 marks. Actrr,,ities assessecl
can include the following: mulchrng. afforestatir:n additiorr of fertilizers,
irrigatiorr, zero tillage, rotation, faliowing. etc.

No evaluation - maximurn 5 marks.

t7l
r? ql
. L--L
iemical
IVlountain chains: these are lound ai the desrructive boundaries.
Formed by: -
-i^
1. deposition r:f material after a geosvcline is forrned. Further
convergence creates fold mor_rntains.
2. collision plate boirridary wlrere continental plaies
17l collicje, e.g. tlre Alps.
1251
Ocean trenches: found at, the cJestructive boundary where oceanic crust
sinks below continental crust creating the depres.sion, e.g. Java trench.
3 water
lsland arcs: also fond at destructive plate boundaries. Sinking oceanic
plate melts and provides; material for vulcanicity, which forms i-he island
; of soil arc.
1. salts,
lso due

16l

10
 oceanic ridges: form at the divergent prate boundary wher'e there is
thinning of crust due to divergence which leads to cracks then
upwelling. of magrna which solidified to form a ridge, e.g. mid-
Atlantic ridge. '

Credit reference to spatial distribution of features. :. :j, ,r

:-
' .r,;';r

Up to 6 marks for the destructive plate boundary.

lel
(b) Candidates to highlight the contrast between ancient shields and
: -. laung fold moyntgilrs.:such as the ui,riclinal siiucture of shieidsiandi i\''',
rugged natrtre'bf young foid mountains. Other differences.include
rigid and brittle basement complex rocks <rcmpared to the elastic,
mobile, sedimentary mountains form the perriphery. Glacial erosion ' (a)
has affected Canada and parts of Western Europe. Ancient shield
in Africa have been reduced to peneplains by successive episodeg .:
of weathering and erosion. Volcanic mountiins in areas oi yorng
fold mountains.

Listing - maximurn 6,-;'[{s;[ by impression.

[16]
125l

10 (a) Tropical cyclones occur betleen 5 - 20N or So, over oceans,

Eastern coasts e.g. South East coast of . Africa including
Madagascar, Northern lndia, mid Atlantic, eic. The following
reasons can be given.

- abundant water supply in oceans

high temperatures above 27oC lo allow for evaporation and
energy supply
- 5 - 20o there is sufficient Coriolis force
"-Shallowcontinentalshelvestrappingmuchheatenergy'
Candidates must use specific examples of places for fult.marks.
Areas may be shown on worlcl map for'hurricanes. typhoons and
willy willies. Credit for such a description.
tgl

(b) Candidates to include the following rneasures and assess the

effectirleness of merasures :

- cloud seeding to reduce rainfall intensity

- early warning systems monitoring, e.g. radar tracking of
cyclones

'11

t-'
 flood control
rejnforcement of buildings
afforestation; hail disrupiion;
_ disaster preparedness
rescue teams
_ education
_ recovery teams
_ evacuation, : ;

'f, 'r, l' : .t I .

-;:;;'
"
Efrectiveness can be assessed
in terms of efficiency of
';;"'inr"o,,i"r
o'
aata ,nu.nin".;,.,
ffiqj,::l:l ,etir"munLl" u n

, No assessment - maxim um 12. .:

l16l
.o
[2sJ
(a) candidates to highright the fotowing
erosionar processes: _

1' wind erosion * abrasion, deflation

and attrition.
2' Running
- sorution, corrosion, abrasion.
.water
acticn, attr_ition. hyc.auric

Maximunn 5 ,.narks for either

water or wind
Up io 2 narks tor a well Lrfrrtn"J;;";,
tsl
(b) Award 2 m1rkl for the understanding ,sustainabirity,
deveropment that ru"t* of which is ,a
compromising the needs
th, n".i, ;i";l- present withour
-'Candicjates
for the futuie,,. vq, must apply
this concept to the followinfactivities;

- ir-riCrl:n, Egypt, tsraet teads to satinisation

tourism _ :^ql
pollution
',1
- irrdustrial development
- stabilization of sand dunes
- mining of oil, natural gas, phosphates,
etc
Credit destiuctjve unsustbinable
cornbat desertification
activities as well as those used
up- tJrg ,rir*
ro,. j"one_siaed answer.
A
ffl?: ::i,"*ili'"u',,in ighr6;i"' ti,'n- l,!i, in.nre and n o,.,_
t16l
L25l

112
 r...l-

12 (a) Candidates to describe the following features.

- beaches
- spits
- bars
i * coalrlal dunes .
".'' ,
- I rrr:1,
''r1.l
mudflats ., . t_

- . tombolos
:
' i " r:l-,
_/,. :j
I 1:',
"1
.
"i:
i

Any three well-described features with relevant diagrams 'will earn

fuli rnarl<s. No diagram, maximum of 5 marks.
IOl
Lvl
;
(b) C'andidates to assess the effects of measutres to protect the coqst
and other coastal ar:tivities, for example:

erectiotr of groynes. Result is deprivation of sediment on

cjown drift sicle,'

- erection of sea walls to reduce erosion. Where tlre wall gets

breached tlrere is widespread flooding. Aquatic life is
deprived of planktons.

- coastal activities, e"g. tourism-cause pollution: paths weaken

vegetation and irtcrease erosion.

- dyke constrr-rction-breaks waters

- dreclging to rnake lrarbours

- revetments

If left alone there is loss of farmland, buildings and infrastt'ucture. I

Exarnplds can be in form of measures or specific areas. (

Maximum 4 for listing measures and activities. C

[16]
otr1
f
LZ.J J I
IJ (a) Permafrost is a permanent frazen ground.
4
- Soil temperatures remain below 0 for at two consecutive
years. V

13
 Types of permafrost.

Continuous permafrost _ Artic Circle

where *:1,^r annrtal \e$$q\N$t,
be\qx s" . \N\n\er \empera\ures
\a\\ to berow _ sOo sumrners \\
and to short altow superficiat are too cord
,"n"riing;i.,i"Lrorno
',"Discontiriuouspermafrost :, :.. :

'1
'occurs:further
south irr the
iemisprrere reachirrn;;
r:I!:*
t"'p","i,,. i, t",*een r* as 500 in
3il5:l*n:e"ti;;:#" *1
-s lnd
areas which ri" ;;;.';irffi: i:i;i:t"jTi"":€round **pu,.#i bi ress coro
r:j Sporada permafrost. ; l' , - .-. r,,, ,, .

Found n'here mean annuai

degrees above o"c ,.*suiiing
,,.^*ry!g*res are just berow
0n0 and severar
in i"oratuJ frcszenground
3 marks each type * 1
"r*J", ,

marl< for identification

2 nnarks for explanation

(b) shovr an understancJins of {hermokars.i

lej

ffiffii:;ff ,sltoulci-
r.,.j ",-ourar surfaces consisting oi rlur.xocks, rvhicrr are
pits un.i u"ri,..,s. They
g r'."' n rk J'''" *''
i,,J'' ;;,;;;" ; ; "'ffi:
:-"-'J i; ;t Tff l#;:il1,[:' th e v a re

Features include. :

-
Arases rar:ge frat-froored
ice wedges. -fhese iorr
<iepressions formed by
thawing or a network of
nrrlrous troughrir<e depressions
Mounds - or baydjarikhs
-mound up to 4 metres, which separate
alases' shaped like graveu
mounds.
n"n.*-[;r;,;ly the
referred to ai'cern etery

Coilapsed pingos * pingo:;

,f?^1"^[:llup,"O isotatecj tri's
core-melting of this core
iesults in coilapsi'g rlluing v,th arr icy
a vrrater *filred holrovr,.
Thaw rakes-forrned by
thawing of frozenground in prerrnafrost
regions
4 marks each.

Maxjmum of l2marks for text without diagrams.

'afrer€,!156 D'.r.r
[16]
i2sl

I4
 Types of permafrost.

continuous permafrost Artic

-
beiow 5o. Winter temperaiures
circle where mea-r annr',ar temperature
is
fall to nefow- _ 5Oo Sumrners
and to short ailow superficial aie too colcJ
merting oiirlr'grouno.

'r-Utscontinuous
.: permafrost, : ,' :'. :

occurs further south irr the ,:,1!:i"

hemisprrere reachirrg as far as
centrar Russia. rilean temper"iuro i, t"t*een *1 and *5. 500 in
consists of isrands of permanenily
"nnu"r frozen grorno separated by.ress cord
areas which lie near rivers, lakes
ancl ilre *u"".
Sporad'rc permafrost.

Found r'r'here mean annuai temporatures

are just berow Onc and severar
degrees above resurting in isorateci uiul, lt rro=unground.
'oc
3 marks each type *j marl< for.identification
2 marks for explanation I
tgj
c) candidates sltoulcj show an u.nderstanciing
higlrly irregular surfaces consisting of {hermokar-.t rvhich are
resernble karst scenery though .rnfike
oi rramriocks, pits unJ uruins. They
e' karst from rirrrestone rccki they are
a result of low temperaiure,

Features include _

l'::::-_]a'o-g,11ut-froored rJepressio-ns formed by thawing

rce wedges -fhese form numerous of a network of
troughiiri"ilprussions.
Mounds - or bayd.larikhs *mound up to 4 metres,
which separate the
shaped rike graves hence
il:ffi:. "orro,-,if
referred to as cernetery

collapsed oin9o1 - pingos are <jome-shaped

core-nrelting of this core results in isolatecj lrills with arr icy
coilapsing rluuing a vyater *filled holiow.
Thaw lakes-formed by thawing of
frozen ground in permafrost regions
4 marks each.

Maxrmum of 12 marks for text without

diagr.ams.

t16l
{}--, n,,,ro*g,*-r,ru-n,,,0, ItAl
LL! )

l+

f.,i
 "' :oi\s coul..{cll
ZTMBABWE SCHooL dfEXAMr{t -tl Level
Ansrryer
c*JJctJnCatt Educaiion Advanced ansrferj

9Ls612 l1
GEOGRAPIIY
PAPER.2. ,..,
3 hours l

'WednesdaY 16 JUNE 2004

I
I
Additional materials:
Answer PaPer.

TIME 3 hours

INSTRUC'TIONS TO CANDIDATES
the an$wer
number and candidate number in the spaces providS{1/r
Write yoltr name, C'entre
paper/ansu'er booklet'
B and one question from
A, rwo questions frorn Section (,
tffi:::lrfi:::["#omsecrion
Section C'
answel pape: pt?uiqtl..
Write your answers onrthe separate \,
If you use more orpuptr' fasi"n the sheets together'
th;;";;;'li I
ir
rl
II.{FORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
question'
is given in i
brackets I at t1d.:if each questiol or.Part (e
The number of marks 'ltt in the field or the classroom'
you shoulcl ma\e reference to *pplopriu*L***pl.r, studied
*it*..ift"te arq relevant to a question' rtion A'
A.
You are advised ;;;;C;; i*--gtt than 45 minutes on Section
presentation in your ansyers
y.ou are remirlded of the need for gooJ Engiish and clear

(c

ages and I blank Page'

Thi, q"-rt
Eraminations Council' J2004'
Copyright: Zimbabwe Schocl

OZ-ilvls EC i2004
 Scction A, (practicals)
:IL
-:S1'f one question from this section, You are advised to spend not more than 45 minutes
- .'.i7e:in g this question.
'' i',:-^t" '.,.1: l

- Your schbol isilocated close tor a:iarge'munufacturing industry, ;Yor.i'aie.reSuired :'.,

to organise a factory visit and condrit . r;;;t;;;;:p dererrnine rhe orderjiness
and intercorurectedness of the industrial processes rvhlch act as a sjlitem with man
interacting with the physical environment.

(a)
''
Outline the kind of information you would investigatc so as qg determine
t: -'
': thelordeslt'nebhland"intei'comectedness'of''che irarrrui"rtpfbEdLd!;f{'ilrfr.' '' ',:
physical environment. ,
t6l
(b) Describe how you would plan and carry out the survey.
t8l
(c) (i) What constraints or problems are ),ou lil;clr. to face u,hen
conducting the survey?
ns\l'e:

(ii) suggest soiutions to the problems identifieci l'(c)(i) abo'e. l4l

tiom
(d) Expiain and illustrate ltow you would present rire infomration collected in
the field, L7l
You are required to study the migration of people to a small toum. your project
involves the designing of a questionnaire, inteiviervs rvith people in the town and
the presentation of your results. ' ,

(a) Draft and justifi a list of not more than 10 questions you would ask people
in this town about themselves, their origins and their movements (if any)
to the town.
t10l
(b) How would you choose which people you would ask tire'questions you
have listed in (a) above? i8l
(c) Assuming that you have received answers to your queslionnaire from
100 people, how would you present your results in order to show clearly
what you have discoverpd abbut migration to the town you are stuclying? 17]

It

91s6t2 J2404
 I
+

n
J
,i

.
Seetion B (The f{uman Ccni:)
l

f: Atswer two questions frorn this section

i r'
'a
:J (a) Draw an annotated diagram of the Demographic: Transition Model and.on
'1 ,

1..
it, label one country to which each stage could apply, i. 'i ' ,'.'.' [6]
\ ,r ' : '
(b) With reference to More Eccinomically Developed Countries (MEDCs)
and I-ess€conomically Developed Countries (LEDCs) you irave studied,
explain in what ways high birth rate and iow birth rate are likelizrto create'.,
" 'econontid and.sooial problems.

(") Assess the effectiveness of the national populatron policy for any pountry
youhavestudied. ', 'Ul
t^l Define the terms
(

(i) multi-racial society,

(

(lll ethnicity,
(r

(iii) racial segregation. t6l

(t
(b) Using examples, outline the characteristics and problems of multi-racial, '

societies. U2l

(c) Giving exarnples from countries you have srlrdied, assess the atternpts
which have been taken by goverrunent to reduce racial inequalities. Ul

(a) Explain the interaction which cxists belween rural and urbau settleinents. i6]

(h) With reference to any rural area you have stud.ied, outline the causes of its (b
cievelopment and growth. LI2l

(c) F'or one urban area you have studied, assess the afietnpts by urban (c)
authorities to stop the decline of the area. L71"

9t5612 i2AA+
 (a) Explain and iliustrate the terms

(i) urban sprarvJ

t6l
(b) (i) srith reference to one city you have stuclied, expiain the effeCts
of the locarional shift of the cBD iu the old ciesfr.te,l
region of err croacirment. ^;"";;; rl.
(ii) Outline measrrres taken by any developed conntry
),orL have
udied in controlling urban sprawi.
112l
(c) ,r A:rsess attemptg by,
govem*rrnts in LEICs in r:;-i..g r, irriub'e tlier -' 'i r\':t-l't;-ir-i" :

probiern of urban squatter'settlements.

L/)

in many MEDCs, there are food surpluses whilst

many LEDCs are
experiencing acute food shortages.

(a) Identily the major causes of food shortages in LEDCs

t6:l
(b) Explain why food sulpluses are so conxnon jn i,CEDCs.
r_121

Ic) ' To what exfent is it true to say that large scaie piantation asricuiture has
benefitted MEDCs rather than the LEDCs n,Jreie tirey are j*ocatecl?
17l

(a) Explain how agricultural landuse is infl*rncecl h.r the fcilowing:

(i) size of the holding;

(ii) techrrology;

(iii) goveniment policy,

t6l
(h) Cutline the conditions uncier which land reft,mr may be expecrecl ro i*ud
to an increase in agricuihrral productiviq'.
lllz)
(c) with reference to any country you have studied, asscss atlcrrrpts rlacle to
improve agricultural productivity. l,l)

i.
".. I

-:b
 5

Study Fig. 1 which shows a sequence of industrial development from youth

to
senility.

i1
i
KEY for A-D j {

. , Village' I
)
i
O Iown
o I Indusrrial,
O I towns oi
.:(
',f r', 6 J l,i3jl:",. ,I
'''r''--J-*'
rr^,r-i.rir ija.
t:-"
I -
' . -..! .'
'Li'nks
J ', .'j "'., rl
:..' .
(

(,

C. MATUruTY D. SEJVILITY $.3 (z

Rapid growth Indus tria I

of industrv and decline (r
infras tnrcfure

(Acknowledgement: Baie J. Tire Location of Ma'uf'acturing _ lg76) (c

- Industry
.:
Fig.r

{a) Descrih' llrc rra[rrrrr ol irrdustry at each of stages A to.D. t6l

(b) ''
rili relclcrret t() exanrples you lrave studied, show how the
model
sirorv, ii I'ig. i can hrc ap1;rild ro inilustrial de',elopment,
112l
(n:) {. 11p1' I-[DC you have studied, evaluare its poliey of
Ili:".r'1li:r'crcc
rnciL triirlizaliori.
L7l
l0 , (i) With rcf'eleucre to toLu.isrn, explairr Llre tcrnr mrtltiplier e.fect,
t6l
ilrl With lelbre ncc l() an ilrea 1,ou havc studied, explain
horv physical and
culturaj liictols lravc co- r iliril.ecl to l.he rleveloprlent
and gror.l,th of
IoLrrisrn.
LT2]
(t) { .r
\

rrrllclLrrt i:. ,\ r rr. i l,: ,1i,...

