Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology
• Melancholic: These types of person are normal Such people are called as Ambiverts. This
in physique & pessimistic by nature. In this of classification was made by psychologists who came
personality anxiety is the main feature. after Jung.
Share a tendency to be outgoing, friendly, talkative, have the personality traits of introverts.
and social in nature. They prefer social contacts, These people are more prone to suffer from a serious
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology
Sheldon has proposed a theory of personality correlating and they cover all aspects of an individual’s behaviour and
temperament and body type. He has divided people into three attributes. Central traits represent few characteristics which
types: can be used to describe a person such as kindness, honesty,
etc. Secondary traits appear in only a relatively small range of
a. Endomorphic: situations. These are not strong enough like cardinal traits and
These people will have soft, fat and round body, having hence they are not regarded as integral parts of one’s
predominance of abdominal region. They are sociable and personality.
relaxed (can be compared to pyknic type). I. Cardinal disposition : are the primary traits so
dimension is one’s personal disposition that they
b. Ectomorphic:
colour virtually every aspect of one’s behaviour and
These are the people who are tall, thin and flat chested,
attributes. Very few people possess cardinal
having the skin, bones and neural structure predominantly.
disposition and are broad in nature and determines
They are shy, reserved and self-conscious (can be compared
the human behaviour in the widest range of
with asthenic type).
circumstances. Example: Ms. Florence nightingale.
II. central disposition: these are not dominant as cardinal
c. Mesomorphic:
disposition but the influence the person’s behaviour in a
These people are well built with heavy and strong muscles
very prominent way . there for they are called the
appear predominantly. They are physically active, noisy,
building blocks of personality. For examples : central
adventurous by nature (can be compared to athletic type).
dispositions person have punctuality, honesty,
2. Traits of Personality and Trait Theories (trait responsibility and honesty etc.
approach theory): III. secondary Traits : these are not as dominant as the
Traits are tendencies to behave in relatively consistent and cardinal or central traits. They appear in only a relatively
distinctive ways across situations. These are the measurable small range of situations or these traits appear when the
aspects of personality. The most common way to describe individual face the particular situation & are not
people is to list these traits or qualities possessed by them. considered strong. For eg. Individual likes towards
For example, friendliness, social, honesty, perseverance, sweets, ice cream and clothing preference.
submissiveness, dominance, etc. RB Cattell theory has identified two types of traits.
The groups of personality traits are known as personality behaviour. Surface traits are influenced by source traits and
factors or dimensions of personality. Allport and RB Cattell are manifested in our behaviour.
01. Common Traits : These types of traits found in large temperament, intellect and physique which determine
his unique adjustment to the environment. The
scale in a general population like honesty and
definition given by eysenck has very strong points in its
cooperation
favour. First it tries to provide personality with a
02. Unique Traits: These traits unique to a person such as physiological base and gives a balanced consideration
temperaments traits and individual emotional reactions. to the race of heredity and environment.
Secondary, it gives a complete picture of human
03. Surface Traits: these are not the consistency over time behaviour by involving all of its aspects – conative,
and do not have much value in accounting for the cognitive and affective
individual personality. These can be recognized by Thirdly, it stresses the need of integration and
04. Source Traits : These types of traits are the basic On the other hand it does have some weakness also in
building blocks of personality, which determine the that human personality cannot be supposed to
consistencies of each person’s behaviours over an necessarily possess physiological base and it cannot be
considered to be as static and fixed in given his
extended period of time like honesty , kindness etc.
definition.
