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Abstract: Showing concern for the high emission of green house gases, the governments all over the world are coming up

with more stringent rules to check the emission level. Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage is a highly energy intensive process

where huge amount of steam is generated by heating natural gas or coal thereby generating a very large share of green

house gases. Therefore, solar energy seems to be lucrative in the following ways: world areas with abundant solar

irradiation level can be tapped to reduce the fossil fuel consumption, minimizing the cost spent on fossil fuel and the
emissions level at the same time. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) looks a very promising technique but it comes with its

own limitations mainly due to the requirement for huge area for setting up the solar collectors. Water Soluble Carbon-N115

is a sub-micrometer particle that has size less than the wavelength of light. Due to this reason, instead of scattering light, it

absorbs light. The nano- particle gets

enveloped in a thin layer of steam when put in a 2

water bath. The vapour is released after reaching liquid-air interface and the nano-particles

revert back to the solution to repeat the vaporization process 2

and

they exchange heat with the fluid, slightly raising the fluid temperature resulting in boiling of the 2

fluid volume as a parallel effect. The paper discusses a model incorporating this nano-particle for the reduction of solar field
footprint by more than a quarter and thereby reducing the cost and operational area. The paper also suggests the places
across the globe where the proposed method can be deployed for generating steam and ultimately injecting it for producing

oil above the surface from a tar- sand reservoir. Introduction: Although the energy market is volatile at present, the
 International Energy Agency has forecasted that demand for oil will continue to escalate from 22
85 million barrels per day at present to 106 million barrel per day by 2030(

International Energy Agency, 2009). Owing to the relative ease of production; conventional crude oil is used in a huge scale
to bridge the energy gap. However, this has lead to depletion of light

oil reserves. Therefore, attention has switched to alternative sources, of which heavy crude oil and 16
natural-bitumen are perhaps the most readily available to meet short- and long-term needs (Z. J.
Chen, 2006).

Fig. 1 location for availability of tar sand, courtesy: tarsandsworld (Reference: - http://www.tarsandsworld.com/) Extra
Heavy, 25% Heavy, 15% Oil Sand and Bitumen, 30% Conventional, 30% Fig. 2 Distribution of oil deposits Tar sands are
sedimentary rocks (consolidated or unconsolidated) containing bitumen (solid or semisolid hydrocarbons) or other heavy
petroleum that, in natural state which stays immobile due to high viscosity. “Bitumen” is the name given to viscous liquids

or solid materials black or dark brown in colour having adhesive properties, consisting essentially 18
of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum or occurring in natural asphalt and soluble in carbon disulphide.
Bitumen is

found mixed with other component such as clay, water, etc., in sand known as “tar sand” and in Alberta’s bitumen deposits
tar sand is now called “oil sands”. Extraction methods of tar sands: Oil sands extraction process is a function of depth from

Earth’s surface. The reserves that are within 75 meters of Earth’s surface, it is obtained from

Surface mining and about 20 percent of the world’s oil sands are located close to the surface 14

where it is feasible. The resources that are more than 75 meters depth is extracted out through in-situ methods and about
80

percent of the world’s oil sands are located 14

beyond 75 meters depth. The two in-situ methods that are generally used are
 Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) and Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS). In CCS, steam is 14
injected into a production well

for a period. Then

the well is shut in and allowed to soak by steam for some period 32

before it returns into production. Initial oil drainage rate is high since initial oil saturation is high, reservoir pressure is more
and oil viscosity is less. With the advent of time, oil saturation decreases, reservoir pressure decrease and oil viscosity
becomes higher due to heat loss to the surrounding rocks leading to decline in rate. After some time, another batch of
steam is injected. Such cycles may be repeated several times.

SAGD is a thermal enhanced oil recovery process that was coined by Dr. Roger Butler, in 33

order to obtain

viscous heavy oil and bitumen by continuously pumping steam into the reservoir to reduce 4
the viscosity of the oil and simultaneously producing the mobilized oil

along with the cooled steam through a pair of parallel wells.

