LPN Metallurgy Research center (Thailand) Ltd. Document No.

: WTM-053

SAFETY PROCEDURE IN Issue No. : V00 Page : 1/15

RADIOGRAPHIC WORK Date of Issue : 19 / Nov / 2011

SAFETY PROCEDURE IN RADIOGRAPHIC WORK

Prepared by Approved Approved

Revision
Description (Client’s
No. Date Representative)
Review /
Approved for V00 19-11-11
Application

Mr.Surasak Phoomool Dr.Asa Prateepasen

NDE Level II NDE Level III

Total page in this procedure ( Including cover ) 14

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CONTENTS

1. Scope …………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 3

2. General ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3

3. References …………………………………………………………..……………………………… 3

4. Radioactive Source and Radiographic Equipment …………………………………………….. 4

5. Preparation of Safety Devices ……………………………………………………………………. 4

6. Radiography Supervisor, Chief Radiographer and Crew ……………………………………… 5

7. Storing of Radiographic Equipment and Radioactive Sources ………………………………. 6

8. Transportation of Radiographic Equipment and Radioactive Source ……………………….. 6

9. Inspection, Maintenance and Care of Radiographic Equipment …………………………….. 7

10. Establishment of Restricted area and Shielding ………………………………………………. 7

11. Radiographic Work with Exposure ……………………………………………………………… 8

12. Personal Radiation Exposure Dose Control & Dose Limits ………………………………….. 9

13. Health Examination ……………………………………………………………………………….. 10

14. Contingency (Emergency) Plan and Actions ………………………………………………….. 10

ATTACHMENT A: Safety Distance VS Strength Chart……………………………………………. 13

ATTACHMENT B: Job Safety Analysis (Radiographic Work) …………………………………… 14

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SAFETY PROCEDURE IN RADIO GRAPHIC WORK

1. Scope :

This procedure is to be followed and applied as the radiation safety-requirements in performing

Radiographic Work using Gamma Exposure Device (Camera) and Portable X-Ray Equipment for the
purpose of Non-Destructive Examination in open sites and workshops carried out by LPN Metallurgy
Research center (Thailand) Ltd.

2. General :

This procedure is arranged for the purpose of radiation safety in radiographic work. The objective
of the procedure is to protect all workers on site and general public from receiving non-acceptable levels
of the ionization radiation. The objective is achieved by monitoring radiation boundaries and post barrier,
having adequate separation distance from the source, requiring the use of collimators, providing
maximum shielding from the source, following this procedure and requiring safe work practices by those
involved with Radiography. The effective dose to individuals and radiation level shall not exceed the
limits which prescribed in Ministerial Regulations with reference to the ICRP Recommendations, and
specified in applicable regulations and the project safety requirements. Radiography supervisor shall
endeavor to minimize radiation exposure to radiographic personnel under the principle of ALARA, the
acronym for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable" which means making every effort to maintain
radiation exposure as far below the dose limits as is practical.
The overall outcome of exposure to ionization is initiated by damage to the cell which is the basic
unit of any organism. The effects of radiation are of two types namely Somatic Effect and Genetic Effect.
As exposure of any part of a human body to Radioactivity can be highly injurious, it is essentially
required that, wherever X-Ray or Gamma-Ray or any other radioactive sources is used, the
Radiographic Work shall comply with all of the stipulations in this procedure, Ministerial Regulations
(Atomic Energy for Peace Act) and project safety requirements. All radiation sources must be licensed by
Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP)
This procedure includes the controlling and operative requirements for storing and handling of
radiographic equipment including radioactive sources, and radiographic work with radiographic
personnel's duties and responsibilities thereof, but not for work in dark-rooms such as chemical
development or fixing of radiographed films and interpretation of radiography on quality which are
specified otherwise.
The radiographic equipment with accessories, consumable and radioactive sources, which are
provided for the purpose of Non-Destructive Examination for the welds or materials, must not be used for
any other purpose.
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The regulations appropriate to country of operation are mandatory. Personnel carry out
radiographic examination at the premises of client shall observe specific safety rules, “permit to work
system” and safe working procedures which may apply to the plant, equipment or machine

3. References :

 Practical Radiation Safety Manual (IAEA)

 IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) Safety Series
 Ministerial Regulations: Atomic Energy for Peace Act (OAP)
 Gamma Radiography Radiation Safety Handbook (Amersham)

