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JAZAN UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POSITIVE BENDING MOMENT


COEFFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS
By

Team Members:
1.Mohammed Hamad Daghriri 201120346
2. Hassan Mohammed Tawhari 201120201
3.Abdulrahman Abdullah Zakri 201122151
4.Easa Ahamad Aseri 201120128
5.Yahya Zaid Al Bnawi 201120172
6.Mofareh Mohammed Asiri 201120307

Supervisor:
Dr. Fathelrahaman Mohamed Adam

A Senior Project Final Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the degree of BACHELOR OF Science (B. Sc.),

in
Civil Engineering
(2/1437 h)
ABSTRACT
This research presents the results of studies on the positive bending moments in
continuous beams caused by uniformly distributed load exerted over full span
lengths of beam. An elastic analysis based on moment distribution method is
attempted to deduce the coefficients of positive moments for continuous beams
through computing 115 examples with adopting beams of two spans and three
spans and changing their spans lengths. The results are summarized in Tables and
charts for the convenience of practical estimation of these coefficients of bending
moments. The values of the coefficients of positive bending moments can be easily
derived from the charts with a sufficient accuracy emphasized by some numerical
examples carried in this research.

ii
DEDICATION

To my Father, ………………., who, through his financial and moral support was
the source of inspiration and the mainstay in my attaining an education, I dedicate
this project.

iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project was written under the direction and supervision of Dr. ……………….. I
would like to express my sincere appreciation to him for the interest and
assistance given to me.

iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
Abstract 4
CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction 5
General Introduction and 1.2Statement of the Problem 6
1.3Objectives of the Research 7
Literature Review 7
1.4Methodology
1.5Outlines of Research 7
Literature Review 9
3.1 Introduction 12
3.2 Moment Distribution Method 13
3.2.1The Fixed End Moments 13
CHAPTER TWO 14
3.2.2Distribution Factors
Analysis of Continuous 3.2.3Carry Over 15
Beams 3.3 Analysis of Continuous Beams 15
3.3.1 Calculation of Positive Moments
Coefficients 16
4.1 Continuous Beam of Two Spans 20
4.1.1 Span Lengths 20
4.1.2 Positive Moment Coefficients 20
CHAPTER FOUR 4.2 Continuous Beam of Three Spans 22
Results and Discussion 4.2.1 Span Lengths 22
4.2.2Positive Moment Coefficients
Numerical Example
CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION……………………………
Conclusions and 32
Recommendations
REFERENCES …………………………………. 33

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LIST OF TABLES

Chapter Title page

Table (1): Spreadsheet for Calculation of 18


Positive Moments Coefficients for
Chapter Continuous Beams of Two Spans.
three
19
Table (2):Spreadsheet for Calculation of
Positive Moments Coefficients for
Continuous Beams of Three Spans.

20
Table (3): Different Spans Lengths for the
Continuous Beam of Two Spans 20

Model. 22

23
Table (4): Positive Moment Coefficients for the
Beam of Two Spans.
Chapter
four
Table (5): Different Spans Lengths for the
Continuous Beam of Three Spans
Model.

Table (6): Positive Moment Coefficients for the


Beam of Three Spans.

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LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter Title page

Fig. (1)a: Fixed End Moments due to uniformly


distributed load in case the ends of the beams 14
are fixed.

Fig. (1)b: Fixed End Moment due to uniformly


distributed load in case one end of beam 14
pinned andthe other is fixed.

Fig. (2): Two Elements Connected at Joint B 14


Chapter
three Fig. (3): Continuous Beam of two spans where S2
ranges between 0.6to . 16

Fig. (4): Continuous Beam of three spans where S2 and


S3 range between 0.6 and 1.5 . 16

Fig.(5):Shear Force Calculation by Balancing the Forces


at the End of the Element . 17

Fig. (6):Naming of Positive Moments Coefficients for


Two and Three spans. 17

Fig. (7): Positive Moment Coefficients for the Two-


Spans Continuous Beam . 21

Chart 1: Coefficient D1-L for 3-spans, S2 & S3 (0.6-


2.0). 25
Chapter
four Chart 2: Coefficient D2 , for 3-spans, S2 & S3 (0.6-
26
2.0)

Chart 3: Coefficient D1-R, for 3-spans, S2 & S3 (0.6-


2.0). 27

vii
Chapter One
INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Introduction:


Structural analysis is a very old art and is known to human beings since early
civilizations. The Pyramids constructed by Egyptians around 2000 B.C. stands
today as the testimony to the skills of master builders of that civilization. Many
early civilizations produced great builders, skilled craftsmen who constructed
magnificent buildings such as the Parthenon at Athens (2500 years old), the great
Stupa at Sanchi (2000 years old), Taj Mahal (350 years old), Eiffel Tower (120
years old) and many more buildings around the world. These monuments tell us
about the great feats accomplished by these craftsmen in analysis, design and
construction of large structures. Today we see around us countless houses, bridges,
fly-overs, high-rise buildings and spacious shopping malls. Planning, analysis and
construction of these buildings is a science by itself.
Structural analysis is the prediction of the performance of a given structure under
prescribed loads and/or other external effects, such as support movements and
temperature changes. The performance characteristics commonly of interest in the
design of structures are stresses or stress resultants, such as axial forces, shear
forces, and bending moments; deflections; and support reactions. Thus, the analysis
of a structure usually involves determination of these quantities as caused by a
given loading condition.
Structures can be classified into five basic categories, namely, tension structures
(e.g., cables and hangers), compression structures (e.g., columns and arches),
trusses, shear structures (e.g., shear walls), and bending structures (e.g., beams and
rigid frames).

