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Article
Vibrational Spectroscopy of a Low Band
Gap Donor-Acceptor Copolymer and Blends
Franziska Fuchs, Simon Schmitt, Christof Walter, Bernd Engels, Eva M.
Herzig, Peter Muller-Buschbaum, Vladimir Dyakonov, and Carsten Deibel
J. Phys. Chem. C, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b03429 • Publication Date (Web): 22 Aug 2017
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Page 1 of 16 The Journal of Physical Chemistry
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8 Vibrational Spectroscopy of a Low Band Gap
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Donor-Acceptor Copolymer and Blends
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16 Franziska Fuchs,† Simon Schmitt,† Christof Walter,‡ Bernd Engels,‡ Eva M.
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18 Herzig,¶,§ Peter Müller-Buschbaum,k Vladimir Dyakonov,†,⊥ and Carsten Deibel∗,#
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21 †Experimental Physics VI, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg,
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23 Germany
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25 ‡Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of
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27 Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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29 ¶Herzig Group, Munich School of Engineering, Technische Universität München, D-85747
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Garching, Germany
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§Dynamics und Structure Formation, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Bayreuth,
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Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
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38 kLehrstuhl für funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität
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40 München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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42 ⊥Bavarian Centre for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern), D-97074 Würzburg,
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44 Germany
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46 #Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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49 E-mail: deibel@physik.tu-chemnitz.de
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The Journal of Physical Chemistry Page 2 of 16
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Abstract
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6 The molecular vibrations of the polymer PCDTBT are examined with resonant
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8 Raman spectroscopy accompanied by DFT calculations. With the comparison of the
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10 building blocks (DTBT and carbazole), the monomer unit and the polymer, most of the
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12 strongest vibrations can be identified and assigned. This systematic study reveals that
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14 the polymer vibrations are dominated by the monomer modes. Blending with PC71 BM
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16 at varying fullerene load exhibits no influence on the Raman signature of PCDTBT.
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18 This interesting finding is discussed in the context of yet changing morphology, which
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is investigated by atomic force microscopy and grazing incidence wide angle x-ray scat-
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21 tering measurements, and solar cell performance. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy may
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23 not be generally suitable to study the molecular order in very amorphous low band gap
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25 polymers, as shown here for PCDTBT.
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30 Introduction
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33 For optimization of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, the understanding of the underlying
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35 links between physical properties on a molecular scale and the macroscopic device perfor-
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37 mance are crucial. 1 A lot of effort has led from initial power conversion efficiencies of a few
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39 percent using PPV to the current record efficiencies of about 11% with new low band gap
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41 materials. 2 The molecular order plays a distinctive role, and to investigate it, also Raman
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43 spectroscopy has been proposed. 3–5
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45 Up to now, several publications have emerged, mainly focusing on P3HT 3,4,6–9 or PPVs. 10–12
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47 For the more efficient low band gap copolymers such as F8BT 13 or PCDTBT, 5 research in
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49 this direction is still at an early stage. Especially the connection of Raman signatures
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with morphological properties or molecular order in organic solar cells is not yet fully
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elucidated. Therefore, we investigated this connection, using neat PCDTBT and blended
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PCDTBT:PC71 BM, having almost twice the efficiency of P3HT:PCBM devices. 14 First, the
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58 Raman spectra of the polymer building blocks, accompanied by DFT calculations of the re-
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spective molecular vibrations, were measured. They allow assigning certain vibrations of the
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6 polymer spectrum. Second, by comparing Raman spectra of the blend with different ratios
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8 with morphological changes revealed by AFM and GIWAXS measurements, it becomes clear
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10 that the different techniques show complementary aspects of the blend material.