 Operation and Maintenance Manual of Gamma Radiography Systems

(Amersham/Sentinel)
 SMART User Manual (YXLON)
 Publications of ICRP (International Commission on Radiation Protection)
 Codes of Federal Regulations
 Working Safety in Gamma Radiography (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission)
 American National Standard for General Radiation Safety- Installation Using Non-Medical
X-Ray and
 Sealed Gamma-Ray Sources up to 10 MeV (ANSI N43.3-1993)
 Clients’ Requirements for Onsite Radiography Services

4. Radioactive Source and Radiographic Equipment :

4.1 Nature and Property of Radioactive Source

Iridium -192 isotope is used as a radiation source. It's a very hard metal of the platinum
family and its density is 22.4 g/cm². Its half life is 74.4 days. Its gamma ray spectrum is complex
containing at least 24 spectrum lines with prominent energy level of 0.13 MeV, 0.31 MeV, 0.47
Mev, 0.60 Mev . The Iridium source is radiographically comparable with X-ray from the unit
operation at 500 KV. One curie of Iridium source gives 0.48 roentgens per hour at a distance of
one meter. The thickness range for which the source should be used is about 100 mm steel.

4.2 Gamma Exposure Device and System Equipment

4.2.1 Exposure device using in radiographic work carried out by LPN-Sentinel 880 –
serves as the storage and transport device for radioactive source assembly. It
consists of a steel housing which contains approximately 11-15.5 Kg. of depleted
uranium shielding material. When the source is properly stored in the exposure
device, the radiation intensity in the vicinity of the exposure device is well
below the regulatory limit.
4.2.2 The source connectors of model 880 are designed to be fail-save so that the
system cannot be operated (source exposed) unless a secure connection of the
source assembly to the drive cable is made. The control connect has a three-
position selector ring - OPERATE, LOCK, and CONNECT.
For maximum safety when the control unit and guide tube are disconnected
from the exposure device, the connector should be in the LOCK position with
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the lock and storage cover engaged and the key removed.

4.3 Maximum Activity of Radioactive Source for Use

The maximum allowed activity of the source to be use shall be as per clients’ safety
requirements and capacity of device.

4.4 X-Ray Equipment

Portable X ray Equipment operating at 300 kV or less will be used when the requirements
is specified.

5. Preparation of Safety Devices :

5.1 The radiographers shall prepare for measurement of radiation strength or actual disclosure
rate and their personal accumulated dose.

1) Radiation Survey Meter

 at least zero to 50 mR/hr (500 μSv/hr)range of intensities can be measured,
 be calibrated every year by Office of Atoms for Peace (O.A.P.), Ministry of Science
& Technology.

2) Film-badge or OSL
Film badges or OSL are replaced 3 months and monitored by Radiation Protection
Department, Ministry of Science and Technology.

5.2 The radiographic personnel shall prepare the following safety items for the Safe Radiographic
Operation. These applicable safety items shall be made available on site when using isotope or X-Ray
for radiography.

1) Rope (yellow color) and Rope supporting devices

2) Warning flags, Sign-boards and lamps
3) Emergency tools and equipment such as long handling tongs, Lead pot
4) Collimator
5) Loudspeaker or Siren or Whistle
6) Lead covers for master guide tube
7) Lead shields such as lead sheet, lead apron, lead gauntlet for radiographic operators
protection.
8) Bag of lead shots

6. Radiography Supervisor, Chief Radiographer and Crew:

6.1 All of the radiography shall be performed under the direction of the radiography supervisor
responsible for the radiographic work.

6.2 Prior to commencement of the radiographic work, radiographic crews are organized. Each
crew consists of one chief radiographer who is competent enough and well experienced for
the work and two assistants.
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6.3 Level II radiographic personnel shall be on site audit from time to time to ensure that
performing radiographic work is in compliance with safety regulations, safety practices and
the project safety requirements.

6.4 The radiographic work shall be performed by the designated crew under supervision of its
chief radiographer.

6.5 Chief radiographer shall carefully supervise operating conditions and perform radiographic
work in accordance with procedures, to ensure that adequate precaution are provided to
guard the engaged workers and others in the vicinity against radioactive exposure and any
other accidents. Work preparation must be checked against the Radiographic Safety Check
Sheet and signed off by the chief radiographer.

