Laporan Beton 1

PRACTICUM REPORT
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE)

(CIVL6066)
Created by (LB43) :
TIMOTIUS KURNIAWAN WIHARTONO 2101664353
ASSISTANTS:
SONNY KOSASI SP067
RICO GIYAR PIONAR SP068
ALDO CHRISTANTO PURNAMA SP070
LABORATORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
BINUS UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2019
CHAPTER 1
LOOSE BULK DENSITY OF FINE AGREGATE
1.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the bulk density of fine aggregate
which is determined as the comparative value between the weight and volume of the
sample of dry sand in loose conditions.
1.2 BASIC THEORY

Aggregate is one of the ingredients of concrete composition that reaches 70%
- 75% of the volume of concrete, so that the aggregate greatly affects the concrete
standard that has been set. With good aggregate, workable, strong, durable and
economical. The fine aggregate as the base material for the manufacture of concrete
plays an important role in determining the quality of concrete, because aggregate is a
filler that is cemented by cement and water becomes hardened solids and is known as
concrete, but water content must also be considered because it greatly affects the
weight of an aggregate , therefore it is necessary to know the effect of the use of fine
aggregate to be used to obtain optimum quality and compressive strength of concrete.
Concrete is a part of the building that we see in the development process such
as buildings, roads and bridges. Concrete compressive strength is the ability of
concrete to resist compressive forces in each unit of concrete surface area.
Bulk density or also known as aggregate unit weight is the ratio between
aggregate weight and content / volume. This can be used to simplify the calculation of
the concrete mixture if we weigh the aggregate with the size of the volume. The
volume weight that required for fine aggregate is 1.4 - 1.9 kg / ltr. The loose unit
weights can be obtained by releasing (loose).
Formula :
W2 −W1
Bulk density = ......................................... (1.1)
V
Where :
W1 = Mold weight (Kg);
W2 = Mold weight + sand (Kg);
V = Mold volume (m3).
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
2
1.3 PRACTICUM RESULT

1.3.1 PRACTICUM DATA
Data that obtain in practicum:
Mold diameter (D) = 15 cm;
Mold height (t) = 30 cm;
Mold weight (W1) = 10.48 kg;
Mold weight + fine aggregate (W2) = 16.26 kg.
1.3.2 DATA CALCULATION
Calculation:
1
Mold Volume (V) = 4 π.d2 .t
1
= 4 ×3.14×152 ×30
= 5,298.75 cm3
= 0.00529875 m3;
W2 -W1
Loose bulk density = V
16.26-10.48
= 0.00529875
5.78
= 0.00529875
= 1,090.823 kg/m3.
1.4 CONLUSIONS
The conclusion of the loose bulk density of fine aggregate practicum is
1,090.823 kg/m3.
1.5 ERROR FACTORS

The error factors of loose bulk density of fine aggregate practicum :
a. Inaccuracy of the researcher when pouring the aggregate into the mold;
b. Less careful when reading the value of the scale;
a. Possible machine inaccuracies at the time of reading on the scale.
1.6 REFERENCE
(2019). Bobot Isi Agregat (Padat dan Lepas). Malang: Politeknik Negeri Malang.
Darmawan, R. (2019). Berat Isi Agregat Halus. Makassar: Teknik Sipil Politeknik
Ujung Pandang.

CHAPTER 2
COMPACT BULK DENSITY OF FINE AGGREGATE
2.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the bulk density of fine aggregate
by comparing the weight and content of the sample of dry sand that used for concrete
mixture in compact condition.
2.2 BASIC THEORY

The weight of the aggregate content is the ratio of the aggregate weight that
fills a container with a certain volume. The weight has another term which is or density.
The condition of the test object used for the weight test of the contents must be dry. At
the weight of the solid contents of the sand is inserted into the mold and compacted by
means of piercing different from the weight of the loose contents that are not through
the compaction process. In a different way, of course, it will give different results on
the weight of the aggregate that is accommodated in the container, resulting in a
different weight. Logically compacted aggregates are denser than aggregates which
are directly inserted into the container.
The fine aggregate is sand that passes the No.8 filter and is held by the filter
No.200. Fine aggregate itself is an aggregate in the form of natural sand as a result of
natural disintegration of rocks or artificial sand produced by stone breakers and has a
grain size 5 mm.
Formula :
W2 -W1
Bulk density = .................................................... (2.1)
V
Where :

5

Mold weight + fine aggregate (W2) = 18 kg.
Calculation:
1
1
= 4 ×3.14×152 ×30
= 5298.75 cm3;
= 0.00529875 m3
W2 -W1
Compacted bulk density = V
18-10.48
= 5298.75
7.52
= 0.00529875
= 1,419.203 kg/m3.
2.4 CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the compacted bulk density of fine aggregate practicum is
1,419.203 kg/m3.
2.5 ERROR FACTOR

The error factors of loose bulk density of fine aggregate practicum are :
c. Possible machine inaccuracies at the time of reading on the scale;
b. When the sand is compacted, there are some parts that are not compact.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

6
2.6 REFERENCE
(2019). Bobot Isi Agregat (Padat dan Lepas). Malang: Politeknik Negeri Malang.
Darmawan, R. (2019). Berat Isi Agregat Halus. Makassar: Teknik Sipil Politeknik
Ujung Pandang.

CHAPTER 3
WATER CONTENT OF FINE AGGREGATE
3.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to calculate and determine the water content
of the aggregate sample by drying using the available equipment.
3.2 BASIC THEORY

The water content of the aggregate is the ratio between the weight of the water
contained in the aggregate and the aggregate weight itself in a dry condition. The water
content in the aggregate is influenced by the amount of water contained in the
aggregate pores, the greater the weight difference between the original aggregate and
the aggregate after being put into the oven, the greater the water content contained in
the aggregate. The water content in the aggregate is used to calculate the amount of
water needed in a mixture of concrete mixtures according to the FAS value (Cement
Water Factor). The proper use of water can produce cement paste which functions to
bind the aggregate well. The use of too much water causes the concrete to have a lot
of pores when it is dry, which in turn has an impact on the concrete compressive
strength that is not optimum.
W1 -W2
Water content = x 100% .................................... (3.1)
W2
Where :
W1 = Weight of fine aggregate (gr);
W2 = Weight of dried fine aggregate (gr).

8
PRACTICUM RESULT
The following are practicum data that are obtained :
Weight of the fine aggregate (W1) = 0.580 kg – 0.080 kg
= 0.500 kg;
Weight of the dry fine aggregate + pan (W2) = 0.512 kg – 0.080 kg
= 0.432 kg.
W1 -W2
Water content of fine aggregate = x 100%
W2
0.500 - 0.432
= x 100%
0.432
= 15.74%.
3.3 CONCLUSION
From the practicum we know that the water content of fine aggregate is
15.74%.
3.4 ERROR FACTOR

The error factor of this practicum are :
a. The incomplete drying process which allows some aggregates that do not dry
out perfectly;
b. The process of drying is not exactly 24 hours.
3.5 REFERENCE
Bestari, N. (2017). Kadar Air Agregat Halus. Pekanbaru: Universitas Riau.

CHAPTER 4
ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN FINE AGGREGATE
4.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the condition of the sand whether
sand can be used with organic matter in the sand.
4.2 BASIC THEORY

Organic substances in fine aggregates produced from living things through the
process of destruction of substances growing plants or the remains of living things and
usually fine aggregates can not be separated from organic substances because many
organic substances contain tannin acids in the form of humus and organic mud.
Organic substances found in fine aggregates can come from rivers where the aggregate
is carried by water when the river experiences flooding. There are some organic
substances that can be said to be harmful if later used as a mixture in the manufacture
of concrete. The examples are sugar, oil and fat. The presence of sugar content can
inhibit cement binding and the development of concrete strength, while oil and fat can
reduce the binding capacity of cement. If the aggregate used to make concrete contains
a lot of organic matter, then the aggregate should not be used because it is feared that
it can affect the quality of the concrete itself.
Aggregate testing needs to be done to determine whether an aggregate can be
used as a mixture in making concrete. The calorimeter method is generally used to
determine the presence of organic matter in an aggregate. In testing organic matter
using a calorimeter, organic matter is neutralized with 3% NaOH solution and then
wait until it reacts and compare it to the standard color after leaving it for 24 hours.
Compare the color of the solution to the baby bottle with a predetermined color
standard:
a. 1 - 2 for low levels;
b. 3 for normal levels;
c. 4 - 5 for high levels.

