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LES MUSEES ET LES MONUMENTS

S.S. JAIN SUBODH LAW COLLEGE

‘LES MUSEES ET MONUMENT’

Project Submission as the partial fulfilment of the periodic evaluation of

The Museums and Monuments of France

Submission To: Submitted By:

MR. VIVEK SHARMA NANDINI SHARMA

FACULTY OF FRENCH ROLL NO: 26

IV Semester

S.S. Jain Subodh

Law College

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CONTENTS

1. Acknowledgement
2. Research Methodology
3. Abstract
4. Introduction
5. Conclusion

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Nandini Sharma, student of B.A L.L.B of S.S. Jain Subodh Law
College, Jaipur has completed her project on "Les Musées et Monuments” under the guidance
of MR. VIVEK SHARMA, Assistant professor, French, S.S. JAIN SUBODH LAW
COLLEGE.
This project is an original, independent work to the best of my knowledge and has not been
published anywhere and has been pursued solely for academic interest.

Signature

( )

Mr. Vivek Sharma

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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This project is incomplete without thanking a few people who have been my pillar of support
throughout this work. I owe my gratitude to all those people who have made this project
possible.

I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my teacher Mrs. Nidhi for her
continuous support. She has always been there to listen, guide and help me and has been
constantly monitoring the progress of my work and showed me the different ways to
approach a research problem and also the need to become persistent to accomplish any
mission.

I am also obliged to acknowledge the college administration for providing a wonderful


library which is a storehouse of knowledge and also for providing all the electronic resources
without which no such research could have been possible.

Finally, I would like to thank everybody who played a significant role in the successful
completion of my dissertation.

Jaipur Nandini Sharma

12thApril ( )

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ABSTRACT

This project aims at introducing the concept of

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INTRODUCTION

Voici six centres les plus visités de la ville historique entre les principales villes de France.
Chacune de ces villes est une capitale régionale, a un riche centre historique, et est très utile
de la visite lors d'un séjour en France ou pour un week-end.

• Paris: une des plus grandes concentrations de monuments historiques sur la Terre.
Cliquez sur pour les monuments historiques de Paris
• Lyon: un ensemble historique, sans particulièrement grand monument historique; les quais
de la Saône ont une ambiance similaire aux bords de la Seine à Paris.
• Strasbourg: vieux quartier, y compris "Petite France", tuyaux à colombages, des canaux, et
la célèbre cathédrale médiévale
• Nice: la «vieille ville» est une ville méditerranéenne classique dans le style italien; il était
italien jusqu'au XVIIIe siècle. rues très étroites, piazzas, de vieilles églises, et le célèbre
marché aux fleurs.
• Rouen: centre historique de la ville, des maisons à colombages, grande cathédrale gothique,
intéressante tour de l'horloge médiévale.
• Bordeaux: grand centre historique de la ville, une grande partie de celui-ci datant du XVIIIe
siècle.
Ces six villes ne sont nullement que les - ni nécessairement les plus intéressants - les centres-
villes à visiter en vacances en France. Beaucoup de petites villes et les villes en France -
notamment certains qui sont moins importantes qu'elles ne l'étaient dans le passé - ont des
centres de la ville avec de remarquables collections de monuments historiques.

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Here are the six most visited historic city centres among the major cities of France. Each of
these cities is a regional capital, has a rich historic centre, and is very much worth the visit
during a holiday in France or for a weekend break.

 Paris : one of the greatest concentrations of historic monuments on Earth.


Click for historic monuments in Paris

 Lyon : a historic ensemble, without any particularly great historic monument; the
quays along the Saone have a similar ambiance to the banks of the Seine in Paris.

 Strasbourg : Old quarter, including "Petite France", half-timbered hoses, canals, and
famous mediaeval cathedral

 Nice : the "old town" is a classic Mediterranean town in the Italian style; it was
Italian until the eighteenth century. Very narrow streets, piazzas, old churches, and the
famous flower market.

