CHAPTER

Mass Relationships in
Chemical Reactions

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 CHAPTER 3
Relevant Sections
3.7 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products
3.9 Limiting Reagents
3.10 Reaction Yield
 Chemical Reactions and
3.7 Chemical Equations
A CHEMICAL REACTION is a process
in which one or more substances is
changed into one or more new
substances.

SUBSTANCES

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS
 According to Dalton’s Atomic
Theory:

A chemical reaction involves only the

separation, combination, or
rearrangement of atoms; it does not
result in their creation or destruction

A chemical reaction involves the same

set of elements at the beginning of and
at the end of the reaction.
All of the elements you you should also see on
see on the left side of the the right side of the
equation equation

start end
Initial stage Final stage
reactants products
A chemical equation is a shorthand expression or
representation of a chemical reaction

A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to

show what happens during a chemical reaction

reactants products
For reactions with more than one reactant or
product, use a plus (+) sign to separate the
formulas of the different substances

Solid (s) Liquid (l) Gas (g)

Aqueous Solution (aq)

(Homogeneous Mixture with H2O as solvent)

Symbol for heating 

Write the chemical equation representing the formation of
liquid water from the reaction of the gaseous molecules of
hydrogen and oxygen.

reactants products
gaseous molecules of
hydrogen and oxygen Liquid water

H2 (g) + O2(g) H2O (l) Not balanced

2H2 (g) + O2(g) 2H2O (l) Balanced

When ammonia reacts with molecular
oxygen gas it forms nitrogen monoxide gas
and liquid water.

Write the correct chemical formulas of the

reactants (left side) and products (right side)

NH3(g) + O2(g)  NO(g) + H2O(l)

 Patterns of Chemical Reactions
 Combination Reactions

 Decomposition Reactions

 Combustion Reactions

 Displacement Reactions

 Exchange Reactions
COMBINATION REACTIONS
Combination Reaction
 PATTERN: X + Z  XZ

 For this type of reaction, two or more

substances react to form a single (one) product.

 All the elements present in the reactants are

contained in the chemical formula of the
product.

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)  2Fe2O3(s)

DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS
Decomposition Reactions
 PATTERN: XZ  X + Z

 Decomposition reactions are the reverse of the

simple combination reactions.

 For this type of reaction, there is only one

reactant but many substances form the product.

2 NH3 (g)  N2(g) + 3H2(g)

 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

An element, A takes the place of another element X

in the compound, XZ.
Displacement Reactions
 Hydrogen Displacement

 Metal Displacement

 Halogen Displacement

The Activity Series for Halogens

F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
 Displacement Reaction

 PATTERN: A + XZ  AZ + X
 An activity series determines which elements are capable of displacing
another.

Activity Series
METALS: Na > Al > Zn > Cr > Fe > Ni > Sn > Pb > H > Cu > Ag > Au

Zn + 2HCl (aq)  H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)

2Al + 3CuSO4 (aq)  3Cu + Al2(SO4)3

 COMBUSTION REACTIONS

A compound reacts with O2(g) to produce a

new set of substances that contains the
element, oxygen.

NOTE: If O2(g) reacts with an element, it is

classified under a combination reaction.
EXCHANGE REACTIONS

Notice that there is an exchange of cation and

anions in the reactants to form the products.
Exchange Reactions or
Double Displacement Reactions
 PATTERN: AD + XZ  AZ + XD

 Aqueous reactions that follow the pattern of reaction

acid-base reactions
precipitation reactions

NaOH(aq) + HCl (aq)  H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)

Pb(NO3)2 (aq)+ 2KI (aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

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Classify the following reactions:

 (A) 2N2 O 𝑔 → 2N2 𝑔 + O2 (𝑔)

 (B) 6Li 𝑠 + N2 𝑔 → 2Li3 N(𝑠)

 (C) Ni 𝑠 + Pb(NO3 )2 𝑎𝑞 → Pb 𝑠 + Ni(NO3 )2 (𝑎𝑞)

Balancing Chemical Equations
Count the number of atoms of each element
present on the right and on the left side

NOTE: Do you have all of the

elements present on both sides of the
chemical equation?

NOTE: Are all the chemical symbols

and formulas correct?
Write the stoichiometric coefficients on the
space before each chemical symbol or formula

NOTE: Do not be afraid

to change your
coefficients?

NOTE: You may erase

the previous answer
and rewrite a new one.
BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
 ____ K + ____ Cl2  _____ KCl

____ Zn + ____O2  _____ ZnO

_____ Ni + _____ HCl  ____ NiCl2 + ___ H2

_____ Cu + _____ AgNO3  ____ Cu(NO3)2 + _____Ag

_________ + ______CuSO4  ____ ZnSO4 + _____ Cu

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 _____ Cl2 + _____ NaBr  _____ Br2 + _____NaCl

_____ Al2O3  _____ O2 + _____ Al

_____ VCl3  ____Cl2 + _____ V

_____ NH4NO3  ____ N2O + ____ H2O

_____ Na2C2O4 + _____ CaCl2  ___________ + 2NaCl

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Part 1. Balance the following chemical equations and
identify the pattern of chemical reaction

Write the letter that corresponds to the type of reaction

illustrated by the equation.