The following personality trait list describes some of the The three basic dimensions derived by eysenck through
descriptive terms used for each of the 16 personality his work are
dimensions described by Cattell. Introvertism- Extrovertism
Neuroticism (emotionally stability – instability
1. Abstractedness: Imaginative versus practical
Psychoticism
2. Apprehension: Worried versus confident
3. Dominance: Forceful versus submissive
4. Emotional Stability: Calm versus high-strung These three basic dimension refer to definite personality
5. Liveliness: Spontaneous versus restrained
6. Openness to Change: Flexible versus attached to types example introvert, extrovert, neurotic and
the familiar psychotic
7. Perfectionism: Controlled versus undisciplined
8. Privateness: Discreet versus open
9. Reasoning: Abstract versus concrete
10. Rule-Consciousness: Conforming versus non- 04. Theory adopting the psychoanalytic approach:
conforming Psychoanalytical Theory:
11. Self-Reliance: Self-sufficient versus dependent
12. Sensitivity: Tender-hearted versus tough-minded. This theory was developed by famous psychologist Sigmund
13. Social Boldness: Uninhibited versus shy Freud. This theory has three major parts: (a) The personality
14. Tension: Inpatient versus relaxed
15. Vigilance: Suspicious versus trusting structure which includes Id, Ego and Super ego (b)
16. Warmth: Outgoing versus reserved Topography of mind and (c) Psychosocial stages of
1. Personality structure:
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology
Freud constructed a model of personality with three super ego may condemn as ‘wrong’ certain things which the
interlocking parts: the Id, the Ego and the Super ego. ego would otherwise do to satisfy the id.
regard to rules, the realities of life or morals of any kind. by dangers or threats in the external world.
This part usually develops from the school year of life of the impulses threaten to break through his ego controls and result
child—as a result of social contacts. The ego consists of in behaviour that will lead to his punishment and
The ego delays motives of Id and channels behaviour into with his super ego or moral values and arouses guilt feelings.
That is, the ego tries to satisfy the id’s urge for pleasure, but of human psyche. Freud refers to the unconscious, the
only in realistic ways. The ongoing tension between insistent subconscious and the conscious as the ‘topographical’ aspects
urges of the id and the constraints of reality helps the ego of the self, also called as the level of consciousness. The
develop certain skills to safeguard the self-image. These functioning of these levels is as follows:
`This part of personality corresponds closely to what that part which is ready to receive the stimuli from the
we commonly call the conscience. It consists mainly of external world. It helps to perform the functions like eating,
prohibitions learned from parents and other authorities. The drinking, reading, writing, talking, thinking and such other
activities and also helps us to behave in an appropriate way.
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology
It will be functioning only when the individual is in Freud has compared these three levels to an ‘Ice
a wake up state. At the conscious level we will be aware of berg’ in water. The conscious part will be like tip of ice berg
certain things around us and of certain thoughts. which is above the surface level. Although that is the part we
can see, it is only a small part.
The preconscious:
This is also known as subconscious. At this level are The subconscious part, as a thin layer is separating
memories or thoughts that are easily available with a the conscious and unconscious. The major part of the mind
moment’s reflection. For example, what we had for breakfast that is unconscious will be like a submerged big part of ice
or what class was held today morning. berg. The Figure 5.1 shows the topography of mind.
Freud has developed certain techniques such as free anxious about it may acquire oral fixations, leading to
association, dream analysis, analysis of transference, analysis abnormal behaviour like over talkativeness, dependency,
of resistance, hypnosis and such other techniques in order to chain smoking, etc.
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology
Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development /
This is a period of toilet training by parents. The
personality development: Erik Erikson was an ego
anus becomes highly sensitive area. The child finds pleasure
psychologist who developed one of the most popular and
in holding on and letting go of feces. Parents try to teach to
influential theories of development. While his theory was
avoid such prohibited behaviour connected with excretion.
