Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
*Percent by mass- ratio of mass of solute to the m of soln 1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
*molality- the no. Of solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent - Energy can be converted from one form to another
*dilution- procedure of preparing less concentrated soln Signs of convention
*colligative properties- depend on the number of solute particles in Negative
soln and not n=on the nature of solute 1. Work done by the system on the surr
*raoults law- vp of a solvent over a soln p1 is given by the vp of the 2. Heat absorbed by the surr from the sys (exo)
pure solvent 3. expansion
*osmosis- selective passage of SOLVENT molc thorugh a POROUS Positive
membrane from dilute t o more concentrated 1. Work done on the system by the surr
*semi permeable membrane- allows passage of solvent blocks solute 2. Heat absorbed by the sys from surr (endo)
*osmotic pressure- pressure to stop osmosis 3. Compression
1 isotonic- equal
2. hypotonic- less concentrates soln ENTHALPY
3. hyper- more concentrated soln - Sum of the internal energy of the system anfd the
product of its volume and pressure
PPM- soils, ocean water concentration of ions in forest CALORIMETRY
PPB- used in bloods - Technique that measures heat changes
PPT- rare earth element in earth’s crust (californium most 1. Specific heat- amount req to raise the
rare) temperature of a 1 gram by one degree celcius
DILUTION OF SOLUTIONS 2. Heat capacity- amount of heat required to raise
*Dilution- procedure of preparing a less concentrated soln the temp of the given quantity of the substance
by 1C
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES THERMOCHEMICAL EQ
-properties that depend only on the number of solute particles - Shows the enthalpy changes as well as the mass
relationships
VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING STANDARD ENTHALPY OF FORMATION
- When a solute is addd to a solvent the vapour - The heat change that results when 1 mole of the
pressure of the solvent in the soln is lower than the compound is formed from its elements at a pressure
vp of the pure solvent of 1 atm
STANDARD ENTHALPY OF REACTION
BOILING POINT OF ELEVATION - The enthjalpy reaction carried out at 1 atm
- Boilibg point of the soln minus bp of the pure solvent LATTICE ENREGY
FREESING POINT OF DEPRESSIOM - The energy req to completely separate one mole of
- Freezing point of the pure solvent minus freezing solid ionic compound into gaseous ions
point of the soln HEAT OF HYDRATION
- The enthalpy change associated with hydration
THERMOCHEMISTRY process
- Branch of chem. Concerned with the quantities of HEAT OF DILUTION
heat evolvedor absorbed during chem. Rxn
ENERGY
- Capacity to do work
DISPLACEMENT
- Change in position
TYPES OF ENERGY
1. SOLAR
2. THERMAL- friction
3. CHEMICAL- confined in chem. Substances
4. POTENTIAL- virtue of objects position
5. KINETIC- proportional to T
THERMODYNAMICS
- The scientific study of interconversion of heat and
other types of energy