A. Combination Reaction
B. Decomposition Reaction
C. Displacement Reaction
D. Exchange Reaction
 Type of
Chemical Equation
Reaction

1. _____ Mg(s) + _____ N2(g)  _____ Mg3N2(s) _________

2. ___ NaHCO3(s)  ___ Na2CO3(s) + ___ H2O(l) + ___ CO2(g) _________

3. _____ Zn3Sb2 + ___H2O  ___Zn(OH)2 + ___SbH3 _________

4. _____NH4NO3(s)  _____ N2O(g) + _____ H2O(l) _________

 Some reactions result from the combination of two
patterns of chemical reaction

2NaHCO3(s)  Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Amphoteric substance - can either donate or accept a proton,

NaHCO3(s) + NaHCO3(s)  Na2CO3(s) + H2CO3(aq)

H2CO3(s)  H2O(l) + CO2(g)

2NaHCO3(s)  Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

 Type of
Chemical Equation
Reaction

1. _____ Mg(s) + _____ N2(g)  _____ Mg3N2(s) _________

2. ___ NaHCO3(s)  ___ Na2CO3(s) + ___ H2O(l) + ___ CO2(g) _________

3. _____ Zn3Sb2 + ___H2O  ___Zn(OH)2 + ___SbH3 _________

4. _____NH4NO3(s)  _____ N2O(g) + _____ H2O(l) _________

 For some reactions involving water, H2O

_____ Zn3Sb2 + ___H2O  ___Zn(OH)2 + ___SbH3

Split water into two components, H  OH

___Zn3Sb2 + ___ HOH  ___Zn(OH)2 + ___SbH3

___ Zn3Sb2 + ___ H2O  ___Zn(OH)2 + ___SbH3

 Type of
Chemical Equation
Reaction

5. ___ Zn(s) + ____ HCl (aq)  ___ ZnCl2 (aq) + ___ H2(g) _________

6. ____ K(s) + ____ H2O(l)  ____ KOH(aq) + ____ H2(g) _________

7. ____ H2O2 (aq)  _____O2 (g) + _____H2O (l) _________

8. ____ (NH4)2Cr2O7  ___N2 + ___Cr2O3 + ___H2O _________

Write the balanced chemical equations that will represent the reactions
described below. Write your answers on the space provided for each number.

The formation of barium oxide from the reaction of barium metal with
oxygen gas.
ANSWER:

The reaction between fluorine gas and water to yield the gaseous products
oxygen difluoride and hydrogen fluoride.

ANSWER:

The burning of magnesium in nitrogen gas produces magnesium nitride.

ANSWER:
Write the balanced chemical equations that will represent the reactions
described below. Write your answers on the space provided for each number.

The burning of iron(III) oxide in hydrogen gas generates iron metal and
water.

ANSWER:

The complete combustion of hydrocarbons deals with the reaction of the

hydrocarbon with oxygen gas producing carbon dioxide and water.
Write the balanced chemical equation representing the complete
combustion of butane, C4H10.
ANSWER:
Additional exercises: for
independent study
Balance the following chemical equations.

Chemical Equations

_____ KOH + _____ H3PO4  _____ K3PO4 + _____ H2O

_____NH4NO3  _____ N2O + _____ H2O

_____Al + _____H2SO4  _____Al2(SO4)3 + _____H2

_____P4O10 + _____ H2O  _____H3PO4

Balance the following chemical equations.

Chemical Equations

_____ NH3 + _____ CuO  _____ Cu + _____ N2 + _____ H2O

_____ C2H6 + _____ O2  _____ CO2 + _____ H2O

_____ HCl + _____ CaCO3  _____ CaCl2 + _____ H2O + _____ CO2

_____ NaHCO3  _____ Na2CO3 + _____ H2O + _____ CO2

Write the balanced chemical equation that will represent the
chemical reaction described below:

1. When toluene (C7H8) reacts with nitric acid,

trinitrotoluene (TNT), C7H5N3O6 and water are formed.

+ HNO3
+ H2O

toluene
(C7H8) trinitrotoluene,
C7H5N3O6

____ C7H8 + ___ HNO3 ___ C7H5N3O6 + ___ H2O

 2. Carbon disulfide and carbon monoxide are produced
from the reaction of sulfur dioxide with carbon.
Answer:
_______________________________________________________________

3. Solid Lead (II) oxide reacts with ammonia gas to produce

lead metal, nitrogen gas and liquid water.
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________

4. The complete combustion of liquid octane, C8H18, with

O2 (g) generates carbon dioxide gas and liquid water.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________
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