','i;.1
;,, f l,c Sr-rcccsslir I deyelpprnent ol
' : i('ir.istr ){;, rrr r:i, ,r. -'; r,., trtc usc
: --
oI'examples. lt)

91.r. tl i

t-
 6

Section C (The Human,Options)

, Answer one question from this section,

(a) Explain how increased expioitation of rnjnerals

in LIlDcs 5as led to ', " i l

deterioration of the environment. lhe :

.. -r")i ,

112l
i'
(b) Assess the me.asures being taken by goverriments
in LEDci to reduce
environmentar degradation caused bf mineral
**pioiiutron
[13]
(a) Briefly g1p]_gin the.causes gf globar u'arrning and green house effuts. tvt
LUi

(b) Outline the impact of pollution on tlie eiivironment. ' '

I
t8l
(c) Assess the'attempts made to reduce air poilution
in any urban
environrnents you have studied.
iel
(a) Define the terms node, accessibi/ity and. connectiviry.
i6l
(b) wi,t{refglence-to appropriate exanipres. exprain how the
Taafe Monir
and Gould model correctry ,r,,r-,*".lr.r.rrui.,
in the
trairsport networks of some developing courtries. "-"r-ti"" "f th;"
t1 0l
(c) with reference to any country ycu have studied. assess how the existing
lTt_p"f."etworks
inhibit or piorncte internal ..onon l.Jevelopment and
external trade.
tel
5l

'tl

'1
j

'I
,j

lt

,I
t-
1,,
 nt

l4 Table 1 shows ranked data for GDP, energy consumption and birth rates for
selected countries in 1980.

. Table 1
...
GDP per capita Energy consumption per capita
US$ Rank kg coal Flank Birth rate Rank
equivalent per 1000

Srvitzerland' ',t 8246' ;:t I 36',42 )

-J
'". l'2,'0 "l 14'

West Germany 6451 2 5345 2 9.8 15

Norway 6400 3 4607 I J,J 13

France 5859 4 3944 4 13.6 I2

Japan 4485 5 3622 7 16.3 11

New Zealand 3663 6 3l1l q I8.5 8

USSR 26AA 7 ))4b I 18.5 6

Hungary 21A0 B 3624 6 r1.5. i0

Argentina 1900 I 11<A

) tJ+ 9 22.9 7

Tu'key 980 10 630 1t 39.6 3

Colombia 540 i1 6'/ r 10 30.0 6

Tpmbia 390 l2 s04 12 51.5 1

Egypt 3 10 13 40s i3 3 5.5 4

Kenya 220 T4 r74 15 +6. / 2

India 132 15 221 t4 34.6 5.

(a) Describe and explain the relationships which exist between GDP,
energy consumption and birth rates shown in Table 1. [10]

(b) To wirat extent are the three variables shown in Table i reliable inclicators
of the economic and social development of a country? 115]

{.
 Z$MfffiAffiWffi SCF{CIOL ffiXAfuT[NAT[ffiNS
COUNCIL
General certificate of Education Advanced Level

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a

MARKEruG $ffiFiffiTVIH

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ffiffiffiGRApF{Y (Fqutu?Arv} sx 5612

 Section A (Practicals)

(a) I nformation for investigation

' j i
: ,'-,.;'.
- Source of raw materials
- Mechanizationitechnology
- Reprocessing
- Pollution and pollution control
- Environmenial impact assessment
Qualitycontrol's, ..: :, ' i ',,'
', 1.',ir.
\.-'l ,

- Waste disposal -,., ,: ti

- Problems encountered

Credit (1) mark for single point. I6l

(b) Pre-survev

- Familiarization/pilqt survey
- Obtain loose map of the area
- Obtain permission from factory owners
. Team work/solo
- Prepare adequate equipment, e.g. notebook, pencil, pen, safety
clothing (r
- Read around the topic/literature revie'ru
- Design ldrafl a questionnaire
(c
Actual survey

- Observation
- Collection of statistical data
- Sampling - collect samples where possible
- Draw sketch maps
- Questionnaire
- lnterviews
- Record responses.

Credit (1) mark for single point. IB]

(c)(i) illiteracy
falsehood
- biased infornration
- secretive/contidentiality
- ignorance
- rudeness/hostility
- inaccessibility 12

(ii ) Accept releva n-t suggestions. l2

t4l

f; ti
*-
 sl<etch diagram/annotated
ior _ iilustratio ns/g raphs
maps
Table

Reserve 3 for diagram(s)

i
4 marks for steps '':''
[/]
125l

: (a) Questions should cover information about migrurnts thenrselves, teasons,

frequency and purpose of visits, e.g.
I

.-.i;r
'.-'t '. SCX
.)
>.:. - age
- occupation
- ,purpose of visit
t6l - frequency of visit
- mode of transport
- place of,origin
- distance trdveleci
- costs in terms of iirire anrj money
/
Draft IE

Justify l5
l10i
ety
(b) sampling meihod chosen to be well-explainecl and appropriate
also to include issues iike chosen locaticln arrd 1.irne of inlervier,,rs
Ii;r
(c) any diagram choserr, e.g. flow iine, bargraph, pie chart.:
Credit (2) for 3 developeci steps in the metho<j of present at,it>n (2.,2.'),'l \
Credit ('l) mark for singie points

Diagranr only max 1r

lgnore desire line nrap t,-i l
rt)
i,t;l-
I. j

\81

I'

t2

t4l

r.
 Section ts (The Human Core)
3 (a) High fluctuating stage/stationery 'i :

farty expanding
' ^*^ expanding
Lcll-U
Low fluctuating stage/low stationary , l

Credit (1) for each stage (shape and narne) to be linked 4

(1) for any correct country for each stage 1

(1) for both labelled axes 1

,
. .-
.l -r-- transitional
Accept - country, e.g. Zinrbabwe t;tage 2 or 3. fa'l
[u]',,

(b) The answer slrould cover economic and soc;ial problems in bcth MEDCs
and LEDCs.

LEDCs MrP-c-q
Economic - Unemployment Labour shortage
Problems - Low GDP laLboul
rigrant la
Depenclency on migrant
- Slow development High taxation
l3l Stratn financial resoLlrces
SOLITCC S Itr
j

Social Low standard of Raial -F-r,sion --J i :)

l

Problems liying Ageing pcpulationl

Povefiy Strain on socialfacilities
rcilities :
j
l I
Strain on social ldle facilities 1

art_]
services Loneliness l9;
I l12l

(c) will depend on the example chosetr Popuiar examples

I:ir:::-er
China - one chiid police, Singapore * "stop at two", France - incerttives
for thiid child, E
d
The answer should be evaluative. , t

P=14 eva = /3+ n

What is embodied in the policy - even proErammes are creditable -
ZNFPC. C
General ansv/er max (3).
l\)^,
Ltr) G

4 (a) (i) lvl u lii-racial (m ulti-national state)

- lt is a plural society, the pop includes at Ieast one ethnic

minottty
- l'-Jeterogeneous in nature; made up of people of diflerent races

Irn
 - People have descended from three main
races, i.e. Negroid,
Mongoloid and Caucasoid.
- Each race has its.own culture, language,
religion
- For harmony, justice must be done to
the minority groups 12
(ii) Ethnicity

- Verticar divisions in a society where group

a whicfr is part of
larger popuration po.r"...= a distinct a
iurture of its,owrr
;Determined by origins, tanguage, ;"il;; ;;lture,
v' uu"u'!
belie f
,

- occupy a common environment

/2
(iii) Racial segregation

- Due to historical, social, poiitical factors

resulting in isolation of
the disadvantages of a nrinority
- Unequal acces.s to opportunities like education, health,
employment, civic responsibilities
- Discrimination based on colour of sl<in
- Characterized by prejudices and siereotypes
- can be institutionarized/egarizec or infoimar e.g. aparlheid s .A
/z
t6l
NB: lt may be difficult to distinguisir ciraracteristics
and probienrs.
Cnaracteristics :

- Stratification of society
-Cross-feriilizationofcLltirres/culturedilution/genocide
- Differences in beriefs, curture, rerigion, r"rg;;;;, tastes, rever of wearth
- Discrirninationtendencies
- Loss of identity
- Civic strife
- Stereotyping

Problems arise due to diflerences listed

above - problems in employment
and occupational achievements.
Civic responsibilities, political powei', level
of wealth, level of literacy.
Credit (1) for single point for both characterrstics
and problems. 16

Credit (2) for3 devetop"o

#fi,, in each case.
General maximum * 5
L12l

il
 (c) Examples can be drawn frorn different countries/or just one, e.g,

New Zealand - Maorr

Australia - Aborigines
USA - Red lndians
Zinrbabwe - black empowernlent, career oppo rlu hities, rn u,lti-racial
facilities c-rpenecl rLp, lanci rerjistribLrtion.

Credit (2)lor 3 well developed points or mark separately.

General answer --r maxinlunr (3) Attempts = 4, Assessment - \.) li l
r /) tr't
Lt Jl (t
'r,i,lr 'I

(a) econonric, e.g. job creatiorr, marketing

social, e.g. edrrcation, health, culture
administratirls, *.t. local govt, veterifrary services, policing
political, e.g. clrieffainship links
judir:iary, e.g. comrnunity courls, periodic visits by pr:esicling oflicers frorn
towns.

Credit l?- far 3 developed points or 1 for single point

Answer to cover at least 2 clirnensions

One dirlensioiri*l altsv/er max.2
t6l
(b) avail;rbilit5r of space, i.e. reseltlernent
sclt;ial amenilir:s
rnineral cleposiis -- explcritation ancl refining
ad rn in is;11-ative 1 u ncticl rrs
ag ricLr lture resoLr rces

(b)
l-lris; is an exanrllle-basr:rj an$wet
Credii (2) for4 tlerieloped points on developnrent
Crer,iil (2-) {or dr:velopeci point orr growtlr (Z x Z)
Max 5 fr:r Eenei'al answer
Develr:rp:rnent(irnlirovemeni in statr:s) lB
Growtlr (broadr:ning nl fr-ritc;tions ancl .*ize) ltl 112)

(c) /\tte mpts

- Offer inceniives for re-irrvestnieni

- [Jrbart reriewal
- [-ure investr"rients thi"c-:ugh twinrrirrg
- Projects sc;hemefi, pt'ograrnme$ in indLrstrial and residential
t-leveluprneili fo lle rlunted

'I
 Judgement called {or. ,

r'arks for the answers which jrrsr sar,,, ,,*rir;

],.,o.::||,t;d.'].i'nn i*rs
Good arsv/ers refer to sr.rccess in te'nrs
o'statisrics.
Attehots
-:- '''.rf'" tA
lLl
Hssessmerrt
^: /,)
/*)

General answers
- maximunt 3
I i)
l25j
(a) (i) tJrban spraurl

- outward spread oi urhan areas encroachirio

lhu onlr-r rrtral
landscape
- tal<es up lancl that was used fr_lr aoriculture
- rurai land loses its originar features,
iJ.,,,n/[ir:irc /3
".,;.
(ii) Genlrilicaiion

- qld dila'piclated.houses in *re city are bLruohi ar-iri

- oone by the rich ancj professio'at anc l'enO,tate r:i

- done lor purposes of prestige ' - " irinir

var'lc ",'r"
- p'crximity tcl city services a driving
forcr,r rrehirrd
- E;lample-baserJa.ns\/l/er.

l6J
No example provicled max
- 2 ar diagrani only.
(b) (i) Effects on CBD

nr"omiriilc --
Cultural lncomo Fralls
cieveiolrrlent
Un'txplotmerf Fall of taricJ Glue;
SociattJeedence
-
( ii) Fffects on regiorr of encroachrnent.

Social

- lJiqh enrploynrent opportirnities

 -rL

Economic

- High land value

- High investment
- High incentives
- , Rise in trade j..r,

Environmental

- Congestion
High aesthetic value
Weii-cieveloped inf i.astructu re

Example-based answer
Credit (1) for each dimension
Highly creditable answers to cover at least tv,ro dimensions

Max (3) for one dimension or general a.nswer /o

(ii) - new/satellite/dormitory towns - green belts

- vertical. expansion
- restrictivelegislation

Credit (2) Ior 3 developed points

General answer - fftax 2. l6
112)
(c) - more houses at low cost
- resettlement
- upgrade present squatter areas
- legislatioir/eviction
; cooperatives/NGOs for housing schemes
- ioans
- high-rise buildings

Example-based answer.
General answer - max 3. One example
Assessrnent - max 4 I

rc
Attempts /4 171
L' )

(a) T!,: It an open question which calls for maior causes of food shortages in
LEDCs.

The following could be regarded as causes: (r

Low productivity due to:

- land tenure system

- poor farming meihods
- Iowinputs/investment
 Linkages tlrat occur in LEDCs due to: -

under pricing of exports

repatriation of profits
tax evasion and tax avoidance
underiinvoicing of quantities sold.

Procluction of crops in clemand in overseas or home markers than local '.,

rnarkets.
Employment of expatriate workers from horne country or parent company.
Plantation agriculture products used to susi.ain good life in MEDCs.
:.'.
Credit (2) for 3 developed points anci 1 sirrgle (2,2,2,1)' l7l

Descriptive only - rnax (3).

(a) (i) Size of tlie holding

- intensificaiion on srnall holdings, e.g. marl<et gardening

- extensive cn larger;lois - ranclting
- can afford fallotruing otr iarger plots
- use of machinery di1'fers

(i i) Technql-oqy - machinery of varieiy, time-saving labour-saving

techniques, tractors and harvesiers, i.e. transpoft inno.vation
reducirrg perishabilit,v bulkiness and fragility, irrigation.

(iii) gqvsrltnq$-pa-lpv

- sr:bsidise
- price corrtrols
- quotas
- taxholidaysiexemPtions
- tariffs,
- lancl tax if land left fallow for too lotrg
- incentives to open uP new areas
- resettlernent (land refornr)

Not exarnple based, general ansv/ers expected.

Do not penialize canclidates. l6l

(b) Clonditions to inch-rde

provisior'r of inpuis
extensicrn wori< (vei services)
political stability
funding, capitalization, finatrce
supet'vis;ion, tt-rarta genienl

t0
 - low level skills/illiteracy
- poor research
- inabirity to contror physicar erernents
- shorlage of land suitable for far,ming. - cycr'nes,
-r -'' froods, drought
- lack of machinery
- poor planning and projections
for future consumotion
civit strive, e g. \ivar_s, and disptagut"nioi
: - poor distribution and/or storage o"lpiJ""
of avairabre food
': population growth exceeding
agricutiui;ioutput
Credit (1) for a point.
*Note
that food shortages can even occur
where there is adequate
production
i6l
(b) Question calls for the general factors responsible
production. for increase in food

Factors may include: -

- adeClgte governrnerit assistance to

farmers
- use of HWs and pesildrought resistani;;op,
- use of.irrigation and farrning all year
rornd-,--
- adequate research and ext6nsion ."*i.*"
- appiication of geneticaily engineered
v '|v" vo
varietiesiG.M.os
- abirity to contror ierrain, iemieratui"
rro ii"rj'
- good storage, distribution ilnd
marketing crops
.
subsidizing farmers to encourage productive 'f ventures
good foruvard_planning by g;overnment
- ,reliable weather pr-eOLtions
. farmers regard agriculture as a,business
- land reclamation.

developed points and (1)for a sinsle point

;:X][l?:if up io a

Not example-based.
[12]
(c) This is an evaluative question and
hence c;her:k for evaluative worcls such
as 'to a larger extent', ,lesser extenti, 'r;l
;,;;;, in every respect, elc.
answer may be provided without referring
- the quality of the answer may OepenO
to a specific exampie.
oiittrl level of discurssion of the
candidate.
\

A good answer may revolve around

the foilowing points:
linkages between estates and parent
companiu, in"MEbc*
loreign owners h iplcontrol
 - I
irrfrast'ucture - roads, da's, storaqe racirities
- educatiorr, knowledge, sl<ills
- soils, terrain, climate favourable
_ equipment provision
tiile deeds, tenure system
- producer prices
marketing stfategies

credit (2) for 5 d6veroped points and reserve (2) f or

relevant l

iliu straii6'ns (dxample).

Maxirnum .10 if no example/illustration usecJ. ,' l1t)1

I I t-I
i : '.,,'i:..,Jir:r]ri:.--)s_1.-' tit I I
(c) Example-based answer ;- ,
I ''

the answer should be evalirative

the answer in (b) can be useci to rn;rite an evaluative ;tnswer
- measures as in B(b) l4
Assessment: pover^ty, no collater.al, poilutiorr. land
degr;rdation 13
General answer - maximum 3. 17l
[25]
Study, Fig 1 wlrich shows a sequence of i.cJustr.ial cleveiopment
from Vouth to
senility.

(a) calls for mere description without giving reAsons, e.g.

No deveiopment at A
- Skeletal or scattered at B
- Peak development/well developecl linl<s at
- \ndustr\a\ dec\\ne/redrrc\ion at D
C

Data response: based on cliagra.m.

Creclit (2,1,2,1)
I6l
b) Depends with the example chosen; lrolever, gooci
answer to shclw cach
of the stages.

Applicable to areas of inclustrial decline, e.g. Britislr MirJlancls,

rninirre
regions, tourist areas,

candidate can show a sequence of pr-ocesses reading to

suoh a scenario.
- resource endowment
- investment
- industria! inertia
- agglomeration

1l
 Irll,

ii

jj

diseconomies of scale
de:ind ustrializalion

Credit 2 for 6 developed points

General answq; - max 5 : 'r',:: ,, i ,1.,.. _ ['12]

.'
(c) Candidate should identify a policy of industrialization for the;country .1.

concerned

Brieflir outline the policy characteristics, e.g.