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Methods
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18 Sample Preparation
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21 The polymer’s building blocks, DTBT and Carbazole, were synthesized at and provided by
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23 the group of Prof. Scherf at the Bergische Universität Wuppertal. The polymer PCDTBT
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25 (Poly[N-9′ -heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′ ,7′ -di-2-thienyl-2′ ,1′ ,3′ -benzo-thiadiazole) was
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27 purchased from 1-Material. The fullerene derivative PC71 BM ([6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid
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29 methyl ester) was obtained from Solenne. No additional purification was performed. All
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31 materials were dissolved in chlorobenzene. Sample preparation was done in nitrogen atmo-
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33 sphere. To come as close as possible to solar cell working conditions, a 30 nm to 50 nm
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35 thick layer of PEDOT:PSS from Clevios (PVP Al 4083) was spin-coated on top of the Si
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37 substrate. The substrate was then annealed for 10 min at 130◦ C before deposition of the
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39 PCDTBT and PC71 BM. All thin films were manufactured by spin coating for 60 s with
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41 1000 rpm on pre-cleaned silicon wafer substrates, resulting in an active layer thickness in the
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43 range of 50 nm to 200 nm. The addition of PCBM was able to quench the photolumines-
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45 cence signal—strongly overlaying the Raman intensities—of the material under investigation
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47 without disturbing the Raman signal.
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51 Raman Spectroscopy
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54 For the Raman measurements, a confocal micro-Raman spectrometer LabRAM HR800 from
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56 Horiba was used with excitation by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm, ca. 40 mW
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58 laserpower on the sample). The used objective has 10x magnification, and the backscattered
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light is, after passing the Czerny-Turner monochromator, detected with a CCD camera.
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6 Acquisition time was 15 seconds. For spectra recording and background subtraction, the
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8 measurement software LabSpec from Horiba was employed. All measurements were recorded
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10 at room temperature, with the samples being in a home-built nitrogen flow box with optical
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12 access to avoid degradation.
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16 Computational Details
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For the calculation of vibrational spectra, the TURBOMOLE 6.3 program package 15 was
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used. Geometry optimizations as well as frequency calculations were performed on the
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density functional level using the B3LYP functional 16–19 and the cc-pVDZ basis sets. 20 Pre-
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25 liminary test calculations using the cc-pVTZ basis sets have shown that the cc-pVDZ basis
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27 is sufficiently converged. Raman scattering activity coefficients were converted into Raman
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29 intensities.
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33 Morphological Characterization
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35 The atomic force microscopy (AFM) images were recorded with a Dimension Icon microscope
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37 from Veeco/Bruker using the tapping mode. The used cantilever (AC240TS from Olympus)
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has an eigenfrequency of about 70 kHz and the attached AFM tip a tip radius of 9 nm.
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GIWAXS measurements were performed to examine the internal film morphology. 21 The
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experiments were carried out at beamline P03, Desy at an x-ray energy of 11.4 keV with a 1M
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46 Pilatus detector from Dectris and a sample detector distance of 19.7 cm. 22 GIWAXS data
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48 was collected for neat PCDTBT and the 1:4 PCDTBT:PC71 BM sample. All samples were
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50 prepared on PEDOT:PSS covered Si substrates. The reference of PEDOT:PSS on Si was
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52 also measured. Due to the weak scattering of the samples in comparison to the background
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54 signal all samples were measured at different incident angles. Varying the incident angle gives
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56 depth sensitivity by measuring below the critical angles of all materials, between the critical
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58 angles of the organic materials and the substrate as well as above all critical angles. This
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way the scattering contribution of the substrate is distinguished from that of the polymer
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6 and polymer blend films. To aid peak identification and 2d display of the data, planarization
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8 of the data is achieved via subtraction of the featureless surface information. The conversion
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10 into q-space was done using the program GIXSGUI. 23
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Results
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18 Raman Spectroscopy
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21 The measured Raman spectra of the building blocks carbazole and DTBT (see solid lines in
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23 figure 1a) show several vibrational lines, especially in the region between (1000-1600) cm-1 .