When steam is injected, a steam saturated zone is formed in which the temperature is essentially that of 3
the injected steam (Butler 1998). The steam flows towards the perimeter of the steam chamber and

condenses. The heat from the steam is transferred by thermal conduction into the surrounding reservoir. The
steam condensate and heated oil flow to the production well located below by gravity. As the oil flows away and

is produced, the steam chamber expands both upwards and sideways (Butler 1994). Two types of flow then exist
during this process. One at the ceiling of the steam chamber (ceiling drainage; bitumen is pulled away from the

front immediately after mobilization where steam rise usually impedes liquid drainage) and the other one along
the slopes of the steam chamber (slope drainage; gravity holds mobilized bitumen against the slope where

bitumen mobility is controlled by conduction heating from the steam zone) (et al.
2000)

The typical well configuration for SAGD is a pair of vertically aligned horizontal wells: one being the 4

injector well that injects steam to the reservoir that ultimately reduces the viscosity of oil and mobilizes it and other being
the producer well where oil along with condensed steam flows through to the surface. The

producer well is placed at the base of the 34

pay-zone to facilitate maximum reservoir drainage. Both the wells are directionally drilled for the accurate placement of the

wellbore in such a way that the vertical permeability is conducive for the melted bitumen to flow. The vertical spacing of

both the well is

a function of viscosity of the oil i.e. higher the 38

viscosity, lesser will be the distance between both the wells to reduce the start up period and to start the normal SAGD
operation (Butler, 1994). The time which is required for preheating the reservoir through thermal conduction is proportional

to the square of vertical separation between the two wells (Edmunds and Gittins, 1992). The spacing between the two wells

has to be balanced in such a way that it is short enough to reduce the preheating period and on the other side long enough
to reduce the steam coning potential into the production well.

To achieve a reasonable oil production rate, a pair of horizontal well 4

should have a length of 500-1000m. Fig. 3 Approximate allowable vertical separation between horizontal injector and

producer well for one year breakthrough time (Butler, 1994) The injector well placed above the production well injects

steam into the formation creating a steam saturated zone which is 39

known as
 steam chamber. Steam flowing through the edge of steam chamber releases latent heat of 4
vaporization to the formation and condenses, the viscous hydrocarbon gets mobilized and drains

by gravity to lower production well. Meanwhile, steam chamber

gets more volume to spread laterally and vertically with time under gravitational forces. Oil drainage prediction Butler et al.,
1981 gave a

gravity drainage theory that gives an analytical equation to predict the rate of oil drainage by 30
the steam

for single phase flow SAGD process by coupling Darcy’s law and heat transfer. They assumed a 1-D 1
quasi-steady state temperature distribution with heat conduction ahead of steam chamber edge as the
primary heat transfer mechanism. Butler’s (Butler et al., 1981) expression for bitumen rates are valid only for

the horizontal growth phase of steam chamber until the steam reaches the reservoir boundaries, is given by: 𝑞

= √2 𝛷 ΔSo κ g α H ..............................(1) 𝑚 Vos Tr 𝑚 = [Vos ∫Ts Vo Vor (T− Tr) ( 1 − 1 ) dT −1 ] .............................(2) Equation

1 states that the bitumen drainage rates are directly proportional to the square root of porosity (ϕ), 1
mobile oil saturation (ΔSo), reservoir permeability (k), acceleration due to gravity (g), thermal
diffusivity (α), and the thickness of the reservoir or bitumen column (h), and inversely proportional to the square

root of the Butler parameter (m) and the bitumen kinematic viscosity at steam temperature (𝜈𝑜𝑠). Butler’s

parameter “m” (Equation 2) relates the variation of bitumen viscosity to temperature and its values vary from 3-5
for typical heavy oils. The value of “m”

would be higher when the

gradient of viscosity with temperature is small, from reservoir to steam temperature. 1

Bitumen, typically, has such high values of “m" 1

ranging from 4-5.

This model has been derived for a snapshot of the mass transfer process at a particular instant in time 1
and is therefore does not vary with respect to time.

