Purposive Communication

Differences between EASTERN and WESTERN culture

EASTERN WORLD - comprised of ASIA, MIDDLE EAST.

WESTERN WORLD - comprised of North and South America, Europe, Australia, and New
Zealand.

EASTERN CULTURE WESTERN CULTURE

Seem to be more conservative and traditional
than westerners. They don't talk openly,
topics that are taboo.
Religion - most common are : Hinduism,
Buddhism, Jainism, Shenism, Taoism and
Islam
Family & Decision Making : ELDERS are
the leader and one to decide. Children will
take care of their parents when they get old.
Marriage : Arrange marriage are common.
Believe that "Love comes after marriage"
Education: more rigid in terms of education
system. Gives more value to hardwork.
Reception kind of learning : students more
likely act as receivers of information. Not too
interactive.
In terms of special needs: isolated : the child
have a different/special class. They see it
unbiased but it only works practical.
Openly express their thoughts, opinions etc.
They are more liberal and practical.
Most common are : Christianity, Islam and
Judaism
Each and anyone can decide.
Believe that "Love comes before marriage.
Don't practice arranged marriages
Value more on creativity. They have different
styles that they apply for each individual.
Participation : they let students participate.
Inclusions : child is still included in a normal
class.

What is culture diversity?

 CULTURE DIVERSITY is about how two people are communicating and the way
they're communicating could be based on their culture difference. It is about
acknowledging and respecting differences.
What type of difference does it cover?
 CULTURE DIVERSITY covers numbers of differences. It can be differences in
relation to behaviour, values, beliefs, gender, attitude etc.

Tips on CULTURE DIVERSITY

1. Use Observation Skills - observed how they behave, how they are interacting, the body
language of a person who have different culture and try to mirror and match the body
language being expressed.
2. Appreciate Differences - some cultures are very different like in India time keeping is not
so important while in Switzerland if you are late it's kind of insult for them so you should
appreciate differences. Another example is in Northern Europe where people are
communicating by giving facts and by sharing of emotions, in Japan people are
communicating by building harmony .
3. Respect individual concern/differences - don't expect that a person with different cultures
will behave in line with yours.
4. Patients - it is more on based to the answer of a certain person you're interacting. For
example in UK if you ask someone How are you? they answer will only cover 1 to 2
sentences while in some part of the world they answers are so broad and may take longer.

SOURCES OF MISUNDERSTANDING ( MEMORIZED might appear)

1. Ambiguity - lack of explicitness on the part of the speaker in the form of problematic
reference and ambiguous semantics in which an utterance is open to different interpretation.
2. Performance - related misunderstanding- slips of the tongue and mishearing which may
be due to utterances spoken quickly and unclearly.
3. Language - ungrammaticality of sentences
4. Gaps in world knowledge - gaps in content rather that language
5. Local context - turns and the turns within sequences produce by the participants
themselves, and the orientation of the participants as well as the repair moves that follow the
displayed understanding.

PINOYS TOP SOCIAL MEDIA USERS ACC. TO STUDY

FILIPINOS - spend more time on social media such as on Facebook, Snapchat, and Twitter,
4hrs and 17 minutes a day. "Texting Capital of the World" said Ramon Isberto. Internet user
in the Philippines grew by over 25 percent, up 13 million and 12 million over last year.
Philippines also have a social penetration rate of 58% higher than the average of 47% in
southeast asia.

Interesting things:
Brazilians and Argentinian - folloed closely, spend 3hrs and 43 minutes and 3hrs and 32
minutes in social media
US - among the bottom half, Americans spending an average of just 2hrs and 6 sec. per day.
Japan - least active, log on average 40 minutes daily (because they're more focus on other
things like their jobs/works)

Philippines, Brazil and Argentina - have an average fixed line broadband speed of 4.2 mega
bits per sec (mbps), 5.5 mbps and 5 mbps, respectively.
South Korea - they are the fastest with 26.3 mbps and they spend 1hr and 11 minutes a days
on social media.

THE GLOBALIZATION PHENOMENON

GLOBALIZATION - process by which people and goods move easily across borders.
- an economic concept - the integration of markets, trade and investment
- process of expansion and intensification of social relations across world
time and world space (Stegger, 2013)
Example of a globalized company : STARBUCKS

What Drives it?

