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2.Navigation General
2.1 Air Navigation- Shape of the earth,its axis and poles. Great
circles. Equator, Meridians, Parallels of latitude, Prime
meridian,Standard meridians. Difference of latitude, Difference
of longitude. Position expressed in terms of latitude and
longitude. Bearing and distance.
Q3 Hdg 358C,Dev 4E, Var 3W. Find Hdg Magnetic and Hdg True. Aug00.
Q3 F70 Temp +10 ᄉ 0 ᄉ C Tr 210(T) W/V 320/20 TAS 140K. Find drift
and G/S. Feb96
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2.6 Local, Zone, Greenwich and Standard Time, IDL, IST, UTC.
Q4 A/C travels on 30N parallel of latitude from 100E to 70E. Flying time
2hrs. How much is the LMT change. Aug96
3
Q12 Flying from A to B on same Lat. G/S and ZT given. Find Mid-
zone Time. (Qu not clear) Feb02.
2.7 Rising and Setting of Heavenly bodies: S/R, S/S, Moonrise &
Moonset,
Twilight. Finding the time of the above in UTC & IST using air
almanac.
Aug96,Feb97,Aug97,Aug99,Feb00,Aug00.
Weight Calculations
Solution
1525
Dist 1525 G/S 250K. Flt time = ------ = 6.1 h
250
Q2 Weight calculations. (APS and MZFW not given- incomplete qu.) Feb02.
One to Sixty Rule: Estimation of x-wind and h/w components. Est of TAS,
Alteration of heading to regain track, Revision of ETAs, Est of range by
change of bearing, Tracking Out, Tracking In.
Q2 Aircraft flying from A to B dist 135 nm. After 90 nm ADF reads 170
find angle to turn to converge (a) 30 ᄉ 0 ᄉ port (c) 15 ᄉ 0 ᄉ stbd.
(a) 15 ᄉ 0 ᄉ port Aug 96, Aug 97, Nov 97.
Q3 Change of Bearing: estimation of time and distance. Aug 96, Feb 97.
Bearing changes 10 ᄉ 0 ᄉ in 2 mts. What is the time to stn. Aug
97,Feb00.
Q4 Change in wing tip bearing & time given find time to stn Nov 97
Q7 Wing tip bearing changes by 5ºin 105 mts if G/S is 95k, Find
distance to stn ......... May 99,Feb02.
Q8 Wing tip bearing changes by 18º in 2.5 mt G/S 150K. Find distance
and fuel consumed if fc is 11.2. gal/h.
Q10 In a DME arc the needle points to (a) the wing tip (b)
ahead of the wing tip (c) behind the wing tip Jul99, Feb00
Q2 An aircraft has to hold on VOR radial 120 from heading 041. What is
the entry procedure (Direct on std held) Nov 97, Feb 98.
Q5 Conversion angle is 1/2 the product of Sin mean lat and ch. long Feb 98
Q6 Convergence is Aug 98
Q1 Posn 10E 50N. Moves 270 nm to west. What is the new position.
May 96.
Q10 On Mercator chart (a) G/C is st line (b) G/C is curved convex to the
nearer pole (c) Rh/l is curved convex to the nearer pole. Nov98.
Q1 Stn 42N 86 W, DR Posn 42N 80W, QDM 173, Var 6E, Conv 4º. BTP in
(a) Mercators (b) Lamberts. May 96.
Q5 Given MTOW, BOW, TASN, FCN, FCR, H/W comp, Reserve fuel and distance
between A to B. Find (a) Max pay load.
Q7 A/c 'A' leave 30N 175W at 390k G/S. A/C 'B'leaves same place after 10
mts at G/S 450k. Find.
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Q8 An A/c flies from X to Y. TAS 180k w/v 230/30 Tr 095 FOB 1500 lbs Dist
to CP 485 nm. Calculate
i) Dist between X & Y
ii) If PNR is reached 25 mts after CP calculate the fuel consumption.
iii) What excess fuel is carried than required. Aug 97.
Q10 CP Multileg
Tr Dist W/C Full TAS Red TAS
A-B -15
B-C +15
C-D +25
Find dist & time to CP (Feb 98)
Q11 Flying from A to X via Y. Find dist & time to PNR given.
Tr W/c Dist TAS Red TAS
A-X 086 090/30 565 210 160
X-Y 325 110/25 690 210 160
FOB 3800 lbs, FCN = 850 lbs/hr FCR = 650 lbs/hr. Aug 98.
Q12 If TAS is reduced and h/w condition exists, the CP distance will (i)
Reduce (ii) Remain Same (iii) Increase Nov 98, May 99
Q16 On a route of 750 nm, PNR is 500 nm with endurance of 5 hrs. There is
a h/w of 50 k. While flying it is found that there is tail wind
of 30K. The PNR is at
(a) Less than 500nm (b) More than 500 nm
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Q18 How do calculate CP & PNR on engine failure and which TAS is
used, Reduced or full Nov99
Q20 Given FOB, FCout, FChome, TAS and Head/Tail wind component.
Calculate distance to PNR Feb02.
Q2 MOCA VOR range (a) 22nm (b) 25nm (c) 30 nm (d) Feb 96, Aug 96,
Feb 97, Aug 97, Feb 98, Nov 98, Aug 99,Aug00.
Q5 Long flights follow (a) G/C Path (b) Rh/l path Nov 98.
Q8 You are asked to hold on radial 130 non standard pattern. The QDM of
Sector I is ...... deg to ........deg. The QDM of Sector II is
............ deg to ...........deg. The time is noted on the
............leg Aug 99.
Q1 F/L 100 obstacle 1275 m. Lowest QNH 1005.2 hpa. Find clearance Feb 96,
Q2 FL 70 True alt will depend upon (a) Terrain (b) Pr lapse rate (c)
Ambient temp May 96.
Q4 F 250 descending to F 200 with static vent blocked altm reads ........
VSI shows............ May 96.
Q8 QFE at A 1010 hpa (Elev 240') and QNH at B (Elev 360 ft) 1010 hpa.
A hill in between height 500 m (i) what is the lowest FL on track 175 (T)
Var 5W Dev 3E (ii) What is clearance over the hill if the a/c is
flying at F50 Aug 97, Feb 99.
Q9 Static blocked in descent. Altm is (i) U/R (ii) O/R (iii) Read Normally Aug
97, May 99.
Q10 If temp at 15,000 is + 15 ᄉ 0 ᄉ C. What is the COAT at the altitude. Nov 97.
Q4 Leakage in pitot will cause the ASI (i) U/R (ii) O/R Nov 97
Q2 Static vent blocked. What is the effect on VSI ...........Feb 97, Aug 97, Nov
98, May 99
Q3 Pilot blocked. It will (i) U/R (ii) O/R (iii) Normal (iv) No
effect Aug 97, Feb 99
Q5 VSI measures (a) differential static pressure ie. rate of change of static pr.
(b) change of static pr.Aug98,Aug99,Nov99,Feb00,Aug00,Feb02.