10
The greater the number of colors on the color standard, the older the color of
the mud will be. Based on the Indonesian National Standards for testing the color of
organic matter, the test results in numbers 2 and 3 can be used as normal concrete
while the results of test in number 1 can be used as high-quality concrete.

The following picture is the result of practicum :
Figure 4.1 Result of organic impurities practicum

From the result of the practicum the color that we got is between 3-4.
4.4 CONCLUSION
From the result of organic impurities in fine aggregate practicum, the color
range that obtained is between 3-4. We can conclude that the aggregate have a lot of
organic content.
4.5 ERROR FACTORS

The error factors of this practicum are :
a. The scale that used in the practicum is not accurate;
b. Unstable and imperfect shaking for 10 minutes.

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4.6 REFERENCE
Amran, D. (1992). Pengaruh Kadar Lumpur, Kandungan Organik, Gradasi Butir
Dan Berat Jenis Agregat Terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton Tiap Tingkat Umum
Proses Pengerasan. Padang: FPTK IKIP Padang.
Maulidawati, G. (2016). Uji Kadar Zat Organik Agregat Halus dengan
Perbandingan Wrna (Standard Colour Test). Bandung: Politeknik Negeri
Bandung.

CHAPTER 5
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF FINE
AGGREGATE
5.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the density and percentage weight
of water that can be absorbed by fine aggregates calculated from the dry weight of an
aggregate.
5.2 BASIC THEORY

The fine aggregate is sand that passes the No.8 filter and is held by the filter
No. 200. Fine aggregate itself is an aggregate in the form of natural sand as a result of
natural disintegration of rocks or artificial sand produced by stone breakers and has a
grain size 5 mm.
Aggregate density is the ratio between the weight of the aggregate volume and
the weight of the water volume, the weight ratio of a unit of volume of material to
water with the same volume at a temperature of 20˚C - 25˚C (68˚F - 77˚F). Specific
gravity of each aggregate is different from each other influenced by rock type,
material, rock structure and rock porosity.
According to the Indonesian National Standards 03-1970-1990 about specific
gravity, the absorption of fine aggregates is 2.5%. To plan the aggregate mixture, it is
necessary to measure the aggregate specific gravity. This mixture is carried out based
on the weight ratio because it is more accurate than the volume ratio.
Several types of specific gravity :
a. Bulk specific gravity is the ratio between the weight of the dry aggregate and
the weight of distilled water where the contents is the same as the aggregate
content in a saturated state at 25˚C;
b. Saturated Surface Dry Specific Gravity is the ratio between the weight of the
dry aggregate of the saturated surface and the weight of distilled water where
the content is the same as the aggregate content in a saturated state at 25˚C;
c. Apparent Specific Gravity is a comparison between the weight of dry aggregate
and the weight of distilled water where the content is the same as the aggregate
in a dry state at 25˚C;

14
d. Effective specific gravity is the specific gravity of the aggregate in a dry state.
Specific gravity and volume of aggregates that cannot absorbed by asphalt.
Water absorption is the ratio of the weight of water that can be absorbed to the
dry aggregate weight in percent. In fine aggregates, water will seep into the pores but
in certain circumstances the water held on the surface will be considered as the
percentage of the aggregate dry weight.

The following are the data of specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate
practicum :
Weight of fine aggregate in SSD condition (S) = 250 gr;
Weight of pycnometer + water + fine aggeegate (C) = 1099.6 gr;
Weight of pycnometer + water (B) = 951 gr;
Weight of oven dry fine aggregate (A) = 240.4 gr.
Below are the data calculation of the practicum :
A
Bulk specific gravity (Sd) =
B+S-C
240.4
=
951+250-1099,6
= 2.371 gr;
S
SSD (Saturated Surface Dry) =
B+S-C
250
=
951+250-1099,6
= 2.465 gr;
A
Apparent Specific Gravity =
B+A-C
240.4
= 951+240.4-1099,6
= 2.619 gr;
S-A
Absorption = x 100%
A
250-240.4
= x 100%
240.4
= 3.993%.

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5.4 CONCLUSION
From the practicum, we can conclude that :
a. The bulk specific gravity that we get is 2.371 gr;
b. The saturated surface density that we get is 2.465 gr;
c. The apparent specific gravity that we get is 2.619 gr;
d. The percentage of absorption is 3.993%.
5.5 ERROR FACTORS

a. Too rushed when lifting the cone, making the results of the sand mold
inaccurate;
b. At the time of pounding, not all side are pounded properly.
5.6 REFERENCE
Amran, D. (1992). Pengaruh Kadar Lumpur, Kandungan Organik, Gradasi Butir
Dan Berat Jenis Agregat Terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton Tiap Tingkat Umum
Proses Pengerasan. Padang: FPTK IKIP Padang.
Bandung.

CHAPTER 6
GRADATION AND FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE
AGGREGATE
6.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the ratio of fine aggregates and
coarse aggregates which have a gradation through sieving or filtering analysis.
6.2 BASIC THEORY

Fine aggregate is one of the main parts used for making concrete. It can be said
that fine aggregates play an important role in making concrete. As the name implies,
this aggregate has a finer texture so that there are diverse granules ranging from small
to large ones.
Fineness modulus is an index used to measure the fineness or roughness of
aggregate items. The greater the fineness modulus value of an aggregate, the greater
the aggregate grain.
Because the aggregate is distributed from large to small size, to determine a
gradation in the aggregate, a sieving analysis process is needed. The sieving analysis
itself is a grouping of coarse aggregate grains and fine aggregates into a composite
composition which is reviewed by filter.
In the sieving analysis process there is a sieves that has been determined in
accordance with existing standards. From large to small size, it can be clearly seen
how the distribution of samples from fine aggregates. The sample left on the filters
that have been stacked will be weighed as the weight that escapes the filter above. The
percentage of weight left behind is formulated as follows :
A
Percentage of sample weight = x 100% .......................... (6.1)
B
Where :
A = Sample weight that left in the sieve;
B = Total weight of sample.

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The data that obtained from the gradation and fineness modulus of fine
aggregate practicum with sieve analysis for 15 minutes.
Table 6.1 Sieve Analysis Data
Sieve retains
Sieve
Size weight
Number
(mm) (gr)
4 4.8 0
8 2.4 0
16 1.2 43.6
30 0.6 87.6
50 0.3 142.6
100 0.15 153.4
200 0.075 69
Pan 2.6
Total 498.8

Here is the formula used to calculate the data at sieve number 4 :
Cumulative retains weight number 4
a. Retained percentage (%) = x 100%
Total Weight
43.6
= 498.8 x 100%
= 8.741%;
b. Passed percentage (%) = 100% - % Cumulative retains weight

= 100% - 8.74%
= 91.259%.
Here is the formula used to calculate the data at sieve number 200 :
Total Weight
496.2
= x 100%
498.8
= 99.479%;
b. Passing percentage (%) = 100% - % Cumulative retains weight
= 100% - 99.479%
= 0.521%.

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Table 6.2 Sieve analysis of fine aggregate

Cumulative
Sieve Sieve size Retained
Retained Retained Passing
Number (mm) (Gr)
(gr) (%) (%)
4 4.75 0 0 0 100
8 2.36 0 0 0 100
16 1.18 43.6 43.6 8.74 91.26
30 0.60 87.6 131.2 26.30 73.70
50 0.30 142.6 273.8 54.89 45.11
100 0.15 153.4 427.2 85.65 14.35
200 0.075 69 496.2 99.48 0.52
Pan 2.6 498.8 100 0
Total 498.8 - 275.06 -
Here is the percentage of passed fine aggregate ploting in semi-log chart:
100%
90%
Passing Percentage (%)
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0.01 0.1 1 10
Grain Size (mm)
Figure 6.1 Fine Aggregate Size Distribution
To calculate the finness modulus using the formula bellow:

∑ Cumulative % retains seive number 4 - 200
Fineness Modulus = 100

20
275.06
= 100
= 2.751.
6.4 CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the gradation and fineness modulus of fine aggregate
practicum :
a. The most aggregate is retained in the sieve number 100;
b. The most aggregate is passed in the sieve number 16:
c. The fineness modulus of the fine aggregate sample is 2.751 which means the
aggregate that we use in this practicum is medium sand;
d. In this practicum gradation of fine aggregate, the sieve number that didn’t
include in zone is 0,6 mm. so the closest one is zone 4.
Table 6.3 Gradation Zone for Fine Aggregate
Sieve Number The Percentage of The Grain That Passes the Sieve
(mm) Zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV
10 100 100 100 100
4.8 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.4 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.2 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
0.6 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
0.3 5 - 20 5 - 30 12 - 40 15-50
0.15 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15
6.5 ERROR FACTOR

The error factors of the gradation and fineness modulus of fine aggregate as
follows :
a. There is some sand that is not properly filtered;
b. During the sieving process, researchers are not careful so that there is some
sand fall from the pan;
c. Scale that we use are not accurate.