1
There are many methods of structural analysis include analytical methods which
depend on using manual calculation and also include numerical methods which
most of them used computers. In addition to existence of wide spreading of
engineering software used in structural analysis. In spite of talking mentioned, there
is needing of using simplified and quick methods instead of using more
calculations or needing for using software in some practice.
A continuous beam is a structural component which is classified as a statically
indeterminate multispan beam on hinged supports along its length. These are
usually in the same horizontal plane, and the spans between the supports are in one
straight line. The end spans may be cantilever, may be freely supported or fixed
supported. The continuous beam provides resistance to bending when a load is
applied. At least one of the supports of a continuous beam must be able to develop
a reaction along the beam axis. Continuous beams are used in structural designs
when three or more spans exist. Continuous beams occur frequently in cast in situ
construction when a single span of construction is linked to an adjoining span also
commonly used in bridges. Bending moment of continuous beams does not confine
to a single span only but it will affect the whole system. The continuous beam is
much stiffer and stronger than the simply supported beam because the continuity
tends to reduce the maximum moment on a beam and makes it stiffer. To design
any structure which a continuous beam is a part of it, it is necessary to know the
bending moments and shearing forces in each member.
Various methods have been developed for determining the bending moments and
shearing force on continuous beams, these methods are interrelated to each other to
a greater or lesser extent. Most of the well-known individual methods of structural
analysis such as the theorem of three moments which it proposed by Clapeyron (is
French engineer and physicist), slope deflection, fixed and characteristic points,
and moment distribution methods. These approaches generally lends their self

2
better to hand computation than numerical methods such as flexibly methods,
stiffness method or finite element method. To avoid the need to solve large sets of
simultaneous equations, such as are required with the three-moment theorem or
slope deflection, methods involving successive approximations have been devised,
such as hardy cross moment distribution.
A coefficient method is used for the analysis of continuous as approximate method
by most of codes of practice such as ACI code, BS8110, EC and SBC. The
approximate method allows for various load patterns also allows for the real
rotation restraint at external supports, where the real moment is not equal to zero.
Elastic analysis gives systematic zero moment values at all external pin supports.
The coefficient method is thus more realistic but is only valid for standard cases. It
is advised to use this method whenever its conditions of application are satisfied.

1.2 Literature Review


The history of structural engineering dates back to at least 2700 BC when the step
pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first engineer in history
known by name. Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient
civilizations because it is a structural form which is inherently stable and can be
almost infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be
linearly increased in size in proportion to increased loads).[1].
The ancient Romans made great bounds in structural engineering, pioneering large
structures in masonry and concrete, many of which are still standing today. They
include aqueducts, thermae, columns, lighthouses, defensive walls and harbours.
Their methods are recorded by Vitruvius in his De Architectura written in 25 BC, a
manual of civil and structural engineering with extensive sections on materials and
machines used in construction. One reason for their success is their accurate
surveying techniques based on thedioptra, groma and chorobates [2]. The

3
foundations of modern structural engineering were laid in the 17th century by
Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton with the publication of three great
scientific works.
Structural engineering has long been a part of human endeavor, but Galileo is
considered to be the originator of the theory of structures [3]. Following his
pioneering work, many other people have made significant contributions. The
availability of computers has revolutionized structural analysis.
Among the important investigators and accomplishments were: James Clerk
Maxwell (1831-1879) of Scotland, for the Reciprocal Deflection theorem in 1864;
Otto Mohr (1835-1918) of Germany for Elastic Weights in 1870; Alberto
Castigliano of Italy for Least Work theorem in 1873; Charles E. Green of the
United States for the Moment-Area theorems in 1873; B.P.E Clapeyron of France
for the Three-Moment theorem in 1857. In the United States of America two great
developments in Statistically Indeterminate Structure Analysis were made by
GEORGE A. MANEY (1888-1947) and HARDY CROSS (1885-1959). GEORGE
A. MANEY introduced Slope Deflection method in 1915 at University of
Minnesota engineering publication. In Germany, BENDIXEN introduced Slope
Deflection in 1914. For nearly 15 years, until the introduction of Moment
Distribution, Slope Deflection was the popular method used for the Analysis of
continuous beams and frames in the United States of America. [4]. Another most
common approximate method of analyzing building frames for LATERAL LOADS
such as winds, earthquake (seismic) is the PORTAL method which was presented
by Albert Smith in the Journal of the Western Society of Engineers in 1915.
Another simple method of analyzing building frames for Lateral Loads is the
Cantilever method presented by A.C. Wilson in engineering record, 1908. These
methods are said to be satisfactory for buildings with height not in excess of 25 to
35 stories.

4
Structural engineering theory was again advanced in 1930 when Professor Hardy
Cross developed his Moment distribution method, allowing the real stresses of
many complex structures to be approximated quickly and accurate [5].
A coefficient method is used for the analysis of continuous as approximate method
by most of codes of practice such as ACI Code [6], BS8110 [7], EC2 [8] and more.
The codes give the coefficients of bending moments and shear force under some
provisions for continuous beams and slabs. As an example the ACI code provisions
require two or more continuous spans, spans of equal length or having the larger of
two adjacent spans not being greater than the shorter by more than 20 percent,
loads being uniformly distributed, unfactored live load not exceeding three times
unfactored dead load, and the members being prismatic.
Comprehensive work was done by Reynolds and Steedman [9] to calculate bending
moments, shear forces and deflections for simple and continuous beams under
different conditions of loading and supports and that by using Equations and/or
Charts and Tables.
A shear and moment formulas with diagrams for simply supported beams and
continuous beams of two spans were done by American Wood Council [10].
Khuda and Anwar [11] were studying the behavior of beams and developed
moment coefficients for beams of different spans and varying span ratio.
Fathelrahman, Hassaballa and Sallam [12] deduced negative moment coefficients
for continuous beams of equal and unequal spans.
Fathelrahman [13], derive coefficients for the negative and positive moments for
continuous beams of two, three and four spans of different spans lengths and
produce multiple charts for these coefficients.
This research derive and generates charts for coefficients of positive bending
moments for continuous beams of 2-spans and 3-spans of different spans lengths
controlled by spans ratio depending on the fist span and ranging between 0.6 to 2.0

5
for the two spans and between 0.6 to 1.5 for the three spans. The ratios are
calculated by dividing all spans by the length of the first span. The study was
carried under assumptions that the beams are full spans loaded by uniformly
distributed load and the cross sections are prismatic. The analysis was done
according to the moment distribution method. With changing the ratio of spans, a
number of 15 examples for two spans were obtained, while for three spans 100
examples were obtained.

