1 Under Frequency Load Shedding

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2016 SP4.

This example shows a simple under frequency load shedding scheme (or
UFLS for short) in the 39 Bus New England System for the loads at buses
16, 21 and 23 in the figure below.

The user can access the relay by right-clicking on a load cubicle and se-
lecting the Edit Devices option as illustrated below.

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 The user can then view the relay listed in the Edit Devices dialog window
as illustrated below.

One of the UFLS protection relay elements is presented below.

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 The user can click on the f<1 function to view the stage 1 underfrequency
protection element. In this case, the load is set to trip if the frequency falls
below 59.8Hz for 5 seconds or more.

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1.1 Generator Trip Frequency Response
We will now analyse the frequency response of the system as a result of dis-
connecting the G 06 generator at t=1s. Where no UFLS is in service, the
following plot shows the frequency response of the system.

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 ufls.png

It can be seen that the minimum frequency dips to 0.965pu (or 57.9Hz)
while the long term response shows that the frequency does not recover back
to the nominal grid frequency of 60Hz after 60 seconds. Typically, this would
be addressed through means of UFLS or via secondary frequency control
measures such as AGC. The primary frequency response of the generators is
performed through the governors and typically there will always be a post-
disturbance offset in frequency due to the governor droop setting. In this
example, we will analyse the effects of UFLS protection relays at Loads 16
(329MW), 21 (274MW) and 23 (247.5MW). Prior to the disconnection of the
G 06 generator, it is supplying 650MW of active power to the 39 Bus New
England System.

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1.1.1 UFLS at Load 23

ufls.png

In this case, Load 23 is shed which represents a disconnection of 247.5MW

in response to the frequency decline resulting from the disconnection of the
G 06 generator. The minimum frequency dips to 0.982pu (or 58.92Hz) but
is still below 60Hz after 60 seconds.

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1.1.2 UFLS at Loads 21 and 23

ufls.png

In this case, Loads 21 and 23 are shed which represents a disconnection

of 521.5MW in response to the frequency decline resulting from the discon-
nection of the G 06 generator. The minimum frequency dips to 0.984pu (or
59.04Hz) and recovers to 0.997 (or 59.82Hz) after 60 seconds.

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1.1.3 UFLS at Loads 16, 21 and 23

ufls.png

In this case, Loads 16, 21 and 23 are shed which represents a disconnection
of 850.5MW in response to the frequency decline resulting from the discon-
nection of the G 06 generator. The minimum frequency dips to 0.984pu (or
59.04Hz) and recovers to above 60Hz after 60 seconds. In this case, shedding
850.5MW in response to a 650MW shortfall in generation would be consid-
ered excessive, which leads to the overfrequency condition after UFLS has
taken place.