 Rouen: historic city centre, half timbered houses, great gothic cathedral, interesting
mediaval clock tower.

 Bordeaux: great historic city centre, much of it dating from the eighteenth century.

These six cities are by no means the only - nor necessarily the most interesting - city centres
to visit when on holiday in France. Many smaller towns and cities in France - notably some
that are less important now than they were in the past - have city centres with remarkable
collections of historic monuments.

MUSEE DU LOUVRE

The Louvre or the Louvre Museum is one of the world's largest museums and a historic
monument in Paris, France. A central landmark of the city, it is located on the Right Bank of
the Seine in the 1st arrondissement (ward). Nearly 35,000 objects from prehistory to the 21st
century are exhibited over an area of 60,600 square meters (652,300 square feet). The Louvre

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is the world's most visited museum, receiving more than 9.26 million visitors in 2014.[1]It is
also one of the largest.

The museum is housed in the Louvre Palace, originally built as a fortress in the late
12th century under Philip II. Remnants of the fortress are visible in the basement of the
museum. The building was extended many times to form the present Louvre Palace. In
1682, Louis XIV chose the Palace of Versailles for his household, leaving the Louvre
primarily as a place to display the royal collection, including, from 1692, a collection of
ancient Greek and Roman sculpture.[2] In 1692, the building was occupied by theAcadémie
des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres and the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, which
in 1699 held the first of a series of salons. The Académie remained at the Louvre for 100
years.[3] During the French Revolution, the National Assemblydecreed that the Louvre should
be used as a museum to display the nation's masterpieces.

The museum opened on 10 August 1793 with an exhibition of 537 paintings, the majority of
the works being royal and confiscated church property. Because of structural problems with
the building, the museum was closed in 1796 until 1801. The collection was increased
under Napoleon and the museum renamed the Musée Napoléon, but after Napoleon's
abdication many works seized by his armies were returned to their original owners. The
collection was further increased during the reigns of Louis XVIII and Charles X, and during
the Second French Empire the museum gained 20,000 pieces. Holdings have grown steadily
through donations and bequests since the Third Republic. The collection is divided among
eight curatorial departments: Egyptian Antiquities; Near Eastern
Antiquities; Greek, Etruscan and Roman Antiquities; Islamic Art; Sculpture; Decorative Arts;
Paintings; Prints and Drawings.

The Musée d'Orsay (French pronunciation: [myze dɔʁsɛ]) is a museum in Paris, France, on
the left bank of the Seine. It is housed in the formerGare d'Orsay, a Beaux-Arts railway
station built between 1898 and 1900. The museum holds mainly French art dating from 1848
to 1914, including paintings, sculptures, furniture, and photography. It houses the largest
collection of impressionist and post-Impressionistmasterpieces in the world, by painters
including Monet, Manet, Degas,Renoir, Cézanne, Seurat, Sisley, Gauguin and Van Gogh.

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Many of these works were held at the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume prior to the
museum's opening in 1986. It is one of the largest art museums in Europe.

Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso(/pɪˈkɑːsoʊ, -ˈkæsoʊ/;[2] Spanish: [ˈpaβlo
piˈkaso]; 25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973), was a Spanish painter,
sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist,stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his
adult life in France. Regarded as one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th
century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed
sculpture,[3][4] the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped
develop and explore. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles
d'Avignon (1907), and Guernica (1937), a portrayal of the Bombing of Guernica by the
German and Italian airforces at the behest of theSpanish nationalist government during
the Spanish Civil War.

Picasso, Henri Matisse and Marcel Duchamp are regarded as the three artists who most
defined the revolutionary developments in the plastic arts in the opening decades of the 20th
century, responsible for significant developments in painting, sculpture, printmaking and
ceramics.[5][6][7][8]

Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his early years, painting in a naturalistic
manner through his childhood and adolescence. During the first decade of the 20th century,
his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, and ideas. His work
is often categorized into periods. While the names of many of his later periods are debated,
the most commonly accepted periods in his work are the Blue Period (1901–1904), the Rose
Period(1904–1906), the African-influenced Period (1907–1909), AnalyticCubism (1909–
1912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919), also referred to as the Crystal period.