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6.6 REFERENCE
Fachrizal, R. (2016). Pengaruh Modulus Halus Butir Terhadap Nilai Slump Dan
Kuat Tekan Dengan . Banda Aceh: Fakultas Teknik Syiah Kuala.
(2019). Pemeriksaan Gradasi Agregat Kasar. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.
Prayoga, N. (2019). Analisis Saringan Agregat Kasar Dan Halus. Lubuklinggau:
Universitas Musi Rawas.

CHAPTER 7
BULK DENSITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE
7.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the bulk density of coarse
aggregate content to be used as a mixture of concrete making.
7.2 BASIC THEORY

Bulk density or also known as aggregate unit weight is the ratio between
aggregate weight and content. The weight of the aggregate content is required in the
calculation for concrete mixture material, if the amount of material is adjusted to the
size of the volume. The weight of a good aggregate volume for concrete material has
a value greater than 1445 kg/m3 according to British rule Standard 812. The aggregate
that used in this practicum is coarse aggregate. The coarse aggregate itself can be
defined as an aggregate that has a size of more than 4.80 mm and is usually in the form
of gravel or broken stone. Gravel is the result of the natural disintegration process of
rocks while broken stones are the result of artificial or deliberate rock breaking
processes which are 4.80 - 40 mm in size. The value of water content on coarse
aggregates is used to correct the dose of water in the design of concrete mixtures.
Aggregates used in mixtures to make concrete are usually smaller than 40 mm, and for
aggregates larger than 40 mm are used for projects such as road construction, land
retaining dikes, dams, and others. The fine aggregate is usually in the form of sand and
coarse aggregates in the form of gravel, spilit, broken stone, and others.
Formula :
W2 -W1
Unit weight = ............................................(7.1)
V
Where :
To do the bulk density of coarse aggregate practicum process simply pour
coarse aggregate into the provided mold until evenly distributed.

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Mold weight + coarse aggregate (W2) = 18 kg.
Calculation:
1
1
= 4 ×3.14×152 ×30
= 5298.75 cm3
= 0.00529875 m3;
Coarse aggregate weight = W2 – W1
= 18 – 11.02
= 6.98 kg;
W2 -W1
Loose bulk density =
V
18-11.02
= 0.00529875
6.98
= 0.00529875
= 1,317.292 kg/m3.
7.4 CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the compacted bulk density of fine aggregate practicum :
a. The loose bulk density of coarse aggregate is 1,317.292 kg/m3;
b. Mold volume is 1,317.292 kg/m3.
7.5 ERROR FACTORS

The error factors of loose bulk density of fine aggregate practicum :
c. Possible machine inaccuracies at the time of reading on the scale.

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7.6 REFERENCE
Trisna, S. (2019). Ilmu Bahan Bangunan. Banyuwangi: Politeknik Negeri
Banyuwangi.
Viper, D. (2019). Pengujian Berat Isi Agregat. Malang: Politeknik Negeri Malang.

CHAPTER 8
WATER CONTENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE
8.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to find and determine the water content of
coarse aggregate samples that have been prepared by doing the drying process with
existing equipment.
8.2 BASIC THEORY

The water content of the aggregate is the ratio between the weight of the
water contained in the aggregate and the aggregate weight itself in a dry condition.
The water content in the aggregate is influenced by the amount of water contained in
the aggregate pores, the greater the weight difference between the original aggregate
and the aggregate after being put into the oven, the greater the water content contained
in the aggregate. The water content in the aggregate is used to calculate the amount of
water needed in a mixture of concrete mixtures according to the FAS value (Cement
Water Factor). The proper use of water can produce cement paste which functions to
bind the aggregate well. The use of too much water causes the concrete to have a lot
of pores when it is dry, which in turn has an impact on the concrete compressive
strength that is not optimum.
W1 -W2
Water content = x 100% ....................................(8.2)
W2
Where :
W1 = Weight of fine aggregate (gr);
W2 = Weight of dried fine aggregate (gr).
This coarse aggregate itself can be defined as an aggregate that has a size of
more than 4.80 mm and is usually in the form of gravel or broken stone. Gravel is the
result of the natural disintegration process of rocks while broken stones are the result
of artificial or deliberate rock breaking processes which are 4.80 - 40 mm in size. The
value of water content on coarse aggregates is used to correct the dose of water in the
design of concrete mixtures.

28

The following are practicum data that are obtained :
Weight of the coarse aggregate (W1) = 4360 gr – 360 gr
= 4000 gr;
Weight of the dry coarse aggregate (W2) = 4259.2 gr – 360 gr
= 3899.2 gr.
W1 -W2
Water content of fine aggregate = x 100%
W2
4000-3899.2
= x 100%
3899.2
= 2.585%.
8.4 CONCLUSION
From the practicum we know that the water content of coarse aggregate is
2.585%.
8.5 ERROR FACTORS

The error factor of this practicum are :
a. The incomplete drying process which allows some aggregates that do not dry
out perfectly;
b. The process of drying is not exactly 24 hours.
8.6 REFERENCE
Banyuwangi.

CHAPTER 9
CLAY LUMPS IN COARSE AGGREGATE
9.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the clay lumps in coarse
aggregate.
9.2 BASIC THEORY

The coarse aggregate can be defined as an aggregate that has a size of more
than 4.80 mm and is usually in the form of gravel or broken stone. Gravel is the result
of the natural disintegration process of rocks while broken stones are the result of
artificial or deliberate rock breaking processes which are 4.80 - 40 mm in size.
The clay that exist on the concrete is an aggregate which passes no. 200 sieve
(0.075 mm). Aggregates containing high levels of clay can cause stiffening of cement.
Increased of Water Cement Factor can reduce the bonding strength of cement paste
with aggregate so that it can reduce the strength and durability of concrete. Concrete
does not get the optimum compressive strength. To determine the mud content of the
aggregate, we weighed the aggregate sample to determine the initial weight of the
aggregate sample. Then the aggregate is washed and weighed. By carrying out all these
processes, the clay lumps of aggregate can be calculated. The percentage of clay lumps
is calculated using the formula :
W1 -W2 +W3
Percentage of clay lumps = x 100% ........................ (9.1)
W1
Where :
W1 = Weight of coarse aggregate + pan (gr);
W2 = Weight of dry coarse aggregate + pan (gr);
W3 = Pan weight (gr).
Because of the bad influence of clay contained by an aggregate, an aggregate
that has a sludge level is determined to have a sludge content below 1% for coarse
aggregate and 5% for fine aggregate.

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The following are the data of clay lumps in coarse aggregate practicum :
Weight of the aggregate before washing (X) = 987.4 gr;
Weight of the dry oven aggregate after washing (Y) = 963.6 gr.

X-Y
Clay lumps in coarse aggregate = x 100%
X
987.4-963.6
= x 100%
987.4
= 2.371%.
9.4 CONCLUSION
From this practicum we can conclude that the value of clay lumps in coarse
aggregate is 2.371% which means the aggregate at soiled condition.
9.5 ERROR FACTOR

a. Not clean when washing aggregates, making it possible for the mud to remain
behind;
b. Drying process on aggregate that are not properly so it make the aggregate
less dry which can affect the aggregate weight.
9.6 REFERENCE
Rahmawati, R. (2015). Pengujian Agregat. Bandung: Politeknik Negeri Bandung.
Banyuwangi.

CHAPTER 10
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF COARSE
AGGREGATE
10.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the density and percentage weight
of water that can be absorbed by coarse aggregates.
10.2 BASIC THEORY

The coarse aggregate itself can be defined as an aggregate that has a size of
more than 4.80 mm and is usually in the form of gravel or broken stone. Gravel is the
result of the natural disintegration process of rocks while broken stones are the result
of artificial or deliberate rock breaking processes which are 4.80 - 40 mm in size.
Aggregate density is the ratio between the weight of the aggregate volume and
the weight of the water volume, the weight ratio of a unit of volume of material to
water with the same volume at a temperature of 20˚C - 25˚C (68˚F - 77˚F). Specific
gravity of each aggregate is different from each other influenced by rock type,
material, rock structure and rock porosity.
According to the Indonesian National Standards 03-1969-1990 about specific
gravity, the absorption of coarse aggregates is 3%. To plan the aggregate mixture, it is
necessary to measure the aggregate specific gravity. This mixture is carried out based
on the weight ratio because it is more accurate than the volume ratio.
Several types of specific gravity :
a. Bulk specific gravity is the ratio between the weight of the dry aggregate and
the weight of distilled water where the contents is the same as the aggregate
content in a saturated state at 25˚C;
b. Saturated Surface Dry Specific Gravity is the ratio between the weight of the
dry aggregate of the saturated surface and the weight of distilled water where
the content is the same as the aggregate content in a saturated state at 25˚C;
c. Apparent Specific Gravity is a comparison between the weight of dry aggregate
and the weight of distilled water where the content is the same as the aggregate
in a dry state at 25˚C;
d. Effective specific gravity is the specific gravity of the aggregate in a dry state.
Specific gravity and volume of aggregates that cannot absorbed by asphalt.