6.6 In addition to the above, the chief radiographer's duties and responsibilities will include, but
not be limited to:
1) Supervision of storing and handling of radiographic equipment and radioactive sources.
2) Instructing and leading the engaged workers to maintain safe operation.
3) Regularly checks to ensure that the equipment with accessories and safety devices are
in proper condition.

4) Controlling daily operation record and reporting to designated person.

5) Raise an unsafe work conditions and unsafe acts.

7. Storing of Radiographic Equipment and Radioactive Equipment and Radioactive Source :

7.1 The Gamma-Ray Camera together with radioactive source and X-ray equipment shall be
stored in a designated storage area.

7.2 Radioactive Storage Pit shall be of semi-underground construction with padlock device on the
door.

7.3 Radioactive Source shall always be positioned inside camera when it is not in use, and never
be bared, un-capsuled or unsealed.

7.4 Camera with radioactive source being stored shall always be plugged in front and rear ends.

7.5 The pit shall be sheltered, and moreover fenced around to make controlled area. The fence
made of bared wire or strong rope and "RADIOACTIVE" signs shall be posted at easily visible
point.

7.6 Disclosed radioactive rate shall be measured at the boundary of controlled area by survey
meter or by other suitable means each time the camera is brought in to or taken out of the
storage area, and at least once a week if the camera is not used longer than a week. The
result of measurements shall be recorded and reported to the designated person.

8. Transportation of Radiographic Equipment and Radioactive Sources :

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8.1 Transportation of Gamma ray camera together with source shall be by vehicle provided with
"RADIOACTIVE" signs from the storage area to field site for radiographic work and from field
site to the storage area after radiographic work completed.

8.2 Vehicle shall be in good operation condition and carry the normal complement of safety
equipment such as "Radiation" area signs, calibrated survey meter, rope, a spare tire, set of
vehicle tools flash light, emergency equipment and written procedures.

8.3 The camera (source container) shall be placed securely in the interior of the vehicle or
securely in the steel box. Before placing the camera in the vehicle, operator ensure that the
equipment has been inspected for proper operation condition, the connector of camera is in
the LOCK position with the lock, storage cover engaged, key removed and camera is properly
marked, and labeled.

8.4 Only Radiographic Personnel should travel in a vehicle carrying a camera together with
source. All persons in that vehicle shall be wearing individual film badge and dosimeter.

8.5 The operator shall ensure that the radiation level of driver's compartment and readily
accessible place around the vehicle shall not exceed 0.75 mR/hr (7.5 μSv/hr).

8.6 Transportation of X-ray Equipment shall be as a complete set with tube head cover. X-ray
Equipment shall be placed in the metal container where required.

8.7 The speed limit of vehicle carrying radiation source shall be of 80 km/hr.

9. Inspection, Maintenance & Care Radiographic Equipment :

9.1 Each day before starting work, Radiographic Equipment and its control system shall be
checked for obvious defects to make sure they are in good working order.

9.2 Care and maintenance of the Radiographic equipment is to be made according to the
direction of Manufacturer's Operation and Maintenance Manual. Such maintenance shall be
recorded and kept for future reference.

9.3 Radiographic Equipment and control units shall be inspected and maintained every 3 months.

9.4 No maintenance of Radiographic equipment that removal of the radioactive source is to be

undertaken on site.

10. Establishment of Restricted Area and Shielding :

10.1 Prior to radiographing, Radiographic Crew shall establish the restricted area where nobody
except the Radiographic Personnel is allowed to access during the exposure.

10.2 The radiographers shall make the measurement of actual radiation rate on tentative
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exposure by survey meter or other suitable means or both.

10.3 The restricted area shall be under consideration of source type, source activity, exposure
time, shielding material and distance. The distance is calculated by using the following basic
formula:

X= ( A x D / P D )
where
X = Distance between the boundary of restricted area and the source in meter.
A = Source activity ( radiation level ) in Curies for Gamma Ray or 1 for X ray
D = Dose rate at 1 meter ( 480 mR/hr or 4800 μSv/hr for Ir-192 )
PD = Pre-limited dose rate at the boundary of restricted area in mR/hr or μSv/hr
Dose rate at 1m for the X Ray Equipment shall be referred to the manufacturer’s technical
literature or verified by the short test with X-Ray equipment. The Calculated distance with
relation to source activity for Ir-192 is shown in Exhibit A.