1.3 Statement of the Problem:


Even with the availability of computers, most engineers find it desirable to make a
rough check of results, using approximate means, to detect gross errors. Further, for
structures of minor importance, it is often satisfactory to design on the basis of
results obtained by rough calculation. For these reasons, many engineers at some
stage in the design process estimate the values of moments, shears, and thrusts at
critical locations, using approximate sketches of the structure deflected by its loads.
This research help in easing the process of calculating the bending moment without
difficulties and without more calculation by deriving coefficients for calculating
positive moments for continuous beams consisting of two and three spans.

1.4 Objectives of the Research:


This research aim to the following objectives:
1. To analyze continuous beams consisting of two and three spans with
different spans lengths.
2. To derive coefficients of positive bending moment for the continuous beams
of two and three spans with different spans lengths.
3. To draw a charts for the coefficients of positive bending moments.
4. To deduce equations for the positive moments coefficients.

6
1.5 Methodology:
To achieve the objectives mentioned above, the following steps must be followed:
1. Using the method of moment distribution to do an elastic analysis of
continuous beams of two and three spans.
2. Using spreadsheets to derive the coefficients of positive moment according
to the results of analysis.
3. Using Origin Software to plot charts for the coefficients of positive moments
for two and three spans.
4. Using Curvexpert Software to deduce equations to calculate the coefficients
of positive moments.

1.6 Outlines of Research:


This research contains five Chapters as explained in the following:
• Chapter One contains general introduction about the analysis of structures
and literature review.
• Chapter Two describes the general procedure of analyzing continuous
beams by using moment distribution and deriving the necessary equations
for calculating bending moments and after that deducing the coefficients.
• Chapter Three explain the results of the analysis graphically
• Chapter Four discuss the results of the numerical examples.
• Chapter Five contains the conclusions and some recommendations.

7
Chapter two
ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS
2.1 Introduction:
A beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding load
primarily by resisting bending, bending moments are the bending forces induced to
the material as a results of external loads and due to its own weight over the span.
A Continuous beam is a beam that is supported by more than two supports and it is
statistically indeterminate structure and is known as Redundant or Indeterminate
Structure as they cannot be analysed by making use of basic equilibrium.
The continuous beams have some advantages which have more vertical load
capacity this means they can support a very heavy loads and the deflection at the
middle of the span is minimal as opposed to simple supported beams. The main
disadvantages of continuous beams is that there is a difficulty in the analysis and in
the design of it.
Various methods have been developed for determining the bending moments and
shearing force on continuous beams. These methods are interrelated to each other
to a greater or lesser extent. Most of the well-known individual methods of
structural analysis such as the theorem of three moments, slope deflection, fixed
and characteristic points, and moment distribution and characteristic points , and
moment distribution and its variants, are stiffness methods: this approach generally
lends itself better to hand computation than do flexibly methods . to avoid the need
to solve large sets of simultaneous equations, such as are required with the three-
moment theorem or slope deflection, methods involving successive approximations
have been devised, such as hardy cross moment distribution and south well's
relaxation method [9].

8
Perhaps the system best known at present for analysing continuous beams by hand
is that of moment distribution, devised by Hardy cross. The method, which derives
from slop-deflection principles, avoids the need to solve sets of simultaneous
equations directly by employing instead a system of successive approximation
which may be terminated as soon as the required degree accuracy has been reached.
One particular advantage of this is that it is often clear, even after only one
distribution cycle, whether or not the final values will be acceptable. If not, the
analysis need not be continued further, thus saving much unnecessary work. The
method is simple to remember and apply and the step-by-step procedure. Hardy
cross moment distribution is described in detail in most textbooks dealing with
structural analysis.

2.2 Moment Distribution Method:


The method as mentioned before was invented by Professor Hardy Cross of
University of Illinois of U.S.A. The method can be used to analyze all types of
statically indeterminate beams or rigid frames. Essentially it consists in solving the
linear simultaneous equations that were obtained in the slope-deflection method by
successive approximations or moment distribution. Increased number of cycles
would result in more accuracy.
The moment distribution method starts with assuming that each joint in the
structure is fixed, then joints are “unlocked” and “locked” in succession until each
joint has rotated to its final position. During this process, internal moments at the
joints are “distributed” and balanced. The resulting series can be terminated
whenever one reaches the degree of accuracy required. After member end moments
are obtained, all member stress resultants can be obtained from the laws of statics.
For the next three decades, moment distribution provided the standard means in
engineering offices for the analysis of indeterminate beams and frames. Even now,

9
it serves as the basic analytical tool for analysis if computer facilities are not
available.
The moment distribution method involves the following steps:
1. Determination of fixed end moments due to externally applied loads for all
the members.
2. Determination of distribution factors for members meeting at each joint.
3. The sum of the fixed end moments at each joint is calculated (unbalanced
moment). Next calculate the balancing moments which is equal in magnitude
but opposite in sign to this sum.
4. At each joint distribution of balancing moments to each member in the ratios
of distribution factors.
5. Carry over half the distributed moments to the other end of each member.
6. Repeat the cycle (4) and (5) once it is completed for all the joints of the
structure.
This process continues till sufficient accuracy of results is achieved with attention
to that the process should stop only after a distribution and never after a carry over.

2.2.1 The Fixed End Moments:

The fixed end moments are reaction moments developed in abeam member under
certain load conditions with both ends fixed against rotation. A beam with both
ends fixed is statically indeterminate to the 3rd degree, and any structural analysis
method applicable on statically indeterminate beams can be used to calculate the
fixed end moments.
In this research we introduce only distributed load full spans for each member, the
fixed end moments can be calculated from the formulas shown in Fig. (2.1)a and

10
(2.1)b. As sign convention, the clockwise moment consider as positive and
counterclockwise moment consider as negative.