great impact by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's work,
Erikson's Theory centered on psychosocial development
This leads to fixation causing abnormal
rather than psychosexual development. The stages that make
characteristics during adulthood such as messiness and
up his theory are as follows:
disorders such as excessive compulsiveness, over conformity
and exaggerated self-control. Stage Psychosocial crisis Basic virtue Age
1. Trust vs. Mistrust Hope 0-1 1/2
2. Autonomy vs. Shame Will 1 ½-3
iii. Phallic stage (latter childhood ,age three to age five ): 3. Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose 3-5
4. Industry vs. Inferiority competency 5-12
During this stage the child’s interest shifts toward
5. Identity vs. Role Fidelity 12-18
genitals. The child enjoys stimulating the genital organs. confusion
6. Intimacy vs. isolation love 18-40
Freud believed that it is at this time the children develop
7. Generativity vs. care 40-65
sensual feelings toward the parent of the opposite sex. Stagnation
8. Ego Integrity vs. Wisdom 65+
Despair
Boys develop ‘Oedipus complex’, i.e. develop
affection towards mother and in turn develop castration 1. Oral stage /Trust vs. Mistrust(birth to 18 months ): Is
anxiety. On the other side, girls develop affection towards the first stage in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial
development. This stage begins at birth continues to
father which is called as ‘Electra complex’.
approximately one year of age. During this stage, the infant is
iv. Latency stage (Age six through puberty, 6-12 years ): uncertain about the world in which they live, and looks
During this period the child’s interest is shifted towards their primary caregiver.
towards learning more about the world, sexuality is largely If the care the infant receives is consistent,
repressed and the ego expands. predictable and reliable, they will develop a sense of trust
which will carry with them to other relationships, and they
v. Genital stage (adolescence and beyond, 12-18 years): will be able to feel secure even when threatened.
Mature heterosexual interests develop during this
If the child is ill treated & not given affection and
phase. The stage is set for responsible enjoyment of adult
the treatment given by the adult is inconsistent the result is
sexuality. During this stage the sexual interests will lie
mistrust. When an infant does not receive warm and loving
outside the family circle. care or is isolated from other the condition is called need
deprivation.
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology
Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the second Resolving the Electra complex ultimately leads to
stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. identification with the same sex parents.
The child deprives much pleasure from the anus and
the urethra by evacuating the bladder. The habit training stage 4. Latency stage / Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)
is extremely important because self control and autonomy are Erikson's fourth psychosocial crisis, involving
initiated in this stage. The child is developing physically and industry (competence) vs. inferiority occurs during childhood
becoming more mobile, and discovering that he or she has between the ages of six and twelve. It is called latency
many skills and abilities, such as putting on clothes and because the sexual interests is repressed and lie dormant till
shoes, playing with toys, etc. Such skills illustrate the child's puberty. This is a period of gang formation.
growing sense of independence and autonomy. Children are at the stage where they will be learning
to read and write, to do sums, to do things on their own.
If the child is respond as an individual, the child will Teachers begin to take an important role in the child’s life as
develop a sense of autonomy, otherwise feeling of shame and they teach the child specific skills.
doubt oneself are developed. It is at this stage that the child’s peer group will gain
For example, during this stage children begin to assert their greater significance and will become a major source of the
independence, by walking away from their mother, picking child’s self-esteem. The child now feels the need to win
which toy to play with, and making choices about what the approval by demonstrating specific competencies that are
like to wear, to eat, etc. valued by society and begin to develop a sense of pride in
their accomplishments. During this stage the child develop a
3. Phallic Stage /Initiative vs. Guilt (3- 6 year)
sense of inferiority if it is unable to master the task set by
It is the third stage of Erik Erikson's theory of
teacher and parents.
psychosocial development. During the initiative versus guilt
stage, children assert themselves more frequently. 5. Adolescence Stage / Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18
During this stage the boy child who always had a great deal years)
of attention and love from his mother begins to feel very The fifth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of
possessive towards the mother. He wants her for himself and psychosocial development is identity vs. role confusion, and
resent the close tie that he feel exists between his father and it occurs during adolescence, from about 12-18 years. During
mother. Boy developed competitive feeling towards his father this stage, adolescents search for a sense of self and personal
and tries to be rival with him for his mother’s love. The father identity, through an intense exploration of personal values,
however is such a large and formidable opponent that the beliefs, and goals.
little boy develops resentment and fear of him. This is called During adolescence, the transition from childhood to
as Oedipus complex. adulthood is most important. Children are becoming more
Similarly the little girls identify herself with the independent, and begin to look at the future in terms of
mother thus the basic future relationship with men and career, relationships, families, housing, etc. The individual
women is initiated during this stage. In female child the wants to belong to a society and fit in.