The

above model suggests a simple method to improve bitumen flow rates – by increasing the residual 1
oil saturation, reservoir permeability or by decreasing the oil viscosity. Butler and Stephens (1981) further
modified the above model, incorporating the concept of tangential drainage or “TANDRAIN”, by replacing the 2 in

above Equation 1 with 1.5 for accounting the extra head needed to move the draining bitumen sideways

to the producer. Butler also obtained another equation by substituting the 2 in (Equation 1)

with 1.3 and was called the Linear Drainage (LINDRAIN) approximation. These two modifications 1
improved the predictions for oil rate and yielded more accurate estimates for oil recovery. Over the years,

many more changes were done to Butler’s equation for example by Reis (1992; 1993) who

took into consideration the changing interface velocity by including

an empirical constant in the above equation 1 to account for changing interface velocity. In addition, 1

there were few other models developed later to understand bitumen flow in an unsteady state reference

frame (Alali et al, 2009).

Problems associated with SAGD SAGD seems to be attractive due to its simplicity from a theoretical point of view but it has

several issues during its operation. SAGD is highly energy intensive process that requires continuous steam injection for
prolonged period of time for keeping the steam chamber alive and mobilizing the oil. The energy balance analysis shows

that the energy injected by steam can be roughly categorized into three equal streams: one-third part is retained in steam

chamber, one third part is dissipated into formation rock lying outside the steam chamber and one third part is produced

back to surface (Yee and Stroich, 2004). Natural Gas or Coal is used to generate the steam with desired properties for the

injection into the well resulting into high emission of green house gases.
 In addition to continuous steam injection and excessive CO2 emissions, the SAGD process also 8
requires that the water from steam condensation be chemically treated. Overall, the disadvantages of

managing a SAGD project, as summarized by Deng (2005), are its intensive energy input, excessive CO2

emissions, and costly post- production water treatment.

Concentrated Solar Power

Thermal-EOR projects require a massive long-term thermal energy supply to heat the reservoir 13

and this is done generally in conventional SAGD by generating steam through coal or natural gas powered Once Through

Steam Generator (OTSG).

Concentrating solar power (CSP) could provide this energy at a low cost after the initial capital 13
investment

done on solar reflectors

hence; the two processes are well-matched, especially in locations with high levels of solar radiation. 13

Concentrated Solar Power, CSP for short, is a system that is based on concentrating the solar radiation onto a small area to

get high temperatures, typically, in the range of 400-1000℃. This thermal energy is used for generating steam that can be

used for Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage. CSP plant site selection The most suitable sites for CSP with respect to solar

irradiation are the world’s deserts. The global technical potential of CSP has been estimated at almost 3,000,000 TWh/year
which means 166 times higher

than the current world energy consumption of 18,000 TWh/ 41

year (C. S. O. T. P. C. H.-K. Franz Trieb, 2009) The important factors in CSP site selection are: - Availability of flat,

unpopulated land that is not environmentally sensitive or already being used. - Availability of large amounts of water for

cooling. - In order to apply CSP based SAGD, the availability of tar sand should be present in regions receiving suitable solar
irradiation levels. With the above constraints, the application of CSP becomes limited. Fig. 4 Potential sites for CSP with
respect to solar irradiation levels. (Source: Solar Millennium AG) Pale yellow: ‘Suitable’. Bright yellow: ‘Good’. Orange:
‘Outstanding’. Calculation for estimation of solar footprint: The steam produced for heating bitumen in SAGD is produced by

burning natural gas and heating water with it. In the proposed model natural gas will be replaced by sunlight, Area

calculation:- Assuming water to initially be at 50°C and 1.013 bar Hence the enthalpy of water at this condition is hin =

209.33 kJ/kg For steam injection we need water to be at 500°C and 70 bar Hence the enthalpy of water at this condition is

hout = 3411.25 kJ/kg Generally in SAGD operation the steam is injected at the rate of 70 to 100 tons per day, hence 85 tons

per day is assumed. It is stated by Heel et. al, 2010 that

‘cyclic steam injection and constant rate steam-injection give the same cumulative oil recovery if the 17
same cumulative amount of steam is injected into the reservoir in the same time-span’.