Q6 VSI is not reliable (a) during change of pitch (b) during a turn
(c) both (a)&(b) (d) reliable in all conditions Nov 98
4.3 Mach Meter: Gen principle and errors. Relationship between IAS, TAS
and Mach No.
Q4 Flying with const Mach No. to warmer area. TAS increase/decrease Aug 96,
Aug 97
Q11 Climbing at constant Mach No, the TAS (i) increases (b) decreases Feb 98
Q12 At F290,the temp dev is - 6ºC. At RAS 310 K what is the local speed of
sound Aug 98, Feb 99
Q14 Constant Mach No with decreasing temp at the same level (a) TAS should
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increase as LSS decreases (b) TAS should decrease as LSS increases (c)
TAS increase as LSS increase (d) TAS decrease as LSS decrease.
Feb00.
Q15 If LSS decreases, to maintain M constant the TAS should (a)
increase (b) decrease. Aug00.
Q3 Topple Max & Min at ....in a vert axis gyro. Feb 96,
Q6 Artificial Horizon has (a) earth gyro (b) rate gyro (c) tied gyro.
May96,Aug00.
Q9A You are turning right and ball is to the left, the TSI indicates
(a)ball to the left due to excessive right rudder pressure
(b)ball to the left due to less right rudder pressure
(c) ball to the right. Aug00.
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Q.16 Art Horz in a continuous 360 ᄉ 0 ᄉ turn, max error (a) at 360
degrees (b) reaches at 180 degrees and then reduces to nil
on completion of the turn. Aug96, Feb00,Aug00.
Q.23 In a right bank a/c is skidding - Ball out of turn to left due to
insufficient right rudder Aug 97
Q.25 Rate 1/2 turn. How much time for 135º. Nov 97, May 99
Q.26 Artificial Horizon is (i) Rate Gyro (ii) Earth gyro (c) Tied
gyro Nov 97, May 99, Nov 98, Feb 99
Q.27 Small a/c Cessna is equipped with turn co-ordinator. What are the
indications for a climbing turn. Nov 97.
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Q.29 Skidding turn to right Ball goes to left because(a) Excessive right
rudder. Feb 98
Q.32 Wt on a horz axis gyro. It will (a) topple (b) drift Nov 98
Q.33 In a turn, speed is reduced. Correction required is (a) Inc bank, Inc
angle of attack (b) Reduce bank inc angle of altack etc Nov 98
Q.34 Factors affecting rate of turn (a) speed & bank Feb 99
Q1 The angle that a freely suspended magnet makes with the horizontal is
called - Dip. May 96
Q5A Aclinic is line joining places of (a) equal dip (b) zero dip (c)
zero variation (d) equal variation. Aug00.
Q6 Comp and magnetic headings given. Find co effs A, B & C Feb 98
Q4 Turning from South to East in the NH. Turn (a) short (b)
more. Feb02.
Q4 Which coefficient is calculated from P & Soft Iron Component. Feb 96, Aug
96
Q6 Turning from 040 for R/W 33, should turn to 320/330/340 if error is
10º. May 96
Q8 Q and Hard Iron Comp gives coefficient. May 96, Aug 96, Feb 97, Aug
97
Q12 Co-eff 'A' is misalignment of lubber line with F&A axis of a/c Aug 97,
Aug 99
Q13 Co-eff 'C' is caused by hard and soft iron magnetism due to (i) P+c (ii) Q+f
(iii) Q+b Aug 97, Nov 98
Q14 Co-eff 'A' in a/c due to (i) non-alignment of lubber line with fore
and aft axis of a/c (ii) non-alignment of lubber line with 'H'
component of earths mag field Aug 97
Q15 Liquid swirl (i) Constt in N+S hdg (ii) Constt at pole/ equator Aug 97
Q17 Acceleration error is (a) in N/S direction (b) E/W direction Feb 99
Q20 When turning through North, turn (a) Less (b) More Nov99
Q10 Wave length 30m. Freq will be (a) 50 Hz (b) 50 MHz (c) 10 MHz
Nov98,Aug97
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Q11 Duct propagation occurs in (a) VHF and in met phenomenon called
temp inversion Aug97
Q15 In refraction wave changes (i) Direction only (ii) Length only
(iii) Direction and Length both. Aug98,May99
Q16 Fading of signal takes place in (i) Night effect (ii) Sky
waves. Aug98.
Q19 QDM is a/c hdg to reach station in nil wind condition May99
Q11 ADF is giving 011 Hdg 070 (T) what is relative bearing Nov98
Q16 An a/c leaves NDB stn 'A' to NDB stn 'B'. Its bearing changes to 177
near 'A' and 357 with respect to 'B'. Is the a/c (a) left of track (b)
right on track (c) on track (d) either left or right. Aug99,Aug00.
Q17 A/c tunes to a stn and obtains bearing of 270. After 2.5 mts it
changes to 280. The time to stn is
(a) 10 min (b) 50 min (c) 5 min Aug99
Q20 Nav aid working on MF. What is the cause of fading. (a) Sky
wave. Feb02.
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.pa
4.13 VOR: Obtaining bearing by phase comparison, Gen Principles of working,
errors and range, Doppler VOR (principles).
Q1 Hdg 175(M) RMI 355 drift 8 ᄉ 0 ᄉ S. TMG ? (var should be given ) Feb96.
Q2 Hdg 155(M) RMI 160. After some time RMI reads 157. Drift ? Feb96
Q3 On radial 040 Hdg 090(M), OBS 060. What is the indication. Feb96
Q8 When the VOR indication slush over (a) change of OBS setting by 180 ᄉ 0 ᄉ
(b) change of hdg by 90 ᄉ 0 ᄉ (c) change of OBS by 90 ᄉ 0 ᄉ (d) reciprocal
heading Aug96
Q9 You tune in VOT. The indication shows you are (a) on radial 180 (b)
on radial 000 (c) 002 fn and 182 To (d) South of station Nov97
Q11 Approaching VOR stn from North with 180 on OBS shows TO.
Over stn it changes to FROM. A 180 ᄉ 0 ᄉ turn is done and oBS not changed.
What will TO/FM indicator show. Feb98
Q12 A/c from one VOR stn 'A' 30N004E Var 8W to another VOR Stn
'B' 30N004W Var 9W. CA 22 ᄉ 0 ᄉ What will a/c set its OBS. Feb98
Q13 A/C on radial 042 is tracking in. It sets radial 035 on OBS. CDI shows
3 dots deflection left. At what radial is a/c at present. Feb98
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Q14 How will you know a/c has crossed the VOR stn (a) To will change to
FROM. Feb98
Q17 Middle marker signal intensity is 1300 hz/alternate dots & dashes. Aug98
Q20 An a/c is hdg 000 to VOR A. Another VOR Stn B is port of the
track. If 090 is set on OBS for VOR B, the needle deflects towards left
and TO/FM shows FM. This means (a) a/c has not yet crossed 090 radial of VOR
B.