32
Water absorption is the ratio of the weight of water that can be absorbed to the
dry aggregate weight in percent. In coarse aggregates, water will seep deeper into the
pores. Because the pores coarse aggregates are larger so that it can determine the
volume of all existing pores.

The following are the data of specific gravity and absorption of coarse
aggregate practicum :
Weight of oven dry coarse aggregate (A) = 1780.2 gr;
Weight of coarse aggregate in SSD condition (B) = 1855.6 gr;
Weight of coarse aggeegate in wet condition (C) = 1285.2 gr.

A
Dry specific gravity (Sd) =
B-C
1780.2
=
1855.6-1285.2
= 3.122 gr;
B
SSD (Saturated Surface Dry) =
B-C
1855.6
=
1855.6-1285.2
= 3.253 gr;
A
Pseudo Specific Gravity =
A-C
1780.2
= 1780.2-1285.2
= 3.593 gr;
B-A
Absorption = x 100%
A
1855.6-1780.2
= x 100%
1780.2
= 5.921%.

33
10.4 CONCLUSION
The conclusion of specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate :
a. The result of dry specific gravity is 3.122 gr;
b. The result of SSD is 3.253 gr;
c. The result of pseudo specific gravity is 3.593 gr;
d. The result of absorption is 5.921%.
10.5 ERROR FACTORS

a. The coarse aggregate that used is not fully on SSD condition;
b. The aggregate is not fully dry;
c. There is a probability that still some dust on the surface of the aggregate
which can affect the weight of the sample.
10.6 REFERENCE
Maulana, K. (2019). Pengujian Berat Jenis Dan Penyerapan Agregat. Padang:
Universitas Negeri Padang.
Bandung.

CHAPTER 11
GRADATION AND FINENESS MODULUS OF COARSE
AGGREGATE
11.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the ratio of fine aggregates and
coarse aggregates which have a gradation through sieving or filtering analysis.
11.2 BASIC THEORY

Coarse aggregate is one of the main parts used for making concrete. It can be
said that coarse aggregates play an important role in making concrete. Gravel is one of
the coarse aggregates which is a type of natural sand. Apart from gravel, broken stones
or cricaks are also coarse aggregates but are produced from stone breaking machines.
Maintaining coarse aggregate gradations to remain constant is important
because it greatly influences the quality of the concrete produced. Gravel and sand
(diameter 0.14 - 5 mm) are expected to be a dense arrangement to obtain the optimum
concrete strength.
Fineness modulus is an index used to measure the fineness or roughness of
aggregate items. The greater the fineness modulus value of an aggregate, the greater
the aggregate grain.
To determine a gradation in the aggregate, a sieving analysis process is needed.
The sieving analysis itself is a grouping of coarse aggregate grains and fine aggregates
into a composite composition which is reviewed by filter. In the sieving analysis
process there is a sieves that has been determined in accordance with existing
standards. From large to small size, it can be clearly seen how the distribution of
samples from fine aggregates. The sample left on the filters that have been stacked will
be weighed as the weight that escapes the filter above. The percentage of weight left
behind is formulated as follows :
A
Percentage of sample weight = x 100% .......................... (6.1)
B
Where :
A = Sample weight that left in the sieve;
B = Total weight of sample.

36

The data that obtained from the gradation and fineness modulus of fine
aggregate practicum with sieve analysis :
Table 11.1 Sieve Analysis Data
Sieve Retains
Sieve
Size Weight
Number
(mm) (gr)
1" 25 117
3/4" 19.1 855.4
1/2" 12.5 6018.2
3/8" 9.4 2684
4 4.75 353.6
8 2.36 22
Pan 68.2
Total 10118.4

Here is the formula used to calculate the data at sieve number 1” :
Cumulative retains weight number 1"
Total Weight
117
= 10118.4 x 100%
= 1.156%;

= 100% - 1.2%
= 98.844%.
Here is the formula used to calculate the data at sieve number 1” :
Total Weight
10050.2
= 10118.4 x 100%
= 99.325%;

= 100% - 99.325%
= 0.675%.

37
Table 11.2 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate

Sieve Cumulative
Sieve Retained
Size
Number (gr) Retained (gr) Retained (%) Passing (%)
(mm)
1" 25.00 117 117 1.156 98.84
3/4 " 19.10 855.4 855.4 8.454 91.55
1/2 " 12.50 6018.2 6990.6 69.088 30.91
3/8 " 9.50 2684 9674.6 95.614 4.39
4 4.75 353.6 10028.2 99.109 0.89
8 2.36 22 10050.2 99.326 0.67
Pan 68.2 10118.4 - -
Total 10118.4 - - -
Here is percentage of passed fine aggregate ploting in semi-log chart:
100%
90%
80%
Passing Pecentage (%)
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1 10 100
Grain Size (mm)
Figure 11.1 Coarse Aggregate Size Distribution

To calculate the finness modulus using the formula bellow:
∑ Cumulative % retains seive number 1"- 8
Fineness Modulus = .........(11.4)
100
373.9
= 100
= 3.739.

38
11.4 CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the gradation and fineness modulus of fine aggregate
practicum is the fineness modulus of the coarse aggegate is 3.739.
11.5 ERROR FACTOR

The error factor of gradation and fineness modulus of coarse aggregate are :
a. During the sieving process, the researchers are not careful so there are some
aggregates came out;
b. The scale that we use is not accurate;
c. Since the process of the sieve analysis is manual, there is a probability of the
inaccurate process.
11.6 REFERENCE
(2019). Pemeriksaan Gradasi Agregat Kasar. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.
Prayoga, N. (2019). Analisis Saringan Agregat Kasar Dan Halus. Lubuklinggau:
Universitas Musi Rawas.

CHAPTER 12
PH OF WATER MEASUREMENT
12.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the pH value of water used for
making concrete with the aim of obtaining strong and durable concrete.
12.2 BASIC THEORY

A pH is the degree of acidity used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a
solution. It is defined as the cologarithm of the activity of hydrogen ion H + which is
dissolved. the coefficient of hydrogen ion activity cannot be measured experimentally
so its value is based on theoretical calculations. A pH is not an absolute scale, it is
relative to a set of pH standard solutions determined based on international agreement.
The degree of acidity or pH indicates the value by describing whether the material is
acidic (<7), alkaline (> 7) or neutral (= 7).
Water is one of the important parts in making concrete. Water has the
function of creating cement to become a paste that binds to the aggregate so that it can
produce concrete. Water is needed in the manufacture of concrete to trigger the
chemical process of cement, moistening the aggregate and providing convenience in
concrete work. Drinkable water can generally be used as a concrete mixture. Water
containing dangerous compounds such as contaminated with salt, oil, sugar, or other
chemicals can change the properties of the concrete produced because when used in
concrete mixtures it can reduce the quality or quality of concrete. Water used in the
manufacture of concrete must have a normal pH value of 7 so that it can produce strong
and durable concrete with high quality.

40
Figure 12.1 Litmus paper
From the litmus paper that we use for the practicum, we get 7 as the pH of
water.
Figure 12.2 PHmeter
From the pHmeter, we get 7.3 as the pH of water.
12.4 CONCLUSION
From the water pH test of the water sample, we can conclude that the water
pH we get is 7 from litmus paper and 7.3 from pHmeter.

41
12.5 ERROR FACTORS

The error factor that may occurs in this practicum are :
a. When doing a color reading on the litmus paper on the indicator paper. It is
possible that not everyone who reads can see the correct color;
b. The pH meter didn’t work properly.
12.6 REFERENCE
Manisa, T. (2014). PH Meter Dan Makanan. Pontianak: Universitas Tanjungpura.