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25 This is expected due to the size of the molecules and their organic nature, but makes a
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27 detailed assignment of a Raman peaks to a certain vibrational mode more complex. Artifact
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29 peaks originate from the substrate, namely the Si Raman peak at 521 cm-1 , as well as
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31 the PCBM added as photoluminescence quencher. Without this quencher, the molecules’
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33 photoluminescence overlaid the Raman peaks by orders of magnitude. The artifacts were
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35 assigned in comparison to Si wafer and to pure PCBM, and are denoted in the molecules’
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37 spectra with Si for silicon and ∗ for PCBM, respectively. The calculated vibrations are
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39 shown in figure 1a as black strokes. Here, not only the positions could be simulated, but—
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41 by calculating the Raman scattering activity coefficients—the relative intensity of each mode
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43 could be found. The comparison of calculated and measured spectra shows good resemblance,
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45 so that especially the most prominent vibrations of the molecules could be assigned to
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47 certain modes. The carbazole unit has the strongest vibrations at (1420-1480) cm-1 and
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49 1623 cm-1 . The PCBM peaks are higher in comparison to the building block DTBT with
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51 PCBM, so that we expect that the carbazole vibrations are not as Raman active as the
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53 DTBT vibrations. For the latter molecule the highest Raman intensities can be seen at
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1272 cm-1 , (1340-1390) cm-1 and 1527 cm-1 . All these vibrations are of the stretching or
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breathing type. Going from the building blocks to the monomer unit, no new modes occur
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(see figure 1b). Some modes are clearly due to a specific building block; such as 1272 cm-1
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6 , (1340-1390) cm-1 (DTBT) or (1420-1480) cm-1 and 1623 cm-1 (carbazole). In contrast,
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8 other modes are mixed vibrations, where both building blocks vibrate together, such as
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10 the 1375 cm-1 and 1527/1542 cm-1 modes. For the monomer CDTBT, calculations of the
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12 vibrational spectra for different conformations were carried out (see table S1 and figure S1
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14 in the supporting information). They are slightly different, but none of them matches the
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16 measured spectrum exactly. This shows that the sample consists of various, statistically
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18 distributed molecular conformations and the measured spectrum is an average over these.
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20 The polymer spectrum looks very similar to the monomer spectrum, although some modes
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22 are strongly suppressed, such as the carbazole 1430 cm-1 and 1464 cm-1 peaks. That means
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24 the polymer vibrations are dominated by the monomer vibrational modes. Since the most
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26 prominent vibrations have been assigned, it is interesting to consider the blend material
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28 PCDTBT:PC71 BM as well, which is commonly used as active layer in organic solar cells. In
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30 figure 1b, the pure PCDTBT spectrum is depicted in comparison to the PCDTBT:PC71 BM
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32 blend ratios 1:1 and 1:4. Remarkably, the spectra do not change, except for the more
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34 pronounced PCBM peaks ∗, in proportion to the increasing PCBM fraction.
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38 Morphological characterization
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41 The findings from Raman spectroscopy are in sharp contrast to the morphological char-
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43 acterization: The AFM phase images (see figure S2 in the supporting information) for
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45 PCDTBT:PC71 BM 1:1 and 1:4 show that the 1:1 blend is quite uniform, whereas the 1:4
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47 blend is more coarse with a phase separation being visible in the image. This clearly indicates
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49 a change in morphology, at least at the surface, where AFM probes the topography. The
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51 change in morphology at different blend ratios can also be seen in TEM measurements. 24
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53 Looking into more detail into the best performing sample (1:4) helps to understand this
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55 discrepancy. Since the 2D GIWAXS data show background contribution from the substrate
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57 it can be concluded that the signal from ordered (crystalline) material present in the thin
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films is very weak. As a consequence, the degree of crystallinity in the films is low. GIWAXS
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6 measurements were carried out at different incident angles to gain depth dependent infor-
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8 mation on the film structure. Below the critical angle of the organic thin films the GIWAXS
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10 data yield information on the near-surface crystalline structures which are present in the
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12 top few nanometers of the film. No Bragg peaks are identifiable for any of the samples for
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14 the data measured below the critical angle. Therefore, the near-surface region of the films
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16 contains amorphous PCDTBT and PC71 BM. Bragg peaks that can be associated with the
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18 materials in question only start occurring for values of the angles of incident above the criti-
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20 cal angle of these materials, i.e. as soon as the X-rays are penetrating the entire film. At an
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22 incident angle of 0.13◦ we measure the bulk of the organic films but still have total reflection
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24 off the inorganic substrate, while at higher incident angles the strong substrate signal starts
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26 dominating the collected GIWAXS data.