On that basis we assumed that the sun is visible for 8 hrs a day and during that time the intensity of sunlight is constant. So

we need to inject steam at the rate of Mass flow Rate = (85*1000 kg)/ (8 hrs * 3600 s) = 2.9518 kg/s to have the same

cumulative effect of general SAGD Hence the power needed to be supplied to water is Power (P) = Mass flow rate * (hout -
hin) This comes out to be 9451.42 kW The power generated by CSP depends on the area is covers assuming that the solar

intensity is uniformly 5 kWh/m2day or 208.33 W/m2, and efficiency of this conversion is 50% P = η (efficiency) * Intensity of

sun * Area which should be equal to the power need to heat water up to injection conditions. The area from this comes out

to be 90735 m2 ................................… (3) N115 Carbon Black This is a nanoparticle which can absorb light across the solar

spectrum and use that energy to heat up water converting it to steam. It can produce steam well above 100°C. Particle size
of N115 carbon black particles are roughly 88.5nm to 122.5nm.

The larger particle size is due to the nanoparticle agglomeration 9

(Meng, Z., 2012). Fig. 5

Carbon particles N115 dispersed in water under solar exposure 2

(Neumann, O., 2013) Working Mechanism of Nano-Particle Carbon black nano particle absorbs sunlight and raises its

temperature, as it grows hotter it starts vaporizing the water on its interface. Once vapor starts appearing

at the particle liquid interface, the nanoparticle is enveloped in a thin layer of steam with a reduced 2
thermal conductance compared to the liquid. Under continued illumination, the vapor volume increases,

may possibly coalesce with other nanobubble complexes, and eventually moves to the liquid air interface, where
 the vapor is released and the nanoparticles revert back to the solution to repeat the vaporization process

(Neumann, O., 2013). While steam is produced virtually instantaneously and quite vigorously, even explosively,

depending on illumination geometry, the nanoparticles remain in the fluid volume and are not conveyed into the

vapor phase. As the nanoparticles move to the liquid vapor interface, they exchange heat with the fluid, slightly

raising the fluid temperature

(Neumann, O., 2013).

A thermodynamic analysis shows that 80% of the absorbed sunlight is converted into water vapor and 11
only 20% of the absorbed light energy is converted into heating of the surrounding liquid.

During prolonged periods of illumination, the bulk temperature of the liquid gradually increases, 2
ultimately resulting in conventional boiling of the fluid volume as a parallel effects. However, because

there is no need to heat the fluid, the process is intrinsically more efficient than any vapor-producing method that

requires volume heating of the fluid in macroscopic quantities, such as conventional thermal sources

(Neumann, O., 2013). Characteristics of N115 Carbon Nano Particle The

carbon black nanofluids have good solar absorption ability, and the ability enhances as the volume 9
fraction increases, even if the volume fraction is very low

(Meng, Z., 2012). Fig.

6 Photo-thermal properties of carbon black nanofluids 9

(Meng, Z., 2012) With the increment in temperature,

Brownian motion of nanoparticles enhances and the interaction between nanoparticles weakens. 9
Therefore, carbon black nanofluids show small viscosity at high temperatures which helps to

better the heat transfer efficiency of nanofluids. From the figure

7, it can be known that with the increase in temperature of the carrier fluid; the thermal conductivities of these nano fluids

increase. Similarly, with the increment in volume fraction, thermal conductivities of the nano-fluids are increasing.

As a result, the carbon black nanofluids have high potentials for the application of solar energy 19
utilization (Meng, Z., 2012). Fig. 7 Thermal conductivity of nanofluids

as a function of carbon black volume fraction (Meng, 19

Z., 2012) Proposed Model The components of the proposed model consists of a Water Bath containing N115 Carbon Nano-

fluid, Enclosed Glass Trough, Injector well, Production well, Produced Oil and Condensed water separation system, Crude oil