- schemes
projects
- programrnes C
amalgamation D
- import substitution
- decentralization G
- diversification
- policy 14 A
Assessment /3 AI
General answer - max 3 L7l
lrtr1
LAUI Pt

10 (a) Answer to cover links and interactions between tourism and other sectors
of the econotny, e,g.:

- agriculture
- manufacturing
craft and ari
- other service industries, e. g. transport, telecommu nicatiohs

Benefiis inClude

- Employment
- Markets vtE

- Forex

A highly creditable answer will give illustration although the answer is not
example based.

Credit (1) for single points. l5

Resenre (1) for illustration. l1

Diagrarn only - max 2. r

LO]
l

t2
i

h:

t '. !
 An example_based question.
Answer depends on chr:ice
of are,
PhysicatFaciors/6
cutturaiTiitorsE
rivers (waGibodGs handicraG
mountains traditions
es + YYsfs6.a;1. lFAry oitrqqion
i/ forests flora architecture . iaL

clinrate and rnEither qrt anO nrusiEl,I:

etc ways of life
oints reh;;;--

Credit (2) for U O:y:,??ud

p.oinrs, three from
Do not separate gro*tr, each side.
J"""fopn.r"nt
"ri
General atswer, max
5
[12J
Answer depends on examples
chosen. The candidate
and indirect policies nv go;"in;;;i can focus on direct

Policies

governmentlfunding
looseningltightenin! border
two-tier policy ror ro-reignei,
controis (federai states)
,nj ,1"u,_
v\
ll1?
enrry into parks
reduce workinq hours.io
i ro.urr'Iq
create hoiiday/leisure
gtio.ays ind packase,s time
3^1i!_n
ronger holidavs
early retirement
other e'g' pubricity *
mecii;r. establishing
conservatories (carnpfire)
Credit (2) for 3 evaluatc,rt nnlin,, /o n
policy (2,2,2,1)
Generar answer #i1to
t7J
[25]

1a
 12

$H#"["[ON S {"fl"["re F{e,nmanu ffiptEons}

11 (a) A good answer should focuq on both legal arrd illegal mining.

gullies due to vegetation clearance

,.:r'' l ',j
e nvirOrlmenta I eyesore/loss of aesth etic q ual itylu g ly:'s cen e ry
mihe dumps pollirte the water, land and arir ''i ,,
.::.. .l

vegetation destroyed by contaminants of rnine dunrps

those r,vith rnine riglrts leave Iand bare fot"they ate in a hurry lo extract
more
, .i
rivers silted artd riams
, r'' IJ

macnrnery potlute

Credit (2) for 6 cieveloped poirtts.

Max. (5) ior getreral answer or for an answer covering one dimension, i.e,
illegal or legJl nrining. IVlax (7) as long as it is exhaustiveidetaiierl

May also credit social, ecoriomic, deterioratiorr only if raised: prostilution,

cultural ciecay * ma>c (5) 1"121

(b) Answer shculd refer to tnore tlran one example: -

Measures

sLrbstitutes
a lternative occltp;ation t'or livelilrood
recyclitrg
reweirking of dLtrttps
education, sl<ills on environmerttal awarerress and manageniettt
leg is latio rr/e ttfo t c:etrtent o'i laws
investrnerrt into c;ther sectors of the econonry for job creation
relrabilitaLion prr:grammes, e.g. by university colleges 17

Algessmerd

- povei-ty-stricl<en societies no other rreans of sui-vivai sc continue to

plLtttder
- lacl< of awarene:;s
- econornic instability -"rio other mealls r:f liveiihood

N/easures 17
Assessr-nent 16
General answer -- ntax 6 (c
One, e.g. orrly - rnax 5. l"i :]:l
12.5J

14

(j.U
 (a) G loba|Walm4Sl

(bianket effecr) t:y gasses,

ll51"^,'r-^1 ]i'inn"9
\-.r-.U.s, smoke, volcanic
e.g. CO2, rnethane arrtrj
gases, wale r vapour.
li\

ti ,...:t:1.

dirtgoirrg te'resiriar raciiation is

trar;pecr within the atmbsprrere;
coz) lrence *ut,'',i,is u," by
:tfi::;l:i--cs' surrace arrcr rowc;r
"urin:s
greenhouse Qases arc eiiher
rralurar.(co2) or man-marJe, r-..q. (,r.i,s
(chiorofluorocarbonsr e.g. "
usect in retr)ige,"i*uj

Greenhouse effeci en'rrahceci by

dtlsiruction.,f ozore "tuy,i i
;' ",r'.''tr, ru,.,.,; r',
"
- padciy fields clecay nrethane
- prcducecl,
burrring of fossils '

- industrializatiorr
" vehicle exhausis
thermal power slalions

- ::y"9., d.isposal (relea.se rnerhane)

Oetorestation
.1
Credit (2) tor defor.estatiorr r jeveicpe
Annotate gw and gll for the i,vo. -r-v! 1tv"trn
ci gtoii e 'L'
1z Z.t\t ) t5 tBl

(b) for'a generai orr'ine of irnpact vrith,,ruf

?"11"
oerarea, r.efe.rirrg IO any countryi

lflped
death of aquatic life
destrLrction of tlre ozone layc.r
defacing of buirdings. taj rnahai,
st peler,s cathecirar
5:[Ji;3-",';'i,i];t;; " - ;;
""' ;;;"
"';
; ;; ;ilil
nd, e, g cyan icjr:
scenery destr.oved
acid rarr ancl clestrirctiorr of l.or.ests
diseases -- r.nrater. ancl air iro,"r,A'reniery,
pests beconre and menace _ asbestosis
rats. .o"i rou.f,;;;;;;.;rrp,
Crecjit (1) for singlle points.
I8l

(c) Example-basecl ansv'i€)l i;alrec

for ancj shoLrrd ire evaruative.
Candidate to refer to rlore than
one area or environnrents so
conrprelrensive an.swer. The as to give n
urban environnrents cctulcj lre
cguntry or of differenl counirir:s. of ttrr.; sinrb

15
 polluter permits - ZISCO 1

polluter pays principle

legislation - Clean Air Act in Ul(unroadworthy vehicles banned
awareness campaigns and educaiion
calalytic,.con ve rte rs
u'se of unleaded fuel
local authorities prescribed height of chimneys
carbon tax
use of pollution reducing technology/scrubber
filter gauzes
ISO certification

Credit (2) for 4 evaluated points and 1 point. :'i ' i ';
I

(c)
General answer * max (4) ancl ref to one urban - OTSUIe only - max 4.

The candidate to assess the success of the attempts, Use of evaluative_

language -'to a great extent', to a less extent', Was Very successful ' .L?]
[25]

13 (a) Nodes are cAlled vertices (1)

Points on a netv,'ork, can be a settlement or a town (1)

i.i:
lrri Connected by i'outes or links 12
ll
lj
],r1.
Acc_essibility
il
lrl
jlil - the ease of travel (1)
l.illi
between various,Points (1)
ri,l

'l
- the more the number of nodes and links the more
,t a0cessible'the networl< becomes (1)

i:
Cgnnectivitv
ir
il
,,t.
means of measuring the efficiency of a network (1)
- the rnore vertices (nocres) that are connected with each
la
other the more eff icient (1)
l6l

(b) Candidates shor-rld show how the model traces the development or life
cycle o{ a network. Country specific answer called for, e'9.
Stages of derrelopment

fevv nodes and links, gravel roads, pre-coloniai Nigeria,

.1:
Stag;e
Mozambique

Stage 2: nodes exlend inland at resouroe f rontier for export, e.g.

expansion of railways and tarred roads to join Cape Town
and Johannesburg, Accra and Kumasi

i6

b
 Stage 3: development of feeder roads-interconnectedness
the network. Zimbabwe roads graded into appears" in
' ,

feeder, trrn"t ,
intercity roaCs, Emergence of more
new nodes, growth
poins, l-launa, Sanyati, Chiqumbanje,
Maphi"u frfi*uri
(Zimbabwe).

Stage 4: compiex and efficient network. characterized

by rnarry
nodes and links' rncreased traffic fiow
of gooa.'unJpcopre. I

All modes.interbonnected air, rail, water

*"uy., u g. V'EOCr.
like UK. USA, eanada.

Credit (2) for the explanation of each

stage /a
Credit (2) for examples
General answef max (4) or moCel only (3) r' ;'
";r''-:
i10]
(c) Exanrpre-based answer
e'g' Malawi - the physical- barriers
the evaruation wi, depen.d on
exampre chosen,
inrrinit
to neighboring statei ".."Jrinirity in all directio's and
. Andes mountains making it difficLrrt
5li!;Jl[':5i.bv to so into orher
* internationartrade expensive
iil3j;;["Hffi,T"kes and difficurr e.g.
* Promotioii by navigabre waterways;
existence of ports and genre
terrain for internarind externar
cornm,,ni."iionr, e.g. UsA, canada
credit (2) marks 1'or any 4 points
weil-assessed
qeoeoDcu for the case stLrdy
(2,2,2,2,2,i) r

General answer
- maximu n-1 (4)
tgl
[25)

I]

)
._-
ffil

H
itl
rii -
iil
-
rjj
ll. 14 Table tr
i;'

Country GDP capita Energy consurnption per capita

US$ Ranlc
l(g coal Birth r ate
equivalent
Rank per 1000 Rank , l

8246 q
Switzerland 1 3642 120 4A
t+

West Gernrany 6451 2 5345 2 9B 4I:

o rW?y 6400 ,J 4).) A'

..l '4607 3 IJ.J, IJ
:N
.-,-.. ''--'-' '.]
[:rance 5859 4 .'t
4 3944 4 13.6 IL

Japan 4485 5 3622 7 1 6.3 11

I'Jew Zealand 3663 6 3111 B 1A A o

(J

JSSR 2600 7 5546 1 18 5

o
o

-7
I tt rt .cJ
a r;z 2100 o 36?_4 h L:
10

Argcritirra 1 900 O 1754 o 22.9 7

980 10 630 11 39.6 ,l,_--J

l 'jrl':v _
Colornbia 540 11 671 10 30.0 6

Tambia 390 '1?_.

544 1?- 5'1 .5 1
/S

Egypt 310 IJ 405 4,) DA tr

4 MI

220 1,4 17tl +o. /

1::u1
tr
lnd i;r 132 15 22'i 14 .i/+ o J

-[here
(a) is an inverse relationship. The lrig]rer the GDP and energy consumption
ihe lowdr tlte bifth rates. 'flre lower the GDP and energy consumption the higher
the birth rates. Candidates can approaclr the descriptiorr part of the question by
relating GDP and energy consumption firsi then GDP and birlh rate, giving a long
n a rrative description,

\,A/atclr or-rt fclr reading of the table as descripticn.

iB

\ \r
 Explanation

countries with high GDp can afiord the energy costs

they have high demand for energy
they have a high standard of living hence low birth rate
they are literate

lhe o,n.qos_ite this is.tiue of countries with low GDP and eh'ergy consunrption
of
credit (2) for 5 developed points and a singre point for a sim$te"observdtion. 't:

Answer should be expianatory enough to be awarded the marks. '

General9nSWgr(4)oronedimensionofonegrOUpofcountries.,l.{10l

(b) The answershould be evaluative anrj statements like'to a great extent ... to a
less extent' can be usecl

However the use of a standard currently to cornpare GDP is rather mislei:cjino

some countries ma,r, rrot necessarily be worse off if GDp is row. I r
USSR (now Russia) has,the highest energy consumption'due to its size not
necessarily a refiection of high siandard of inclustrialization. ln a way, the
variables reflect high or iov"'social or economic development, for cr:untrjes wiih
low birth rate have poor standards of living. Some low birth rates are due lc
government efforts not due to economic and social develcpment.

Credit (3) for 5 developed points.

General answer not covering all variables - rnaximurn (7) [1 5]

[25]
/sK
C :\Ii4YDOCUMENTS\LIARI<ING.SCH E[48-9 1 56.02. J04

.L i:U'
n:nl ^.
I i !,li.lj

-^i^-^
,dis -

T9
 -
ZIMtsAtsWE S CF{O OT, EXAVINN,ATTOJqS C OUNCTL
Genera! Certificate of Educatiom Advanced Level
Ansr
GtrOGRAPF{V I X56/1
S
PAPER I .:. ..i,:1rt .:1.._
. l- t.,: :.. ,. .

Wednesday 19 NOVEMBER ?.003 Morning 3;liours; (a

I ; 50 000 Survey map is enclosed r+'ith this question paper

(b
"Addiiiorra'l nrateria Is :

Answer paper
t__
-ia
'I'IME 3 hours jn

XNS RUCTIONS TO CANI}ID.ATES

I
:

Write your nante, (Jentre nr.rmbel'and can<lidale number in the spaces provided on the allswer
papet'/uusw'er lr.rok I ct.
i
i
A.n:iu,er f,uun qucstions,
I

Answer {)$}c question lronr Section A, fil,o quesl.ions fioinSection B and cnequeslion ft'onr I

Sr:crion C.
i
i
Write your ans\\,ers on the separi.rte answer paper provided.
lA
I

Ii you use more than oue sheet c''f llapcr. fasten,the sheets Logetiier.
I

I F{ F() ItlW A'fl I OFJ ir{}lt CA N lD I DAI'IIS

I
I

'l-hc nuniber:of rnarks is giverr in bracltci-s

[ ]rat ttre end of each queslion ol par'1 qllestion.

Sketch mztps zincl cliagrams sl-roLrlcl be dralvn r;u,hcrever tlic-v scrvc to illustratc an alls\\'cr,

You are adr,iscd 1o spend rro ionggr than 45 ntinutcs on Section ,{. ;B
I

You are rerninrlecl oi'the neecJ 1'or gr:oci Englislt zrnd cleal plcscrtiutiuir -\ioUt'ans\\rcl':i.

(a)

(b)

quc.stion papcr cotr.sis{s- ttl'6 printetl l):tgts *yd 2 h:lank [)agc:i tc.,

(- rr1r-r'r'i g.ltt : Z i rtr birb',r'e' ScI r ilo I llr;trtririltlorts L'ouircil. N20{).1.

; ii)z I lr lli lr.( Nl001

I \r
I

i,r
 'I
2.

]IL Secfiern A (prac{icals)

Answetone question frotn this section.
aa. Do notspend morethan 4-5 rninutes
3.'I on tllis seclion,
Studv rhe nrap pro,.,ided ' i , ,, , r
:
,r ' .^
!f
, .
1..0_000
,:t: l
Rusape,
- Zimbabwe). /
ii
.i I .
:'..
't
(a)' -,Draiv a iarge sketch tnap 1o sliow the rnain I'eatures of '".''i',
relief and r.iraiLLage
;:::ii:Xfiil, by verticar grid ri,es rrorizo,t,r er;;l;,,,d ,,r,
[12.]
tb) Dc's':l-iirc and sLrggt-ist reasolrs
frrr rhe.relatiopslri''hc,,,i.*,, r'l,r,ctiel.rirc,l '-r I ','; ::

dtainage rearures of tire area orrtri'ecr

above , "u
tr3l
iabie I shorvs ciata obtained by a field survey
in a dor'''n-r'alie)'
ol'ii'e slope pr.fiJes (cguall;.spacr:cl
direclion) in it'n ulrr.yr, on. i,, tin,*srrine (/") anci thl otjir:r i'
clay (R).
Tabtre I
i
I

Proflle Slope Ma:r. Slc'pe I I,c,ice I.lage Perce:n{age

Pelcentnge
I

anglr
l

height
'* l"f',pltliie r:f irlrifi ie
t*l* (") | co ilve)i
of.1irofi1e.

:;-
lccl iiinelar 00nca1/e
1

2 24
15

-;-l-
t--
;--l--
{) 80
r\a
rO
3 57
----:_-_*
\ i
4 o-r
o/ ?t I

120 32. <a

o
o
3_ 32
2 20' J 2tl
Bd -1
30

4 44 7 24

55
20

Brie f'11' describc ho*, the data rvas

colle*ed.
t'n'
Describe how y"or-r -::'lld conslr'ircr
s.,*, ;"0'- .nc' gralrrrs (rrisroglar,r, ,u
conrpare ri:axinrirnr slope angies
of the'tr'{J arcas.
L7l
Describe eltd suugsst reasorrs rvhl
1hc sloi,es in lhc t\\o li.cils arc t1il.fc*:rrt.
f tiJ

I I i(r/l N2{J0l
 3
' Section B (PhYsical Core)

Answer two questions from this section'

(a) r'
'

,'Briefly explain the causes of condensation of waler vapo\l{:in

the '' 1:)' .-i:,,!t
' r'! [6]
'atmospher..j ,,

(b) Fig, I shows; in simplified form, temperature-energy exchanges and

stores in the ground in a temperate region,
, ...i ,;j i 1.": ii,.-,r'. ,
- ' 'l'. i;: r:-1- l
t,
B
maxlmurn
temperature C
a
0)
: rninirnum D
g
O tenrperature
o-
E E
d)
0)
O
(o surface temPeratu re curve F
'1:
5
6
!
C
$ (a)
a
'c.) surplus. store of' energY,
cll
c(0
(b)
E()
deficit of energY
x
losses of energy curve (c)
$)
L
0)
C gains of energy curve
d) (a)
midnight 06.h noon 1B h nridnight

sunnse tinre.of day ft)

Fig. t nc)
i

(i) Describe and explaitr lag tiiues A and B shou'n' l6.r

(ii) lJow would the variations de picted in Fig. 1 be use cl to cxplairr

possible clranges in the rvcather bctrve ett sunrist: and sunset'/ t6t

(c) J'o rvltat extcnt shouid tlre possibie efl-ccts o1'global

q'artrring be ol
scrious cottgem'/ i7l

9li(),1 \l()i)l
 4

Table 2 shows data

on rock type, arurual precipitarion
grx selecled areas and drainage ciensity
A to in

Table 2
Arga

A
B

15.0

{a) Distinguish between

drainage pa,ern and druinage de:it,s.iryt.
(b)
f6j
Describc and e xprain the
variations in draiirage density
srrown in r-abie 2. l1t'r
LIAJ
(c) Wrat other factors influence
drainage densityp
(r) l7l
Briefly expiain the terms ,phr,ruro,l,
used in the srudy of
"-"'vt qL' irztermittent andperennial
t1
as
rivers.'
r r'b)
orrivers vary nrarkedry even
ffill"#:ilfir1i::larges in areas rvilh
l

.tc)
ii:l
do htrmai: activjties conrribule
J.""#il:,"-tenf ro rhe occurrence ol
i

i-l
!i

e l)6' I N2()0i
 (a) ISriefly clescribe tlre weathering proces ses of lry;droly5i5 and chelation. 16]

rveathering rates'
(h) Fig. 2 shows tlte relationship belween ciirnate and t,a

(ij

i.'..:: r; r;
\ ',.' ,.
{q
\q

O
q-"
4)
5 {b.
r0
L
410
C}

0) (a)
io
:]
c:
cm0 (b)
$
0)
.2
(a)

(Er)

Mean annr-ial precipitaiion'(mm) (al

(h)
Fig. J.