𝑤𝑤𝑙𝑙 2 𝑤𝑤𝑙𝑙 2
w
12 12

Fig. (2.1)a: Fixed End Moments due to uniformly distributed load in case the ends
of the beams are fixed

w 𝑤𝑤𝑙𝑙 2
8

Fig. (2.1)b: Fixed End Moment due to uniformly distributed load in case one end of
beam pinned and the other is fixed.

2.2.2 Distribution Factors:

Is the factor calculated for each element that connected at a given joint and
multiplied by the moment at this joint to give the distributed moment to each
element. As an example if there are two elements AB and BC connected at joint B
which have outbalance moment (M) and this moment must be distributed to each
element. The distribution mainly depends on the material property (E, Elastic
Modulus) and geometric data (L, span length and I, second moment of inertia) for
each element as illustrated in Fig. (2.2).
M

𝜃𝜃𝐵𝐵 = ? B

EB, IB,
EA, IA, C
A 𝜃𝜃𝐶𝐶 = 0
𝜃𝜃𝐴𝐴 = 0
Deflected Shape

Fig. (2.2): Two Elements Connected at Joint B

11
Mathematically the distribution factors need to distribute the moment (M) to the
two elements can be calculated by using the following formula:
𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = , 𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = (2.1)
𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇 𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇
Where k is the stiffness which defined by the moment at one end of a member
necessary to produce unit rotation of that end when the other end is held fixed. It is
calculated by using the elements properties as:
4𝐸𝐸𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 4𝐸𝐸𝐵𝐵 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵
𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = , 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = , 𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑘𝑘𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 (2.2)
𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴 𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵
The distribution factor is calculated for each joint so each element has two
distributions factors at its two ends.

2.2.3 Carry Over:

Is the ratio of the moment at the end to the moment producing rotation at the
rotating end. It can be derived using slope-deflection equations and numerically is
equal to ½.

2.3 Analysis of Continuous Beams:

The continuous beam consisting of two and three spans were analysed according to
the moment distribution method by following the general steps of the procedure.
These steps are implemented in the spreadsheets in Excel file under the following
assumption:
1. The beam of the same material and the cross sections of the beam are
prismatic (EI = constant).
2. All the supports are hinges.
3. The loads applied is uniformly distributed load full span and have a unit
value through out (w=1.0 kN/m).

12
4. The span lengths are controlled by the spans ratio (S), which all spans were
divided by the first span length (L 1 ) this gives S1 = 1.0.
Fig. (2.3) illustrate some assumptions for beam of two spans, and Fig. (2.4)
illustrate some assumption for beam of three spans.

w = 1 kN/m
S1=L1/L1=1 S2= L2/L1
Fig. (2.3): Continuous Beam of two spans where S 2 ranges between 0.6 to 2.0

w = 1 kN/m

S1=L1/L1=1 S2= L2/L1 S3= L2/L1


Fig. (2.4): Continuous Beam of three spans where S 2 and S 3 range between 0.6 and
1.5

2.3.1 Calculation of Positive Moments Coefficients:

The calculation of positive moment coefficient depends on the maximum positive


moment at spans which is calculated using the values of negative moment. These
done by follow the following steps:
1. Calculate the ends moments by method of moment distribution described
before.
2. Find shear force at ends of each element by balancing the two ends of beams
against the distributed load and moments calculated at the ends of beam and
according to the manner described in Fig. (2.5).

13
ML MR
w kN/m
L R
L

𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
2 2
𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 + 𝑀𝑀𝑅𝑅 𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 + 𝑀𝑀𝑅𝑅
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿

𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 𝑀𝑀𝑅𝑅


𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 = − − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 − 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
2 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿

SFL

SFR
Fig. (2.5): Shear Force Calculation by Balancing the Forces at the End of the
Element

Where:
M L and M R are the supports moments at left and right of the element
respectively.
SF L and SF R are shear force at left and right of the element respectively.
w is the uniformly distributed load applied over the element (here is taken
1.0).
L is the element span length .
3. Find the point of zero shear force to locate the point of maximum positive
moment by calculating the distance x from left side using Equation (2.3):
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿
𝑥𝑥 = (2.3)
𝑤𝑤
4. Calculate the maximum positive moment (M pos ) by using Equation (2.4):

14
𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿 + 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 (𝑥𝑥) − ½𝑤𝑤(𝑥𝑥)2 (2.4)
5. Calculate the positive moment coefficient (D) by divide the value of positive
moment by the span length, this shown if Equation (2.5) (this case of w =
1.0):
𝑀𝑀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝐷𝐷 = (2.5)
𝐿𝐿2
The positive moments coefficients for the two and three spans are coded as shown
in Fig. (2.6).
D1-L D1-R

D1-L D2 D1-R
Fig. (2.6): Naming of Positive Moments Coefficients for Two and Three spans

The calculation of bending moments at the ends of elements followed by


calculating the positive moment coefficients have been done by aiding of
spreadsheets to help in excessive calculations of many iterations of moment
distribution steps and different cases of spans lengths. The spreadsheet helps on
solving 15 models of two spans and 100 models of three spans.
Table (2.1) is shown spreadsheet form to calculate element ends moments and
positive moments coefficients for the continuous beams of two spans. With noting
that the number of iterations is more than that appears on the Table.

15
Table (2.1) Spreadsheet for Calculation of Positive Moments Coefficients for
Continuous Beams of Two Spans
Joints 1 2 2 3
Length (in terms of ratios) 1 1.5
Loads(kN/m) 1 1
k 4 2.666666667
∑k 4 6.667 6.667 2.666667
D.F 1 0.600 0.400 1
F.E.M(kN.m) 0 0.125 -0.281 0
Release 0.00000 0.09375 0.06250 0.00000

C.O 0.04688 0.00000 0.00000 0.03125

Release -0.00073 0.00000 0.00000 -0.00049

C.O 0.00000 -0.00037 -0.00024 0.00000

Release 0.00000 0.00037 0.00024 0.00000

C.O 0.00018 0.00000 0.00000 0.00012

Release -0.00018 0.00000 0.00000 -0.00012

∑Moments 0.000 0.219 -0.219 0.000


S.F 0.281 0.719 0.896 0.604
Point of Maximum Bending Moment 0.281 0.896
Positive Moment 0.040 0.183
Positive Moment Coefficients 0.040 0.081

Table (2.2) is shown spreadsheet form to calculate element ends moments and
positive moments coefficients for the continuous beams of three spans. With noting
that the number of iterations is more than that appears on the Table.