1. Technology (e.g. Internet)
2. Invention of enormous container ship/transportation

ADVANTAGE OF GLOBALIZATION DISADVANTAGED OF GLOBALIZATION

1. it can give/povide jobs and income for 1. in terms of payment of taxes, multi
hundreds of thousands of people all over the international company (like STARBUCKS)
world can falsify documents or use papers in the
country where there's a lower rate of taxes to
pay other taxes in a certain country

2. Led to many millions of people veing 2. Countries who aren't globalize suffer.
lifted out of poverty People tend to go to other countries to find
jobs/works. Richest countries only benefit.
3. Economic Benefits 3. Even though technology helps, cyber
criminals occur.
4. Build relationships of different countries 4. Unparalleled peace and prosperity

FALSE 1. GLOBALIZATION began after the Internet was invented

FALSE 2. All globalization processes are economic in nature.
TRUE 3. Because of globalization, modes and forms of communication have changed
TRUE 4. One effect of globalization is deepening poverty
TRUE 5. One effect of globalization is the rising cost of information technologies.

Lingua Franca - a language known to and used for communication between groups who
don not speak each others language.
" You are as many a person as language you know " - Armenian Proverb
CULTURE - shared meaning system found among those who speak a particular language during a
specific historic period in a definable geographic region ( Triandis, 1994)

What is the difference between learning about cultures and learning from cultures?
Learning about cultures - You just study it
Learning from cultures - involves acceptance, respect and application of what you learned.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Human - formed by forces other than genetics. (family background, religious affiliates,
educational achievement, socio-cultural forces, economic conditions, emotional states etc.
shape human identities.)

Communicating Across Cultures

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION - subject of importance
High context vs. Low context (acc. To how is delivered)
High context - countries who leave message UNSPECIFIED (e.g. Mediterranean, Slav,
Central European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian, American-Indian)
Low context - message are explicit and specific ( e.g. Germanic and English speaking
countries)
SEQUENTIAL vs. SYNCHRONIC (in terms of TIME)
SEQUENTIAL cultures - gives full attention to one agenda item after another. (One time at
another) favor in a short term view e.g. North America, English German, Swedish and Dutch
SYNCHRONIC cultures - view as sort of circle, past present and future are all interrelated.
(Multi tasking) applicable in long term planning, approaching deadlines, strategic thinking
investment , developing talents. "UNDERSTAND THE PRESENT and PREPARE FOR
FUTURE" e.g. South America, Southern Europe and Asia
AFFECTIVE vs. NEUTRAL (in terms of REASONS and Emotions)
AFFECTIVE - readily showing emotions (expressive) e.g. Italy, France, U.S and Singapore
NEUTRAL - do not telegraph their feelings but keep them carefully controlled and
subdued. They are more careful the amount of emotions they displayed. E.g. Japan,
Indonesia, UK, Norway and Netherlands

Example:
AFFECTIVE approach : "I feel the same way"
NEUTRAL approach : " I agree with your thoughts on this"

Other info:
"NO CULTURE IS RIGHT OT WRONG"
"What's proper and correct in one culture may be ineffective or even offensive in another" so
a big "UNDERSTANDING" and "RESPECT" is a big factor.

Causes of Cultural Barriers

1. Language
2. Sugn and Symbols
3. Stereotypes and Prejudices
4. Behaviours and Beliefs
5. Ethnocentrism
6. Religion

Cultural Sensitivity - Awareness that all people have differences in culture and that all
people are unique as their experiences, beliefs, values and languages affect their perception.
Cross-cultural sensitivity - encompasses that knowledge, awareness and acceptance of
other cultures.

TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE 1. Anyone who is proficient speaker of language will find communicating across
cultures easy.
FALSE 2. Our emotions do not matter whenever we communicate with others.
TREU 3. There is no such thing as a right culture or a wrong culture.
FALSE 4. All culture have the same way of thinking about time.
TRUE 5. Communicating across cultures happens in one's own country because of the
diverse domestic workforce of many companies today.

VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

 EXPANDING CIRCLE - EFL (English as Foreign Language)

China, Indonesia, Korea, South Africa, CIS, Caribbean Countries, Israel, Nepal, South America,
VARIETIES of English/Zimbabwe, Egypt,
World Japan, Soudi
Englishes (WE)Arabia, Taiwan

THREE CONCENTRIC CIRCLES OF ASIAN ENGLISHES - by BRAJ KACHRU

VARIETIES OF OUTER ENGLISH CIRCLE - ESL (English as SECOND LANGUAGE)

1. ACROLECT
Bangladesh, Kenya, -Pakistan
closestSri
toLangka,
the standards
Ghana, Malaysia, Philippines, Tanzania, India, Nigeria,
2. BASILECT - digresses thoroughly fromZambia
Singapore, it and comes closest to the pidgin
3. MESOLECT - Middle variety is the midway between the acrolect and basilect (e.g.
US , PHILIPPINES)

Edulects - Bautista and Gonzales used this tern to refer to those varieties mentioned above
resulting from certain types of education ascertained by social class but are conveyed or
transferred by the kind of instruction of the school system.