Electra complex is a psychoanalytic term used to describe a
During physiological changes associated with sexual
girl’s sense of competition with her mother for the affection
maturation mark this stage. This stage in which identity
of her father. It is comparable to the male Oedipus complex.
development begins with the goal of achieving some
perspective or direction answer the question “who I am” ?
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology
acquiring the sense of identity is essential for making adult Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment,
decision such as choice of vocation as marriage partner. while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
During this period, they explore possibilities and begin to
Dissatisfaction with one’s place and achievement
form their own identity based upon the outcome of their
often leads to stagnation. These individuals may feel
explorations. Failure to establish a sense of identity within
disconnected or uninvolved with their community and with
society ("I don’t know what I want to be when I grow up")
society as a whole.
can lead to role confusion. Role confusion involves the
individual not being sure about themselves or their place in 8. Old Age /Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65 years to death)
society.
This stage begins at approximately age 65 and ends
6. Adulthood (young)/Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-40 years) at death.
This stage takes place during young adulthood
As we grow older (65+ yrs) and become senior
between the ages of approximately 20 to 40 yrs.
citizens, we tend to slow down our productivity and explore
During this period, the major conflict centers on forming
life as a retired person.
intimate, loving relationships with other people.
Erik Erikson believed if we see our lives as
During this period, we begin to share ourselves more
unproductive, feel guilt about our past, or feel that we did not
intimately with others. We explore relationships leading
accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life
toward longer-term commitments with someone other than a
and develop despair, often leading to depression and
family member.
hopelessness.
Successful completion of this stage can result in
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue
happy relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and
of wisdom. Wisdom enables a person to look back on their
care within a relationship.
life with a sense of closure and completeness, and also accept
Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships death without fear.
can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression.
Wise people are not characterized by a continuous
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of love.
state of ego integrity, but they experience both ego integrity
and despair. Thus, late life is characterized by both integrity
7. Mature Adulthood /Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65
and despair as alternating states that need to be balanced.
years)
This stage takes place during middle adulthood Psychometric assessment of personality: Psychometric
(ages 40 to 65 yrs).Generativity refers to "making your mark" tests are a standard and scientific method used to measure
on the world through creating or nurturing things that will individuals' mental capabilities and behavioural style.
outlast an individual. Psychometric tests are designed to measure candidates'
People experience a need to create or nurture things that will suitability for a role based on the required personality
outlast them, often creating positive changes that will benefit characteristics and aptitude. They identify the extent to which
other people. candidates' personality and cognitive abilities match those
required to perform the role. Employers use the information
We give back to society through raising our
collected from the psychometric test to identify the hidden
children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in
aspects of candidates that are difficult to extract from a face-
community activities and organizations. Through generativity
to-face interview.
we develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture.
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology
Personality: Methods of Personality Assessment individual speak freely so as to get a clear picture of the
“Methods of Psychology’.” individual. From what he says, the interviewer knows about
personality assessment can be divided into following his interests, problems, assets and limitations. The chief
categories: dimension in respect to which the interview may vary is the
I. Subjective methods.
rigidity or flexibility with which the interviewer holds to a
II. Objective methods.
pre-decided outline or schedule of questions or topics.
III. Projective methods.
IV. Psycho-analytical methods. 4. Questionnaires:
V. Physical Test methods or Physiological methods. Questionnaires are a series of printed or written
Each one of these categories refers to a number of measuring questions which the individual is supposed to answer.
tools or techniques. Ordinarily, the subject is expected to answer each question by
checking or encircling or underlining ‘yes’ or ‘no’ provided
1. The Subjective Methods: against the question.
The Subjective Methods are those in which the
individual is permitted to disclose what he knows about The questions or statements provided describe certain traits
himself as an objective observation. They are based on what emotions, attitudes in situations revealing personality. The
the subject himself has to say about his traits, attitudes, yes’s or no’s are counted in certain groups or sections
personal experiences, etc. depending on the traits to be indicated by positive or negative
Some of the important subjective methods are: answers.