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28 The raw data is shown as figure S3 in the supporting information. To make the material
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30 signatures visible to the eye, the featureless surface information at low incident angle (0.1◦ )
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32 is used to planarize the data. The resulting 2D data and the plot of the vertical sector
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34 profiles (figure 2) clearly show a weak ordering typical for PEDOT:PSS thin films. 25 The
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36 neat PCDTBT film on top of PEDOT:PSS shows a combination of the PEDOT:PSS rings
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38 at q=12.2 and 17.7 nm-1 and oriented contributions of Bragg peaks typical for PCDTBT at
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q=4.2 and 15.4 nm-1 , respectively, in accordance with literature values. 26–29 The detected
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PCDTBT signal is very weak indicating that only a small fraction of the PCDTBT is crys-
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talline. Therefore the majority of the PCDTBT is present in an amorphous state. Upon
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47 the addition of PC71 BM, contributions of ordered PCDTBT are no longer detectable but
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49 are replaced with the typical powder rings for PC71 BM at q=6.3, 13.5 and 18.1 nm-1 in
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51 good agreement with literature, 30 indicating that the weak ordering of PCDTBT is even
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53 suppressed by the addition of PC71 BM.
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55 The GIWAXS results explain why the Raman scattering, a method that is sensitive to
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57 the immediate nanoscale environment of the molecules and therefore also nanoscale ordering,
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is not resulting in any changes in the standard Raman signal. While GIWAXS is only
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6 sensitive to crystalline material, it does not collect information on the disordered, amorphous
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8 part of the bulk film. This is in contrast to Raman spectroscopy which collects signal
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10 strength from all molecules within the probed volume, independent of the state of order of
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12 the present molecules. For such weak ordering as observed here in the described samples
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14 the amorphous Raman signal dominates the collected signal and consequently there are no
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16 changes discernable between the samples in Raman spectroscopy.
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18 As a result, it is important to carefully choose the appropriate combination of observa-
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20 tion methods to allow the correct conclusions on the nanomorphology of thin film samples.
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22 Apart from using complementary techniques such as scattering, it can be beneficial for some
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24 material systems to consider more sensitive Raman methods by using for example resonance
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26 Raman scattering to exploit minor changes in excitation energies 31,32 or charge transfer pro-
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28 cesses in mixed polymer systems. 33
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30 The morphological information observed by GIWAXS is significant for the solar cell per-
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32 formance, as first shown by Park et al. 24 for the different blend ratios of PCDTBT:PC71 BM.
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34 The best ratio turned out to be 1:4 with a power conversion efficiency of 6.1%.
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39 Conclusions
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42 In this work, we linked the results from Raman simulations and measurement to first identify
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44 and assign the PCDTBT molecular vibrations, that are dominated by the monomer vibra-
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46 tional modes. Subsequently, we examined the influence of fullerene load in the PCDTBT:PC71 BM
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48 blend. Although AFM and GIWAXS measurements show a clear change in morphology to-
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50 wards a higher order for a higher fullerene loading, this change is not detected by Raman
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52 measurements. While GIWAXS relies on scattering by crystalline material, Raman spec-
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54 troscopy is sensitive to the immediate nanoscale environment of the molecules irrespective of
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56 the degree of crystallinity. That means the amorphous Raman signal dominates the overall
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signal for the weak ordering found in the PCDTBT based thin films. Therefore we conclude
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6 that in the case of very amorphous low band gap polymers, Raman spectroscopy is not a
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8 straight-forward technique to study the molecular order of conjugated polymers.
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Supporting Information Available
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15 The following file is available free of charge.
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18 • fuchs2017raman - supporting information.pdf: contains a table of some prominent
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20 vibrations of PCDTBT and its building blocks, the influence of molecular conformation
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22 on calculated Raman spectra of PCDTBT, as well as AFM phase images of the blend
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24 films and the raw 2D GIWAXS data.
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29 Acknowledgement
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32 The authors thank Hannes Kraus for fruitful discussions. The work was supported by the
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34 Bavarian Collaborative Research Project “Solar Technologies go Hybrid” (SolTech) and the
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36 DFG Research Unit FOR1809. We are grateful for the supply of the carbazole and DTBT
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38 molecules from the group of Prof. Scherf in Wuppertal. We thank the LRZ for computation
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40 time.
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Graphical TOC Entry
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7 Carbazole
8 DTBT
9 CDTBT
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11 PCDTBT:PCBM 1:1
12 PCDTBT:PCBM 1:4
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14 Raman shift [cm-1] TOC Graphic
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22 (a) (d)
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47 Figure 2: Left: GIWAXS 2 D data planarized at incident angle 0.13◦ and right: vertical sector
48 cuts at angle of incidence indicated in the legend of planarized data, (a) & (d) PEDOT:PSS
49 on silicon, (b) & (e) PCDTBT and (c) & (f) 1:4 PCDTBT:PC71 BM.
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