KACHRU & NELSON (2006) - said that varieties of English are influenced by the
LOCAL LANGUAGE in various areas of their grammars and exhibit specific
phonological, lexical, syntactic and discoursal characteristics

In terms of STRESS AND RHYTHM

Outer and Expanding Circle

- used syllable - timed rhythm rather than stress - timed rhythm
- they DO NOT make change in their pronunciation to make a distinction between
nouns and verb

Inner Circle
- observe changes in their pronunciation to make a distinction between nouns and verb
- don't utilize contrastive stress for focusing.

In terms of SOUNDS
Outer and Expanding Circle do not observe initial aspiration of voiceless plosives such as
"p, t ,k " and these are often perceived by Inner Circle countries as "b, d, g"
Japanese - include in Expanding Circle and do not properly distinguish between "R"
and "L"

In terms of QUESTIONS-ANSWERING
Inner Circle - positive - negative system
Outer & Expanding Circle - agreement - disagreement system

LANGUAGE REGISTERS/REGISTERS OF ENGLISH

 INNER CIRCLE - ENL ( English as Native Language)

USA, UK, CANADA, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND,

REGISTER VS. STYLE

1. REGISTER
- a variety of language defined according to its use in social situations.
- kind of language whose forms are of a definable social situations, regardless of the status
of the participant.
2. STYLE - degree of formality attached to particular inter - personal social situation which
is reflected by differences in language. (E.g. Language na ginagamit naten kapag kausap is
friends, nag iiba if superior na kausap naten)

REGISTER VS. GENRE

1. REGISTER
- associated more on the organization of situations.
- kind of language whereby the forms used defined the social situation
-through this you can be able to determine the lexicon or vocabulary to use as well as the kind
of structure to be used.
Language Register - refers to the FORMALITY and INFORMALITY of language
which one speaks.
2 Types of REGISTERS / LANGUAGE REGISTERS
 FORMAL REGISTERS - used in formal speaking and writing situations. ( e.g.
Speech of President) ; used in professional writing like project proposal, position
paper and business letter ; it is more impersonal , objective and factual
 INFORMAL REGISTERS - more CASUAL in tone, appropriate for people with
whom you have established a MORE PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS (e.g.
Friends, relatives) ; sometimes it can be emotional as an intimate relationship exists
between the speaker and listener.
- the context - specific variety of language to which the field -mode -tenor is important
  Field - may be analyzed in terms of SOCIAL SETTING and the communication
purpose in which the text is produced.
 Tenor - describe in terms of the role required of the writers and readers including the
cultural values
 Mode - explained in the light of knowledge of the other text required of
speajers/listeners and writers/readers as regards the genre including the formal text
features.
2. GENRE - associated more with organization of CULTURE

BRITISH VS AMERICAN ENGLISH

AMERICAN ENGLISH BRITISH ENGLISH

1. Underground Economy Black economy
2. Counter clockwise Anti - clockwise
3. Current account Checking Account
4. Housing development Housing state
5. Elementary Junior High School
6. Labor Union Trade Union
7. Expiration Date Expiry Date
8. Garbage Rubbish

9. Parentheses Brackets
10. Drunk driving Drink driving
11. Drivers License Driving Licence
12. Two weeks Fortnight
13. Raincoat Mackintosh
14. Third - party insurance Liability insurance
15. Whiskey Whisky
16. Billfold Wallet
17. Coin Purse Purse

18. Diaper Nappy

19. Pants Trousers
20. Pantyhose Tights
21. Truck Lorry
22. Suspenders / undershirt Vest
23. Apartment Flat
24. Vest Waistcoat
25. Broiler Grill
26. Suspenders Braces

27. Candy Sweets

28. Zipper Zip
29. Crib Cot
30. Attorney Barrister
31. Flashlight Torch
32. can tin
33. Mail Post
34. Call collect / collect call Reverse change
35. Stove Cooker

36. Elevator Lift

37. Cab Taxi
38. Faucet Faucet
39. Detour Diversion
40. Trash Rubbish
41. Hood Fender
42. Expressway Motorway
43. Wreck Crash
44. Trailer Caravan
45. Side walk Pavement

* search also for other american & British ENGLISH

What is an EXPLANATION ESSAY

- example of a written piece of work that addresses "why" questions.
- it explain a particular topic to its readers, meant to inform or educate the readers
(E.g. A MAN OF MANY LANGUAGE)

Phenomenon : PHILIPPINES AS A MULTI - LINGUAL or LINGUA FRANCA

COUNTRY
Thesis Statement
*other paragraph, paragraph 4 onwards. (See page 170 - 173)