CHAPTER 13
CONCRETE MIXTURE DESIGN
13.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of designing a concrete mixture is to be used as a design and
implementation reference in determining the proportion of concrete mixtures. While
the aim is to be able to know the proportion of mixtures so that we obtain the desired
concrete quality according to the plan and also to get concrete that meets the
requirements such as easy to work, durable, and economical. In other words the
concrete mixture is designed to get the best concrete.
13.2 BASIC THEORY

Concrete is the most important component of a building. Concrete consists of
a mixture of cement, water, coarse aggregates, and fine and other mixed mixtures. In
normal concrete the composition of the mixture consists of ± 15% cement, ± 3% air,
and aggregate.
Aggregate takes up 60 - 90% of the total volume of concrete. Proper selection
of aggregate type and particle size distribution affect the main properties of concrete.
Workability of concrete mix as well as mechanical strength, permeability, durability
and the total cost of hardened concrete, therefore aggregate mix design is an essential
part of concrete mix design and optimization.
Basically designing a concrete mixture to make a composition using minimum
materials with maximum strength while still considering the criteria of concrete and
economic quality standards when viewed from the aspect of the overall cost (Mulyono,
2004).
In determining the design of a concrete mixture several methods can be used,
including:
a. Method of the British Standard or Department of Environment (DoE);
b. American Concrete Institute (ACI);
c. Portland Cement Association;
d. American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM);
e. Japan Industrial Standard (JIS).

44
In Indonesia the method used in the concrete mix design adopts the British
Standard or Department of Environment (DoE) method written in standard book No.
SK. SNI. T-15-1990-03.
13.3 CONCRETE MIXTURE DESIGN

STEP 1 : DETERMINATION OF CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
Determination of concrete compressive strength which initialize as (f’c) at a
certain age (f’c = …MPa at the age of 28 days). Concrete compressive strength was
determined according to structural planning regulations and condition of the site.
STEP 2 : DETERMINATION OF STANDARD DEVIATION VALUE (s)

Standard deviation determined according to the quality of mixture
implementation in site. The better quality of mixture implementation, the smaller
standard deviation value will be obtained. Determination of standard deviation value
(s) obtained from the result of concrete making design with same quality and materials.
Standard deviation value (s) calculated using equation below:
∑n1 (fc - fcr )2

s= √ .......................................... (13.1)
n -1
Annotation:
fc : Compressive strength of each test result (MPa);
fcr : Average of compressive strength (MPa);
n : Amount of compressive strength test result (minimum 30 data).
If amount of compressive strength test result less than 30 data, then correction
calculated towards standard deviation value with a multiplier shown in Table 13.1
below.
Table 13.1 Multiplier Standard Deviation
Amount of data ≥30 25 20 15 <15

Multiplier 1.00 1.03 1.08 1.16 See step 2

45
To show how to evaluate the quality of concrete work, in here provided

quidelines:
Table 13.2 Standard Deviation Value for Quality Control of Work in Site
Quality Control of Work s (MPa)

Very satisfactory 2.8
Satisfying 3.5
Good 4.2
Enough 5.0
Bad 7.0
Without control 8.4
STEP 3 : CALCULATING MARGIN (m)

Margin calculated according to standard deviation value (s) with equation
below:
m= k ∙s .......................................................... (13.2)
Annotation:
m : Margin (MPa);
k : 1.64 (static constant);
s : Standard deviation (MPa).
STEP 4 : DETERMINATION AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

PLANNED
Average compressive strength that planned obtained from calculating with
equation below:
f’cr= f’c + m ..................................................... (13.3)
Annotation:
f’c : Average compressive strength (MPa);
f’cr : Required compressive strength (MPa);
m : Margin (MPa).
If sample data to determined standard deviation that meet the requirement of
step 2 didn’t available, then targeted average compressive strength equal to:
f’cr= f’c + 12 MPa ............................................(13.4)

46
STEP 5 : DETERMINATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT TYPE

According to SII 0013-18 in Indonesia, portland cement distinguished to five
type, which is type I, II, III, IV, V.
Table 13.3 Cement Type and Function

Cement
Description
Type
General type of portland cement (normal PC) is type of cement used
I in concrete construction that not required specific characterictics, for
example sidewalk, masonry, etc.
General type of portland cement with changes (modified portland
II cement). This cement has hydration heat that is lower than type I.
This cement used in thick building like pillar, column, etc.
Portland cement with high initial strength (high early strength PC).
This type produced concrete with huge strength is short time. Usually
III
used for urgent structure to be used, for example repairation of
concrete road.
Portland cement with low hydration heat (low heat PC). This type is
IV specific type with lowest hydration heat. Used for concrete structure
with huge weight, such as dam, etc.
Sulfate resistance portland cement is a Portland cement that
V specifically used for building that exposed to sulfate, such as
chemical industry, etc.
STEP 6 : DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE TYPE

Determine the type of coarse and fine aggregate, aggregate can be in form of
unbroken aggregate (sand and coral) or broken aggregate.
STEP 7 : DETERMINATION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO

According to the type of cement used, type of aggregate and the average
compressive strength of cylinder concrete that planned in amount of age, the water
cement ratio is determined with Table 13.4 and Figure 13.1.

47
Table 13.4 Estimation of Concrete Compressive Strength (MPa) with Water

Cement Ratio
Compressive Strength (MPa)

Coarse Aggregate
Cement Type Age (Days) Shape of
Type
3 7 28 29 Sample
Portland Cement Type Unsplit Stone 17 23 33 40

Cylinder
I Split Stone 19 27 37 45
Portland Cement Type Unsplit Stone 20 28 40 48
Cylinder
II, V Split Stone 25 32 45 54
Unsplit Stone 21 28 38 44
Cylinder
Portland Cement Type Split Stone 25 33 44 48
III Unsplit Stone 25 31 46 53
Cube
Split Stone 30 40 53 60

48
Figure 13.1 Relation Between Concrete Compressive Stength and Concrete Water
Cement Ratio for Cube sample (15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm)

49
Figure 13.2 Graph of Relation Between Concrete Compressive Strength and

Concrete Water Cement Ratio for Cylinder Sample (diameter 15 cm and height
30cm)
Step of determination was as shown below:

a. Look at Table 13.4, with data of cement type, coarse aggregate type, and
planned age of the concrete, read estimation of cylinder concrete compressive
strength that will be gotten if the water cement ratio is 0.50;

50
b. Look at Figure 13.1 or Figure 13.2 (according to the type of sample used),
Make point A with water cement ratio 0.5 (as an axis) and concrete average
compressive strength that obtained from Table 13.4 (as an ordinate). In point
A then made new graph that has same shape with 2 other close graphs;
c. Next, draw a horizontal line from the planned concrete average compressive
strength until it touches the new graph. Then, from that point draw a vertical
line until it touchs the horizontal axis and obtaining the value of water cement
ratio.
STEP 8 : DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM CEMENT WATER

FACTOR
Determination value of maximum water cement ratio used Table 13.5. Of the
value of the water cement ratio is lower than the value of water cement ratio obtained
from step 7, then value of maximum water cement ratio used for the next calculation.
Table 13.5 Requirements of Maximum Water Cement Ratio for Varieties

Concretion and Specific Environment
Minimum
Water Cement
Type of Concretion Cement per m3
Ratio
Concrete (kg)
Concrete inside building
a. Non-corrosive circumference condition 275 0.60
b. Corrosive circumference condition,
caused by condensation and corrosive 325 0.52
steam
Concrete outside building
a. Not protected from rain and direct sun 325 0.60
b. Protected from rain and direct sun 275 0.60
Concrete inside soil
a. Experiencing wet and dry conditions
0.55
alternating
325
b. Get the influence of sulfate and alkali Look at Table
from the soil 13.6
Concrete that always related to:
a. Freshwater Look at Table
b. Sea Water 13.7

51
Table 13.6 Maximum Water Cement Ratio for Concrete that Related to Soil
Water that has Sulfate Content
Sulfate Minimum Cement
Concentration Content with Maximum
(SO3) Inside Soil Aggregate Size (kg/m3)
(SO3)
(SO3)
Inside Water
Inside
Soil Cement Type Cement
Total Soil
Water Ratio
(SO3) Water 40 mm 20 mm 10 mm
(gr/lt)
(%) Mixture
= 2:1
(gr/lt)
Type I with or
without
<0.2 <1.0 <0.3 80 300 350 0.50
pozzolan (15 –
40%)
Type I without
290 330 350 0.50
Pozolan
Type I with
Pozolan 15 –
0.2 – 0.5 1.0 – 1.9 0.3 – 1.2 40% (Pozolan 270 310 360 0.55
Portland
Cement)
Type II or V 250 290 340 0.55
Type I with
Pozolan 15 –
40% (Pozolan 340 380 430 0.45
0.5 – 1.0 1.9 – 3.1 1.2 – 2.5 Portland
Cement)
Type II or V 290 330 380 0.50
1.0 – 2.0 3.1 – 5.6 2.5 – 5.0 Type II or V 330 370 420 0.45
Type II or V
>2.0 >5.6 >5.0 and protection 330 370 420 0.45
layer