Exceptionally prolific throughout the course of his long life, Picasso achieved universal
renown and immense fortune for his revolutionary artistic accomplishments, and became one
of the best-known figures in20th-century art.

The Musée de l'Orangerie is an art gallery of impressionist and post-impressionist paintings


located in the west corner of the Tuileries Gardens next to the Place de la Concorde in Paris.

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Though most famous for being the permanent home for eight Water Lilies murals byClaude
Monet, the museum also contains works by Paul Cézanne,Henri Matisse, Amedeo
Modigliani, Pablo Picasso, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Henri Rousseau, Alfred Sisley, Chaim
Soutine, and Maurice Utrillo, among others.

According to the museum's website, the Orangerie was originally built in 1852 by the
architect Firmin Bourgeois and completed by his successor, Ludovico Visconti, to shelter the
orange trees of the garden of the Tuileries. Used by the Third Republic in the nineteenth
century as deposit for goods, an examination room, and place of lodging for mobilized
soldiers, it also served to house sporting, musical, and patriotic events. Additionally, it was a
place to display exhibitions of industry, animals, plants, as well as rare displays of painting.

As art historian Michel Hoog states, “In 1921, the administration of the Beaux-Arts decided
to assign to the Direction des Musées Nationaux (as it was then called) the two buildings
overlooking the Place de la Concorde, the Jeu de Paume, and the Orangerie, which until then
had been used for their original purpose. The Orangerie became an annex of the Musée du
Luxembourg, unanimously criticized for being too small, while the Jeu de Paume was to be
used for temporary exhibitions and to house contemporary foreign painting.”[1] Claude
Monet had requested to donate decorative panels to the French government as a monument to
the end of World War I, and former politician (and close friend of Monet) Georges
Clémenceau suggested that Monet install the paintings at the newly available Orangerie
(rather than at the Jeu de Paume, which had smaller wall space, or, as was formerly planned,
as an annex to the Musée Rodin).[2]

On April 12, 1922 Claude Monet signed a contract donating the Nymphéas series of
decorative panels painted on canvas to the French government, to be housed in redesigned,
oval rooms at the Orangerie.[3] With input from Monet, the head architect at the Louvre,
Camille Lefèvre, drafted new plans and elevations in 1922 to house Monet's
large Nymphéas canvases, incorporating natural light, plain walls, and sparse interior
decoration. According to Hoog's research, "funds were made available on August 17, 1922,
work began in October and seems to have been finished in [the] following year."[4] Unwilling
to relinquish his final works of art, these water lilies paintings stayed with Monet until his
death on December 5, 1926. On January 31, 1927 the Laurent-Fournier company agreed to
install and mount the panels (a process that involved gluing the canvas directly to the walls),
and the paintings were in place by March 26 of that year.[5] On May 17, 1927
Monet's Nymphéas at the Musée de l'Orangerie opened to the public.

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While the richest concentration of historic monuments can be found in Paris, the vast
majority of historic monuments lie in the regions. And there are thousands of them .....
Here is a short themed selection: From north to south.

Northern France The great gothic cathedrals

In the 11th and 12th centuries, a new style of architecture developed in the kingdom of
France. In the great cities of the kingdom, Paris, Chartres, Reims, Amiens, Rouen, Beauvais,
bishops and benefactors vied with each other to put up the finest greatest cathedrals in the

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new style, which we now call "gothic". Photo: Notre Dame de Paris.
Main regions: Champagne, Ile de France, Picardy,Normandy

Northeastern France: Military fortifications


From the 16th century to the 20th, France was constantly wary of invasion from the east. As a
result, eastern France offers many magnificent examples of military fortifications, from
Vauban's fortifications at Neuf Brisach or Besançon, to the bastion at Sedan of the few
remaining traces of the Maginot Line.
Main regions; Lorraine, Alsace, Franche-Comté