Aug98,Feb99
Q23 Limacon is used in (a) VOR (b) ADF (c) VDF Nov98
Q24 VOR problem. OBI diagram given with 5 dot scale. Find TE , dist off
track, heading after applying correction. Feb99
Q26 Max deviation at VOR site 1 ᄉ 0 ᄉ. When does monitoring unit shut down.
(Error in excess of 1 degree)
Q27 In VOT if eqpt does not show within 4 ᄉ 0 ᄉ it requires servicing. May99
Q28 A/c's OBS setting 160. Inbound QDM to VOR 336. DME dist 60 nm (a) a/c
is 4 nm inside the eastern boundary (b) Inm inside the eastern
boundary (c) Indication of CDI is 4 ᄉ 0 ᄉ and turns to left Aug99
Q30 OBI indication with OBS setting shown. Position of the A/C to
be determined. Nov99
Q31 Reverse sensing on VOR. (a) Hdg & Brg selected are reciprocal
(b) No change in OBS on crossing over the stn. Feb00
Q34 An a/c RMI is being fed with information from a VOR and NDB
stn. The a/c is tracking on radial 228. Drift is 5P. the NDB
bears 060. Show the indications on RMI. a) RMI Hdg 053,VOR
048,ADF 113. Aug00.
Q35 An a/c tracking on radial 158 has the pointer on QDM 334 and
it is found that the a/c has drifted 4nm at 60 DME in bound. find
the position of the a/c and deflection of the pointer on 4 dot
CDI. (a) Starboard of radial 158 and CDI 2 dot left. Aug00.
.pa
4.15 Basic Radar Theory: Pulse and CW Radar elements. CRT, Primary and
Secondary Radar and their uses in civil aviation.
Q10 What determines the range of the RADAR. (a) PRF (b) Pulse
width (c) Pulse length (d) PRP. Nov99
Q14 In CRT for sharpness, the voltage is varied in (a) 2nd Anode (b)
Grid (c)Cathode . Aug00.
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4.16 DME: General Principles and Operations, Accuracy and Range
Q4 Right DME arc with right croswind, the nedle position in reference to
right wing should be (a) ahead of the wing (b) at the wing (c)
behind the wing. Aug97,Aug00.
given by (a) A drop down bar falling on the face of the figures
(b)Appearance of a flag (c) Distance to go returning to
zero. Aug00.
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4.17 Radio Altimeter
Q1A after take-off, you are on right side. Which sector are you
in. (a) Blue (b) Yellow. Feb02.
Q9A What is ROD, when TAS 130K, W/V 090/30, approaching on R/W
09 at 3 degrees glidepath. May99,Aug00.
Q10 Yellow sector after T/O. What is the indication on ILS localiser
What correction to be made May 99, May 96, Nov 97
Q11 Hdg 045, radial 020, OBS 190. Which side to turn? May 96
Q12 ILS Cat 1 provides guidance upto (a) 200 ft (b) 100 ft (c)
50 ft. Feb97,Aug97,Aug99,Feb00,Aug00.
Q15 If G/S of a/c increases (i) ROD will increase (ii) ROD decrease
(iii) No effect on ROD Aug 97, Feb 98
Q16 3 degree GP indicates 2 dot fly down on 4 dot scale. The DME shows 4.6
nm from
stn. (i) What will radio alth read (ii) What is dist of a/c in
meters from threshold if the R/W centre line is extended. Feb 98
Q18 Full deflection GS and ILS loc (a) .7 and 2.5 (b) .7 and 10
(c) .7 and 0.25 Nov 98, Feb 99, May 99
Q19 A/C is left of centre line and below G/S the indication in a/c on CDI
and GS will be (a) Right & above (b) Left & below Nov 98
Q22 A/C on 3 ᄉ 0 ᄉ glide slope. Tail wind becomes head wind. What happens to
airspeed, pitch attitude & ROD Feb 99
Q23 At 750 ft, 2.2 nm, GS 3 ᄉ 0 ᄉ. Give indicator position of 4 dot scale Feb 99
Q25 What speed to calculate ROD (a)G/S (b)IAS (C) TAS May 99
Q28 If you are taking off on localiser and are left of the
centre line, what will OBS show. Nov99
Q4 Satellites in GNSS orbit earth once in (a) 12 hrs (b) 24 hrs Nov 98
.pa
4.22 TCAS
4.23 GPWS
2. In GPWS TERRAIN TERRAIN - Alert means ...... Aug 98, Feb 99, May 99
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4.24 MISC.
.May96,Feb98,Aug98.
Q1B In a 3-bar VASI the middle bar and the upper shows Red while
approaching in a heavy a/c. It means
(a) A/C below glide path
(b) A/C above glide path
(c) A/C too low below the glide path. Aug00.
Q13 Which are the factors affecting A/C performance (a) HighTemp
&high humidity (b)Low temp & High humidity. Aug98,Feb99,Feb02.
Q18 IAS for T/O from high elevation airfield depends upon
(a)Change in density and temp. May99
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Q21 In a turn IAS increases(or decreases). Action by pilot (a) Red AOA (b) Inc
bank (c)Inc AOA (d) Red bank. May99,Aug99.
Q23 RVR given is (a) Slant range which is min. (b) Slant range
from threshold till glidepath (c) Horizontal range from threshold
to the R/W. Aug99,Feb00
FROM SAVEKAR
1. On a flight from A to B distance 1378 nms TAS 220K Track 076 (T) W/V
330/35K. Fuel on board 1250 gals with fuel consumption (F/C) 95 gph.
Calculate :-
(a) SAR (b) Distance and time to CP (c) Distance & time to PNR with
200 gals of reserve fuel.
2. On a flight A to B distance 985 nms, TAS 160 K, Track 345 (T), W/V
090/30K. Fuel consumption 85 gph; fuel requirement as per flight plus 150
gals as reserve. Find :-
(a) Fuel in gals required for flight (b) SAR (c) Time & Distance to
CP & PNR
3. On a flight from A to B distance 1275 nms, TAS 195 K, Track 335 (T), W/V
260/35K. Find :-
(a) F/C (b) SAR (c) If CP is reached 35 mins before PNR, what is the
distance between A & B, and also calculate fuel left at end of flight.
6. On a flight from A to D via B & C. TAS 180 K, route details given below :-
8. On a flight A to X via B & C in Super Const ac normal TAS 230k, with one
engine failure reduced performance TAS 190K and route details as under :-
Stage Tr (T) W/V Dist (Nms)
A-B 097 035/35K 195
B-C 129 330/25K 205
C-X 165 300/30K 185
N. B.:- Most of the questions have all options as correct answers & at Later part
of this Question bank are the important points to be remembered.
2. Q on PNR where temp at various levels given, fuel cons., FOB, TAS, W/V
given, Engine failure TAS given, ....Engine failure over PNR/CP... Find new PNR/
CP?
Case study type 02 sets of 05 questions of 3 marks each. Total 30 marks.