Dcscrit:e r:ncl explaitr tlie r.'arialions irr weatilering rates shorvn. il21

(c) What lactors, oiher lltan cliniatc. intlr:ence rveathering at

a local scale? ,l7l

Distinguish bclrveen & ret'o.\err) aucl a h)'tlrosere' t6l

{*)
(lt) Descr.ibc ancl explain the scclue trce oi'\'egetafion chatrgcs
which r'l'ottld
u."i$ in a tropicrLl raiulbrcsirr*, rvhiclt itas been disturbed by volcanic
cnrptiou,
n2l

rel.er-elrce to slteci{ic cxantplc-s. cvalualc ilttcl'lllts he ing nlade ltr

(c) with
t7l
llrcset ve raintoresls.
t6l
(a) l)i:;tipgr,tislr Lretr,vcett zotral. az-t'rttitl attil iillrtiz-61a1 soils'
ll2 j
Iixplain hou'atrcl rllll' soil profilcs r 'ltv rtl<irtg ri lrillsl''1rr''
(l))
iiticlllllis
(n) with rel'erelce to a specillc ilrt-'a \,t;,Lt 1]ltve slLt'-lir:tl , ulill\'lil1c t7j
being rtracle to ctrrb soil crt'r:iltltl'

)l ih I :'il1)i).1

t i li
lp'
 6

Sectinn C (Physical CIptions)

Ansrver one question frorn this sectir.l;r.

:
(*) with th€,ffid,of cliagrams, exprain the differert types .f fa'rfs. iel
(b) witlr refbrence to exa*pres, exprain why major fauit ;, ones ;rre
h azardous environments.
[161
..._.:: i.-, i ., . rr)
Whiqh a'eaq of the worltl,ale rnosl at ris&l fi.-::; itaiui,a; ..r

reasons"fbr your answer,

,liazarcirl'l ,(iive,.
lql
{L}) $/ith refbrence to any fhree naturaj hazardoi"rs events. expiain
to wliat
extent these may. be predicted and / or preverrtecl.
I l6]
(a) I'sing a diagrant. describe the main features of ihc de scrl piednrorrr
zore. tej
(b) fiiscuss hvo thcories wilich have been preil,osecl to *r;;_.le.ir:
{brmntjorr
tl re ----"-'-.-'"
of rock pedirnents in aricl anci seni-arid e'vironr'e,ts,
LtsT
(a) V/itir the aid of cliagrams. describe 1le formari,.:r o-l'corSr.G.l spits arrc baps. lel
(h) with reference to specific-examples, clescritre arrd exprai* Jrc,w cJrarrges
in sea ler,'el are likely to affect coasttines.
l1 6l
(aJ lixplain hovr the various types of glacial rnoraires iu.e lbrmed. ilel
{h) ''^/ltlr reference to.examples, explain how ice sheers ancl glaciers nrotiifi,
drainage features.
lr 6l
r'r:l11
I

'.il

i5l

'rfl
'.t!l

t1l
i. 1J

:51

'l?l
lr -l

{?l
l,I

9l 56r i N?00,1
 SE(
ZIMBABWE SCI{OOL EXAMINATIONUS COUNCII-
General certificate of Education Advanced Level

CO.NFIDENTIAI

' b[OIVEMBER,2O03 ,j:i it:'-,r

MARKING SCHEME

MI\XIMUM MARK: 100

SYUUNBU SICCI HV! PON ENT : s156/1

GHOGRAPHY PAPER X

ii i
li*
1i t,
 E cTloF,x A {pRACTf, CALS]
crL (a) Relief features should be shown by means of conveniional symbols or in
generalized fcrm rather than an attempt to reproduce the contour map in
its entirety. Candidates are expected to distinguish the rugged and hilly
areas in the south and west of ihe area from the gentle slopirig plains with
,.' ' residual hiils/rnountains in the Norlh Easi of in" t=lills in it-.r" ruf have,
, ,, steep slopes,and bare rock. "1"u.
j :

Resenre - 5 rnarks. Max 7

Drainage is dominated by the Rusape, Nyamatsanga and \Aacheke rivers.

Dlscontinuous drainage (marshes) along the Nyamugrrui, Nyamapembere'
,,i.and Nyamatsanga rivers shouid be shown. Direction of fiow of the main,'' -

rivers should be shown. Where drainage patterns have been identified,

these should be marked and labelled on the skeich map, e.g. radial
drainage patterns.

1 mark each. Res. 5 marks for drainage. Max 7. (12) :

(b) The description of the relatignship between lancJforms aricl clrarnage

should stent from the abovd and make references to tire following:

"i. straight nature of the Rusape river channei with its anguiar bends
suggesting structural controls
2. main rivers flow in a general southerly directicn following ihe
natural dip of the; land
J. radial drainage is associaterJ with donrical structures (hilis/rnts)
4. dendritic drainage is found over gently sloping plains u,,ith rrniform
rocks
5. antecedence along the Nyamatsange and Rusape rivers indicates
possible influence of faulting or bends of so{1er rock
o. sub-parallel pattern in areas of short but steep slopes
7 marshes in flat areag with irnpeded drainage or rlersl'ror a'e an
lndication of discordance associated with back tilting of land
tcwards tlre NE part of the map
I coarser drainage density suggesting presence of porous or
permeable rocks

1 nrark each. \A/ell *explained point can earrr up to 2 marks (13)

v-sl

(a) Candidates must descnibe steps that rryere followed before and during the
data gathering exercise.
$

fi
$
*
 qt
This must include:

reconnaissance of area to check access, choose slope forms,'decide

on spacing of profiles and division of profiles intcr segrnents
angles. . Use of /\brrey level or slope pantomete.r (clinometer) to
measlrr e. rnaximum slope angle . -,'r'' 1;1 : ..

at a poin.t chosen, describe how to take readings arrd how to leap-frog

the apparatus to another point
d1Slal-Se: rneasut'e tlre clistance
i '- - ltetween top arrd bc:tlom parl of
*grr,*rt ol'slope.
- heiglrt: calcr-rlation of slope height using maximrrrn slope angle
- j'. Le--Qp{djQg,,a-'[.,q]$tances prtd angles/tai"ruJation of clatar')i ,.,'. y*l],.
1..:,
'' , ..'.,:' :: ,.i'
' :

1 nrark eacl-r. Each step can eain 2 marks if explainerJ.

Reserve 2 marl<s for recording of clata (10)

(1,) Descriptiorr of how inaximurn siope angic+s are user.1 to plor histograms is
req rrired.

- itrfr;rntatiott of ntaxinturrr slope angles is labulair:cl 1o c{eier"rrrirre

freq r.rencies
- classes r-.rf trtal<inrrtm s16pe arrgles are clerlcr-rlirrecl
- scale"on vertici:l axis is deten"trined
- axes are drawn anci labelled
- bars/histograrns are drawn coruesiloncrir-rg to the fr'ecluencies

I-wo hislograrlis sliortlcl be drawn - i.e.'fcr ciay arrcl tire o1-rer lirlestone.
Diagranrrnatic ilh-rstrations (;an earn all ilre rnarlrs if accurate. (7)
I

(c) QanclirJates to irlentity the diffurerrces f:etween lhe slopes in the two ai:eas
ancl then give reasr:rrts for ilrese. [Vlairi rlifference$ ancl their i"sasons ccluicj
inciLtde:

Rop([ypq: Slopes orr linrestone are sieeper than thclse on clay.

'l
his is cJrre to higher perrneability on ririiestorie , vyirich lirnits
i
ef'fect of water erosion. O;r clay, lower perrneairility
generates higher arnounts of run-off to effect erosion lierice
subcli-led siopes.

Processes ,Slr:pes on clary are rnairillr convexo

- cotcave in profile while
thr:se on lirnestone arie gerreralr5r convexo -- rectilirrear- This
is due to effect of water action on clay, which eiodes upper '
part ernd deposiis inaterial at tire base to pror_luce basal
c;r:ncavity. orr lirrestorie, lirnitecl water actic.,ii lience rlainiy
rectiliriear dlrc; tc trarrs;ptirl of rnatei.ials.
,.j:l
t-'-J

\ i
!ill 'iur
: i t--'
i *.t
i
SffiCTI$N ffi {PhysFcaH Ceire}
(a) candidates should explain the foliov,ring causes of corrclensatiL-irr:

(i) Cooling of air to dew poirrt

., (C?,nciidates should refer to the processes of ar]iahr:itirj,
or6g:,aphir:
Y'-r' 1':
and advection cooling). JI

(ii) Addition of water vapour (throrgh evaporatr'n

and
evapotranspiration) to satu ration.

(iii) Presence of hydroscopic condensatir:i-r rir.ir:lei (acrt-rsrils)

iri i.lrel,
air.

(b) (i) Lag rirne A

There is excessive heat ioss ilrrough nocluritai rar-Jiatiorr.
At sunrise
the elevation of the sun is too loi,vio osLrs€r .n**iiu* **':r.,il'iu,;o "
ground temperatures continue to fail.

Lag tirne B.
Although maxintum solar enerEy is receir,ied di riroi'j, ge
i-righest
temperature occurs after-2:00 |in. The reason for the cjelai
i* tri"t
depends cn rrre bararice b"r;;;; i;.;;;l;,;;i*,sy
lTperarure
energy lost. Even after- the tinre of n'raxinrtrm insolation, thr: surface
",,,d
continues to receive more ener(Jy tiran the grclLrncl k:ses
*n tf
'"i'-""
tenrperature continues to rise ,,niit *n*rglv rost ,n.r oi'i*o.qy-**,,rii,,*rt
reach an equilibrium.

3 marks for A and 3 for B. F:oi" eercl"r, i ft-rr" D and 2 fcrr F. (6)

Excessive heai loss through rrocturnal radiation results in

an erir:igy
deficit. Low temperatures in the early nicrni'g ,.uuirff in
stab le/a nticyclon ic co ncJ irion s associited with"ib rmation
of rn ist, fog,
dew, frost, etc. As the day progresses, tirere i, urrftrc energy
stored on the surface due to increased insolation. Rate of inltrning
insolation is gr-eater than thai of energy loss" remperatLrres
rise
steep.ly. res;urts in atmospher:ic instabirity. canoioaie; ;;;-' '
.This
refer to the formation of cunruionimbus clouds and thunderstorms
in
the afternoon

1 mark each change arrd 1 for each resurtani weather

charrge. (6)
{j
jri
i.1

Iil
i.,,

(c) Global warming is caused by the increase in greenhouse gbses in th.e

atmosphere (CO2, niethane and CFCs) which irap outgoing radiatioll
(greenhouse effect). The effects can be aiteration of the climatic zones
i6rough warming of the oceans, increasing their dynamism (ElNino,
cyclones, Oroughts) anc1,:rising sea levels leading torcoaF.talflooding' The
;;ir;;6f gl*un"hor*e effe'ci and the seriou=n*si of its'efiects for'fcjod I
p;;;;tir;, heatih settlement etc sl.rould be debated to Soime degree for
goocl ma:rks. N13. Tlre extent of the eflects varies f19m pl?lce to place
clepending on the level of development. Max 5 if theie is no evaluation.(7)
125)

:
(,a) Drain;2Qe pattein is ihe r,vay in which tlre main river''ancl'.its)tFibutsj'ie5.ale
a':'a'-'g;j 6i utign"O'in a draiinade'badin.' Some examples'hre paraliel,
trellis, dendritic, etc
'1 rrark for exemplification' (3)
2. rnarksfor clefinitiotr and

Drainage density is the average length of channel perunit of area' it is

calcr-rlated by thc fotltiula;

tolal-LC1lilh of a I q!1erery1g*i.[-b
I as i tt
total area of irvltole i:asitt

i:rnrJ is explresserj in i<rn pet ktrr2. lt is a meariLtre of.tlre texture of

t?\
r,jisset;tir-rrl r:i a drain;lge basirt. , \wl
't6l
(.|ii1 {-)andidates to re'fer to the tabie and descrilre as well as give reasorts tor
tlie desctipiions.

!-)rainag';b cJensiiyvaties with rool< type. For example, limestone has lower
clrairrage cJensiiy than grarrite. This is dur: to differences in perLneability.
Limestone, wl-rich is permeahle compared to granite, allows little overland
flpur suc;h that carving out of channels is limited.

Dralrrag;e;density is iughcl v/i'rere rainfall arrourit is greater'. For example

areas l\ arid [), whicir have the sarile rock type show that D has a
c{rainage tlensity wlriclr is alrrir:st double that of A. This is because D
receives rainfall whicir is sligl-rtiy lrrore ihan clouble ihai of A,

lVIark hy inrpression. (12)

(c) Canclidaies rnust identify and briefly explain tl"re influence of factors sur:h
a:; relief (slope), vegetatiorr, rainfall irrtensity, soil, infiltration capacity and
time. At leasi three factors to be explained for fuil ciedit. Listing cf factors
should not scoi'e more than 3. (7)
V5l

i 1t
\\
l
 (a) Eplemelql-slrcgrl-s - streanrs, rrvhich {'lovrr oiriy after a i;tr:rirr Arc i..r::l ta llii
found above the water table. No recrri:rqe l.lrrriirqlr flrrnugir..fir_rr,v i-r tt .: r-, -
nr
flow.
\/.)
lntermittent streams - streams which flow seasonally or have
d iscontinuous channels. l)\

Pgg!!fgl$I9gE!. - streams whiclr flo,w all yerr rourrd t hg rryatqr can be.
exogenousor come froiri unclelgrr:und *at"tlre"hJif" ft,rtii,i*"-1Auy
_
iizi
,1', l. :.. 1.i,.
1 mark for definition and 1 mark for exnlanation
tfi t

(b) For fuli credit, drainage basin eharacieristics, inclucling

relief, vegetation cover, etc shor-tic{ be dealt urillr. Cf'r:lnqes "c;eology, sharpe,
in vaiiatiurs jn
theqg
Sspects lvill also ceusei \;ir;i,i,.ri';s rrr tlic. disr:li'arg1e,r1 iivij,riil"iiij,ii,,t''
l

candidateSmayintroduielit-ttti;ltlar:tivitiesanrJtlre;rlecaii.|.lilr;rerjitr>r1
However, those who concenirate rln rrurnan ar;tivilies uiili-rout
consideration of the physical .factc:ts -qhr-'ulrJ eatn a ryraxinrurrr cll lj nr;rrl...i.
A purely physical approach can eiirn r!, to full rrrarl<i; ( iri)

(c) Fluman inferences with the enr.'irorrrle,n{ p;srl6slr;, interr;ii'y ;,tncj irrr;rei,prl
the frequency of droughts. Humarr berinqs cc, rrot cause ornuglrrr
Droughts are meteorogical, occurrring r,,rihen ihri amor.rrri, r.,r'r;rirliJall rcrcr::irierr,l
in an area is well below expeciaiion. i--l l'rtino e:f[ects ancl clin-ratic chanqg
could be forwardecl as the real cai-isbs of dr"our;ht. The lrurnarr
interferences with the environnrer-it. can be thrnugl-r overg;razing,
deforestatiott, poor agricultural prarc'tices, etc /\ nrere nr,rrraiioi'i ol nc;r,n,,
human activities contribute to drought should r:ralfi up 1ct a rnaxin.rlntr oi;zJ
marks.

No evaluation, maxirnunr 4 marks l\,{arl< by impressinn. (i )

I't r11

(a) Hvdrolysis * a form of chemical weathering involving'reactions betwecrr

' watsr and minerals in igneous roci<s and sedimentary rocks re.;sr..illing in ;;r.r
3"il ulq base, e.g. water and felds6iar react to procluce 6rrrti,lsssiirni
hydroxide" and alumino-silicic acid Tire encl result is resirjunl,::laV.