52
Table 13.7 Water Cement Ratio for Reinforced Concrete Inside Water
Minimum
Cement Content
Water (kg/m3)
Concrete
Related to: Cement Cement Type Maximum
Type
Ratio Aggregate Size
40 mm 20 mm
Freshwater 0.50 All Type I – V 280 300
Type I + Pozolan
Reinforced 15 – 40%
0.45 340 380
or Brackish Water (Pozolan Portland
prestressed Cement)
0.50 Type II and V 340 380
Sea Water 0.45 Type II or V 340 380
STEP 9 : DETERMINATION OF SLUMP VALUE

Table 13.8 Determination of Slump Value (cm)
Concrete Usage Maximum Minimum

Wall, foundation plate and reinforced palm
12.5 5.0
foundation
Un-reinforced palm foundation, kaison,
9.0 2.5
and underground structure
Plate, beam, column and wall 15.0 7.5
Road hardening 7.5 5.0
Mass concretation 7.5 2.5
STEP 10 : DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM SIZE OF AGGREGATE

PARTICLE
In normal concrete there are 3 choices of maximum aggregate particle size,
which are 40 mm, 20 mm, or 10 mm. Determination of maximum aggregate particle
size is done according to the smallest value of requirement below:
a. 3/4 times minimum net distance between reinforced steel or reinforced steel
files;
b. 1/3 times the thickness of the plate;
c. 1/5 times minimum distance between side area and molds.

53
STEP 11 : DETERMINATION OF FREE WATER CONTENT

Table 13.9 Estimation of Water Demands per m3 of Concrete (liters)
Maximum Slump (mm)
Stone
Aggregate
Type 0 - 10 10 - 30 30 - 60 60 – 180
Size
Unsplit
150 180 205 225
stone
10 mm
Split
180 205 230 250
stone
Unsplit
135 160 180 195
stone
20 mm
Split
170 190 210 225
stone
Unsplit
115 140 160 175
stone
40 mm
Split
155 175 190 205
stone
From Table 13.9 if fine aggregate and coarse aggregate that used from different
type (natural or broken stone), then the amount of water that estimated should be
corrected using equation below:
2 1
A= 3 ∙ Ah + 3 ∙ Ak .......................................(13.5)
Annotation:
A : Amount of water demands (lt/m);
Ah : Amount of water demands for fine aggregate;
Ak : Amount of water demands for coarse aggregate.
STEP 12 : CALCULATING MASS OF CEMENT DEMANDS

Mass of cement per m3 concrete calculated by dividing amount of water
demands (from step 11) to water cement ratio that obtained from step 7 and 8.
A
S= .................................(13.6)
Water Cement Ratio
Annotation:
S : Amount of cement demands (kg/m3);
A : Amount of water demands (lt/m).

54
STEP 13 : MINIMUM DEMANDS OF CEMENT

Minimum demands of cement is determined to avoid concrete from damage as
a consequence of specific environment. Minimum demands of cement is determined
in Table 13.5
STEP 14 : ADJUSTMENT OF CEMENT DEMANDS

If cement demand that obtained from step 12 lesser than demands of cement in
step 13, then the greater value of minimum demands of cement will be used.
STEP 15 : ADJUSTMENT OF WATER DEMANDS OR CEMENT

WATER FACTOR
If there is changes in the amount of cement caused from step 14, then the water
cement ratio will also change. In this case there are two ways to do it:
a. Water cement ratio be recalculated by dividing the amount of water with
minimum demands of cement;
b. Amount of water be adapted by multiplying the minimum demands of cement
to water cement ratio.
STEP 16 : DETERMINATION OF FINE AGGREGATE GRADATION

According to sieve analysis, fine aggregate that will used can be classified into
4 zone. The determination of gradation zone is based on gradation graph that given in
Table 13.11 and Figure 13.3, Figure 13.4, Figure 13.5 anf Figure 13.6.
Table 13.10 Limit of Fine Aggregate Gradation
Sieve size Percentage of Particle that Pass the Sieve

(mm) Zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV
9.6 100 100 100 100
4.8 90 – 100 90 – 100 90 – 100 95 – 100
2.4 60 – 95 75 – 100 85 – 100 95 – 100
1.2 30 – 70 55 – 90 75 – 100 90 – 10
0.6 15 – 34 35 – 59 60 – 79 80 – 100
0.3 5 – 20 8 – 30 12 – 40 15 – 50
0.15 0 – 10 0 – 10 0 – 10 0 – 15

55
FINE AGGREGATE GRADATION GRAPH AREA I
Sieve Size (mm)
Figure 13.3 Limit of Fine Aggregate Gradation Zone I
FINE AGGREGATE GRADATION GRAPH AREA II

Sieve Size (mm)
Figure 13.4 Limitof Fine Aggregate Gradation Zone II

56
FINE AGGREGATE GRADATION GRAPH AREA III

Sieve Size (mm)
Figure 13.5 Limit of Fine Aggregate Gradation Zone III
FINE AGGREGATE GRADATION GRAPH AREA IV

Sieve Size (mm)
Figure 13.6 Limit of Fine Aggregate Gradation Zone IV

57
STEP 17 : COMPARISON OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH COARSE

AGGGREGATE
Determination is done by observing the maximum grain size of coarse
aggregate, value of slump, water cement ratio, and gradation zone of fine aggregate.
According to those data and graphic in Figure 13.7 or Figure 13.8 or Figure 13.9.
Maximum aggregate size : 10 mm
Cement Water Factor

Figure 13.7 Percentage of Fine Aggregate Towards Aggregate with Maximum Grain
Size 10 mm

58
% Sand to aggregate total levels Maximum aggregate size : 20 mm
Cement Water Factor
Size 20 mm
Maximum aggregate size : 40 mm

% Sand to aggregate total levels
Cement Water Factor

Size 40 mm

59
STEP 18 : RELATIVE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AGGREGATE

Relative specific gravity of aggregate calculated using equation below:
BJcamp= P ∙ BJah + K ∙ BJak .....................................(13.7)
Annotation:
BJcamp : Specific gravity of mix aggregate;
BJah : Specific gravity of fine aggregate;
BJak : Specific gravity of coarse aggregate;
P : Percentage of fine aggregate weight to mixed aggregate weight;
K : Percentage of coarse aggregate weight to mixed aggregate weight.
STEP 19 : DETERMINATION OF CONCRETE BULK DENSITY

With data of specific gravity of aggregate from step 18 and water demands
every m3 of concrete, then using graphic in Figure 13. 10 can be estimated the value
of concrete bulk density as following below:
a. From specific gravity of mixed aggregate in step 18 a tilted line of combined
specific aggregate was drawn similarly the closest line in Figure 13.10;
b. Demands of water that obtained from step 11 added to horizontal axis in Figure
13.10, then from this point a vertical line was drawn until it reaches the tilted
line on point a;
c. From intersection point, horizontal line was drawn to the left so it is obtained
the value of concrete bulk density.

60
Aggregate relative
density (dry
surface saturation
condition)
Free water content (kg/m3)
Figure 13.10 Determination of Concrete Bulk Density that Fully

Compressed
STEP 20 : DEMANDS OF MIXED AGGREGATE

Demands of mixed aggregate was calculated by subtracting the concrete bulk
density with demands of cement and water.
STEP 21 : DEMANDS FINE AGGREGATE WEIGHT CALCULATED

ACCORDING TO THE RESULT OF STEP 17 AND 20.
Demands of fine aggregate was calculated by multiplying the demands of
mixed aggregate to percentage of fine aggregate weight.
STEP 22 : DEMANDS OF COARSE AGGREGATE WEIGHT

CALCULATED ACCORDING TO THE RESULT OF STEP 20 AND 21
Demands of coarse aggregate was calculated by subtracting the value of
demands of mixed aggregate with demands of fine aggregate.

61
STEP 23 : CORRECTION OF MIXED PROPORTION

In calculation above, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate are considered in
saturated surface dry state, so if the aggregate not dried in the surface, then corrections
should be made to the demands of material. Calculation of the correction is done using
equation below:
A -A Ak- A2
Water= A - ( h100 1 ) ∙ B - ( 100 ) ∙ C ......................... (13.8)
A -A
Fine Aggregate= B + ( h100 1 ) ∙ B ......................................(13.9)
A -A
Coarse Aggregate= C + ( k 2 ) ∙ C ................................ (13.10)
100
Annotation:
A : Demands of water (lt/m3);
B : Demands of fine aggregate (kg/m3);
C : Demand of coarse aggregate (kg/m3);
Ah : Water content in fine aggregate (%);
Ak : Water content in coarse aggregate (%);
A1 : Fine aggregate absorption (%);
A2 : Coarse aggregate absorption (%).
13.4 PLANNING FOR CONCRETE MIXTURE CALCULATION

STEP 1 : DETERMINATION OF CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
The required concrete compressive strength for 28 days (f’c) is 25 MPa.
STEP 2 : DETERMINATION OF STANDARD DEVIATION VALUE (s)

There is no standard deviation due to the data that isn’t available.
STEP 3 : CALCULATION ADDITIONAL VALUE / MARGIN (m)

Based on step 2, the standard deviation (s) is 0 so the margin point (m) is 12.
STEP 4 : DETERMINE AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

PLANNED
The planned compressive strength (f’cr) is 37 from step 1 and 3 which, f’c = 25
MPa and m = 12.

62
STEP 5 : DETERMINATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT TYPE

The cement that we use for this practicum is Portland Cement Type I.
STEP 6 : DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE TYPE
On this practicum the coarse aggregate that will be used is split and the fine
aggregate is sand.
STEP 7 : DETERMINATION OF CEMENT WATER RATIO

Based on the type of cement used which is Portland Cement type I and the
coarse aggregate is split then the value of concrete compressive strength obtained for
28 days is 37 MPa with water cement factor is 0.5
Starting line use

data from table 2
Average Compressive Strength (Mpa)
Cement Water Factor

Figure 13.11 Relationship between Concrete Compressive Strength and
Concrete FAS for Cube Test Items (15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm)
63
STEP 8 : DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM WATER CEMENT

FACTOR
The value of maximum water cement factor based on table 13.5 is the concrete
is in outside room and doesn’t protected from rain and the sun needs 325 kg/m3 with
maximum water cement factor is 0.6.
STEP 9 : DETERMINATION OF SLUMP VALUE

The slump value that we used is for plates, beams, columns, and walls which
are between 7.5-12 cm.
STEP 10 : DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM SIZE OF AGGREGATE

PARTICLE
For this practicum, the grain size that will be used is 40mm maximum.
STEP 11 : DETERMINATION OF FREE WATER CONTENT

For grain size 40 mm maximum with the type of aggregate is split and sand,
the water needed in fine aggregate (Ah) is 175 liter/m3and the water needed in coarse
aggregate (Ak) is 205 liter/m3, then the free water level that we need is:
2 1
A = . 175+ .205
3 3
= 185lt/m3
STEP 12: CALCULATING MASS OF CEMENT DEMANDS
The cement that we need for this practicum is:
185
S=
0.5
= 370 kg/m3
STEP 13 : MINIMUM DEMANDS OF CEMENT

The minimum cement for this practicum is 325kg/m3.
STEP 14 : ADJUSTMENT OF CEMENT NEEDS

Cement needs in step 13 can be adjusted to the maximum cement needs which
have the greater value from step 12, that is 370 kg/m3.
STEP 15 : ADJUSTMENT OF WATER DEMANDS OR CEMENT

WATER FACTOR
The amount of cement is still, so the water cement value is still 0.5.

64
STEP 16 : DETERMINATION OF FINE AGGREGATE GRADATION

Based on the practicum chapter 6, the gradation is in fine aggregate gradation
graph area IV.
Figure13.12 Fine Aggregate Gradation Graph Area IV

65
STEP 17 : COMPARISON OF FINE AGGREGATES WITH COARSE

AGGREGATE
Figure 13.13 Percentage of Fine Aggregates to Aggregates with a Maximum

Grain Size of 40 mm
The percentage of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate in this experiment are:
23+27
Fine Aggregate = ;
2
=25%.
Coarse Aggregate = 100%-25%;
= 75%.
STEP 18 : RELATIVE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AGGREGATE
Calculation of the relative of bulk density aggregate:
BJcamp = P . BJah + K . BJak
= 25% × 2.371 + 75% × 2.831
= 2.716 kg/m3

66
STEP 19 : DETERMINATION OF CONCRETE BULK DENSITY
Aggregate relative
density (dry
surface saturation
condition)
Free water content (kg/m3)
From figure above, bulk density concrete is obtained 2475 kg/m3 with water
requirement 185 liter/m3 and specific gravity 2716 kg/m3
STEP 20 : DEMANDS OF MIXED AGGREGATE

Calculation for requirement of concrete mixture:
Aggregate mixture weigh = bulk density concrete – water – cement totals
= 2475 − 185 − 370
= 1920 kg/m3
STEP 21 : DEMANDS FINE AGGREGATE WEIGHT CALCULATED
ACCORDING TO THE RESULT OF STEP 17 AND 20.
Calculation for fine aggregate requirement with equation below:
Fine aggregate weight = fine aggregate % ×aggregate mixture weight;
= 25% × 1920;
= 480 kg/m3.

67
STEP 22 : DEMANDS OF COARSE AGGREGATE WEIGHT

CALCULATED ACCORDING TO THE RESULT OF STEP 20 AND 21.
Calculation for coarse aggregate requirement with equation below:
Coarse aggregate weight = mixed aggregate weight
fine aggregate weight;
= 1920 − 480;
= 1440 kg/m3.
STEP 23 : CORRECTION OF MIXED PROPORTION

It is known that the data on the amount of mixed material per cubic meter is as
follows:
a. Cements = 370 kg/m3;
b. Water (A) = 185 kg;
c. Fine aggregate (B) = 511.25 kg/m3;
d. Coarse aggregate (C) = 1533.75 kg/m3.
From practicum result before, water content examination and absorption of fine
and coarse aggregate known data as follows:
a. Water content of fine aggregate (Ah) = 15.69 %;
b. Absorption of fine aggregate (A1) = 3.993 %;
c. Water content of coarse aggregate (Ak) = 2.59 %;
d. Absorption of coarse aggregate (A2) = 4.325 %.
From data above then calculation of correction mix proportion for all mix
material except cements is as follows:
Ah −A1 Ak −A2
Water =A− ( ) .B − ( ) .C;
100 100
15.69−3.993 2.59−4.235
= 185 − ( ) . 480 − ( ) . 1440;
100 100
= 152.542 kg.
Ah −A1
Fine aggregate =B+ ( ) . B;
100
15.69−3.993
= 480 + ( ) . 480;
100
= 536.146 kg/m3.
Ak −A2
Coarse aggregate =C+( ) . C;
100
2.59−4.235
= 1440 + ( ) . 1440;
100
= 1416.312 kg/m3.

68
So that the concrete mixture design material used with the cube specimen is as
follows:
Total sample = 11 Samples.
Volume = p × l × t;
= 0.15 × 0.15 × 0.15;
= 0.003375 m3.
Water = total of water × total sample × volume;
= 152.542 × 11 × 0.003375;
= 5.663 lt.
Cement = total of cement × total sample × volume;
= 370 × 11 × 0.003375;
= 13.736 kg.
Fine aggregate = total of fine aggregate × total sample × volume;
= 536.146 × 11 × 0.003375;
= 19.904 kg.
Coarse aggregate = total of coarse aggregate × total sample × volume;
= 1416.312 × 11 × 0.003375;
= 52.58 kg.

13.5 CONCLUSIONS
The conclusion of this practicum is in the design mix plan calculation result
table below :
Table 13.11 Concrete mix design plan calculation result
Name Data
f’c 25 MPa
m 12 MPa
f’cr 37 MPa
Cement Water Factor (CWF) 0.5
Minimum Cement Weight 325 kg/m3
Maximum CWF 0.6
Slump 7.5 cm – 12 cm
Water Consumption 185 lt/m3
Weight of Cement Needed 370 kg/m3
Gradation Area IV
Percentage of Fine Aggregate Needed 25%
Percentage of Coarse Aggregate Needed 75%
Specific Gravity of Aggregate Mix 2.934 kg/m3
Weight of Mix Aggregate 1920 kg/m3
Weight of Fine Aggregate 480 kg/m3
Weight of Coarse Aggregate 1440 kg/m3
Water Correction 152.542 kg
Fine Aggregate Correction 536.146 kg/m3
Coarse Aggregate Correction 1416.312 kg/m3
Water Used 5.663 lt
Cement Used 13.736 kg
Fine Aggregate Used 19.904 kg
Coarse Aggregate Used 52.58 kg

13.6 ERROR FACTORS
a. Lack of accuracy in reading graphics;
b. An error occurred while doing the calculation.
13.7 REFERENCE
2B, K. K. (2010). Pengujian Bahan Agregat. Bandung: Politeknik Negeri Bandung.
Hidayat, A. (2014). Perbandingan Job Mix Design Beton. Jurnal APTEK, 43-48.
Murdock, & Brook. (1991). Bahan dan Praktek Beton . Jakarta: Erlangga.
Shakhmenko, G., & Birsh, J. (1998). Concrete Mix Design and Optimization.
Budapest: Riga Technical University, Departmen of Building Materials.
SNI-03-2834-2000. (2000). Tata Cara Pembuatan Rencana Campuran. Bandung:
Badan Standarisasi Nasional.

CHAPTER 14
PH OF WATER MEASUREMENT
14.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the pH value of water used for
making concrete with the aim of obtaining strong and durable concrete.
14.2 BASIC THEORY

A pH is the degree of acidity used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a
solution. It is defined as the cologarithm of the activity of hydrogen ion H + which is
dissolved. the coefficient of hydrogen ion activity cannot be measured experimentally
so its value is based on theoretical calculations. A pH is not an absolute scale, it is
relative to a set of pH standard solutions determined based on international agreement.
The degree of acidity or pH indicates the value by describing whether the material is
acidic (<7), alkaline (> 7) or neutral (= 7).
Water is one of the important parts in making concrete. Water has the
function of creating cement to become a paste that binds to the aggregate so that it can
produce concrete. Water is needed in the manufacture of concrete to trigger the
chemical process of cement, moistening the aggregate and providing convenience in
concrete work. Drinkable water can generally be used as a concrete mixture. Water
containing dangerous compounds such as contaminated with salt, oil, sugar, or other
chemicals can change the properties of the concrete produced because when used in
concrete mixtures it can reduce the quality or quality of concrete. Water used in the
manufacture of concrete must have a normal pH value of 7 so that it can produce strong
and durable concrete with high quality.

72
Figure 14.1 Litmus paper
From the litmus paper that we use for the practicum, we get 7 as the pH of
water.
Figure 14.2 PHmeter
From the pHmeter, we get 7.3 as the pH of water.
14.4 CONCLUSION
From the water pH test of the water sample, we can conclude that the water
pH we get is 7 from litmus paper and 7.3 from pHmeter.

73
14.5 ERROR FACTORS

a. When doing a color reading on the litmus paper on the indicator paper. It is
possible that not everyone who reads can see the correct color;
b. The pH meter didn’t work properly.
14.6 REFERENCE

CHAPTER 15
MIXING AND CURING OF CONCRETE
15.1 PURPOSE
Mix design that has been produced with a standard module for a planned target
must be tested to prove that the standard of strength has been achieved.
15.2 BASIC THEORY

Basically the purpose of the treatment is to prevent the rapid evaporation of
water during the hydration process between cement and water. For example in hot
weather the main problem is to protect the new concrete surface. The good durability
of concrete is obtained when planning, carrying out the manufacture and maintenance
of concrete is done properly and correctly. So the better and correct maintenance of
the concrete, the higher the compressive strength as well as when the concrete
treatment is not done properly and correctly the compressive strength produced will
also decrease.
Concrete treatment is done in 3 ways, namely :
a. Treatment in the field (Samples located freely);
b. Treatment in the laboratory (Indoors);
c. Treatment in water (By immersing samples of specimens in a soaking tub filled
with water).
In the production and treatment of concrete, it is expected that it can avoid
rapid evaporation of water which will cause shrinkage and cracking in the concrete.
With the cracking in the concrete, the strength of the concrete will be reduced and not
suitable with the planned strength. To anticipate this situation, the implementation of
the concrete maintenance process is expected to place the concrete in the right place
so that the concrete is always moist. It can be concluded that good concrete treatment
is to soak the sample specimens in the water so that the compressive strength value is
obtained as planned

76
Figure 15.1 The soaked test specimen

The photo above is one from other methods of specimens treatment by
soaking the test specimens in water.
15.4 CONCLUSION
From the practicum that has been carried out it can be concluded that the
concrete obtained during the practicum is 10 concrete cubes.
15.5 ERROR FACTORS

a. Lack of accuracy when putting the concrete mixture into the mold so the
concrete mixture that is in the mold is not too dense.
b. The lack of accuracy during the mixing process to make the concrete mixture.
15.6 REFERENCE
Adhyati, T. (n.d.). Laporan Praktikum Beton. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Teknolog
Malaysia.
Indrayurmansyah. (2001). Pentingnya Perawatan Beton Untuk Mencapai Nilai
Kekuatan. Jurnal R & B. Volume 1 Nomor 2, 1-7.

REFERENCES
Ahadi. (2015). Alat Ukur Waterpass dan Theodolite. Pontianak: Universitas

Tanjungpura Pontianak
http://www.academia.edu/20056088/Laporan_Praktikum_IUTP_Waterpass
Basuki, S., 2006, Ilmu Ukur Tanah, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
http://prodi1.stpn.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/RPS-Ilmu-Ukur-Tanah-
1.pdf
Buku Modul Praktikum Ilmu Ukur Tanah. Laboratorium Teknik Sipil. Fakultas
Teknik, Universitas Bina Nusantara
Frick, Heinz. 1979. Ilmu Ukur Tanah. Kansius. Jakarta.
http://www.academia.edu/9818444/Ilmu_ukur_Tanah
M, Mansyur. “Ilmu Ukur Tanah’’ Institut Teknologi Surabaya
http://a-research.upi.edu/operator/upload/s_geo_0901688_bibliography.pdf
Nawawi, Gunawan. Mengukur Jarak dan Sudut. Departemen Pendidikan dan
Kebudayaan.Direktorat Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruan Jakarta. 2001.
http://psbtik.smkn1cms.net/pertanian/agroindustri/agroindustri_non_pangan/
mengukur_jarak_dan_sudut.pdf
Sosrodarsono, Surya. 1983. Pengukuran Topografi dan Teknik Pemetaan. PT Pradnya
Paramita. Jakarta
http://www.academia.edu/15561064/Laporan_Praktikum_Ilmu_Ukur_Tanah_
I
Wongsutjito, Soetomo (1974). “Ilmu Ukur Tanah”. Surabaya: Institut Teknologi
Surabaya Swada
http://www.academia.edu/33236885/Laporan_Praktikum_Ilmu_Ukur_Tanah_
-_Penyipat_Datar
Sutanto. 1994. PenginderaanJauhJilid 1. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
http://www.academia.edu/31550872/LAPORAN_PRAKTIKUM_PERHITUNGAN_
LUASAN_SECARA_MANUAL_DENGAN_3_METODE

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PRACTICUM REPORT

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE)

TIMOTIUS KURNIAWAN WIHARTONO 2101664353

LABORATORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

1.2 BASIC THEORY

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

1.3 PRACTICUM RESULT

1.5 ERROR FACTORS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

2.2 BASIC THEORY

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

2.3 PRACTICUM RESULT

2.5 ERROR FACTOR

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

3.2 BASIC THEORY

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

3.4 ERROR FACTOR

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

4.2 BASIC THEORY

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

4.3 PRACTICUM RESULT

Figure 4.1 Result of organic impurities practicum

4.5 ERROR FACTORS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

5.2 BASIC THEORY

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

5.3 PRACTICUM RESULT

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

5.5 ERROR FACTORS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

6.2 BASIC THEORY

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

6.3 PRACTICUM RESULT

6.3.2 DATA CALCULATION

b. Passed percentage (%) = 100% - % Cumulative retains weight

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

Table 6.2 Sieve analysis of fine aggregate

Here is the percentage of passed fine aggregate ploting in semi-log chart:

To calculate the finness modulus using the formula bellow:

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

Table 6.3 Gradation Zone for Fine Aggregate

6.5 ERROR FACTOR

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

7.2 BASIC THEORY

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

7.3 PRACTICUM RESULT

7.5 ERROR FACTORS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

8.2 BASIC THEORY

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

8.3 PRACTICUM RESULT

8.5 ERROR FACTORS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

9.2 BASIC THEORY

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM

9.3 PRACTICUM RESULT

9.3.2 DATA CALCULATION

9.5 ERROR FACTOR

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY (CONCRETE) PRACTICUM