3. Q on ROC, ht given, find dist covered.
4. Q on ch long, LMT, GMT, IST?
5. Scale Calculations/Qs on Mercator ?
6. TCAS indications, visual and audio: 04 Qs
7. Weather radar indication for big raindrops? - Red (Magenta for strong
echoes)
8. Radio Alt Principle? = Measurement of time from Tx to Rx of continuously
varying fs
9. Radalt Freq varies --------- 02 Qs
10. Radalt dist is measured....?
11. GPWS indications---?
12. ILS needles horizontal 2 dots up, vertical 2 dots left... Calculate dist from
glide path and centreline?
13. VASI/ AVASI indications?
14. A/C descending from FL 290 over Delhi. At Alt reading 12000’ you’ll report
FL120
15. 1.4 inch dist covered on a map by a/c flying for 20 min at G/S 200 kts.
What is the scale in 1 cm : 34.72 km ?
16. DME is saturated by 100 aircrafts.
17. DME indication 30Nm, a/c ht = 24380’, horizontal dist...........? =Use
Pythagoras theorem!
18. Two a/c on same track, DME separation of 20 Nm? Air Reg Qs!!
19. DME operates on freq 962 to 1212 MHz in UHF band,
20. A/C homing onto VOR on 040(M), ATC tells to report on 360˚ for a non-
standard hold. OBS indication.........? CDI indication..........................?
21. Effects of wind on CP & PNR ........? Any wind reduces dist to PNR, CP moves
into the wind.
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22. Effect of reducing head winds on G/S and rate of descent.........3 Qs.
23. On approach headwind reduced, G/S will increase & ROD will increase.
Crosscheck!
24. f = c/λ calculations : 02 Qs
25. Raindrops on Wx radar shown by Red colour.
26. Same level, On Rel Brg 270 you see red light, You’ll turn right to avoid
collision.
27. GPWS accepts analogue inputs from: Radalt, VSI & ILS GP Rx.
28.Lat nut is used in DGI for correction of drift due to earth’s rotation.
-0-0-0-
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1. Given : TAS 280 kts, Engine failure TAS 170kts, W/V 270/30 till CP & W/V
290/15 after CP, Total dist 800Nm. A/C follows 270(T),....etc. Calculate the
distance to CP.
2. Given: Fuel cons 4 engine 3000kg/hr & 3 engine 2500kg/hr, oil cons 250 Imp
Gal/hr, distance to destination 800Nm, Dead tailwind component 100kts, ETD
1030UTC ...etc calculates distance & ETA: PNR.
3. Given : climb t = 30min, fuel cons 1500kg/hr, descent t = 20min, fuel cons
500kg/hr, Ldg wt 49t, TOW = 51t....etc. Calculate the mid-cruise weight.
4. Given: TOW, APS weight, Tare weight, Flt fuel, reserve fuel, Ldg weight,
calculate max payload?
5. PAPI indication for correct Glide slope inner two lights Red, outer two lights
white.
10. Radar range = 182Nm, disregard the pulse width, Calculate PRF
445.01934Hz?
11. ILS glide path Rx measures ________( Phase diff between two signals in UHF
band, diff in signal strength in VHF band, diff in modulation depth between two
signals, ........etc) [ N.B.: the line along with two modulations are equal in depth
is the GP.]
13. On 080(M) RBI 030, ATC tells you to report for a std holding pattern, type of
entry____( teardrop turn, direct reporting, some other terminology not in
common use....)
15. SSR squawk 7000 when entering FIR where no code is allotted, Mode A
Code 7600 in case of communication failure.
16. AC in the dispersal on 180 hdg, ..as per VOR check table should indicate
000 FROM or 180 TO on VOR check segment on ground. If needle is more than
4°, equipment needs servicing.
17. You tune your VOR to VOT your indication would be ( 359TO, 180TO,
182FROM, 257FROM)
18. A/C flying on the sea, will select (higher / lower) height & NDB stn (closer
to land /farther inland ).
20. In which case the OFF flag will not come ON_____( Radial error + 1˚, a/c out
of range, sig str low, grd monitoring equip U/S )
25. VOR shows full-scale deflection when hdg is + 10˚ from its selected radial.
26. ILS CDI vertical needle shows full deflection when the a/c is not within +
2.5˚ from the selected radial.
27. While tuning VOR equipment for stn VOT ...indication as per the check
table is 000FROM or 180 TO tolerance + 4˚...etc.
28. Following is not the error in VSI ___( Inst, Position, Blockage, manoeuvre
etc.)
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29. Mach meter does not suffer from (Pressure / Position / Instrument /
Compressibility) error.
N.B.: Mach meter suffer from Pressure & Instrument errors only.
30. A/C is descending with a constant Mach no., CAS will (Decrease/ increase)
31. A/C is climbing with a constant Mach no; CAS should be reduced due to
(increase/ decrease) in temperature.
32. You climb from 1000’ to 10, 000’, OAT = +5˚ C, Calculate the true altitude ?
(5000' at ISA) Ans = 10350’ Formula = Pa+ {3.5 (OAT – IAS ) Pa ÷ 1000}
Take Flt Lvl=Pa.
33. Double drift correction ...etc in connection with VOR and ATC procedure...?
34. On a leg of 135Nm at 90Nm, a/c finds drifting to stbd, RBI shows 190, hdg
to be altered to reach the destination?
35. False glide path occurs only above the true glide path.
36. Cat IIIC ILS :__( DH= above 60m & RVR=550m, 30m<DH<60m &
RVR<300m, DH=30m & RVR<50m, DH<30m & appropriate RVR)
37. ‘Radar Vector’ means ( time base on CRT, the vector the ATC controller
wants pilot to follow, the correct radar approach as per calibration,.....etc) ?
38. Your fore & aft axis is on 045. Quadrantal error will affect on 090 brg.......
Something like vague Q ! Signal arriving from a/c's relative quadrantal points
are affected the max.
39. You fly on 090(T) from 50˚N 175˚E a distance of 150Nm, the co-ordinates
of the destination 50°N 178°53'E& LMT will be (higher/ lower) than that of the
departure stn.
42. You are at 60S 090E, you fly 60Nm due east, then 60Nm due south, then 60
Nm due west & finally 60 Nm due north. You will be (east/ west / south/ at the
same place) with respect to the original point of departure/
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43. One Q with given: Distance, change in longitude... find the co-ordinates.
46. Worst condition for a/c performance to pick up payload is (high humidity &
high temp ...other 3 options).
47. You are flying from A to B = 500Nm. At A: QFE = 1000mb, ele = 240’,
At B: QNH = 1000mb, ele = 180’. You take off with alti reading 180’ & fly
without resetting it & clear a hill of 5000’ en-route with a clearance of 1000’.
Indicated altitude = 6270’ & QFE at B = 994 mb?
48. A/C is flying at 10000’, OAT = 5˚C, True altitude will be (less than 10000’/
more than 10000’/ equal to 10000’) Because Temperature>ISA, Altimeter
under-reads.
n.b.:- If Temp> IAS Altimeter under-reads.
49. TSI: gyro is spinning at less than the rated RPM, pilot carries out a std rate
one turn through 180˚, it will take (=60 sec, <60 sec, >60sec)?
52. A/c is turning right with a skid. TSI shows needle to the right , and ball to
the left.