Storage Tank and Water Recycling Arrangement. Fig. 8 Water Bath containing N115 Carbon Nano-fluid A water-bath

containing N115 Carbon Nano fluid is shown in figure 8. A Fresnel lens that can adjust according to the direction of the Sun

is mounted on top of the water bath. The water-bath has one inlet pipe where recycled water enters in it from the produced
oil and condensed water separation facility. The quantity of water bath depends on the flow-rate at which steam should be

injected. The water bath consists of 6.6% nano-fluid by volume and the solution is stirred for the uniform distribution of

nano-fluid in the water bath, for uniform heating and to avoid sedimentation effect. There is a plate separation as seen in the

figure 8. Its height is designed in such a way that the nano-particle would fall back into the solution and hence minimizing

the loss of nano-fluid to the produced steam. On the right side of the plate separation in the water bath, the condensed
steam along with few nano-fluids would fall and it can re-enter to left side of the plate through a non-return valve. The steam

leaves the water bath at a temperature well above the boiling point and goes through the outlet towards the concentrated

solar parabolic trough to get converted into superheated steam at desired temperature. Enclosed Glass Trough “Enclosed

trough” is the construction of concentrating solar collectors that is enclosed in a glass structure; agricultural greenhouse

(Fig.9) .The parabolic mirrors are lightweight and are suspended within the framework of glass. The framework of glass not

only provides structural support but also protects the collector from wind, moisture, erosion by sand on the surface of the
collector thereby increasing the life of the collector. The enclosed-trough glasshouse structure consists of

an automated roof-washing system that can clean the roof surface when the collectors are 31

not operating during night. Dust infiltration is reduced by positive pressure from

an air-handling unit (AHU), which provides filtered, dried air at slight overpressure within the 28
structure in all conditions.
This is designed to cope with intense dust storms of long duration. (Wilson, A. 2015) Fig. 9 Diagram of enclosed-trough

solar system. (1) Roof-washing system; (2) glasshouse; (3)tubular glass shields; (4) lightweight parabolic mirrors; (5) steel

rods suspending receivers; (6)AHU. Fig. 10 Design of the proposed model The Water Bath containing the nano-fluids would

generate steam

at a temperature of around 115 °C and a pressure 40

slightly above the atmospheric pressure directly from water and would send it ahead to Concentrated Solar Parabolic

Trough. The Concentrated Parabolic Trough would heat the steam to superheated steam to 500°C, 70 bar pressure

at a mass flow rate of 2.95 kg/ s. The 37

superheated steam is accumulated at the steam header until the desired pressure is not reached and then injected through

injector well. After the pre-heating period, the oil after the reduction of viscosity starts flowing towards the producer well
along with the condensed water is produced on the surface. The stream from the producer well passes through the oil and

water separation facility where the recycled water enters to the water-bath and the oil is stored in the storage tank for its

further transportation to refineries. About 90% of the injected water can be obtained from Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage.

Results and Findings after the addition of nano-paricle: Addition of nano particles in the water bath will result in creating

steam at 100-115°C, so the CSP will only be required to take the steam to 500°C. For the latter part i.e. heating steam from

100°C, 1.013 bar to 500°C, 70 bar the area required by CSP will be. Initially CSP will have steam at 100°C and 1.013 bars
Hence the enthalpy of steam at this condition is hin = 2675.58 kJ/kg Similar to the previous calculations the area will then

come out to be 20847 m2 … (4) For the former part i.e. heating water from 50°C to steam at 100°C area required by CSP is

the difference between (3) and (4) i.e. about 70000 m2 Effect of Nano Particles:- The nanofluid will be kept initially under a

Fresnel lens on a large scale to generate steam at 100°C, addition of nano particle to the nano fluid increases the thermal

conductivity of water.

When the volume fraction increases, the effective medium increases. As a result, the thermal 7
conductivity increases with the volume fraction. As mentioned above, the solar adsorption ability also
enhances with the volume fraction. However, as the concentration of carbon black increases, the viscosity and

flow resisting force increases. Thus, the heat transfer efficiency decreases. Therefore, there should be an

optimum volume fraction. Considering these thermal properties, the 6.6 vol. % carbon black nanofluids have

better solar thermal utilization properties

(Meng, Z., 2012). Stated by Neumann, O., 2013

 ‘A thermodynamic analysis shows that 80% of the absorbed sunlight is converted into water vapor and 11
only 20% of the absorbed light energy is converted into heating of the surrounding liquid’