Northwestern France: mediaeval castles and fortresses

In mediaeval times, the kings of France, and their vassal dukes, such as the dukes of
Normandy, Anjou and Burgundy, built massive fortresses to ensure their feudal power and
demonstrate their strength. Though impressive mediaeval keeps can be found all over France,
the northwest quarter is particularly rich. Among the most famous are the great castles at
Angers Loches or Chinon (Loire valley), the castles at Fort-la-Latte, Fougères (photo) and
Suscinio (Brittany), or Falaise and Chateau-Gaillard (Normandy)

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CENTRAL FRANCE - THE CHÂTEAUX OF THE LOIRE VALLEY

A hundred miles southwest of Paris, the Loire valley, at the time of the Renaissance, was
covered by large expanses of forests, royal and aristocratic hunting grounds. Beginning in the
fourteenth century, kings, princes and noblemen built fabulous castles and stately homes
here, to entertain their guests and friends. Among the most famous and most visited are
Chambord, Chenonceau (picture), Azay le Rideau, Amboise and Blois; but there are dozens
more to choose from, big and small, some of them still occupied as family homes.
Regions: Centre, Pays de la Loire

CENTRAL FRANCE - THE CHÂTEAUX AND TOWNS OF BURGUNDY

Burgundy offers a rich concentration of historic monuments, including a large number of


châteaux, but also historic towns and some of the oldest churches in France, as St. Philibert in
Tournus, the cathedral at Autun, and the pilgrimage basilica at Vézelay. Region: Burgundy

CENTRAL SOUTHERN FRANCE: THE ROMANESQUE CHURCHES OF THE


AUVERGNE

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Auvergne is another region where mediaeval architects and craftsmen built hundreds of
decorated churches and chapels; many still survive. From the tenth century chapel of St.
Michel de l'Aiguilhe in Le Puy, to the great romanesque basilicas of Brioude or Issoire
(photo) with their decorative mediaeval stonework, and countless small village churches, the
area is rich in monuments dating from mediaeval times.
Region: Auvergne.

SOUTHWEST FRANCE: THE PREHISTORIC CAVES OF THE DORDOGNE

Caves and cave paintings; including Lascaux, the Grotte de Villars near Brantôme, Font de
Gaume, and Les Combarelles. At Lascaux, visitors go down into a perfect replica of the
original caves, which have been closed to the public for reasons of conservation. In other
sites, the original caves, with their paintings and carvings, can be visited. there is a major
museum at Les Eyzies.
Region: Aquitaine.

Southwest France The romanesque churches of the Saintonge


Around the 12th century, villages vied with each other to produce the most ornate sculped
doorways, capitals and corbels. A good map is needed to discover many of these gems; there
are so many of them in this area, that some are not even signposted. Photo: corbels on a
Saintonge village church
Region: Poitou-Charentes

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SOUTHWEST FRANCE: THE BASTIDE TOWNS


In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the plains of central southwest France were very
much France's weak underbelly. The area was very sparsely populated, and liable to attack,
not just from a possible Moorish invasion out of Spain, but from Aquitaine which at the time
belonged to the Kings of England. In order to populate the area and make it safer, both the
French and the English built up networks of small fortified towns and villages, many of
which survive to this day as small - even tiny - townships with fortifications and many old
buildings.
Regions: Aquitaine, Midi-Pyrenées. More details: see bastide towns

THE SOUTH OF FRANCE ROMAN SITES IN PROVENCE AND LANGUEDOC


The area now known as Provence was in roman times "Provincia", the most prized province
of the Roman empire. The Romans stayed for several centuries in this area, long enough to
populate it with a concentration of towns and cities as dense as the area round Rome itself.
Amont the magnificently preserved monuments are the Pont du Gard Roman aqueduct, the
Roman arenas of Nimes and Arles, the Maison Carré in Nimes, the Amphitheatre and
triumphal arch in Orange, and many more. See Roman France .

CONCLUSION

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