Clielation - a type of chemical weathering in which hurnic acids bre-.i;ir

down minerals and then allow tlrem fo be leached from regr_rlith or
absorbed by plants - referred to as ciieluviation l:y other eruthors ol
humification. (6)

:1,

d
t

t.,
I

:,
ll
 {::

il

(b) Candidates are to describe the variaiions shown and give explanattons.
Both physical and chemical weatherirrg variations must be discussed for
full credit, e.g. strong chemical weathering occurs where there is very high
rainfall and high temperaiures. The high rainfall provides the water, which
is the main agent in chemical weatheripg prgcesses and their high
temperatures increate chemical reactions.' ,;'.,, ;',, ;r, :: ;::;, ,

The high rainfall and high tentperature promote the growth of luxuriant
vegetation which enhancps chel;ition and otirer chemical we aihclingr.,r,
processes through infiitration.
:

At least four zones tc he disr:itssed for full marks. (12)

(c) Candiclatetar"***teb to hi.qhliqht and explain'the influence;of th8; ' '

following faclors on vrleathertngl

- Rr:ck type including - colour

- joints, bedding planes and permeability

: ffiilf1':r'ffi:iliii",o hard ness, etc

- Relief
- Flunraninterferettce
- Tinre
Vegetation- i.e. role cf iiunric acids in rock weathering

A:l leastthree factors must fre cliscussed for fLrll credit. Candidates who
corrcerrtrate onlSi r:n roc;lc iype:lnd its felatecl aspects should earn up to a
maximrrm rlf li marks l)
; [25]

(a) Xeros.ere - term used tn refer to a plant succession developing under

markedly dry conditions" lr4ay comprise a rocksere/lithosere or
sandsere/psamm0$ere, (3)

Llydfqgelg * term used to refer to a plant succession developing under

fresh water conditiolts. This includes poncls and lal<es. (3)

2 rnarl<s for definition anci 1 tnarl< for exemplification. (o)

(b) Candidates must bring out the succession below:

- bare rocl</ash attd cinders

- lichens and mosses
- herbs, grasses and small flowering platrts
- small shrubs
small trees
- large trees and thick forest

. : ,'
I it'.
i1 '-"
 The concept of seqr-rerrtiar charrge srrourri be we:il
exprained.
Descriptions only
- n-rax. 5 marks
CancJidaies are io explain why the changes
in vege;tation occur taliing irrto
account ciranges in soil clepth, hurnus, relative
Irurniclily and other
ecosystem additiorrs. .

(12)
(c) Ciandidales'n]Lst etralltate the follt:wingy atternSrts
i:eirg rna,1e to prescive
r"ainfclrest*q: .

- lauls and r.eguiatiorrs

* lobby lJrolrps u.rho are bt.ryirrg cltunl<s of raint'orests
, i: , orler to locai cr.lrnmuirities
;rirtj Irarrrjirrtr thenr
,".,lii','.l;
_ bannin.; oii,rpn,tution oi'ti,nber
naJtrre teset\/es
- F^^^.--.---t-
iese'.itcrr and -clerreiic: engiineering
- selective felling rrilrich allor,rrs regeneratiOn tc, [r:l<e pllgcr:
rralt.rrally
lirrii er:r:ncriric actiriirie.s, r:.g. roarcr constructioir, ,iriil,o
;;'n;
- revegetatiq-,' as irr GaLron using incrige'oLrs
trees ';;;;f
use impression marki'g but errampres lre n*"*J"u"ry,.

Credit relerettce tc' lileasrtl"es attci corrc;ct e>rplalraticrl

for .\i r,rliraiiop.
Listirrti __ ili__,,.ri,1||lr 2 nt;i|lrs. (i)
i
i
t.
L/.3)
i8 (a) Zonal soils are thosr: vrri-rich are in ck:se accorcJ
witLr speciiic: zorei; of
climate at"rci rregeiation. -fhey_irave; rJis{,inr.:t laiiers
antJ are irr eclrriiibr.ilp
rnrith the clinratii ccnciitions. Lxanrpieu
ur*'rulrirgirrorrs sciis o{ i"r'*"rrir,,
humid trclpic;s ancJ recl soils of cJeserts.

Azonal soils are 'yoL.ing' soils which show little lrorizontal

clevelr:prnent
'Soil fortlirrS; flrofess.es have not hacl sufficierit time 1,r: olrerate; to
nrature soir, E><ampk:s are ailirviar a'd vr:rcar-ric ,ie,rutop
soirs.
lntraz-anal soils are tltose that are sl.rorrgly
influe;rrcecl hy parelt
They carr deivelotrl itt t'nr:re than orre clir"natic zane. 'aterial.
[:xarrrples inclurle peat
soils and i:cg soils. Z nrarks ;*;h" (6)

I
 il
:::,
I

ttl
/l

Itr
SE(
(b) Diagr"m of soil catena showing how soil varies en a hill slope.
I
rA
F
t-
Bo5 sri ls (feet) .

vtth mvlch whr- !tvu4e

. .
A*l tlagry
"t,

r---'
t0fl1'1l .J allnnsl sik ti^nt,
zone ol
,l,tze'lfld
" lvn
8 ED &ocX
1;
I
,; 'tri$\-
B-tron,vn \
qctuo.mw-ldh'on
''

I \'r'l /\ l,

.' -'. -,.j...: i' ,...,;;. r r :..:. ::'

-.r, '::1. ,. ..
peai soil develops
Flat upland: infiltration ancl leachingi, hill"Net
Acidic and water-loggecl. Fairly deep' downward
movement. Horizons well-developed

Steep rectilinear slope. Rapicl 1tlrf1c9 flow; erosion and

translocation of soil and minerals. soil less acidic, thinner
arrd dr.ier. Truncated horizons due to high rates of erosion,

l. Concaveslope.llluviatiorrzone]receiveswater,organtc
matter and minerals. Valley peat soi! clevelops which is
vvater logged. ' :

hill slope. These

Canciidates to clescribe the variations shown along the
include soil depth, chemical composition, colour, drainage orwater
contetrt and soil Profile,
top to bottom'
Candidates to give reasons for the variations shown frorn
and deep
Fo, .ru*pte; soit depth is g;reater on top, thin in the middle
Cther reu?.gn:
agairr at bottonr dr,e io slofe that determines processes.
translocation),
for variations such as water content, processes (leaching,
etc to be exPiained.
(12)
Markbyimpression.Creditknowledgeofasoilcatena
(c) Canclidates must identify an arca as well as attempis
that are being taken
ploughing,
to curb erosion. The attempts include reafforestation, contour
.gully infilling, retaining walls, good farnring methods education and
training attd manY others.
themselves'
Evaluation to include the view that trees take long to esiablish
fundingproblems,resistancebylocalcommunities'etc'

Mark by imPression. Itl

Narration of altemPts uP to 4'
125)

\\
\,
..
t ,^ ii
\; U
ll/
t--
\ --
 SECTION C (physica! Options)
(a) candidates must sketch labelled diagrams
normar, reverse, stepped and of the major fault types such as
tear r"irtis. i;;';;rration
rifts at hot spots is aiso creiiiworthy. of three armed
Axiar iin" nrid_oceanic ridges.
"t
e well-explained,,faulltypes ' : -l
LnV can earn full marks, Explanbtions ''
lWiihout
a- diagramq; maximlrm S mart<s.-

1 mark identification
1 mark explanation
1 mark diagram
' ' " :'"': (9)
(b): "t',/1 "'
: i"'cahdidates musiliountity areasrrhere nrgioi
These nright incruOL, jrirrlLsA, faurt zones pose lrazards
East Airica, philippines, etc
candidates to arso exprain that major
faurt zones are associated ,,r,ith
vorcanic acrivitv, .";h;;;kn.,
\-
-'rnor,'d". ;;; ;;aranches and hence are
rh; .n*tl ri'ii,rrrl
ilff;ji::' -r'io*""iiain"u and these mishr
Volcanoes direct ross of rife through burning
anc, destruc{io, of
S,ettlement; toxic gases produ.ui
diseases or chocliing as'well
.rr=o lung
,, lakes.
".iO
dust produced may aid greenhouse
effects and hence
global warming; destruclio,,
"r "Lpr,
.i";,;_;;;
Earthquakes:- destruciion of buildings and loss
of life.
teadins to Jtripwre"o;;"
l!::uT,. of services,
dtsruption e.g. ,"*r-ga, po..,",er, etc
landslides and avatancrrJs I";;;;"i"
Level 3 toss of rife

- Detailed and'r,rell illustrated

- Balanced coverage of hazards associated
and volcanoes (12_16 marks) with both earthquakes

Level 2.

Detailed and weil iilirstrated answer

on type of hazard (B-11 marks)

,.

10

I tr t
 Level 1

- Very sketchy/limited covetage and weak exemplification (0_7

marks).
/
Candidates must explain the effect of volcanoes and
eanthquakes that are
hazardous to the environrnent and people, Mark by inrpressir:n.
(16)
Maximum 10 if there is iro exernplification.
l:251
10 (a) Candidates rnust oufline the areas of the world that are aFlectecl
by
particular hazards. The reasorrs why the area is at
risk from, natural
hazards rnust ire gitren and briefly explained. Example. ottf,*rulu,*u=
Li ;ir ; r,,:j ,

couidbe: -:-- -'l -/ .J

- Japan, Philippines, san Frarrcisco, etc are irt risk fronr earthquakes
and rrolcanoes. This is because flrey are located at transtoi;;;;[;
(Sarr[:rancisco)anrjond.estrr'rctiveplatebounc]aries(Japan,
Phiiippineu) these:prate boundaries, subduction;t
lt
eruption of volcanoes
il;;; ressrrs in
i

- 1-ropical areas especially those between 5' and 2O' Norlh

and South of i1
the eclrri;tor are at'isk from cycrones, rightni;g; i["0= ,r.i-
thundefstorrns. l-hese are confirred to-iffes*Zr*u, crru to vJai-rn
sea
sttriace ternperatiir-e'r and effect of Coriolis lOrce, whicir faiioLrr their
develi:prrrent.

- l-ligir";:ressure zones (Sahara, Great lnterior Desert) and

wesiern sicles
of c;ontinents are at risk frorn droughts. This; is because
thev u' vuu ;;;"
areas q
affecterj by anticycronic conclitiorrs whi.r, ,,ip[r"*. i"Nr"ir
developnrettt, hence drought and desertification. Candidates
may also
include areas wirerer natural fires, heat waves, blizzarcis,
faunal
diseases (rnaiarial), plant inlestatiorrs (hyacinthl etc p,=uutunt.
",:*
- Sevete s:nolfall/abrrormaliy cokj conditions irr polar anci
temperate
region, e.g. ,siberia

Dust storins irr deseft atreas.

I
-lhese
areas may correcfly be shown on a w,orlcl map. credit iiris
approach as well as the reasor"l$ provided.

At least forrr areas lrave to be covered for full creclii.

(e)

11

l']I
 (b) Candidaies nrust identify the three natural hazarcjous erients.
They rnusl
identify the ways they can be predicied ancj/or preventeci
Fi'arty, Ln
assessment of to what extent flrese predictions/preventio,..,, .*n 'b'"
effeciive must be. done. Exantples of prerJictions and preventior-rs
i66lucle
!y!lone tracking by radar, haii disruption through seedlng aird use r_rf
lightning conductors as i,vell as floocl control.

.,,1
earthqirakes, earry warninq systems, bLrircrinqs rryith reinforcements,
3:
Droughts * by early warning systems such as saleilite imagery.

Lands lides a n ci avala nch es by afforestation p ro gl, a-n.r

- n:lF*$,,, €tc.^ -
ln evajuation; candidates may ocus on eiiectjv*n6oi'it'rnlJhin"s, .ruti
inadequacyanclotherrelevantissueswhichmaybeuppti.ur,to

specific events such as the san Francisco eartiiqual<e and the Eline
floods in southern Africa may be qLroteri. crecit ih"=e as Iong as
prediction and /or prevention methods are erraluatecj bv the cJndidate.
i,lark by impression. (16)
lJp to 'i2 marks if there is no evaluation. ' Ir5l
(a,t Candidates must descrihe the follorrving features: -

Itlcuntain front

- steep scarp 30 - 90" rising abruprily fiorn qerrfle r-siopes belo,,v.

- boulder-controlled slope uncJerg.inE plarariei retreat.
_weatheredmaterialiswasheclrapid.lytotheslclpebase'

The Knick

- abrupt Lrreak in profiie between tlte rnouniair"i frcnt arrd rncl<

1:reclilre6t.

Pecliment

- getttiy inclined rocl< suriace leaciing up to the foot of nrountain front and
piained across underlying rock sririace irrespeciive of tlreir verrying
r"esistance to erosion. Generaliy concave wifl-r slope angles vaiying
f fromT'on the upperslope to orrly half a llegree orr its l*owerrir.tin..
- is usually covered by a thin veneer of rjetritus

12
 -
Bajada/Peripediment :

- consists of a series of alluvial fans deposited by streams flowing from

the upland to the piedmont zone.
consists of sands and gravel shaped into alluvial cones and spreads
- may mask the upper pediment and the knick.

Plavalsait lake:, .,rr, ,. ',. ,

':
SaltylakefoundattheendofpiedmontZone''1
2 marks for each and 1 nnark for the playa. Diagram only which is not
annotated well will,gqrn up to a maximum of five marks. lf annotat€d,,con
earn full marks.
:. f
.: ' .

NB: Labelled diagram without any descril:tion - max 5 marks. (g)

(b) Good candidates will outline MacGee (i897) and Johnson (1932)'s theory
on the role of running water in the formation of pedimentr.: ir-re ott-,"t
theory is that of L.c. King (1948) based on parailel retreat. ln.this case,
pediments are considered as basal slopes rleveloped at the foot of a slope
undergo"ing parallel retreat. The weathered debris from the steep slope is
moved either: into the stream or into a zone of aggradation. Good answers
will specify the theory favoured and ouiline the sliengths of that,theory.

Award marks by impression up to 16. where diagrams are usedlthese

should be oredited well. Max g for theory.
125l
12 (a) Cagqlal $pfls

Formed from beaclr sediments transported by long shore drift which is

accumulated either where coasiline changes direction sharply or where.
drift is held up by a river rnouth or estuary. $hingle and sand is then
fashioned into a prcljection beach ridge which will be extended where the
sea bed is shallow until a point when sediment removal is as rapid as jts
:i
arrival. Tidal curretrts hinder further growth of the spit Spit is attached to
i,i land at one end.
'lr,l
Il
.i
,'l Qsqstal bars/offshore bars

Formed when beach material accumulates parallel to the coastline and

often lies some distance off shdre.

- They stad off submerged at high tide but rn time grow upwards due to
further sedimentation
- Bars may later migrate towards land. producing lagoons.

1l
 Maximum 5 marks for one of the features.
Reraliworld
I \L/e'iv'vrlv examples and the)i.
diagrams to be credited.

Reserve 4 rnarks for diagrams,

(e)
(b) candidates must discuss how changes in sea rever read
:, .:
to thq lollow]ng
. ,.,,,, changes along coasilines: : ,

it."
' '
,,., ,
This produces u"rious uiuarE6lGwer parts
"
of the valleys drowned by
the ris€. These incrude rias, Darmatian coasi*,
rior,t* and fiards.

thanqes due to em ence .- --*,- . - ,r ..r.,:.,,r.;

Th is p rod u ces mGG[Twelled cliffs/eros ion
su rfacbr, tran sform ati o n of
lowland areas into lagr:ons, raised neactres, r.
etc.
Award B marks for each of the above broad crasses
!- ' examples of landform features _ maximum B.
of effects. No

125l
J (a)
.I' candidates ntust define what moraines are viz:
masses of clay anc1 siores
carried and deposjted by a glacier. They r.nrJ'th*n
explain the forr,ratjo'
of various types ;f moraineJ *.g,

.' Lateral inoraine - formed when debris derived

from frost
va( shattering
or I.'((."r rr i of
valley sides is deposited just berow vairev s;l;;.'r
're
2a) Medial ryoraine - formed by the merging of two rateral moraines
two graciers are joi'ed. * ii arso rouio Zt'.,* where
VV -' *
..;iru oi ;;,l,,I;
Terminar moraine fornned when crayrand
-
furthest end of a glacier.
stones are deposited at the

Recessional moraines-'- formed when a glacier

retreats and leaves behind
depositions of sand anA clay.

Terms such as englacial, ablation, etc can

also be usecj, candidates are
to discuss any three of these for full
"ruJit.
Types: sub-giacial, supia glacial, (englacial),
lateral, medial, ternrinal and
recessional.
Diagrams are creditworthy. (9)

1A
t+

its
 (b) lce sheets and glaciers modify drainage sys,tems in many ways' ln some
instances, deranged drainage patterns are formed. A lot of misfit streams
-fhere can be broadening of present valleys through
can also be formed.
erosion creating golges and canyons. Where the erosion is pronounced,
. unpaired and pliied t*rru."s can be formed. Wherg,!.l,9,Tovement of the
;: , ies'is cpntrary to the gener-al'clip of the land, pto,glaciEl'l?4p.: ul.? l:]-n'?d',
lce sheets anO gtaciers can also cause the displac.ernent of watersheds'

to 16 rnarlts. (16)
Marl< by impression up ,
[25]

lSr(
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GEOGRAF}FflY
l',\i)J-]( 4jx 5{it2
l
\l'c11;rcscia1,. lZ ruflVSnf l, :,
nEI{ 2003 r\,lorning
-] irour.s
-

,,\dd it i.rrra I rrrirtr.rials:

/iirsrr cr [lirIe r

T-ih,lta .l hoLrrs

I nu ljl' It t {_"f ! { } t\ S' f {} f_tANDID/tTItS

I

\\''t:rt'r\'l: i''t;;'c' (,'crtll'c ttttttlt''tt

.rtcl ca,dirlalc rtt,rtlrr:r.rrr lltc i,lrii(.e,s
llitltrcri'i:t Is \\,c t. iril0k Jct. 1-,i-tr*irlcr-l rrrr rrrt: irrs\\1,r

Arrsr' ;'i Ioul. tllrcsljoil:;.