by the nano particles. Assuming the heat transfer ratio of the 42

Fresnel lens is 95% which is the general efficiency of this lens. So net efficiency of this process will be ηt = ηnf * ηfl be the

product of both the individual efficiency. Hence ηt = 0.736 Area needed by this method E = ηt * I *A = m (kg/s) * (hout - hin) I
= 208.33 W/m2 m = 2.95 kg/m2 hin = 2675.58 kJ/kg hout = 209.33 kJ/kg Area comes out to be 47,444 m2, which is 22556

m2 less than what was required earlier. Area reduction = 22556/90000 = 0.2506 or 25.06% reduction in the total area.
PIPESIM MODEL Design of the well: (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 11 (a) Deviation survey, (b) Injector Well Design, (c) Tubular details, (d)
Reservoir conditions The deviation of well, injector well design, reservoir condition was assumed based on general data

available on SAGD wells (as mentioned in Shen, C., 2013) The steam pressure is determined based on the reservoir pressure
and the pressure loss happening across the well bore length. The pressure should be high enough i.e. more than reservoir

pressure at the toe end of the wellbore. PRESSURE LOSS Fig. 12 Pressure loss in transmission of steam inside the model
reservoir From the model simulation the pressure dropout is observed as 23 bar from the well head (70 bar) to the bottom
hole (47 bar). The temperature of the steam should be high enough for the creation of steam chamber zone after the

temperature loss along the wellbore length. More the steam temperature reaching the reservoir more will be the oil
drainage. The following properties were assumed: So=0.825, Sor=0.175, Φ= 0.825, k= 0.4 µm2, h= 20m, α=8*10-7m2/s,

TR=12°C Fig. 13 Calculated drainage rate for 3 Crude Oil. (Butler, 1994) Temperature (degC) 600 500 Temp (°C) 400 300 200
100 0 Total Distance (ft) Fig. 14 Temperature loss in transmission of steam through injection well The net temperature drop
observed in the simulated model is 334°C (500°C to 166°C). This shows that the fluid which is being injected inside the

reservoir is at 48 bars and 166°C. FEASIBILITY OF THIS PROCESS The solar irradiance of countries which already
possessed tar sand to check the feasibility of this designed process in those countries. The graphs represent monthly

average solar intensity of available in the country. Venezuela Avg. Solar Intensity kWh/m2/day 6 8

4 2 0 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov 15

Congo Avg. Solar Intensity 8 kWh/m2

/day 6 4 2 0 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov 15

Nigeria Avg. Solar Intensity kWh/m2/day 6 8

 4 2 0 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov 15

Madagascar Avg. Solar Intensity 8 kWh/m2

/day 6 4 2 0 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Fig. 15

14 Solar intensity graph of different prospective countries Courtesy: Solar electricity handbook VENEZUELA

Production (current): 600,000 barrels per day Production (projected): 2,100,000 barrels per day 12
Deposits (in place): 2,500.00 billion barrels Deposits (recoverable): 300.00 billion barrels

Approximately 300 bn bbl of bitumen estimated to be recoverable (largest recoverable deposit on 12

earth), too deep for surface mining in 88-92% of the territory. In situ (SAGD & CSS) required.

Venezuela receives higher intensities of solar radiation than proposed model; this energy will result in further reduction in
area making the process more economic. Also with the same area the energy can be used for higher cumulative steam
injection which will result in higher cumulative production of bitumen. NIGERIA

Production (current): 0 barrels per day Deposits (in place): 30.00 billion barrels Deposits (recoverable): 5
4.00 billion barrels

One major bitumen belt of many tar sands deposits, in the southwest of the country along 120km's of 5
coastline. Total size of the deposits are over 30 bn bbl in-place, estimates of 3 to 3.5 bn bbl recoverable;
proved reserves currently 1.1 bn bbl of synthetic oil.