(1) The autobiography,
(2) The case history, 2. The Objective Methods:
(3) The interview, and The Objective Methods do not depend on the subject’s
(4) The questionnaire or the inventory. own statements about himself but on his overt behaviour as
2. The Case History: observed directly by the examiner. Some of the objective
In a case history, we integrate the information that methods are miniature life situations, unobserved
we obtain from various sources about the individual. This observation, physiological measures and rating scales.
3. The Interview: real life situations, are created and the subject’s reactions and
The interview is the most common method of behaviour are observed and evaluated. Situations involving
personality intellectual creativity, outgoing emotionality, Here the subject is advised to listen while a phonograph
practical mindedness and the like. reproduces at low intensity various speech samples in a
We need highly trained personnel to administer and interpret man’s voice. The subject is asked to say what comes to his
Rosschach test ; and it is a time consuming test there are its mind as he listens to each speech sample in much the same
series of 20 pictures. The person is asked to tell the story that Play techniques are more applicable to children than to
each one suggests to him. These pictures are arranged in adults. The subject is allowed or encouraged to construct
appropriate groups for male and female adults and for scenes by using dolls, toys, blocks and other building
children. On each picture, the subject tells the story by materials. This technique has both diagnostic and therapeutic
identifying the characters, explaining their relationships to value and is frequently used in Child guidance clinics.
The record of story is analysed according to major theories – method in which the subject is presented with a list of words,
the hero, sexual interests, vocational ambitions, family one at a time, with the instruction to respond with the first
conflicts and social status etc. The recurrence of a given topic word that enters his mind. The examiner notes the time
or the theme is to be noted carefully. required forgiving each response and the responses
themselves. Departures from the average amount of time and
These theme projects implicit attitudes, habits of thought, the content of unusual responses help us to identify certain
ideals and drives of the subject, as well as the characteristics attitudes, anxieties or sentiments.
of the other characters- father, mother, brother, sister,
husband and wife. The Rosschach Test throws light on the 7. Picture Association Test:
structures of personality whereas the TAT throws light on the A recent projective technique is the picture- association
animals and in playing with animals. Before administering situations of frustration or stress involving his individuals,
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology
one of whom is usually shown as frustrating the other. The meaning thereby the unrestricted state of the mind associates
subject is asked to write or say in the blank caption box, freely the dream objects and activities.
above the head of the frustrated individual, the first Because of the absence of the mental element, the truth of the
association that comes into his mind as appropriate. Then unconscious mind is expressed by which the psycho analyst
associations reveal areas of conflict, anxieties and stress in discovers many peculiarities of a character. Its main difficulty
the life of the individual. lies in the need for a skilled and experienced psycho-analyst.
Often the psycho-analyst analyses his own mind in order to
8. The Incomplete Sentence Technique: remove the possibility of any prejudice.
The incomplete sentence technique given by Rotter, Stein and
many others is a type of paper-and-pencil personality 5. Physical Test Methods or Physiological Methods:
inventory which has features of an association test as well as In physiological methods of assessment of personality
of a projective technique. The subject is represented with a following instruments are commonly used:
number of incomplete sentences which he finishes in any way 1. Pneumograph:
that he likes. It is used for measuring the rate of respiratory activity of the
individual.
A specimen of this technique is given in Appendix III. It is
said the portions supplied reveal wishes, anxieties conflicts, 2. Plenthysmograph:
healthy or unhealthy attitudes. The examiner tries to see the It is used for measuring the individual’s Blood pressure.
total pattern of attitudes and feelings revealed in the series of
responses and uses it as part of the total study of the 3. Shymograph:
This method was propounded by Sigmund Freud, the father It is used for measuring the activity-of-heart.