LrirL:sLi{)rr 1l'ortr sc'clion A. hYo qucstioris fi'r:rr

,il:il;;iil"(: scj1i'ri i.t arrri on,-,c1uc:;1it)ir Iirrirr
\\tliir' r oii;. ntrs\\-e r.s
olr tllc.se parate
all:j\ver pitDL,r lll,or,i(lcrl.
il ]'o'*sc rror0 trran or:e sheet of pafljr,
raste* rrre's.eers 1t)p.e rhr:r,.
IN[.'CIit]!1A1.toty li{}t{ d:ANI}trnrA1.ES :

Jltc tttlrtthcr 01 trra|k:, is git.c.n jn

bracltets | ] at thc r_rrrrl rlf.ca,,lr 11rr,,sti(rri (rl.
1'r,u sirr',rriri i:,irl;c,*/cr",r.c ro,opfroiriate'exanrl:ler. lrilr.f tilrcslirrn.
r','lrer,: ii'1,:sr eiq,: r.e rcr-^rt (r
si,,,t'ic..i itt
::r iitc
iire lir:lrl
il(:tt(l ()t''lrc
cr tlr(: t:lrr,isr.ooil.
ru o q,.,ariinir.'
Yr)u a|e;:tlVisccl tr', s,pg11,1 r',o l,ngel
itian +s lnirrtelj ilri secti', ,,1.
Yott at'4 rcitijLi''litl ilf:1ht-ttcecl
i", g""J'ringlish a*d r:rcar gri.csr.:rrt;rtirrir i;r v.irr.alls\!,*.s,

I'h is qtlestron Ilil pcr crrnsi.gfs rif" r) ;lrilrlctl [)figt.\ iurrl .1 Irlri lr li [];rgf 5.

('cpr riglrt. Zirrrl,;rl,r,,t. fiilr,ili

l i,rtltitt;iliIr1r 1 r,1,,re il N.-rt)() \
I
 7

iection A (Practicals)
C

:r', i .i*.r:_.
:r :i ;' l:
I ,", - ,

Answer one questiorr Jrclrn this section. Ycu are advised to spend.t:oL ttlot's:1h4n 45 nrinutes orr tlti
q Llcstioll;

-Severlri "^etltrliir rreti,forks'havc Fc+ up sltops itr I'our locality. You are'require d
lo cariy'out ri srlrvey to deternrine the size oltheir n:arket siiare and tire extent t)i'
coveragc o1' each cellrrlar netu,ork.

(a)'' e'a*rlc''o,'['
H:ilTJilur-ilflJf';iilril::":::t:r;::;'iJ]:;f i6r

(b) (i) Outlirrc,.t}c:-ste 1ls r,oLr *'oul(l takc in carr;'i:rg rlttl,iltc Stirvc)' rtttci
clcl in1fi ing thr' extcrjt o l' co vcragc by thcsc serv:icci pt uv iclet's.

(tr) \\/hat cJif'llcrrltics arc rorr likell, to:nconr'Ilcr irt cittt'vittg otlt the
'l: 'I r)t
r"l

(c) Suggesllroiv llte res,ulls ofvoL,r' survev coul,J bc prescntetl itr lltc l,rrtu
ol'a cliagrar:t. t7l

(a) Fig., I i;Jrou's the di.stlibutitln of lloptrlitlion in cuuntr\; X.' LJrbtrr

popLrlationsj arc sholl,rr bt, circlr::; pr,olrortioniil tu lhe ii siz-cs aucJ rurtil
1>oltLtlatitlrts ii|e ::11()\\'rr br tltlis.

(i) Iixplairr irs lrreciscll ils \,or-l carrJxrrv thc.sizcs o1'circJcs lo

l^ellrcscrr I r-rrbillt 1lo pulii ti otrs a rc ci,r lcrrla 1cd.

(ii) \\"ltrrt lircfrrt's sjtr)iilrl lre t:rkcrt ini(r il,L'couitl itt c'itrrtl.sitt,.::

I thc ltincinq olldots to reprdscnt luritl lloptilltiiott

Il (ltc:;c;iic ql'1 cktt to ]00t) llcollle irs sltorrn t,ri {)tc tttitp. ittt..J
Ill the siz.c ol'crich rlol'? I l{)l

( t)) lrig, 2 shtl\1,:j tltcrtt!'r'irrc onltLlirl rirle ol'lltiprrllrlir)ir L'r(),,\1i) iteitr.ccti l()5()
iuttl I()7(r ll1 Pr,rt irte e s irl rruuntt'.\, \. \\, jr;rr .rrrtclLt:;it.riis titrt.s it stt::!,esl
ilbortt tlre tclatrri:r:;itiJr l'',ctrrL'cit ti-rlcs tilgrorv{lr lrrrtl tlre rli:;trilrrtiln,,1'
poprrlitiolr'.' lNl

(c) l:.xlllairr tll,: itcli i.utiir!.lc\ ,rLrLi Llistrtl r iltllrl!(r: rrl

(i) tlte rlcrrsit-r sirrrrl:rr; rrrejlr,r.l. rnr..l

(ii) lltc rlot rnr-rlltor.l. lrl

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L8 Pal

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erf;lii;l;i
,,7 - 2.A%

\.1 - 1 8V.

0,0 - 1.0%

< Q.60/o

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0 Knr 250
t,'{

fri Universiq, df {)anrbrirJge Locat Examinations Syndicate

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 4

Section B (The Fluman Core)

Answer two cluestions fiom this section,

(a) Explain b$efly the termsfertility, moftaliD,and nutw.al incyease..

(b) Fig. 3 shows the main population changes by region fiorn I995 to
2025 (projeeted).
..": - .:

1995 population 2025 projerded populalion

No'rft Amerlca
,l 369.6

Latin America and

lhe Caribbean 709. B

Europa 748.2

Africa

Asia I 3458

5000 4000 3000 2000 10CI0 a 1000 2000 3000 4000

(rtrillic,ns)

o M. carr: New Patterns: Process and charqe in Hurnan Geo$:aphy.

iiig.
':
3

(j) Desc.ibe the rnain trends of lrbpulation charrge shown in rf'rfg,?,

:

(ii) sugg_est reasons for the clifferences in the treniis bqfween;i(tr-ica

---asd-F.ilrope slrown. J2
(c) witlr referense to Less Economically Deveropedicountrie,s (LEDCs),
\-*'- --/' .

discussinortality ditferences in variirus popuiutijn g;;,;p;, Vl

ri li ,i I i(ii?-ii-li){l \
 l']9.,1,*:,vt ?..:?mparison of.average annual fcoci pr.uducrior; anel average
alinuai populal'iort growth in the Less Eeononricalli, Devetoperl
C'oirntr jex of
the world.

{J*

-+'
,1. ; .r

c,^-k ,/'
Key 'ii.'
. ,,d
ffi :gliju:;l:l;ll l:l::Jlr:::n:" 'r
e'')n rco(i produ, ion ,n",u,"" '
"
lil
',i,;,i,.,, ;;ilii, ,;l:;:;i;,'J.';,11,,?;i?..j.i;,,jjf:,,',i H'_*:"

(.0 C iinr
lrr i rl g c .l n t c nrat i o n al lj.ranr ir.riltior i s

ii io .i
^ ^rr.
g

r\
{u) l-,cScl'lt)c tltc ltilttClls S[rtrg,tr i' Irig. .1 .

: [6]
(h) l:xlllain rihl'nrosl currrrrrics irr ,\iiica rx;.er.icncc
a lrigli poprriatic,:r
gr(tu'{lr rirlc
urrrJ lurr liroll
,.,.,1;Lrr Iiori.
u21
{c) Hiitlr rt:1";r'cllcc to irtr,r. l\,1.rc i:c.lroruic:.lli, [)ct
e lrllrcd (ltlLrntr.\]
.",clrlrrclirn
\,otr Jla\/c
lllc t".lc .J 3.\ct)tlc'1 i' r:ri'iurisi,rg i,4--
i,ll',1,u'u'ilsriori's .l'
17l

)t
)t
 Fig.5 shon,s tlerrcls in u,oricj urrhanisation. Ia

i
I
i
I
ib
i"- l nuar I

i-;'; , es ot {0sef lhdo I'

r'_-' c1t
I rnrlirl ? 50.r
I

' t"nn
&Ft f-*11't 'no'"
I
I
'c)
'orld Populatron
15 Cttiioo I
I

I
I
I

j
ia)
I

I
(t o0l, i;
I
I
.t
I

i
I
14 Population 'I ib)
5,3 hrlliorl
I
_l

O A Octtis, J. lrcjlniiinn ancl ,i,Oertis: ]rrtrotlLrctiorl to (ig6gpsphy :. 4il' liciitiorr

(c)

Fig.5

(r) I)cjirre thc lcr':tis {.a)

tu'issni,i at i rill and ova r 4ft' httrtit'u t ia n. l6l

(b)
(b)
Dcscr'ibe aucl cxi:lain the trends shoun in Fig, 5. [12]

(s) Witlr rt'lt'r-cn(:c to Less Ecottoinicalll, [)cvcloirccl ( orrnilics, L]\lirlr,iiltc

cllilrts being nrade to soivcr lhe irroble:n-rs o!'rapid urbanlsation, (c)
, t7l
llxlllain birl lerrt tlrcr-rLv in lclation io larrclLrsc in uliriur rlreas. t6l

Si itli leielelt(jc to ttatuccl e"tautpics rif'tulvns or citics strrdiecj. cliscuss

tlte e xlerti to ivitich they confbnn to tirc -r,arious rrrban landLrsc urcrr1cls;
whicil hiivc [rucn i]()stulaic(1. 1,12

(c) S/i1h ru'ltt'cncc Io exaiuples {l'onr bcrt}r h4<lrc llconrllricalil' I)cr clopcrl (a)
Cou ii t li es (lvj itDCs) anil L*ss ljcr:nomic al l-y' Dg vgl c]peri Lie 11111y1 g 5
(L,ED{ls), sltr;rv itoirr the rtro4rltoiogy of ctties has clraitued o\/er Iir"]1(i. lll (b)
,T
(a) Dcscribc 1r,..',i,,,aglicultr-rriLl lancl re,lblrrr is b.,in1i carlicr.l out iil uriv
oltc l.css I.:conouricnllrr Iler;eloped f.ountr-r,(l-nDC) :,'()r.r l)a\jc slurli.cd, l6I
(c)
( lt) [)csciii;c (itc; i111pi1g1<:f aci'icLt]fut'al lantl fclirrrrr ()n soolrrty irrrrj tlrr,
ell r,i rr) rt rt r c i: l. Itl (u)
(c) Asscss tlte itttJracl ol'liltd iclirrrtt on litrs.trrcl. Itrlrirrt'litrrr ;it jirL'(is \,)l
halc stu,.licrl. t7l
(b)

1,.f
: t
Ilr/-/-- i
 7
fa) Briefly explain the interrelationship between
' ' vv^' vvarrrrr\
commercial
r vrsr ard subsisrence
farming, '1r
t'l
(bi With refbrencg to anv conrrlrv wn,r l.o,
and narure
"r.irh
;il;;H il9g.'"XffiH.li'#;;Yl;:'
tfie distributi on
112J
(c) witJr reference to any,ole co.untry you
have studie,. assess rhe extent
to whjch farlning ha, r*a to ir,l.J,#rir,renr
of pro<:essing indusrrie!;
t?1
(n) Briefly clefine the lenhs
low-orcler goods and services,
ti].
(ii) fbotlucse industries; '' ',,' .i'r'. : j :i'i
fiii) export processing zorles (EpZr.
l6J
ib) With reference to .1,Tpl":,lom an.y
Less Econonrically De,zelopecl
cduntr-\' of your choiceloutrine thsriature
and significance of the
rnformal sector in the country,s;;;;;;y.
[12j
(.) llvaluaie efforts being made to deverop
the inron'ar :,ector ir: the
rol,ntr], named in (b).
tTl
t ,iJ ilistinguish betrveen tourism and recreation.
I5l
(h) Describe horv lanci is usecl for recreational
urhan seftlenrent you have sfutlied.
purposes irt and near ail
fql
L'J

(c) 'lhe
<lcnrand fbr recreationaL facirities has
rerr to a conflict of.irte res;t
"i;,,r',"i.oi-".,,.
bct\vecrl the urban cr*'e iler.s ancr trre ir
rr.ul .or,,.,t.,;;;,; rv^r'rvtr\'L
to arlr'courttry studied" discuss the
nature.f tltcse confricrs, ^
Ir0l
Secfion C (Ihe Fluman f)ptions)

Ansrver one question frorn this sclctiorr

(a) \\'ith rcf'cre'ce to an1'onc r,irring arefi yoLr

rrar,e strrdicd, orrtrinc trrc
liiclnrs tl:at have inflr-renced the ieveiop*rc.t
.i-rhat are a. i'81
(b) Describc and explain holv tl-re nriiting activitl,
the social and econornic geogralrhl,Jf.tirc --- "'
ilauretl in (a)
\") has al.lcctcd
arca. I8]
(e) ii'aJLrate iltter'rl)ts licing nrlile to solrr
problei's lacing rhc nrirri'g arca
lr;trrrcrJ aboVe ol. Lo irrtprr:r.c tlpcraliOrrs
tlrcrc.
iel
(:r) Conrpare llrc causes anrj irtrrrre cll. tn\ilreltlltcntaI
rlcunrcllIiotr irt r.r_rr.aI itrrcl
ri lxtrr clr r,i ronlr]enl :-.
r

I t.l
(t, ) '\\/ith'rcJerencc lci a Lcss
Ilcorionirciillv Dei,clLrpcd ('ountn r tirr har c
studicd, asscss tlic att.-nrpts l.,.,irrg nracic to
rr:rlucc i'.u'.',ir.'ntui
dcgratiarion in trr-[lLn itlcrls. ",tr,
Iri]

r/ I i/, I f,lr tr.)l

 n3 Fig. 64 shows exports of the world's major trading regions while Fig, 68 shows imports fot
the sarne regions.
0

I'
,o,r/?PEC
20 )/

Lv{
60q
z9--
9-
'ir:'lt '
F 50 '"d ':
\\' -o-
'o

s t-AfilA

\\ cen{rafly plantte(i
\o econofiles

Ac{van(:ed 7
r*'-WORLDoCanarJa
rflarkel /
econofiri6F' o L,ii tvlil
'o a/ tsusA z.arana
1Japan *- EEC 7
7*' --7'-* -'-a: * "
- -'r-* -- - - - -7. - *-,** *
lQ 20 30' 40 60 50 70
Perceniagn focd and raw rnaterlals
rJ

,? 30. / \''
go" ,/ \v zo
.Pqo/ \ .o
,1j/\ 60a
a"d
J,^/ J'J
\//
\ \
'r'6^

_- "o
.t / o Japan \-5U +
,P,(iOr/,/ \va
\(0
_*c'"
^"f
9/\ /\ 40
70,/ \. usA

/
/ .\
\
@

qdvanceo rnar'er \ro

BA, \ Gecononlies
,YL'.a^ada
,
worrlo!.u!E9 --
,/.
90.r\ust;alra t o
_ . .1_ Dere toping
a'7- iira,(ei'lc5nornies
vu
,br\C Nev,a LAI'T4, f,onr.rlr,, t\
.^^
toor/,/Zeatitna / .;r;ii;,;;' 1o

f --- . r*-: -_-

-.:-1,'?,
11ll 1l:*7'-
--"7*-""-
-.zD :-
"-/:^ -----t------.
-+- o
10 30 40 ocr 60. 70
/-

90 00
:1

fercentage food and raw materials

(*) Describc uncl e;rplain the lratterrl ol'e.vports and irnporls crf ilie regiotrs
511() U'11. I 12l.

(b) Ijvaluafel'ofl'arts n)itdc by dn;r 4roto Less'llconouric-al1)' Devclupecl (,-riuLtili-'r

' of )/our ohoice t.{) inlprove ils expott .:arniirgs. Ir-ri

1,^ I

t-)
[:']
 I
.rit witir tlre aid of exar.ples, describe trre char.acteristics of a regiorr, 16l
( lt) Explai' hrw t'he
"r]il.prri,:jle[' conce]r!c-an pe ap;rriecr ro trre rerati'nsrrip
between More Econonricjy rie'clopea co,,ui,,iJi
Eccinornically Deiielopetj Countri., prirt \'rYri?L/\
"" iil,i;iic_) erct I:;ess,:: .

lr,e
I'10]
(c) Asse'qs. the ilrrllacr go-r'ern.terrtcJkrr.ts irr_trl,irrg Ir) ruidrrcc, ,.agin,.,u]
'
'f
nr 11,,,n* L *r, Il c o' r.,rr i.* 1.r,
,

Dc'cir.,pctl C.r r'r ri y,,

l;lTfi l1i,n
]
L,

lel
 ZIMBABWE SCHOOL EXAMI NATIONS COU NCI L

General Cerlificate of Education Advanced Level

Confide,ntial
'ri.
i..
November 2003

MIARKING SCHEME

MI\XIMUM MARK: 100

SYLLABU$/CIOrun PON E NT': I 1 56/

I

GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2

L1

, ,n I
L'., H
IJ
 .1.

Section A (practicals)
\a) - lf sti-ength of signar denoting max rimit/number of bars
- the" freqrren6y of disruption iniervice
- the names of base stations and their nlinrber
- furthest points from which tliey can ptrone or be phcnedrand
-- to
too. F v,,uhici-r tirey pi-rorre
-numberofpeopIewithaccesstoservicesl..i1:.
- address of customers (cellphoneidirectory)
- whether the network ofrers'(regional/grot,Lit roarnirg
service

'."-:,.'
(b) - The survey is carried out using tire qLresiic.rrna;re and
intr:rviernzs on 1;horre ancl
iirect contact.
- A comprehensive answer will cover ail systenratic steps of
collecting data.
- sampling technique
- seek permission
- obtain base map
- soricit assistance of other peopie (tearnrvork)
- draft guestionnaire
- post questionriair"e/intervislar pecple/ser-,.rice providers
record on map, .questionnaire_c, notel:ool.l, sheet.
count and locate the number of base statio's in il-re area
- atterrrpt phoning friends in seiected p"i.i. irr" pini.,"-
""
P{"tq* tal

- lrteracy problems
- reluctance of service providers to give rnfr:r'atiorr
56t2 -informationregarcJedascorp.:r.ate"secret:,/coiiiJenriarity
- data reiiability _ falsehood ' '

- customers hostility :

- variations in ph!,sibar barriers as a iimitation to the urruu5lo,-

- base stations at different locations for diff<lrent service
rr\/v proviclers
- difficult to drflerenliate the base stations. Pvvr\rri

c) i4j
- isorine map
- desire line maps
- sketch map showing.ranl;es for drfferent networks (Accept '1
the networks or inditidtlai'networks)/conrpcsitu diagrarn slrourirrg all
- tabies similar to distance/fare tables
JLgrrr -- differerrt r:olours.
- any other suitable diagram can be creditecj
- pie chari
- bar graph

V]
12s)

r1
t-', ll,:

iiil
rl
rl -1

'2 (a) (i) circles proportional to size of po.pulation are drawn.

formula 12 proportional to'popurlation
radius of circles therefore proportional to. square root of population
adopt a scale for radii such that both largest and smallest urban
populations can be conveniently drawn on,the maP:,

(ii) I
: the placing of dots to represent rural population;

within administrative distrrqls for which populaticrn is given ir

CCNSUS.

' : ir'': j. ' - according to patterns of settlement and r"ininirabited areas a

Ort topographicai rnaps. : ' .:
: 'i i
dots can also be placed irr a regular: pattern within adminisi
districts, j i
': according to the'size of populatiotl
' - dot merging tc bre considt;red

ll the scale of "l dot to 2 000 people as shown on the map:

'- such thai Cots nearly ccalesce in densely populated areas
, also shcw sorrre disiribution in sparsely populated areas
;;; t"tr" in r*ruiion to PoPutatibn
uniform dot size throughout.
,l
r
ir
l
lll - the stze of dot ::

- that they do not give a wrong impression about distribution

- not too big or too small.

(b) High rates of growth tend to occul- mainly in:

- areas of sparse population in the Oriente region which_is a rural are-a

^ some but not ail of the major urban areas e.g La Paz, Santa Cruz, Oruvo
- east of Santa Cruz, moderate for they are npxt to urban centres

Low rates pop occur rnainly in the Valley Region which has the most densei
populated rural areas due to resirictions by resources.

Altipano has low raies due to physical barriers.

Dot Method - Advantaqes

(a) information about total values can be read accurately/lqta is quantitati'.

(b) its easy to form visual impression of broader variition

Qisaslvenlsgeg

(a) spatial distributir:n cannot be accurately shown with large dot values

(b) loss of inforrnatiorr by rollnding off numbers

I

ll
;]
i,r
I

f,.,
/rI
i
 .]'-q i r i, i: I -rii 1 + c.ij gc; -1
1 i-qt !,r c:li : -- ji! ! a-rlis-g e s
ia) cata i::.lualiil.:it',,i,'/iltfori'ilaiioi-t abll,l ic,zli .alue can f,e reac accuraiel-V

to) the map ts i.rls,-t::iir,aiear- v,/ith Spectrai gr'aciient and visuai tllpact emoedtje:
n1$3qi r,16 ntages

(a) lt is not pcssrlie 'rc, reacj inforntatror abcuit total values

i

ib) shadlng rrask:-: aii 'jifferences

,.c) loss'ti infor:l:illi't t7l

'r..r l
fertility
^! r^-.--
i:, i,i ,.r?o :--^r
il-lai la\./ali sl :-: , ?spec',s cf fepra fitcitr",': peffOrmartce r:i a |:Jai r'latior-'
ler!',-,
; ,s tlte ircluaiie ;l-,lai ..r'.: i,efiornianf,s 6j "',;3;11eri in the child n,,al -rl ii!? ,'',')
irl:-'aqgt*C bV cruie :,r" -' i-rle general fertiiriv rate and age spectfrc:irirriate ,1) lt)

,$.qr|altly
- ., 'efers tc cJcall 'e-r.: l,e['reir]ing to a oop,Lria,lrnii i1 )
it:. ill€3SLir-f:;,J b-l ,,.r,;r:e i::ath fateS. !tie e:.ll;:eiai-;'-:yr 3;-11 e{)e ![)i; t

c/ SpeClft, .''ca'i' ...:

;,lfant 'r aciuii iTrs'.ri'i^ri.:r n':,nality. antenatal ;lor-taIily, neorrataI

Nairiral increase

,' ts ihe posttive c^:lr',ci:) ir; ili€ numbet of peii:ie if eirth rate is hrCl'ter th;.:n death rate or
.rive fcrmula i:1R - i-;i.
';tal numbel r-;i ir,-ilrs r.'ri.li.ts total nurni:e[ i-,j'tealns in a pariicr:lar,,:a;' i?-]
icl
ilr

(b) Li) This question calls icr the canCidete's acriii-v io analyse th: gi-ai:h arrd identify irends
not mereirlr reeci;ng off ihe figures. The follov,,ing can be r:er-tif ,ed:

Asia wrll contr:-rue i.r contain the bulk of lir.-r \,v,-ri'iJ's pcpuiaiion
Asra totai pcijr-.riatri-,r-r i.:i950m) '*rli be f'r:,:; inar'ali the otner cof-llnelis i:ombined
(3293 4nr)
Eui'Cpe iE ihe lll\, r.,-.'r,iilent ',vhos€ pOp;16lion .,,,rll deci ie
Afi-rca s lropuiatrci-r 'vrii alrnost douole lir iire ,;ezr 2C2i'
By 2O2{;, Africa s i,arc}rilaitcn irtll be it.,:,= t: .i. :cuble tirai':i F-,'r,oe alihcuqh bci*
continr:li: ira j rte :;ll .l'e sai'r + 'p3t-.ii?: .,', tr, ', .:9ls
i'lorth Ai-,-,ei'rca 'viii ret-rai;t ihe c.oLritilerri .','i,i-r l:-= leas;t l'.rrr-1i-;;1',:'l)ecrDl€
Stetrstrls './. al:r,i,l€ ". aa l\,,'iLe ie'

r,L-'
l7q
-
 Tne ieason !: ccuid be

,Africa ha-c a iot ot pecple in ine reproductive

aee trs:ic{,. nlctr fertriit v,.,,,ii 3 -
the aged corrstitute a rarge percentage cf the ocDurarior
l. ,l'rl;ca ianrly prannrng mrihods are not as ivrce si-,[€ac as rri Europe
Tfre tevel cf educatron ts lov/er in Africa than in Eurone
Arri€ieriress educatrcn rs {rniitec cr scarce in
nfr ca :impared io Europe
rn Africa chiidien are strr an asser whirsr
in Eurcpe
ce''r€irii-'ec soctal security in Europe has i-educed *," tn;;;;;l,Jniiiii]
t-re ne eO fo;-many clriiclc-
.:'i ,li:-:;; cl:,drert are still an.s.lrance
aEatnsl c c a:u
'A'flicarr cuitli-e values man,l chjrdren w,hirst rts llt:rirg jfi i-:,",rciie
[::,rir' nter:-laees il-r Africa and late rn Eurooe

(cr r''irr -
:':'l3i-r si-icuicj 3e cn iitortaiiy. dlfie1ences.,,.,ll:'rir., i:t-:1;1,.
i;t1i.,,,,g"r, cirl,i.rl:.i,
,:i'i-'r-,: ll :."q.i..,, ' _ rc_jps c, ihe Joulalri.-,
i:

I 1L-ral ,c-.J! ln incrtaiii,v C fferentrais ra.ini,. ir r:, ',-,,i: CLriir ti-iCjf1

iei', ijiiV
r\,i,;r -,-,'',i l.il:

Itrr :-i i i.,il ,. i r s !,,'6.t I l_.;._r i C C I S c_rS S i: I i-, r:a i t,"/ d ff e i-..: n -
i I I : :.. 'i- ' t- s: (.r''
,

JIJal' ;,ftC iUrai feSiC. t,,lftS

(:Jl; -- i Crl.it. 3dUlt e( jcl
Se l'.-- {etnalermale
'i;:::
i: "j.
.
ie',,eis of income/weaith
ed,:cairon level
rr
ir rr
i ,': lccupation - blue coiiilr enrployeo, Ljnerr^jDi.i/ed
i."l'i r 16c, air
rei,o rcis sc.ctsitr rbal/r:.;rallethnic

Tl-re :,= :t,:';i5 cetertl;ile iei.,els .'], :llancat

i
il:
I'i;iititi.it ci 1t,", I,r,: 'ricninc.rr lrVc renei silt'
:
;ai)esslDiiit;.. to rlecrca: iacilrrres eic
1i

H,,.1
+j.-

r*'
*a)

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i;,
*:
r5
,q"
'E
.i
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kns
ffi
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ii.:q
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t"l
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,ffirT
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JH-
 r.t\

over 8096 of cciiriiies rn Afr-ica e>:penence food shortaops

'v \evv! i:,r L -:.--
v ur.,rr-.-- : -
is higher than fl:J prcduclron
There are cnlS'4:'*.untries in Afnca where population grov,,in ecuais,:::
production.
Middle East fooc prociuctron equais population groMh rate
Few countries rrAfrrca (3 only) expenence tood surplus. gro,^4h raie s
outstripped by fcod production.
Much of South America has focd surplus for growth rate is lor,ver, the sa-e
applies to Asia.
!-1

(b) Food production is low due tc

- pests + diseases
- incidence of drcucht + erratic rainfall/natural catastrophies
- poor technologV - tools +.equipment
- inability to contr:l chysical factoi-s
- little investment i:-r serlq;ltule for agriculture iS not vie,uved es a bu:;lr.:s
but as a,itey cf lrfe
- Govt efiort/policras
- populaticn instabiiiiy/civri strife/hostile/polarized envii'onments^e c
-rcr,aira
Sudan
- land tenure
- dependency syncrome
- storage facilities ai-e poor-food ends up destroyeC or sporle6 cesprit
climate f;actors barng varied scross Africa shodages occui scffre ar€es
are drsadvantaged by anoiiy and hostile forest
-
Population groMh rate is hrch due to

- culturai faciors - chrldren assets

- land fragmentation
- virility security. nale heir.
- low level cf educ:-iron
- birih control stiii backward
- poor medrcal faciiities
)=-':]0 - minimum Govt eficrt
- infant niortality increases fertility
- poor standard of irvrng
l
j

l^,2)
(c) This question calls for the candidate's ability to discuss control or management oi
food production

stipulation of procucer prices

quota system - nrt to exceed limits
buying sui-plus fo:d - stockprlrng i
paying farnrers nct to pr-oduce

i :::"-r:"-i.F.'iF:15frTrn]ffiffiffig$ryHl.gllffi'ti#F rA ::.?:iFia'.€3i{i4: . i' :

ry

- reguiating rlari.e i pnces

- encoLri'age e)(;).)ri oi foods/acicicir:r,aitoi'rs

I he candidate shoula ne e vaiuative arrC conre up ivith a concl',rsi\i'e r.:ns\,,/e r

i7 Il
r.\
1.1_

(a) Urbanisation - lt is a piilcess (1) whereby there rs

- an increase in the prcrortlonlpercentage cf total population livrng in toroins and )''\ f

cities (1)
- due to migration + naiurai increase (1) r,)l
l.r I
- typical of LFDC's recentiy (i )

Over-urbanisation - is a situation whereby urbanites are too man!' and urbanisation

is presenting a problenr

Reasons (push factc.,rs i,r-ri Or" factors)

* war (1)
- drought (1)
"' slow econcmic '3rcr','ir i i )
'

- nrismatch bei..r,een jt: anrenities and irrccnrrng migrants (1) (l:

(b) Candidates cal anpfoa:ir lhis question in veriq'rs ways so be or ii-i,. vrril,-i cut: doi
dtsadvantage the COr :r;,,;,at.o

- Generai pcp;:rtoi,vrrsincreasedfr-oni1900to1990t.g 'i.s.6('iaia4': 1a,6

- lncrease is fr',:re inan 4 times froni i900.
- Projecied uri-.anrsaiion level by 2A2O is 62.Sa/o.
- Popuiation rr nriiiicn cities vriii be 27 1,p/o in2A2O.
- Froni eacn r..,'iod fi"om 1900, pop tn cities almost iou[ries
Canditjatec c:ii ,.se crude figures to des.cribe

Explanation
- fevi'er :t
onset of industrializaiicn
i.,,v,/r-ts
- tovyns esia:rrshecj due to cnset of the inCustrial revoluiior-i hence many
peopie nic\./i:l io towns.
- massive increase in urbanization Cue to disparities I uibaii rurrai areas in
LEDC's in 197Cs

nevl cenires of attracticn iike nrining ani commercral ceniies aitracted p

and rnrlliorr l,iies v.ere growing
land consolicjatrcr-r riue to the encic.sure iaws so peoi-.le noved ic towns
prcrriCe che a,l iaocur in Europe iri 1900
i

t !i .
1.-r 'i
, ll'J
-r_;*__
Er'
(c) Efforts -- schenres/prolects

- hoirsing co-opeiatirres to accon^,rnocjate rlriOrar rts

- self-help schemes
- informal sector supported - SEDCO in Zir-nbabu'e. SMEs
- deregulation
- decentralisaton - grovr4h poini policy - Zimbabv''e and S. America
- private sector involvenrent + NGOs e.g Plan lnternaiional
- resettlement to drive pop back to rural ar€as.
- improve quality of life in rural areas - electr-ification. water supplies
Assessment should be of the effcrts mentiorred and foi' chosen counftes
Ffiort - 4
Assessment - 3
tr.

\o/ CandiCates should explore the concept of bidrettl

rJr-ban ianduse is characterrsed by
- spaiial landuse comPetition (1)
- the highest bidder is the one vvho uses iiic laro (i)
- highest bidder is tlre service/activtt5r ';;;",f i'i !jenerates the mdximunr proftt
from such a location (1)

Bidrent theorir results in bid rent culrres (1) and creates land use zones in urban
areas. (1)
Credit explanation for bid rent curve (1) and land use zones (1) in text or diagrarn (
Ncte - ieserve (1) for correctly showing zones on ti:e dtagram [6

(b) The question calls for the use of examples from any [-EDC or MEDC or.both. Thert
are various (several) landuse models and the candidaie must discuss a'lleas'13
models and choice could be made from the foliowirrg.

concentric zone nrodel - Burgess

sector model- Hoyt
multiple nuclei model - Harris and Ulman
the Mann mcdel
The R€es model
The Lawton model
Conformity will depend on the exarnpies chosen
The question only calls for applicabiliiy of models and not theoretical
aspects of the models
For a general answer - no exampies - 5
Fordrscussing lessthan 3 models -E * 4 4A t
 (c) An example-based qL,tesi{ci-l
Cails foi- ilie c.i,rrdicate ic fi,cr-,S . iel'ttct't c.l cl-ia.ia;,-r :-t a'./ef tirrre Ci l:r: sl.i;-rCil.|-, Et
t,ri v

Ansler cails foi'a focus :.'ly oi ihe C[]D

partiur-r
Candidate shcrritJ specifv ihe iir-: cvelr/htcl, iire cl-range took place
The following changes cculd be :oked at
- vertical extent
- horizontal extent
- size of buildings
- types of buildrngs
- increijse/decrease of :pen spacesiparks
- deveioprrent cr ncn-::';elopmer-rt ll shcpciric n-iails
- transpcrt systems (w;:ening consii-irctrcn dualrsairoir) etc of roads
Credit (1) for a develcpec poiri'r
Reserve (i ) f or ability to -:late char,ge .; to .:ssrnriiatrcn and drscarci

Cred
\di
iv4cst pcp.riar exanip,= wili
can..ricaies to tnal e) a r-,;tl€ (c)
New acts of pariran'le-: rli,C AlqJr:,1iriir Bill 199C
; 1,,':: ,i.^.-',::,.': t ACiS 1999 '1999
','.,tlil-ig i,tu';z;,,"'iiiiilg seller-
Violent invasions
L.and iistribruticn
fi: R.esettlement
- l-anc.j aCquiSitici-i ot^l ,: 1e:Cll !-cl-ien-ie s
- Vartous niodei-< e g - : L.2 l€)esir c
id',

- Politicai expeCrency ;:i',ir'; ii ic ccver pllitica! rnrleage

Suippcrlrng pclicy rlax I ra(.
loarrs
ed -rcation. DDF riifrastruciure

(b)

l lijetetiye (a)
i-'
^^+i-i^^+:^-.
Jd{.i>iC'\-LiJ{ : : - (r,itil Idlitri I

rnn-olco lrn --^A, -::..-,

--
./lU-l-i!..1u. I - \,,,ioe n gal-. betv;een ricl,. I
,,,- l,ti- r'+^^- -. ..ic ,^,iri,ri.-:r
uJ-lll15 >i.dr l'-, --_

eai-ns fci'e;< ni'eaking iamrly ties.

ensures fuli e - rnore casn than food crcl
eouity in res.,.rces new remote areas,,'ri:lo
* uiilizaiion ;cJDlaSS :,le IO fi''aCha:tiz
traditional crops abarOcl
cieate; : eciai tenslo;-.s

Crecrl ('i t{,or srngl* cor^is 3 i;\",e and -? flr pCSiliVe

\ i-"-'
lI
I

Ill!)
 Environn. rent Pcsrtive
i ,_ .___]_
I Negative I
I

I- t,JrZQ€ CCnServatiOn fOr

g i-ift(

3p3p rOISilOn resloreS SOti

lnapprcpiiate use cr ianC - golC
^^^^;,--
L'dl ,r ill lLl
-^;l -,, '+rian.c ,-.,ri^+,^^
i" riilriY iuil ll(f,U rci iJ llci-)l:tiL,l I - llu
,^^l-^^-^^+
iar.:C r-rlanaEeme.'t plcgramnl€s UF'ldvEillE li.

f^ielp ccr-lservatlCn environment Cegi-adeiiorr due to

Oefcresial ln
iacx of su:tefvtslon
crrrnicafrr'.
euirop,hrcaiicn
poilutrcn ei air sfrra)1
ecclogicai imbalance fiora +
flora de-stroyed due to poachingl

l'edit (1)for s,nQ'e pti.ts 3'cl regatrve and J f3r posi:'ve [6]
t4)1
. LJ
'

l:
- -tt-tc tnv;lsiols have ied to commei-clal farrrels eb,i-rccliriig ineii-
' n^'- i'^'lc
- JYi ci'lu' '*
- i:rexpei-i€inccc farmeis ied to low prcciuction ieveis due ic limi'iec inputs
- lv,iovement of llvestocl.l across ecclc jrcei iBgtcr:S n:s nreai-ti iiseases and
;^^+1.^l>
rrudLl
- Poor Querlrty li'vestock being prcduc€d
- Beiier cualiir' hctvever iue tc increasec uOZtrtc iards.
- Nei,, jni-:/.)val,ve iCeas have impr-cved !tvestock C,r-ccuctiorr anc
otve"sif c;lticr-'

Watch out fcr polirir:aliy nlcti'/ated deliberations in this ans\'r'ef nci addressing the
question at aii l7l
125l

7 a) l-here ls a -1/ir-il-rlcirrt
re;airoiisn;a rviih cutgro\\rei-S r'- cctton iea coffee)
€ _ ebcui-,j€as.ral/ccntractipermanent
I i i-'co nte ior l rvei rhoc'J
--,-i^',.a))I irr- "
=lilPl\r)
: tnpr-rts (rnzrlure. stcc? focd), comrnercrai cal buy cr behalf of subsistence
:: :-:[ sharing .,f tnfi-astructure e.g. access tc i-c?cs
ditfus;or of iCeas anc r?inovation
- deliberslo transfer of eaucation, inoigen'cus, know:edge skrlls
- 'tteraciiorr
betr,veen settler farmers/cui gro'"^,'ers a!-:3 esietes rn case of
Zrmbabwe ARDA.
t6l

(b, Na-rure - C,,vrre:Ship - ttile deeds

:ne:?Qelllellt
- raitt ;;5,4 11/ir rrgateC
():a. .,,.ice:enlia'

)tf' --,Nj:: -{.eY-i:., ".:{:."ir!q|r-,

 rl l.,Juf prci-i it i;l i,,, t I cr,r i rt n t i'j r ci l;
ii c. l'v e S l i :, ir b s l s i ti i tce
- i,r:arrCe/tapttai ifires'L;;;t.rti
, cj[)lima linrit rncdei appiicable
Crenit (1) for srngle plinis oir nature
t errer-al answet Ma:. 5
(,:, questrcrr Lcr,.;r for evaluelrve i;;nguage

iiorv ci ri^ratertal fr,:i',i fariiilai-icl tc. ir-.iiiinE iriarit

type and nature of crcps wrll deiermine establrshment -raw mate-
rnarket oi-ienied
r.lassic cases of estatiiishnrent nf process.ing industry
tea/coffee - l-ancancje Keiiyo
:r!931- *ZSR
:i,,,ttci-r - Kadorna iiii.ti:e lr,' Siai"ryaii. i'aii.r' ,i,
,;eef * CSC ZLC
..ifuS CalrnS F '::: : i..:.Si,:i \ji rir: r
i;crisiiabilit-v
iJulkness
iragility (considere.,i I

qa cg-s -g I] -q-Qg.t-Y:-Q,',ii
a rr) 'JS€il t',:.'tt) :Q.),,.:.a. :

irfi\i€ 3 snra:il=i :Ll'j:=

are found ai morl p-r,:ni:;/cei-:irai olai,:es
rot traveled fcr over lorig distarice;s
require a smaller ihresiioid popLrlation ro renrain viable

i,=.-qi, ;:qg e lngugllleg

ntay lccate almosl al,lu.,itere
iound in all areas \\,itef rj ravr, ff'aierii:l:. lie ir[:rquitous
i-rot stuck by iocatioital lactois
i''ee to b(j i'eioc€,,,,-,
e.g sculpiur^e basfieiry
lrrgh rralue goods like e iectrical gcoCs nr:t buiky h
l.l
1i-,
iv
I

expo,l_lll_Q-Qe_Q.9lngzoles i
- aleas desrgnatec iri a i:lunir,v ci a regian to process
i

goods for exfl I

i.ise 80% lot:al conient I

get assisiarrc;e arirj rrroir:cticn froil government and privaie sector i

l

get ta.< hoiidays ii:n1r-ry r:eneftts) i

I

compete wrtii those rn rcrmal nianufactt.rring for market hence low I

l ritsineSS frOrr't ii-rar,'r lrl I

f:i
ilJli
I

F'

.l
;Ll ,

*-,rl!F;*
lr
 irii. . t..
5t4t
raleir:1
9ll-rl.'iCli r',.".: i-.11r-:1-;r1

rai capt::rri cl,r

i.'cs af -*','e ^
,ir;iqhir-,' ir .--r

.l i!l-l1lae!Ce-* ah,SCrbS iili. , ';';e r: Ir-)ia)\r'j' ..j i,r ,,r 1: .l',i-::-, ,!et.'t., '
-'a'a :-i '
creates employi'rreri - abc,L-,1 ' .1,'t 'llr"i'r: - I

LEDCs e.g ZtrllL:a5'''i;g P6;r:-1. i,lii,jr1, 1:,.1,i,t iji

- self i'eliance
i".lS€S r€adlly a''./?:'t2l-:1,a, Cf iee:, i --,1a:1ta;:' i^hi' l-,r.\
.-..-...;^:^ 01
plC\'1SICil Ci-l:. j.:r :..'.t'a\,1Ci':,i' : ',._ , -. :-f__.- r-,1:,-, r ,l p
' ,

3UOl-1 iie l, ine ia,i:l'[] :",,. l:",''' ',

CO\r,,t-i Sh.-r ; S
ii',rtri.i
' f lor:clrli.l rl-iarKaji: 'r:,.:.,':

iilii'.rS ;i,:-XilF'-. '

ct^ots i r:rdei'.i:.1"' f - -'.
i,anciC:1e-c to distilrl' ;i' :rili \la- -;.\.
irr3ilIt:.--t j.('ll
L:L' :

i itS :J ?'.ei , 't: ?' .

.uffc,' -le
d.
'-.).( | , . - T' '

2l-'', -,:il'.;,;.r
,-r{nn...-!\.i^r'r'
drL;,'...'L;\,!\; :

sofi lcans fro:i l:li: i.''i..i,;1::, '; 1,'.

shcP;;t:c-: :: S A !;: i:.'"3: ': ? i
m u lti -rr o ;t D o a i :j,.,' ii n (, . :i l.) i l
r; IIi iI :
''*r!
A-"soliatilt
i€la,rc,.i iocai i:rt' rlr- -i'jl il ,
llC' r. :::'..;- a'l \',..,'

1C i ounsnl_ i-,i-.,"gat-tr-.

,-a[g€ scale - f:r,tirlies ,-.-i,^-_^i-

\.t. :- ,-irr
. :.. ...,,l ..;t _.1 ,

:- YnP l-l ql',/t: -ria:ii._t:: i

l-onger time piarr ring atrd , ,:r. i-l ill.i ,L: ailaila','
To distanr pla:.,:-, t;.li ili ri-i ii,
C'l
Done sttrglyr 6r ;,1 rjc r-101e: - r'(to l-. ' irmilr,
rl Uses fcreion a..', ir-raai :-,; -, r:r,t3 l.,r-ai,:]l-.jf fe-
-)
^l

- ^ .!
.. 1

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 i

l*E
,;::' .
i;r,.
;ir'jt:t,:
t'j '
 aa.,e Sr Siadie

i: :J -ril'l-13ief tC
f,i.,i i,ilaniiies think it s

. .:r,J .. a; a;il-)nOfniC 1/J

:.),, U j..: )t:ep $outh

I ite trinerai - iauilccrioicieci

jilantiiV Of nrrr:Cr.rriCrade -.
',:-,i.+.,
type

rr-te rfgreri -,-

,-,rtsiderer:a :.

. JrlL, ;5 - ,. - :, , .-_.
3.
l"'r .'r . , . I'allka' (-
r:\! :'.i -
i
' '
( .,,. i . ,
,_'irt-i I ::
-,
\, I cj
-
i- -r 1,,-&i
I ,it COi-i;: JC,
l'.fli-j-, -lr)
r.] i,'-,
:)r,, ,
- .-- r:.1 *if ai laC;1l,r-i r,,a,l
. ,-, .-i,

Oil",er fei:i:e .-i i;ClCrS e g i1.,-,r.r lrC., S,ulX

L-inHzrces \1;,i1,-, Cih€r lr!,lJ*-,.r:-,:, r; r : i.,iCii.:!lv

ai:13rs:i ieasi:l
ij I:1"::rCf Otiir i-,-i.:r: i3 t.a'

l*E
,ar,
i'l::!t:;
ti*i,:',,. . ,".,f;ggry.reru
:i;,Btl'Y{tt.a. . , :.'E*=+ra"
 i .-l

it,) Pollutron of li,; arr arid rl,,aier ca\tsgs (irS.;csG.: asLCSlc,::

rs,rCy5g;lg;y
- eiiipjoy,nient generatron a gr-eat pe i.cr)1,-ti-Ci; e l- r,ioyed skriled. senri-
skrlled, unskrlled.
- sncillary inciustries cievelopi generale empioynrerri
- socrar amenrties develop rnrprovir-rg the qualiiy of life of people e g r,cir
class residential areas spofts ireiCs etc
- exhaustion leads tc ghost rc',vns rcv,, conirnuniiy, sprrits
- retrenchnrents create pove;-tv esDecleliv rf pacl<ages are low
- if caprtai - intensive .,r benefrts for society for profits are sent
overseas "r""r.id
Creoii i2) f or 4 developec poinrs
General answer max (3)
t8l
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An evaluative answer callecj far rs12', Aa't iaj :

- rnvestment rn technoici; I ! i_j.-.:

cleaner production
- stream - lining produlirlr-,
- retrenchingr,vorkers
- open other minesicics.= :,:..1
- iobbying against use ci i-i-iii,,er l.lr a q asbesros iv envrronnrentairst:-
li

- promote sales overseas ;.lni_r Iocal/ericourage rakeover by woi-kers

retrenched
- lnvrte rnvestntent
- seek ntarkets for fore . .-:, --,.-jofr
Evaluation depends on s, z:-:, .,:- iitcs,:it e l

(ai The answer mav treat the twc eri,.,rrc)ni,,-,ents separatel;v

ci- a comparatrve approe rl
(vrhilst, meanwhire, moreover h.,,ve',,er bur)
may be ecopted
Diflerences are in the fcrm of car,..s arC nair:re ',!i

Causes

i nurat environrnents Ur-ban environments

- overgrazrrlQ + eygl-stockinc - industrral effluenUpolluGnG?un,eing
poor farming methods - sewage drscharge/eutrophicatior I

- deforestation - urban decay

- dumping - bush sysienr - minrnq {
- panntng
- sponianecirs dump ftres
- mining/ouarrying - deforestatrr_;n - wood fuel +ui-ban I
- veld fri-es 2-,rlat tlit'r.-
- farmingieutrophicatron - exhalsi fumes
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irrigatro..salinrzar:on - niaci'ilei-r,
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116 ft.i( ^ ,, :',. ,;ci-: . .::.- l .,i',i ,'f rrai-]Liiaciureii gc;ds Odf C ilegron e) ;. .ri.: l
fuel i' :et::,it irfi1-i1 g ;'cl irc i;/.I-ioiis ariJ rf ilports for countries lii<e USA EC ,.iall
AuStr;,,'t,:,lr'lij lje',,,r'): geia' :.:-'i.- i'ealit.,l:l 5t-ich as Cerlli-aii-v ['lar:r,ed Econor-,.',:es tr
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Ao/o t,-' an'J f ::,.--'a',; ; ri r--l goo i-J s i - vaiire adding ione in [,4Ei-,i,s
impcri aril fur' , - ditferences in resGurce ento\'"il
l1i-l7f-t r;. ifif : '. :r i: 1: .t t aj"L' - mai-rr]factirr-ing centre
'erltral; Fii'; ta' 5',r'tc,-Y. - nature cf gcrods exporteC i:ri-lc
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1. (b) An e;':anrple-bas:cj que sttcr
i:r,ai.raiii,e q;estlcn. Lrrci'i ior er-'aluat,"'', lrt-;.,.,.
Art:.\,,'i.:i' cieg.re riCs cn e)iarnille of e g i-ii-;rDaLt .'u
.!..-i-

establishment of EPZs
- ci'rersrfication of trrarl-iet
- feductiorr of corPorate iax
- incentives for export earnings
- derialuation
- encoilragenlent of joint ventLlres r'r';iii-i fl1',. !.r' -i .,::: r: ,-j

- lower interes'r t'ates

- ciual interest rates
- loan availability/grants/subsiCies foi' etllei gr'r,-i ;i-li--,: r:Liies
- tax holidays
- iiigh tariffs for imporls to protect locai r-,r-j;:c;11rr
Reserve (1) for relevant example
Credit 2 for an evaluateci effort

,.a) A,li a.aa r.Viiir nC'llOgenCU,s ChareCtefiSitr:,S ii-:i.,r'::l..:,,i ,: ,:'

'
r,r-r;lir]:1ll l-iie c::rliidate si-rouici
'i-;ring ii'r'; icir.li':;lr, I : . -- :
f:i1;,g.iali,:l
e g - spaiial unrformity/ilomcge'nQi,.,' ? E :\':
geoicgy/cii;laie/land us3 (s-gat' c?i-,:, .i-,:.''. :
'''i.
- areal func:ticnalit,v e g cll';r 1;' ^'-' li"\i;i:-: i-i.'a::,':
area. political region ELr
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T;.;e etSrr,/er i1ia)/ rncluCe
.. graivih poie pcitcteslsei Lit :ri giotr'-ii i [,:;ii,-'.:.
- 'iL;nciing projects in less prir:ilageci arcai
-.- t - developrng infrastructuire - isanitatir.,ri ijcijirii.,;s :-:'-' ..;r -'

- cevelil fnoi-e in manuiacturtn3 aricl i!:,:--rS i,; ::3iir-, C€; \'€; ::a g,
{:.ili;,-: -
ieit iari' nrj.rstri es.i iitai .ll_ j.-.' ',';lii^,eia: :

- ete financiaily stabie l;.,.ie:- i i,.,; l^,r'r Siandat-dS

- nlore e conomtcally developec - i,isc fiit.'rrloi-: as tlcnaiton air
- enjoy Lretter living stanciards ; - ciepenu Lrl'l ,:lofe for adminisi;a. :-
! - sources cf development finance
finan:e - inrplerrcnialior-l of ciecisions lr:'?-
j - sell expensive goods to LEDCs ME DC:'
-f j - decisicrr making done at Corpcrate HQs teslrr..g cf r'csearch
| - resea'ch and developrnent - i-rial;r ri':;:i,,li i:liling
I - use qf elpgtllg

Credit 12) far Iinked developed points

Generai Answer Max 4

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The answer should be exarnple based and e)raiuative (e.9. Brgzil, Venezuela-
Orinoco River, Siei.ra.Leone) :

Zimbabwe
- ruralelectrification
- water supplies - tapped
boreholes
blair toiietg
irrigation' + dam'construction
AREX and Agrarian Reform
ioad Consiruction
CBD's
S uppl enrentary Feeding Schern e
clinics + hospitals
schools + tertiary coileges
$MF-'S :

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