54. In a Remote indicating Compass the rotor of the slave gyro is automatically
prevented from wandering in vertical plane by means of ( its pendulous
suspension / a levelling switch & a torque motor ) and in horizontal plane by
means of a precession circuit.
55. To convert hdg (T) to hdg(M) you add variation W & subtract variation E.
56. W/V till CP =270/30, after CP =290/15, dist = 800Nm, a/c flies on 270(T),
TAS = 175kts throughout, Dist to CP? Refer page 132 GSP vol2, Vth Edtn.
57. While flying headwind component reduces & TAS is also reduced. The
change in CP will move towards departure Stn?
43
58. Rated fuel consumption = 200lbs/hr. But in flight you find it 220lbs/hr.
Therefore PNR will (increase / decrease) by ( 10% / 20% / 40%) ?
59. One simple Q with given climb speed, ROC, Reserve, fuel consumption,
descent time etc. Calculate ROC & trip fuel on board?
N.B. : Again third new Format sans notification! Here it goes: Q 1 to 10 Carry 3
marks each, Q 11 to 17 carry 2 marks each, Q 18 to 73 carry 1 mark each =
Total 100 marks, Passing 70 marks. No rough work sheets were provided,
allowed to do rough work on the Q paper although it leads to disqualification
vide the printed instructions thereon. Following Qs are not in sequence.
Compiled by prospective Captain… Vikram Savekar!
4. Given T/O weight, Operational wt, RMLW, MZFW, Fuel Consumption. Two Qs
of 3 marks each i. Max Payload?, ii. Max T/O Wt?
5. Altitude alert system in Radalt is ON. You are flying at FL250. While climbing
the alarm will ring at [ 25000’, 25300’, 22000’, 25100’]
11. Following is data of performance of aircraft; find out which a/c will cover
more distance irrespective of the fuel consumption?
3marks
12. Given TAS = 230, Reduced TAS = 210, W/V = 240/40, Tr(T) = 040, dist to
CP is 380Nm, Find the total flg time? 3
marks
13. Given Hdg =170(M), R Bearing = 346, you intercept radial 355 from NDBat
45˚ What is R Bearing & RMI indication at the time of interception? 2
marks
14. In a Procedure turn on the outbound track of 090, turn [(a) 045 for 1 min,
(b) 045 for 75 sec, (c) 080 for 1 min, (d) 080 for 75 sec] N. B. : 1 min for Speed
Cat A & B a/c and 1 min 15 sec for Cat C, D & E a/c.
17. You take off from X 60N90E to 60N120E, arrival at destination is 1900h
LMT, flying time 2 hrs, what is the take off time in LMT [all answers given were
wrong nearest answer was 1500h LMT]
18. When earth is in extreme range from the sun is called [Aphelion, Perihelion,
Summer Equinox, Winter Equinox]
24. Protection range of NDB = 70Nm by day. [ As per GSP the promulgated
protection range for an NDB is applicable during daytime only.]
25. Protection range of NDB given in the manual is applicable by [night, day
only, 24 hrs, depends on weather]
26. Night effect is due to ....[ deliberately given confusing options! so study the
subject well!]
27. Given , change in degree 7˚, time taken = 1.5 min, G/S = 200, Time &
distance to the beacon?
29. For precision approach runway, at the top of the approach the RVR given
by the ATC is [ the horizontal RVR on the R/W, slant distance in flight, ....]
30. For a precision approach runway the OM can be substituted by[ PAR, PDME,
DME, ...] N.B.: As per GSP ‘a DME may be used as an alternative to the
markers’.
31. If you give static feed as the standby from within the un-pressurised cabin [
(a) ASI will continuously under-read, (b) VSI will show a constant descent,
(c)Altimeter will under-read] ? Ans.:- ASI will under-read because pr inside the
cabin is lesser due to suction.
32. VOR reading is correct within [+4˚, + 5˚, +2˚,...] N.B.: GSP says overall
accuracy of the information displayed is +5˚, & in worst cases it is + 7.5˚.
33. You are flying with a continuous stbd drift of 5˚, and maintaining 12 Nm
parallel to the inbound track 090. At 45Nm short of the NDB, R bearing?
35. Correct sequence of marker lights on an approach [ (a) blue, amber, white,
(b) ..]
37. PAPI: correct approach is [(a) from the r/w edge inner two lights red & outer
two lights white, (b) ...]
38. Precision Instrument R/W, distance between the touchdown lights and fixed
distance lights is [2000’, 500’, 1000’, 800’].
47
39. On an approach you see 2 dots below, G/S = 200, ROD =? N.B: Funny error
was type of scale was not mentioned viz. 4 dot or 5 dot scale!
41. MLS elevation beam vertical coverage = 0.9˚ to 7.5˚ out to 20Nm. { N.B.:
+ horizontally at least 10˚ as proportional guidance of sector. Refer the
diagram in latest GSP for the accurate coverage}
42. MLS: Azimuth transmits in SHF band & Elevation transmits in SHF band.
43. Radalt: Height is measured by the time taken between transmission &
reception of each frequency.
44. Which is the error with MLS [vehicular traffic near Tx error, site error,
propagation, Scalloping]
45. Radalt indicates 2000’ What is the minimum height that the aircraft could
be 1935 in landing configuration. N.B.: Accuracy 5’ +3% of indicated height set
for landing attitude and not in taxiing attitude.
47. ROD of 500’/ min, ldg gear locked, the mode of GPWS is [ Mode 1, Mode 2b,
Mode 3, Mode 4a ] N.B. As per GSP 6th edn.
50. The point where the earth is farthest from the sun is called [ Aphelion,
Perihelion, Summer Equinox, Winter Equinox]
51. You fly from 50S175W to 50S170E, you [ add /delete] one day & the LMT of
the destination[ lesser / higher than that of the departure stn.
52. DI drift observed at40N during a ground run is 6˚ ....correct drift would
be....[ a lengthy Q involving the use of the formula Drift = 15.04 x Sin lat/hr ]
53. Ac is flying from L to H, the true altitude will be [ higher / lower] than the
actual.
48
54. IVSI errors: Select which are valid errors from given options. [Options given
were vague]
55. Constant Mach no. of 0.9, if the temperature goes down, TAS [reduces /
increases]
57. In TSI ac is in skidding turn to the right, the needle will be to the right and
the ball will be to the left due to excessive right rudder.
58. One Q involving deviation on hdg 145, Given Co-eff A,B, C. Use of formula
Dev on θ = A + B Sin θ + C Cos θ.