Geological studies have shown higher oil yield per unit in Nigeria over that of the Athabasca tar sands. 5
From the Fig 14 about 5 months the solar intensity of Nigeria is less than 5 kWh/m2day but the prospect here is promising

enough to use the process here with little less efficiency, or a hybrid model can be used with steam produced will be a
combined production by this process and natural gas in the day and night time respectively. CONGO

Production (current): 0 barrels per day Production (projected): 30,000 barrels per day Deposits 6
(recoverable): 2.50 billion barrels

There are two main tar sands bitumen deposits, both in the Congo Basin. Combined total of deposits (in 6
an area slightly less than 1800 km2) estimated between 500 million and 2.5 billion bbl recoverable.

The

tropical forest cover of the approximately 1800 square km permit area is roughly 70%; 6

this is an issue for the area required for this process. The solar irradiance seems very prospective as per the calculations.
This is a positive sign.

MADAGASCAR Production (current): 30,000 barrels per day Production (projected): 280,000 barrels per 10
day Deposits (in place): 200.00 billion barrels Deposits (recoverable): 25.00 billion barrels

There are two main tar sands bitumen deposits. Tsimiroro contains approximately 9.3 bn bbl 10
recoverable, Bemolanga contains between 9.8 and 16 bn bbl recoverable. This places Madagascar among
the largest tar sands holding countries on earth.

The solar irradiance of Madagascar is also very promising based on the requirements of this process, in the months where
the intensity is higher than required we can pump more steam into the reservoir which will increase the cumulative injection
hence resulting in higher cumulative production [http://www.tarsandsworld.com/]. CO2 EMISSION Energy required per day

to continue SAGD operation as per suggested model using natural gas is 272207.912 MJ or in terms of natural gas it is
248796.19 cubic ft is required. The carbon footprint generated will be 53.4586 metric ton per day (7
 .07 × 10-4 metric tons CO2/kWh as per AVERT, U.S. national weighted average CO2 marginal 29
emission

per kilo watt hour, year 2017 data) assuming all the GHG produced by natural gas is in the form of C02. CONCLUSION ? Area
Reduction: From the calculation, the reduction of solar footprint area came out about 25%. This reduction in area gives new

hope to regions where Concentrated Solar Power was not appearing lucrative due to larger land requirement. This would
also help in synergizing the Oil and Gas exploration and production work with renewable energy. ? Feasibility in terms of

location: - Venezuela receives higher intensities of solar radiation than proposed model; hence it becomes an ideal spot for
CSP application and with the proposed model it looks even better. - In Nigeria, the solar intensity is lower than the proposed
model for 5 months hence CSP does not look as attractive as it appears in Venezuela due to the requirement of larger area

but with the proposed model even Nigeria can tap the benefit of Sun. Even a hybrid model i.e. the combination of Once
Through Steam Generator and Proposed Model appears profitable here. - In Congo, the

tropical forest cover of the approximately 1800 square km permit area is roughly 70%; 6

this is an issue for the area required for the application of CSP since it requires unpopulated region with minimal forest
cover but with the proposed model, less amount of tropical forest cover is required to be removed hence boosting the
prospect of tar-sand production there. - In Madagascar, the solar irradiance and tar-sand deposits make the proposed model

feasible. This model does not seem to fit in parts of Canada and Russia since they do not receive solar irradiance levels. ?
GHG Emission: For the steam generation of energy intensive SAGD, 248796.19 cubic ft natural gas is required in the

calculations and assumptions made by us. This amounts to nearly emission of 53 metric ton of CO2 on a daily basis. The
proposed model can check this hazardous level emission. ? Cost Reduction: The initial capital investment that would be
higher than conventional SAGD but lower than Concentrated Solar Power Technique. In longer run, the proposed model can

reduce the operating expenditure spent on natural gas or coal, and also the infrastructure for transportation needed to bring
it on the plant. ? Economic Feasibility: The proposed model can be used for generating electricity after the abandonment of

well and with the enclosed trough technology, the life of the reflector would also increase hence it would continue to be a
profitable asset in longer run. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors of this paper sincerely thank Dr. R.K Jain, Mr. Nishith Desai
and Mr. Mathew Joseph for the technical support. We also express our gratitude towards Miss Saumya Narayan, Mr.

Bhautik Gajera and Mr. Saptarshi Pan for their unparalleled contribution which added great value to our paper. REFERENCE

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