16
Table (2.2) Spreadsheet for Calculation of Positive Moments Coefficients for
Continuous Beams of Three Spans
Joints 1 2 2 3 3 4
Length(in terms of ratios) 1 1.5 0.5
Loads(kN/m) 1 1 1
k 4 2.667 8
∑k 4 6.667 6.667 10.667 10.667 8
D.F 1 0.600 0.400 0.250 0.750 1
F.E.M(kN.m) 0 0.125 -0.188 0.1875 -0.031 0
Release 0.00000 0.03750 0.02500 -0.03906 -0.11719 0.00000

C.O 0.01875 0.00000 -0.01953 0.01250 0.00000 -0.05859

Release -0.01875 0.01172 0.00781 -0.00313 -0.00938 0.05859

C.O 0.00586 -0.00938 -0.00156 0.00391 0.02930 -0.00469

Release -0.00586 0.00656 0.00438 -0.00830 -0.02490 0.00469

C.O 0.00328 -0.00293 -0.00415 0.00219 0.00234 -0.01245

Release -0.00003 0.00008 0.00005 -0.00002 -0.00007 0.00017

∑Moments 0.000 0.173 -0.173 0.154 -0.154 0.000


S.F 0.327 0.673 0.762 0.738 0.558 -0.058
Point of Maximum Bending Moment 0.327 0.762 0.558
Positive Moment 0.054 0.118 0.002
Positive Moment Coefficients 0.054 0.052 0.007

17
Chapter three
DERIVATION OF POSITIVE BENDING MOMENT
COEFFICIENTS
3.1 Continuous Beam of Two Spans
3.1.1 Span Lengths:

With referring to Figure (2.3), 15 models of continuous beams of two spans were
gained by changing the span lengths according to the values shown in Table (3.1).

Table (3.1): Different Spans Lengths for the Continuous Beam of Two Spans
Model
S1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
S2 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
S1 = L 1 /L 1 , S2 = L 2 /L 1

3.1.2 Positive Moment Coefficients Results for Beam of Two Spans:

According to the span lengths illustrated in Table (3.1) and by using spreadsheet
form shown in Table (2.1), the results obtained for the positive moment coefficients
are listed in the Tables (3.2)

Table (3.2): Positive Moment Coefficients for the Beam of Two Spans
S1 S2 D1-L D1-R
1 0.6 0.0820 0.0279
1 0.7 0.0805 0.0445
1 0.8 0.0780 0.0564
1 0.9 0.0746 0.0646
1 1 0.0703 0.0703
1 1.1 0.0653 0.0742
1 1.2 0.0595 0.0770
1 1.3 0.0532 0.0789
1 1.4 0.0465 0.0802
1 1.5 0.0396 0.0811
1 1.6 0.0325 0.0817
1 1.7 0.0256 0.0821
1 1.8 0.0190 0.0824
1 1.9 0.0130 0.0825
1 2 0.0078 0.0825

18
The values of positive moments coefficients shown in Table (3.2), were plotted as
shown in Figure (3.1).

Fig. (3.1): Positive Moment Coefficients for the Two-Spans Continuous Beam

Instead of using the coefficients listed in Table (3.2) or using the Graph shown in
Fig. (3.1), you can Equations for the two coefficients (D1-L and D1-R). Those
equations are derived by using CurveExpert 1.3 software which it find the best
curve through fitting the data by adopting malty models and the best equation
gained for the coefficients is the polynomial equation shown in Equation (3.1) for
coefficient D1-L and Equation (3.2) for coefficient D1-R. The accuracy of these
equations are measured by standard deviation of 0.001 and coefficient of
correlation equal to 0.998.

𝐷𝐷1 − 𝐿𝐿 = 0.05399 + 0.10601(𝑆𝑆2) − 0.11462(𝑆𝑆2)2 + 0.02500(𝑆𝑆2)3 (3.1)

𝐷𝐷1 − 𝑅𝑅 = −0.12958 + 0.39410(𝑆𝑆2) − 0.24501(𝑆𝑆2)2 + 0.05065(𝑆𝑆2)3 (3.2)

19
3.2 Continuous Beam of Three Spans
3.2.1 Span Lengths:

With referring to Figure (2.4), 100 models of continuous beams of three spans were
gained by changing the span lengths according to the values shown in Tables form
Table (3.3)a to Table (3.3)j . with notice that S1 = 1, S2 = L2/L1, S3 = L2/L1.
Table (3.3)a: Spans Lengths for Beam of Three Spans Model (S2 = 0.6)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Table (3.3)b: Spans Lengths for Beam of Three Spans Model (S2 = 0.7)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Table (3.3)c: Spans Lengths for Beam of Three Spans Model (S2 = 0.8)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Table (3.3)d: Spans Lengths for Beam of Three Spans Model (S2 = 0.9)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Table (3.3)e: Spans Lengths for Beam of Three Spans Model (S2 = 1.0)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Table (3.3)f: Spans Lengths for Beam of Three Spans Model (S2 = 1.1)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Table (3.3)g: Spans Lengths for Beam of Three Spans Model (S2 = 1.2)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

20
Table (3.3)h: Spans Lengths for Beam of Three Spans Model (S2 = 1.3)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Table (3.3)i: Spans Lengths for Beam of Three Spans Model (S2 = 1.4)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Table (3.3)j: Spans Lengths for Beam of Three Spans Model (S2 = 1.5)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

3.2.2 Positive Moment Coefficients Results for Beam of Three Spans :

According to the span lengths illustrated in Tables (3.3)a-j and by using


spreadsheet form shown in Table (2.2), the results obtained for the positive moment
coefficients are listed in the Tables (3.4)a-j

Table (3.4)a: Positive Moment Coefficients for Beam of Three Spans (S2 = 0.6)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
D1-L 0.084 0.085 0.086 0.087 0.088 0.090 0.092 0.094 0.096 0.098
D2 -0.014 -0.033 -0.053 -0.075 -0.097 -0.118 -0.136 -0.149 -0.155 -0.153
D1-R 0.096 0.093 0.091 0.090 0.088 0.087 0.086 0.085 0.084 0.083

Table (3.4)b: Positive Moment Coefficients for Beam of Three Spans (S2 = 0.7)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
D1-L 0.083 0.084 0.085 0.086 0.087 0.089 0.091 0.093 0.095 0.098
D2 0.009 -0.001 -0.014 -0.028 -0.042 -0.057 -0.070 -0.082 -0.091 -0.096
D1-R 0.088 0.089 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.087 0.086 0.085 0.085 0.084

Table (3.4)c: Positive Moment Coefficients for Beam of Three Spans (S2 = 0.8)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
D1-L 0.081 0.082 0.083 0.084 0.086 0.087 0.089 0.091 0.094 0.097
D2 0.025 0.018 0.010 0.001 -0.009 -0.020 -0.030 -0.040 -0.048 -0.055
D1-R 0.078 0.082 0.084 0.085 0.086 0.086 0.085 0.085 0.085 0.084

21
Table (3.4)d: Positive Moment Coefficients for Beam of Three Spans (S2 = 0.9)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
D1-L 0.079 0.080 0.081 0.082 0.083 0.085 0.087 0.089 0.091 0.094
D2 0.034 0.030 0.025 0.019 0.011 0.004 -0.004 -0.012 -0.020 -0.026
D1-R 0.067 0.075 0.079 0.082 0.083 0.084 0.084 0.084 0.084 0.084

Table (3.4)e: Positive Moment Coefficients for Beam of Three Spans (S2 = 1.0)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
D1-L 0.076 0.077 0.078 0.079 0.080 0.082 0.083 0.086 0.088 0.091
D2 0.041 0.038 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.019 0.013 0.007 0.000 -0.006
D1-R 0.055 0.066 0.073 0.077 0.080 0.082 0.083 0.083 0.084 0.084

Table (3.4)f: Positive Moment Coefficients for Beam of Three Spans (S2 = 1.1)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
D1-L 0.073 0.073 0.074 0.075 0.076 0.078 0.079 0.081 0.084 0.086
D2 0.045 0.044 0.041 0.038 0.034 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.009
D1-R 0.042 0.057 0.066 0.072 0.076 0.079 0.081 0.082 0.083 0.083

Table (3.4)g: Positive Moment Coefficients for Beam of Three Spans (S2 = 1.2)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
D1-L 0.068 0.069 0.069 0.070 0.072 0.073 0.075 0.077 0.079 0.081
D2 0.048 0.047 0.046 0.043 0.040 0.037 0.033 0.029 0.025 0.020
D1-R 0.030 0.047 0.058 0.066 0.072 0.075 0.078 0.080 0.081 0.082

Table (3.4)h: Positive Moment Coefficients for Beam of Three Spans (S2 = 1.3)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
D1-L 0.064 0.064 0.065 0.065 0.066 0.068 0.069 0.071 0.073 0.076
D2 0.050 0.050 0.049 0.047 0.045 0.042 0.039 0.036 0.032 0.028
D1-R 0.019 0.036 0.050 0.060 0.066 0.071 0.075 0.077 0.079 0.080

22
Table (3.3)i: Positive Moment Coefficients for Beam of Three Spans (S2 = 1.4)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
D1-L 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.060 0.061 0.062 0.064 0.065 0.067 0.070
D2 0.052 0.052 0.051 0.050 0.048 0.046 0.044 0.041 0.038 0.035
D1-R 0.010 0.027 0.042 0.053 0.061 0.067 0.071 0.074 0.077 0.079

Table (3.3)j: Positive Moment Coefficients for Beam of Three Spans (S2 = 1.5)
S1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
S2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
S3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
D1-L 0.053 0.053 0.054 0.054 0.055 0.056 0.057 0.059 0.061 0.063
D2 0.053 0.053 0.052 0.051 0.050 0.049 0.047 0.044 0.042 0.039
D1-R 0.003 0.018 0.033 0.046 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.071 0.074 0.076

The values of positive moments coefficients shown in Tables (3.3)a-j, were plotted
as shown in Figures (3.2, 3.3 and 3.4).

Fig. (3.2): Positive Moment Coefficients for the Three-Spans Continuous Beam at
Left Span (D1-L)

23
Fig. (3.3): Positive Moment Coefficients for the Three-Spans Continuous Beam at
Middle Span (D2)

Fig. (3.4): Positive Moment Coefficients for the Three-Spans Continuous Beam at
Right Span (D1-R)

24
Chapter four
VERIFICATION OF POSITIVE MOMENT
COEFFICIENTS BY USING NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

4.1 Calculation of Bending Moments using Coefficients:

After the coefficients of positive bending moment are obtained the bending
moment for each span can be calculated from the following equation.

M = D w L2 (4.1)

Where:
D is positive moment coefficients.
w is the uniformly distributed load.
L is the span length coincides to D.

4.2 Verification of Positive Bending Moment Coefficients:

In the following there are seven examples of continuous beams of different spans
lengths, four of two spans and three of three spans, these examples were selected in
order to verify the values of positive moment coefficients that derived and
explained in Chapter Three.

4.2.1 Example 1:

This example consisting of two spans and carries a uniformly distributed load of 12
kN/m through all spans as shown in Fig. (4.1). According to the value of S2
calculated from the spans lengths, the coefficients of positive bending moment for
the two spans were obtained form Table (3.2) and form the Chart of Fig. (3.1) and
also calculated from equations (3.1) and (3.2). the bending moments for the two
spans were calculated using equation (4.1). These moments were compared by one

25
obtained by using PROKON Software Program to check the accuracy and the
difference percentages are calculated and all values were listed in Table (4.1)
w = 12 kN/m
A C
EI=const B
4m 4m

Fig. (4.1): Continuous Beam of Example 1

Table (4.1) Calculations of Example 1


Span AB (D1-L) Span BC (D1-R)
L(m) 4.0 4.0
S 1 1
Table 0.070 0.070
Coefficients Chart 0.07 0.07
Equation 0.844 0.844
Moment by using Coefficients (kN.m) 13.44 13.44
Moment by using PROKON (kN.m) 13.50 13.50
Dif% 0.44% 0.44%

4.2.2 Example 2:

This example consisting of two spans and carries a uniformly distributed load of 10
kN/m through all spans as shown in Fig. (4.2). According to the value of S2
calculated from the spans lengths, the coefficients of positive bending moment for
the two spans were obtained form Table (3.2) and form the Chart of Fig. (3.1) and
also calculated from equations (3.1) and (3.2). the bending moments for the two
spans were calculated using equation (4.1). These moments were compared by one
obtained by using PROKON Software Program to check the accuracy and the
difference percentages are calculated and all values were listed in Table (4.2)

w = 10 kN/m
A C
EI=const B
4m 4.2 m

Fig. (4.2): Continuous Beam of Example 2

26
Table (4.2) Calculations of Example 2
Span AB (D1-L) Span BC (D1-R)
L(m) 4.0 4.2
S 1 1.05
Table 0.0675 0.072
Coefficients Chart 0.068 0.07
Equation 0. 679 0. 725
Moment by using Coefficients (kN.m) 10.80 12.70
Moment by using PROKON (kN.m) 10.86 12.78
Dif% 0.55% 0.63%

4.2.3 Example 3:

This example consisting of two spans and carries a uniformly distributed load of 15
kN/m through all spans as shown in Fig. (4.3). According to the value of S2
calculated from the spans lengths, the coefficients of positive bending moment for
the two spans were obtained form Table (3.2) and form the Chart of Fig. (3.1) and
also calculated from equations (3.1) and (3.2). the bending moments for the two
spans were calculated using equation (4.1). These moments were compared by one
obtained by using PROKON Software Program to check the accuracy and the
difference percentages are calculated and all values were listed in Table (4.3)
w = 15 kN/m
A C
EI=const B
4.8 m 4m

Fig. (4.3): Continuous Beam of Example 3

Table (4.3) Calculations of Example 3


Span AB (D1-L) Span BC (D1-R)
L(m) 4.8 4.0
S 1 0.83
Table 0.0767 0.058
Coefficients Chart 0.077 0.06
Equation 1.155 0.893
Moment by using Coefficients (kN.m) 26.51 13.92
Moment by using PROKON (kN.m) 26.60 14.28
Dif% 0.34% 2.52%

27
4.2.4 Example 4:

This example consisting of two spans and carries a uniformly distributed load of 20
kN/m through all spans as shown in Fig. (4.4). According to the value of S2
calculated from the spans lengths, the coefficients of positive bending moment for
the two spans were obtained form Table (3.2) and form the Chart of Fig. (3.1) and
also calculated from equations (3.1) and (3.2). the bending moments for the two
spans were calculated using equation (4.1). These moments were compared by one
obtained by using PROKON Software Program to check the accuracy and the
difference percentages are calculated and all values were listed in Table (4.4)

w = 20 kN/m
A C
EI=const B
4m 8m

Fig. (4.4): Continuous Beam of Example 4

Table (4.4) Calculations of Example 4


Span AB (D1-L) Span BC (D1-R)
L(m) 4.0 8.0
S 1 2
Table 0.0078 0.082
Coefficients Chart 0.008 0.08
Equation 0.156 1.650
Moment by using Coefficients (kN.m) 2.50 104.96
Moment by using PROKON (kN.m) 2.50 105.63
Dif% 0.00% 0.63%

4.2.5 Example 5:

This example consisting of three spans and carries a uniformly distributed load of
18 kN/m through all spans as shown in Fig. (4.5). According to the value of S2 and
S3 calculated from the spans lengths, the coefficients of positive bending moment
for the three spans were obtained form Table (3.3)e and form the Charts of Figs.

28
(3.2), (3.3) and (3.4). The bending moments for the three spans were calculated
using equation (4.1). These moments were compared by one obtained by using
PROKON Software Program to check the accuracy and the difference percentages
are calculated and all values were listed in Table (4.5).

w = 18 kN/m
A D
EI=const B C
4m 4m 4m

Fig. (4.5): Continuous Beam of Example 5

Table (4.5) Calculations of Example 5


Span AB (D1-L) Span BC (D2) Span CD (D1-R)
L(m) 4.0 4 4
S 1 1 1
Table 0.08 0.025 0.08
Coefficients
Chart 0.08 0.025 0.08
Moment by using Coefficients (kN.m) 23.04 7.20 23.04
Moment by using PROKON (kN.m) 23.04 7.20 23.04
Dif% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

4.2.6 Example 6:

This example consisting of three spans and carries a uniformly distributed load of
11 kN/m through all spans as shown in Fig. (4.6). According to the value of S2 and
S3 calculated from the spans lengths, the coefficients of positive bending moment
for the three spans were obtained form Table (3.3)j and form the Charts of Figs.
(3.2), (3.3) and (3.4). The bending moments for the three spans were calculated
using equation (4.1). These moments were compared by one obtained by using
PROKON Software Program to check the accuracy and the difference percentages
are calculated and all values were listed in Table (4.6).

29
w = 11 kN/m
A EI=const D
B C
4m 6m 5m

Fig. (4.6): Continuous Beam of Example 6

Table (4.6) Calculations of Example 6


Span AB (D1-L) Span BC (D2) Span CD (D1-R)
L(m) 4.0 6 5
S 1 1.5 1.25
Table 0.0575 0.045 0.069
Coefficients
Chart 0.058 0.045 0.07
Moment by using Coefficients (kN.m) 10.12 17.82 18.98
Moment by using PROKON (kN.m) 10.23 18.07 19.11
Dif% 1.07% 1.38% 0.68%

4.2.7 Example 7:

This example consisting of three spans and carries a uniformly distributed load of
22 kN/m through all spans as shown in Fig. (4.7). According to the value of S2 and
S3 calculated from the spans lengths, the coefficients of positive bending moment
for the three spans were obtained form Table (3.3)a and form the Charts of Figs.
(3.2), (3.3) and (3.4). The bending moments for the three spans were calculated
using equation (4.1). These moments were compared by one obtained by using
PROKON Software Program to check the accuracy and the difference percentages
are calculated and all values were listed in Table (4.7).

w = 22 kN/m
A D
EI=const B C
6m 3.6 m 4.5 m

Fig. (4.7): Continuous Beam of Example 7

30
Table (4.7) Calculations of Example 7
Span AB (D1-L) Span BC (D2) Span CD (D1-R)
L(m) 6.0 3.6 4.5
S 1 0.6 0.75
Table 0.0845 -0.043 0.092
Coefficients
Chart 0.085 -0.04 0.09
Moment by using Coefficients (kN.m)
Moment by using PROKON (kN.m)
Dif%

31
Chapter five
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion:

Form the work done in this project we conclude that:


• The positive bending moment coefficients can be very easily extracted from
Tables, Charts or equations.
• The values of positive moment confidents were verified and appear good
agreement with those obtained by PROKON Software Program with
difference not more than 2.4 %.
• The values of coefficients for the two spans for the first span is in decreasing
while as the first span is in increasing with all values of S2 as appear in Fig.
(3.1).
• The values of coefficients for the first span are goes in constant values when
the ratio of the second span be more than approximately 1.6.
• For the first and third spans, the values of coefficients are goes close when
the value of S2 be less than 1.0 and be very closet when the value of S2 be
less than 0.8.

5.1 Recommendations:

Through the work have been done in this project, and for more study and for the
future work to follow this present work, the following recommendations must be
taken.
1. The coefficients of positive bending moments coefficients derived in this
project for the two and three spans, can be used effectively in the design.

32
2. Unique equation can be dervied for the continous beam of thre spans in
terms of spans ratios (S2 and S3) to calculte postive bending moment
coefficient for each span of the beam.
3. More study on the behaviour of continuous beams with taken into account
the variation of span lengths and analysis of continuous under influence of
uniformly distributed load on spans with different values.
4. Continuous beams of four spans and more can considered in the future study.
5. More study can be done about the values of positive bending moment
coefficients obtained when the ratios between spans be greater.

33
References

1. Victor E. Saouma."Lecture notes in Structural Engineering", University of


Colorado. Retrieved, 2007.
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_structural_engineering
3. Aslam Kassimali, “Structural Analysis”, fourth edition, CENGAGE
Learning, 2010.
4. http://engineerstandpoint.blogspot.com/2010/09/history-of-structural-
analysis.html.
5. Hardy Cross, “Analysis of Continuous Frames by Distributing Fixed End
Moments”, Proceeding of the American Society of Civil Engineers, May
1930.
6. Building Code "ACI 318-11 Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and Commentary", American Concrete Institute, Retrieved 8 Aug
2012.
7. BS 8110 Part 1, “Code of Practice for Design and Constructions”, 1985.
8. Eurocode 2, , “Design of Concrete Structures, - Part 1-1 : General rules and
rules for buildings”, ENV 1992-1-1, 1992
9. Charles E. Renolds and James C. Steedman, “Reinforced Concrete
Designer’s Handbook”, 10thedn, E & FN SPON, 1999.
10.American Wood Council, “Beams Formulas with Shear and Moment
Diagrams”, American Forest and & Paper Association,Inc, Design Aids No.
6, 2007.
11.S.N. Khuda, and A.M.M.T. Anwar, “Design Aid for Continuous Beams”.
12.Fathelrahman M. Adam, A. E. Hassaballa, H. E. M. Sallam. "Continuous
Beams, Elastic Analysis, Moment Coefficients, Moment Distribution

34
Method."International Journal of Engineering Innovation & Research
(IJEIR) 4, no. 4 (2015): 613-622.
13.Fathelrahman M. Adam, " Charts for Bending Moment Coefficients for
Continuous Beams"International Journal of Engineering and Technical
Research (IJETR)Volume-3, Issue-8, August 2015,208-226.
14.Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin, Charles W. Dolan, “Design of Concrete
Structures”, 14 Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2004.

35
JAZAN UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POSITIVE BENDING MOMENT


COEFFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS
By

Team Members:
1.Mohammed Hamad Daghriri 201120346
2. Hassan Mohammed Tawhari 201120201
3.Abdulrahman Abdullah Zakri 201122151
4.Easa Ahamad Aseri 201120128
5.Yahya Zaid Al Bnawi 201120172
6.Mofareh Mohammed Asiri 201120307
Supervisor:
Dr. Fathelrahaman Mohamed Adam

A Senior Project Final Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the degree of BACHELOR OF Science (B. Sc.),
in
Civil Engineering
JAZAN UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POSITIVE BENDING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR


CONTINUOUS BEAMS

APPROVAL RECOMMENDED:

Examination Committee:
1. Professor Dr. Hossam Eldin Mohamed Sallam
2. Professor Dr. Ahmed Ahmed El-Abbasy
3. Dr. Ali Eltoum Hassaballa

PROJECT SUPERVISOR Dr. Fathelrahman Mohamed Adam

Date
DEPARTMENT HEAD Dr. Mohamed Mubarki

Date
COURSE INSTRUCTOR

Date
APPROVED

DEAN OF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Dr. Jabril Ahmed Khamaj

Date

(2/1437 h)

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