62. TCAS displays Amber solid circle [ (a) Pilot is permitted to take avoiding
action, (b) not permitted to take any action, (c) Can take action on ATC
clearance only]
63. What information is available from ACAS-I installation [ (a) Range and
Direction of conflicting traffic, (b) Range, Direction & Track of the conflicting
traffic, (c) Direction only, (d) Range only]
64. Your altimeter is set to 20.1inch Hg & ATC tells you it is 20.9 inch Hg. What
will be indicated altimeter reading on Aerodrome with elevation 800’? 1” =
1000’
N.B.: Again fourth new Format sans notification! Bravo U DGCA f’fer! Here it
goes:- Q 1 to 9 carry 4 marks each, Q 10 to 73 carry 1 mark each = Total 100
marks, Passing 70 marks. Every question had 4 options as answers, yet 5
questions had only 3 options. No rough work sheets were provided again this
time, allowed to do rough work on the Q paper although it leads to
49
2. …A very long description for the calculation of PNR, Given wind component
+30kts, track 090(T), mean TAS = 245, f consumption + 220lbs/he, reduced
TAS + 180 kts, reduced cons + 190lbs/hr, FOB + 1000lbs…distance not given…
Practise such problems from GSP.
3. You take off from A to B, A’s elevation is 180’& B 480’, A/C takes off with
pressure 1010mb on subscale of 180’, Altimeter is not reset. Lands at B after
flying at5000’ & reads 570’ on landing. Calculate QFE & QNH at B.
4. Following is the data of the a/c’s fuel consumption. Which a/c has the worst
fuel consumption considering an uniform specific gravity of 0.8 ?
A 1.5 km/kg
B 1.9 Sm/US Gallon
C 2Nm/9lbs
D 0.9 Nm/Imp Gallon
Ж An in-detail description of a flight on a track 020(T), A to B, A/C
descends for 20 min & covers 55 ‘Air Nautical Miles’ from FL150 to 1000’
overhead B. Answer the Q 5 to 7.
5000’ A B 1000’
5. What is the distance covered by the a/c during descent and what was its
ground speed?
6. What is the mid- cruise flying time and the ground speed?
16. To increase the rate of turn you (increase/ decrease) the bank and
(reduce/increase) the speed.
21. Your Rel Brg is 080, hdg is 060, ATC tells you to join the left hand hold for
radial 270, What will be the type of entry?
51
22. You are accelerating & then decelerating in northern hemisphere, which
one of the following conditions true?
(a) Compass will read correctly while accelerating on North or South
direction
23. You are coming out of the turn of 15˚ of bank in N hemisphere; your
compass will read correctly on East & West directions.
24. While flying from A to B a leg of 150Nm, with W/V 140/10, on track 090(T),
you find your ADF is showing 170˚ at 90 Nm. What heading correction will it
require to reach B correctly? [ Use 1 in 60 rule or trigonometry]
25. ILS localizer, which gives guidance in glide slope for an a/c on approach;
gives coverage of
(a) 10Nm, ±8˚ from the R/W centreline, (b) 25Nm, ±10˚ from R/W
centreline
(c) 17Nm , ±25˚ from the R/W centreline
26. You fly from 50N 170E to B 50N 175W. You subtract a day & the LMT will
lesser than that of A.
27. Given track 064(T), hdg 050(T), G/S = 190kts, Find W/V. {Use DR
Computer}
28. A/C with a constant mach number is descending, IAS will increase.
29. You are climbing with a constant IAS, Mach number will increase.
30. Altitude FL 150, Temp deviation +5˚ C, RAS = 190 kts, calculate the Mach
number.
31. Calculate the speed of sound with given data as Temp -15 C at 15000’.
34. How many times in a year the Sun will be overhead Delhi?
(a) Once, (b) Twice, (c) Never
52
37. How many a/c saturate the DME? [ 100, 50, 48, 99 ]
39. When radio wave passes through one medium to another medium with a
different refractive index…
(a) Its direction changes but speed doesn’t change
(b) both speed & direction change, (c) nothing changes, (d) can’t say
40. VOR monitor stops indent & then the transmission of VOR when
transmitted radial has 1˚ and above error.
42. On NDB receiver you find fading and hunting of the ADF needle, it is due to
(a) Mountain effect, (b) Due to thunderstorm, (c) Quadrantal error
(d) Night Effect
43. NDB transmission (a) Electrical component is in the vertical plane &
transmission is in Upper LF & Lower MF band with Amp Modulation, …other 3
incorrect options.
45. You are on 050(M), RBI = 045, W/V = 140/20, what is the RMI indication?
You are on 160(M), you have tuned your VOR correctly to follow R/W centreline,
DME indication is 40 Nm. Refer the following diagram, It has 4 dot scale. NDB is
co-located with VOR, winds are from left hand side 10 kts. Answer the following
three questions.
50. You are homing onto VOR A on 000, you tune another receiver to VOR B
which is to due left of your track, you select 270 on OBS, ‘FROM’ flag appears
when you are crossing abeam. Select the correct interpretation.
(a) You have just crossed past the 270 radial….& other 3 options
51. You are on 050(M), RBI indication 045, ATC tells you to report for LH holding
pattern for 300 radial, VOR & NDB are co-located. What is the heading to
intercept the required radial?
53. You are on ‘090 TO’ radial you get full right deflection, you are on ________
radial.
57. Total distance 2000Nm, you had calculated CP at 800Nm with headwind
component of 50kts & tailwind component of 50kts. But you find in flight that
the winds are the other way round. Your distance to CP will be… [ ans: 2000 –
800 = 1200Nm]
54
58. The static and the pitot vent of your aircraft are blocked, the instruments
affected on board are…(a) ASI, VSI, Altimeter, Machmeter…other 3 wrong
options.
59. While climbing the static vent gets blocked (a) ASI will under-read …
60. You are at 10,000’ , OAT is less than ISA, your altimeter shows higher
altitude than the actual one.
62. On an VASI approach the pilot reports farther light is white and the nearer
light is Red, Select the correct interpretation
(a) He is on the correct approach; (b) He is overshooting,
(c) He is undershooting; (d) It’s an Impossible situation.
63. Gyro precession is defined as [select the correct definition from lengthy
options]
64. Artificial Horizon uses (a) Earth gyro, (b) Free gyro, (c) space gyro (d) none
65. A/C is flying at FL 310, A/C B is flying at FL 290. If they are flying for cross-
country at a same mach number; which a/c will reach the destination the
earliest? Wind velocity is the same at both the levels.
(a) a/c A, (b) a/c B, (c) can’t say.
-0-0-0-
1. On a flight from A to B distance 1378 nms TAS 220K Track 076 (T) W/V
330/35K. Fuel on board 1250 gals with fuel consumption (F/C) 95 gph.
Calculate :-
(a) SAR (b) Distance and time to CP (c) Distance & time to PNR with
200 gals of reserve fuel.
2. On a flight A to B distance 985 nms, TAS 160 K, Track 345 (T), W/V
090/30K. Fuel consumption 85 gph; fuel requirement as per flight plus 150
gals as reserve. Find :-
(a) Fuel in gals required for flight (b) SAR (c) Time & Distance to
CP & PNR
3. On a flight from A to B distance 1275 nms, TAS 195 K, Track 335 (T), W/V
260/35K. Find :-
55
(a) F/C (b) SAR (c) If CP is reached 35 mins before PNR, what is the
distance between A & B, and also calculate fuel left at end of flight.