Two types of tests, in the Psycho-analytic method of It is used for measuring the electrical activity in the human
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology
Healthy people differ significantly in their overall between questions and answers. For example, people may
personality, mood, and behavior. However, a sudden, major jump from one topic to another without ever finishing a
change in personality or behavior, particularly one that is thought called as flight of idea.
not related to an obvious event (such as taking a drug or Disorganized behavior
losing a loved one), often indicates a problem. Disorganized behavior refers to doing quite unusual things
Changes in personality and behavior can be roughly (such as undressing or shouting in a class ) or to being
categorized as one of the following: unable to behave normally. People with disorganized
• Confusion or delirium behavior typically have trouble doing normal daily
• Delusions activities.
• Disorganized speech or behavior Hallucinations
These categories are not disorders. They are different types hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that are
of abnormal thought, speech, and behavior. These changes not actually there. That is, people perceive things,
in personality and behavior can be caused by physical or seemingly through their senses, that are not caused by an
people with confusion due to a drug interaction may have auditory hallucinations. Some types of hallucinations are
hallucinations, and people with mood extremes may have more likely to be caused by a neurologic disorder. For
consciousness in which people are less aware of their Mood extremes include outbursts of rage, periods of
environment and, depending on the cause, may be extreme elation such as mania. or no emotion such as
Speech may be slurred. Often, people do not know what day • Mental disorders
it is, and they may not be able to say where they are. • Drugs
Delusions • Medical disorders that affect mainly the brain
Delusions are fixed false beliefs that people hold despite • Systemic disorders that also affect the brain
evidence against those beliefs. Some delusions are based on Mental disorders
a misinterpretation of actual perceptions and experiences. It include
For example, people may feel persecuted, thinking that a Bipolar disorder, Depression, Schizophrenia, Posttraumatic,
person behind them on the college area is following them. stress disorder
Other delusions are easier to identify. For example, in Drugs
religious or grandiose delusions, people may believe they Drugs may affect personality or behavior when they cause
are god or the prime minister of the country. • Intoxication of drugs Particularly alcohol
Disorganized speech amounts), amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens (su
Disorganized speech refers to speech that does not contain ch as LSD), andphencyclidine (PCP)
the expected logical connections between thoughts or
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology
• Withdrawal: Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, • A complete blood count (CBC)
and opioids etc. • is not available
• Side effects (see Drug Effectiveness and Safety): Treatment:
Drugs intended to affect brain function The underlying condition is corrected or treated when
(including anticonvulsants,antidepressants, antipsych possible. Whatever the cause, people who are a danger to
otics, sedatives, and stimulants), drugs with themselves or others typically need to be hospitalized and
anticholinergic effects (such as antihistamines— treated whether they are willing or not. Many states require
seeAnticholinergic: What Does It Mean?), opioid that such decisions be made by someone appointed to make
pain relievers, and corticosteroids health care decisions for the mentally ill person (called
Medical disorders that mainly affect the brain a surrogate decision maker). If the person has not appointed
Medical disorders affecting mainly the brain include a decision maker, doctors may contact the next of kin, or a
• Alzheimer disease, meningitis, encephalitis, and court may appoint an emergency guardian.
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Brain People who are not dangerous to themselves or others can
tumors, Head injuries, Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson refuse evaluation and treatment, despite the difficulties their
disease, Seizure disorders, Stroke refusal may create for themselves and their family.
Warning signs Nursing and application of personality:
In people with changes in personality or behavior, certain Knowledge of personality will help the nurse to identify
symptoms and characteristics are cause for concern. These behaviour patients and others. Nurse should acquire skill and
warning signs include knowledge as well as developing good and strong
• Symptoms that appear suddenly personality. The entire patient and other person have different
• Attempts to harm themselves or others or threats to type of behaviour pattern. Personality testing enables the
do so identification of an individual’s personality characteristics.
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur