Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Abstract—This study has been interested in the diagnostics of the landscape of the city of the ancient matmata
which comes from the governorate of gabes situated southeast of tunisia. Objectives: the purpose of this
research is to understand the part of integration which the population of this area adopted on the functio n of the
relief and the natural data omnipresent, supporting this appearance of the local landscape, as well as identify
ancestral techniques used by the inhabitants for the conservation of the landscape of arid szones while taking
profit. A study by multi-scale analysis and analysis of the different data provided by the ministry of equipment,
the national institute of heritage and the medina safeguard association, accompanied by a socio -economic
survey land and the direct ocntact of local actors, has permi tted to characterize these fragile and specific
landscapes. Analysis of the various topographic cards with matmata land use cards allowed us to know the
history of this area and reconstitute the manner that our ancestors have adopted to produce their hollo w
fireplaces at the level of this landscape riche en relief. We note from the investigation that the traditional
practices of protection of the arid relief by the production of troglodytic habitats underground are respectful of
nature, increasing the remarkable ecological and sustainable territorial development. The human habitat of the
matmata area is typical thanks to a rich and diversified local know -how, which emerges a natural landscape
with a very important value.this value can be envisaged by the dec ision-makers to install projects south of
tunisia and make our heritage benefits.
Keywords— integration party, local landscape, conservation, traditional practices, troglodyte habitats, know -
how.
This area was chosen because of the existence of the dominate the vast plain of the Djeffara and form a cuesta
greatest concentration of Troglodyte Habitats, under (515 meters) uncovered in the limestone and upper
different typologies, which clearly shows the interaction Cretaceous marls and Through various wadis.
between Man and nature. The village is about forty kilometers south-west of Gabes.
Surrounded by mountainside, 600 meters above sea level,
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS this village has 2,116 inhabitants in 2004. It is renowned
1. Presentation of the study area for its remarkable cave dwellings which make it one of
Situated to the southeast of Chott el-Jérid, in the foothills the high places of Tunisian tourism. (Abdesmad ZAIED:
of Djebel Dahar, the ancient Matmata mountains The world of the ksours of the Tunisian South.)
(Abdesmad ZAIED: The world of the ksours of the each view, more data is determined: • The length,
Tunisian South.) orientation and width of the view • The vertical dimension
In order to characterize the exploitation rates of the of the view • Valuation factors • The value of the base of
various troglodyte works, we develop operational the view. The base value of the view is calculated using
parameters based on several surveys: habitat area, habitat the following formula: V = L x R x S. The base value of
occupation, type of activity, state of conservation ... these the view represents a current view of the landscape from a
investigations have affected a s ample Representative of point of view.
50 habitats in two areas of Matmata: Untouched and L: Width of the view
undisturbed cave area and area where troglodytes have A: The vertical dimension of the view
been restored and converted. The usual statistical analyzes S: valuation factor = 1 + T / 10
identified the operating systems in the study area.
Table 1. Characteristics of viewpoint
2.2. Landscape reading of arid zones using the Neuray Caracteristics Locations of The southern Tunisia
citation method chosen sites
In order to determine the value of the landscape by the Station 1 Station 2
Neuray scoring method, a visit to the Matmata was The view direction 200° 200° North
necessary. Three observation sites were selected. The North
geographical coordinates N and E taken by the GPS for Length of view (he) 2.4 7.6
each observation point are converted into metric Visual angle of vertical
coordinates by a "GeoCalc" application (Saadaoui et al., dimensions (°)
2014). The citation method only provides landscape α -10 -7
values; It is based on an analysis of points of view taken β 20 -14
at crucial places. It provides both an overall landscape Δ 30 20
value and a separate assessment of the various essential
elements. The method takes into account the principle of
reciprocity (if I see that I am seen) (Toussaint, 2009). In
III. RESULTS
It is important to clarify the following distinction: As long erosion of all soluble rocks , Mainly of carbonate rocks,
as it remains virgin, it is called nature. Following human mainly limestones).
intervention, the name changed to "landscape". (André These soils are desert, arid, lacking dense vegetation
TOUSSAINT: Reading of the Landscape) cover to protect them from wind and stormwater runoff.
The nature of the occupied environment which is - Optimal integration with the landscape
characterized by its constraints and its potential, translated Our ancestors have made a choice of occupying the
according to the culture and manners of the occupants, as landscape, which is distinguished and subtle, prompting
well as the tools available to them, constitutes a generator us to study it more closely to reveal the corresponding
of architectural modes and adequate and optimal reading code.
landscape management. It is a question of perceiving the site not as a support on
There are three general typologies of sites in which our which one is indebted for the implantation of a chosen
ancestors designed their habitats: (Mongi BOURGUOU: standard housing model, but rather as being a kind of raw
Atlas of landscapes of Tunisia.)- Defensive sites, perched material on a large scale, carving and shaping Organic
on hills, spurs and pitons hardly accessible -Mounting and flexible.
eminences more easily accessible-Plains We notice that This mode of habitat greatly enhances the potential of the
each type of relief adapts a modality of architectural occupied site by being grounded in the mass and
response that is well adapted and well adapted given constituting with the natural relief only a single entity
accessibility, orientation, techniques of realization, etc. balanced and in synergy. It is a question of inhabiting the
-The fight against desertification and the reduction of landscape, it is not about implanting an architecture in a
silting natural landscape but rather we talk about architectural
According to its morphology, location, proportions and landscape (Marinella ARENA: Ksour), since, in this case,
frequency of localization, underground Troglodytes are an architecture and landscape are the subject of a similar
active factor in the stabilization of karstic soils (karst is a picture.
geomorphological structure resulting from the water
Considering the criterion of natural regulation of climatic sculpture inside a hill or a mountain, with a whitewash
atmospheres, the energy needs to heat up or provide and woodwork based on palm trunks. As a result, there is
freshness become minimal and not imposing view that no need to look for materials elsewhere.
this Architectural mode is not energy-intensive. (Habitat-
Bulles.com). -Special and unmatched atmosphere
As is the case for any sculptural work, the result of
-Ecological architecture, sustainable uniqueness, authenticity and kinesthesia is assured.
In addition to the two previous criteria for natural (Françoise Monnin: Modern sculpture.)
regulation of climatic environments leading to energy The irregular walls in continuity being only one global
saving, there is another basic criterion of ecological entity with the non-planar roof, constitute the sources of
architecture, which is defined by the economy of building an infinite artistic architectural production.
materials (Habitat-Bulles. Com), since our building is a
-Structural research constraint minimized every designer finds happiness to create and render real
This prowess is explained as follows: At the mo ment and existent any atmosphere to which he has thought, far
when it is no longer a question of creating supports and from the technical constraint, one is only concerned with
completing the realization by creating a roof along its surpassing his imagination by manipulating the mass of
supports, taking into account the dimensions of the matter.
various components of this variable system Multiple,
An Architectural model is a multi-component system, us to bring out all the rules of landscape, which gave rise
which is one of several possible responses to a set of to this modality of To understand the space and to
needs and uses. integrate in the site, so as to have created an authentic
These needs are predefined according to the practices work of occupation of the territory. It is about Habit the
(traditions and customs), the standard of living and the landscape: Creation of architectural landscape or
environment that will host the project (geography, landscape architecture par excellence.
bioclimate, accessibility, availability of materials, As a result, the architectural work Troglodyte emphasizes
availability of equipment, etc.). the reconciliation between inhabited environment and
The troglodyte architecture constantly reminds us that this human being as occupant of this environment, valuing it.
form of appropriation of space constitutes an inseparable Landscape value of different areas of the ancient town of
part of the landscape which is omnipresent, thus inciting Matmata.
We intend to make explicit the modification of the use of We estimated the landscape value of the two points of
troglodyte habitats and its impact on the landscape and view chosen from the sites visited in Matmata (Figure 8).
urban image. For this reason, at the level of the old The selected viewpoints are characterized by more or less
Matmata, the differentiation between the abandoned harsh reliefs, a low presence of rainfed agricultural
troglodyte areas and the areas where the inhabitants practices (olive trees) and a large presence of troglodyte
intervened to modify the troglodytes was detected and habitats, especially underground, that harmonize the
introduced a new architecture in the vicinity, and we then different components of the natural landscape having
discussed the comparison . undergone different rates Human intervention.
Fig.8 : Identification of the landscape area with selected views in ancient Matmata
After calculating the V-value of each observation site, we found that the high value of these views exceeded 60. (Table 3)
Table 3. Values of views (V).
L-Length of view : R : Vertical dimension of S Valorisation factors V =L * R *S
1/2x 10xLog101 view :
1 + sin α + sin β + sin δ +
d/100
Site 1 4.377 2.468 5.6 60.49
Site 2 10.14 1.428 5.9 85.43
IV. DISCUSSION the limit of not being able to meet the new needs of the
We have tried to characterize the troglodyte landscapes of population. This change in morals prompted some
the region of the old Matmata. We analyzed landscape inhabitants to seek an adaptation of their rustic troglodyte
integration systems from habitats to the study area using a habitats to their modernized daily. Most of the other
reading map and data analysis and survey. troglodyte structures have been abandoned to ruin. In this
The results of the first part of this study showed that the way, we have touched the genesis of a new urban image
rustic troglodyte works of the old Matmata have reached that constitutes, more exactly, the mutation of the old
traditional rustic urban image. This change threatens to development towards a rational use and in harmony with
have serious consequences for the landscapes of the city the landscape ensemble, such as the producers Ancestral
of the old Matmata, insofar as one is forced to integrate rustic troglodyte works have enhanced this landscape. The
all the activities associated with the new modern way of evaluation of these landscapes by the Neuray citation
life, namely environmental pollution, vehicular method has shown us a landscape value that exceeds 70,
congestion , Noise, earthworks. All its activities constitute the site of study is characterized by a high landscape
real aggressors of the fragile and particular landscapes of value caused by the presence of anthropogenic action in
the area of the old Matmata. All these findings prompt the favor of the " Ecosystem and the preservation of the
regularization of the unbalanced and anarchic exploitation natural landscape of the mountains. These results can be
of the troglodyte heritage in the old Matmata, as well as taken into account by policy makers and shareholders in
directing and supervising any attempt at territorial the implementation of territorial projects in the region.