6. On a flight from A to D via B & C. TAS 180 K, route details given below :-
8. On a flight A to X via B & C in Super Const ac normal TAS 230k, with one
engine failure reduced performance TAS 190K and route details as under :-
Stage Tr (T) W/V Dist (Nms)
A-B 097 035/35K 195
B-C 129 330/25K 205
C-X 165 300/30K 185
56
N. B.:- Most of the questions have all options as correct answers & at Later part
of this Question bank are the important points to be remembered.
2. What is Mode (SSR)....? All signals are coded in SSR; the code of
_______interrogation signal is called Mode_______ N.B.: Pulse intervals are
referred to as ‘Modes’.
5. Range of SSR is...200 Nms, PRF of SSR is....250 pulses per sec.
19. The ac is below the glide slope and to the left of the centre line. Indication
in the ac will be (a/c for landing):-
(a) Bottom & to the left
(b) Above & to the right
(c) Above & to the left
23. In a 3-bar VASI, the correct “on approach” indication received in an ac with
more than 15 ft eye level distance is:-
(a) Red on White White (b) White on White white (c) White on Red White
(a) Inverted T (b) Horizontal Bar of T (c) T ... is visible (d) Red fly up lights
visible
N.B. On approach U see wing bar lights white i.e. (b) above for a correct
approach.
59
26. The period in which a Radio Wave travels from max positive to zero & then
to max negative to zero is :- ( Q wrongly written)
(a) Frequency (b) Wave Length (c) Cycle
31. Micro wave Landing system.....operates on micro waves & provides glide
path & distance guidance to an ac with compatible equipment while on a
landing approach.
34. Duct Propagation [(a) Decreases, (b) Increases, (c) Does not effect] VHF
range.
38. In a VOR the Course Deviation Indicator is deflected to the left means
(a) Aircraft should be turned right to regain track
√(b) ............."........... left........"....( With 'To'& homing in )
(c) Equipment is inoperative
47. Dead Space is: - The space between the point of final rage of the surface
wave & the point of first sky return wave. D=1.05 √H
54. An ac RMI is being fed from a VOR & NDB. NDB is tracking to VOR on
radial 228 deg. Drift is 5 deg port. NDB bears 060 (Rel). Give indications on
NDB?
Ans:- Rel Brg + Hdg (M) = QDM : RMI always indicates QDM : VOR radials are
always on QDR's. Aircraft tracking on radial 228 means QDM = 048
> Hence VOR pointer indicates 048 deg.
> Aircraft track = 048; Drift = 5 deg port Hence ac hdg = 053 deg
> Rel Brg + Hdg (M) = QDM ; 060 + 053 = QDM = 113 deg is indicated
on NDB.
56. What are the factors affecting HF Comm. Range: - (a) Power of Tx & Rx (b)
Ht of Tx & Rx
(c) Obstacles at or near the transmission site (it will block the signals or
scatter them with inevitable attenuation)
(d) Any upstanding obstruction in the line of sight between ac & ground
station
(e) Sometimes the ac may receive both direct & ground reflected waves
which may cause fading or even short term loss of communications
(f) Meteorological conditions like inversion results in duct propagation.
59. ATC Controller gets information on Azimuth & Range only on:-
(a) PAR (b) SRE (c) None.
62. When voltage is applied to the X-plates but not to the Y-plates, blip
movement will be:-
(a) Horizontal (b) Vertical (c) remain stationary
66. Radio Altimeter is most inaccurate at:- Most instruments cater for ht 500
to 2,500' only.
(a) 500 ft (b) 1500 ft (c) 5000 ft
69. The phase difference between reference tone & variable tone in VOR is
zero along the:-
(a) Mag North (b) True north (c) 180 (T) (d) 180 (M)
72. In ADF (Radio Compass) for getting Homing, Loop aerial is aligned:-
64
76. While flying over sea, ac takes bearing from a coastal DF station: the
bearing will be more accurate if:-
(a) Aircraft bearing is oblique to normal.
(b) Aircraft bearing is very near to normal.
78. The advantages of RMI over ADF are that. RMI gives:-
(a) Instantaneous True Hdg & QDM
(b) ----"----- Mag Hdg & QUJ
√(c) ----"----- Mag Hdg & QDM
79. You have joined standard hold over NDB, when you had just completed
second Rate One turn, ATC tells you to carry out one more hold, you will be
delayed further by :- ??
(a) 4 min (b) 5 min (c) 6 min (d) 7min (e) 8 min
83. Given the following readings of a compass swing, find Co-eff A,B&C &
prepare a Deviation Card after correcting for Co-eff A
180 175 -5 +2 -3
227 223 -4 +2 -2
270 270 0 +2 +2
316 320 +4 +2 +6
359 002 +3 +2 +5
047 045 -2 +2 0
091 085 -6 +2 -4
135 129 -6 +2 -4
89. The distance traveled by radio wave in one cycle is Wave Length.
91. The relationship between frequency, wave length & vel of radio waves is: -
C = fλ where C=vel of EMwave (3 x 10³ m/s); f = freq; λ = wavelength.
66
94. Any aerial with circular polar diagram will receive signals equally from all
directions.
(a) They travel at constant speed (b) they travel the shortest distance (c)
They bend when traveling from a one medium to another (d) They get
attenuated in the medium they travel.
98. The phenomenon of diffraction and scattering causes the radio waves to
bend and go over and around any obstacle in their path. (Only up to MF Band)
99. Bending due to diffraction and tilting due to attenuation causes the radio
waves to curve with the surface of the earth. (Applicable only up to MF Band)
67
100. How is the frequency spectrum divided into the various bands? Give
details of the frequency and bands?
Band Frequency
104. Absorption of energy of radio waves in the medium which they travel is
called attenuation.
(a) Density of the layer (b) Penetration depth (c) Freq in use (d) all correct
111. The angle of incidence at which a space wave will escape in space is
called critical angle.
112. The higher the frequency the higher the critical angle.
(a)Tx power (b) Depth of penetration (c) Critical & Angle of Incidence (d) all
correct.
116. With the help of a diagram depict critical angle & a sky wave
117. With the help of a diagram show space wave, ground wave & sky wave,
skip distance and dead space.
119. Duct propagation increases the range of VHF & above waves.
(a) Warm dry air (b) Subsidence (c) Pronounced radiation cooling
121. Climatic conditions most favourable for duct propagation are usually
found in Tropical regions and lower than 40 deg latitudes.
123. Critical frequency is that frequency at which a vertical incident ray in the
ionosphere is reflected back to the earth.
124. Lower frequency radio waves are reflected from lower levels of
ionosphere.
(a) Night Effect (b) Quadrantal Error (c) Syn Tx (d) Coastal Refraction
(a) Homing holding (b) Long Range Nav (c) Airway Fixes & Airway Flg.
130. When the Loop antenna is in line with the radio wave there is max phase
difference in both the vertical members of the loop aerial.
131. When the loop antenna is in the null position, the phase difference
between the two vertical members of the loop is zero.
133. The purpose of BFO in an ADF is to convert ac emission with audio freq for
identification.
(a) Tx Power (b) Type of Terrain (c) Night Effect (d) Type of Tx
136. As the height of the ac increases the range of ADF remains the same.
137. If a FIX is obtained over the sea by using a land based NDB, the coastal
refraction will shift the FIX obtained towards the coast.
138. The range of NDB over land is 150 Nm by day & 350 Nm by night while
over sea it is 350 NM during day & 500 NM by night.
142. The ref signal carrier freq is 9960 Hz and the sub-carrier has freq mod of
30 Hz.
146. If a receiver is due north of the VOR beacon, the phase difference
between the variable phase and the reference phase is zero.
148. The phase difference in the VOR reference & variable phases is zero
when Rx is due Mag north of Beacon.
151. The OBS is used by the pilot to set the VOR Radial (Mag Tr)
152. When an ac is more than 10 deg away from the selected radial the CDI
will show full scale deflection.
153. In a 5 dot indicator 1 dot deviation indication by the VOR, CDI shows 2
deg away from the radial selected.
154. One dot deflection of CDI in a 4 dot indicator shows an indication of 2.5
deg.
155. The failure flag in the VOR will appear on the following occasions:-
(a) Homing Airway Flying (b) Holding Airway Flying (c) X-Country Nav
(a) Power of Tx (b) Ht of Tx & Rx (c) Protection of ac & Altitude (d) Terrain
(a) QTE ... True Brg of ac from Gd Stn QTI = Heading Mag
(b) QUJ ... True Brg of Gd Stn from ac QTJ = Speed
(c) QDM ... Mag Brg of Grd Stn from ac QBD = Endurance
(d) QDR ... Meg Brg of ac from Gd Stn
167. In a CONSOL there are alternating sectors of dots and dashes producing
an equisignal between them.
170. Range of CONSOL over Land during day is 700 and by night is 1200 NMs
and over Sea during day is 1000 Nm and by night is 1200 NMs.
172. With the use of CONSOL very high ranges are available.
175. When the pilot is approaching to land the Blue Sector is to his right and
the Yellow Sector to his left. (On indicator : reverse marking)
178. Both the needles of CDI will remain in the centre when:-
179. On a CDI the bottom left side is coloured blue and the bottom right side is
coloured yellow.
182. The max deflection of Localiser needle will occur when ac is 2.5 deg or
more away from the centre line.
184. In ILS Localiser is used for aligning ac along centre line of runway.
185. In ILS Glide Path is used for descend along a glide path.
188. In a G Slope the needle will show full scale deflection when the ac is 0.7
deg or more away from the equisignal.
189. The indications while going over the Middle Marker are:-
(a) Alternate Dash & Dot 1300 MHz modulation (b) Amber light flashes
190. While going over Outer Marker Blue light flashes 2_ _ / sec of 400 Hz
191. While going over Inner Marker White light flashes. ...... / sec of
3000 Hz
197. The Marker Beacon Tx in vertical direction. (in a fan pattern upward up to
3000' at 75MHz.)
198. The Glide Path & Localiser freq are paired. Hence by selecting freq of
LCZR the freq of GP is automatically selected.
199. The ILS is divided into categories depending on the ht. to which an ac can
be safely brought down with specified RVR.
I >200 ft 550 m
II 200 ft 300 m
III A < 100 ft 50 m
B Gd level < 50 m but not < 15 m
C " Zero ( an appropriate RVR as per GSP 6 th
edition)
201. False GP are not dangerous because they appear above normal GP.
205. PRP is the distance between two successive pulses in terms of time.
208. Radar (Primary) works on the principle of echo & search light.
209. The strength of the echo received at the radar depends upon:-
74
(c) Peak Power is high due to short time of transmission (d) Ground
Installation can have a narrow beam
212. The difference between Primary Radar & Secondary radar is:-
213. The advantages of Secondary Radar over the Primary Radar are:-
214. List two aids which work on Primary & Secondary Radar principle:-
215. The purpose of the CRT is to display visually the radar signals reflected
by the object.
(a) Cathode (b) Anode (c) Grid (d) X plates (e) Y plates (f) Fluorescent
screen
222. In radar the time base is created by using Saw Tooth Voltage.
224. The principle of freq modulation is generally used for ascertaining height
of low flying ac, where a high degree of accuracy is required.
226. The allocated freq band in Radio Altimeter is 1600-1700 MHz and one
complete burst of Tx covers a space of 60 Hz. (Latest Models work on 4200 to
4400 MHz)
229. Radio Altimeter are generally used for low level operations.
235. In DME the channels of Low Band are numbered from 1 - 63 & those of
High Band from 64 - 126.
236. The DME is a short range navigation aid providing a maximum coverage
of 200 NM.
76
239. VOR & DME beacons are generally freq paired. This means by selecting
frequency of VOR, DME freq is automatically selected.
240. When VOR is Freq paired with military TACAN BCN it is called VORTAC.
242. The distance between two pulses of a pair (in DME) is 12 and time
interval between the pairs varies at random.
245. The receiver of DME receives all responses that the transponder is
sending out but accepts only those responses that match its own PRF.
248. If no signals of acceptable strength are received for a period of 2-5 secs
(new) or 5-30 sec (old) the equipment will unlock and a fresh search will start.
249. The unlock condition of the DME will be indicated to the pilot by the OFF
Wx Flag.
250. When the DME is switched ON the `Failure' indication is shown when:-
253. The freq allocation of DME is divided into two bands, Low & High.
254. In DME if an ac Tx from 1025 to 1087 MHz & the Gd Stn replies from 962-
1024 MHz the band in use is LOW.
255. In DME if an ac Tx from 1888- 1150 MHz and Gd Stn replies from 1151
to1213 MHz then the band in use is High.
257. Lower wave length is used in GCA in order to obtain a narrow beam.
261. The range at which an ac will get detected will depend upon:-
(a) ac ht. (b) Intervening high ground (c) ac shape, size & material (d) Wx
conditions
262. The GCA generally will have Rain Clutter during precipitation.
263. In a climb at constant RAS, both TAS and Mach No. will increase.
266. The speed of sound decreases with increase of height. (Speed of sound
NM/h=39 √T)
P = 1/2 x p x V x V ( 1+ V x V/4 C x C )
(a) Position of the static vent (b) ac speed (c) Angle of Attack and type of
manoeuvre.
269. Maintaining the same IAS if an ac flies from warmer air mass to colder air
mass the TAS will reduce.
270. If the operating density is lower than the ISA density. The speed shown
by ASI will be lower than the actual speed of ac.
273. The compressibility error increases with increase of altitude & speed.
274. During Take off if pitot tube is blocked ASI will read zero.
275. In level flight the pitot tube is blocked ASI will hold the last reading unless
pressure leaks away.
276. An ac with a blocked pitot tube descends, the ASI will under read.
278. If a pitot tube develops a leak the ASI will under read.
279. Before starting the ac the pitot head covers and static vent pins are
removed and that the pitot head is not bent, cracked, damaged or misaligned
in any way.
280. If the static tube is blocked during T/O ASI will under read.
281. Aircraft with a blocked static vent descends the ASI will over read.