10.4 It is necessary to measure intensity (dose rate) at known distance with predetermine
ampere and kilovoltage settings for determining the safety distance of radiography with
X-Ray equipment. Then find out the safety distance by applying the inverse square law or
basic formula shown above.

10.5 Any change in X ray machine settings (i.e. kV or mA) requires a new intensity (dose rate)
measurement and recalculation, otherwise measurement during short test and calculation
shall be based on maximum values of ampere and kilovolt to be used in the examination.

10.6 In case of operation location is closed with the occupied area or safe distance is beyond the
boundary of available barrier, shielding shall be provided to ensure that radiation levels are

not being exceeded at the barrier. Required shielding thickness shall be calculated and
actual dose rate measurement at set boundary shall be done to determine the effectives of
any shielding. Shielding material and thickness for the reduction of radiation level is related
to the gamma radiation source type and X-Ray energy as shown in the following table.
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10.7 Maximum reading at the barrier shall not exceed 0.75 mR/hr (7.5 μSv/hr).

10.8 According to the result of measurements and calculation, the restricted area shall be established
by surrounding with rope consists of the flags with radiation warning symbol which mark noticeable,
"RADIOGRAPHING" in every 3 feet (1 m). The crew must advise and alert public to be aware of this
hazardous area and banned to enter this area.

10.9 The actual radiation dose rate at the boundary shall be verified in the beginning and periodically
while radiographic examination is carried out.

11. Radiographic Work With Exposure :

11.1 All personnel working within the restricted area shall continuously bear individual film-
badges at all times on person during radiographic work.

11.2 All radiographers should clip personal pocket dosimeter firmly to their clothing. Read
dosimeter periodically during radiography to make sure that there is no unknowingly
radiation exposure.

11.3 "Daily Inspection Record for Radiographic Safety" shall be prepared, safety check list shall
be checked and all of the applicable safety instructions shall be carried out. Such records
and check sheets shall be sent to designated person in daily basis.

11.4 The Radiographic operators shall confirm before exposure that the restricted area has been
roped or fenced around, and warning sign markers have been provided. And also warning
lamps have been provided at night.

11.5 Before and during the exposure, one of the members of the engaged crew with loudspeaker,
if permitted, or whistle shall work as watch man, to warn and stop anybody approaching and
entering the restricted area.

11.6 Dose rate at the boundaries of the restricted area shall be measured from time to time to
confirm that radiation intensity outside the roped area does not exceed 0.75 mR/hr (7.5
μSv/hr).

11.7 The operation of radiographic equipment for exposure shall be performed by the chief
radiographer or under his supervision.

11.8 After exposure is completed, radioactive source shall be positioned and secured inside the
camera. The radiation survey shall be done to ensure that the source has returned to its fully
shielded position in the camera. X ray equipment shall be powered off after required post
cooling period and electrical plug shall be removed.

11.9 Visual and audible signal shall be deactivated only after radioactive source has been
secured or electrical plug is removed and it is safe for "unauthorized" personnel to return
within this area. Radiation warning sign and all other radiation equipment on site shall be
removed after completion of radiographic work.
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12. Personal Radiation Exposure Dose Control and Limits :

12.1 Personal exposure dose control for Radiographic operators engaged in the radiographic
work shall be made by monitoring personal film badge for monthly accumulative dose
measurement. "Quarterly Report of Occupational Radiation Exposure" shall be prepared,
kept and reported to designated person.

12.2 Dosimeter shall be charged at the start of the work, record the initial reading and reading at
the end of work in the Form of "Daily Record of Personal Radiation Exposure Dose" for
intermittent monitoring. Personal Radiation Dose Report (Monthly)" shall be prepared,
maintained and reported to designated person.

12.3 The accumulated dose of radiation received for each radiographer shall be regularly
complied and updated.

12.4 A health record including any results available from medical examination should be existed
for every worker exposed to ionization radiation.

12.5 All of the radiographers shall be kept aware of exposure dose which received by them, and
monitored by designated safety controller so that necessary action shall be taken to reduce
the exposure.

12.6 Individual below the age of 18 shall not be involved in radiographic work.

12.7 The effective dose to the radiographic personnel shall be within the regulatory dose limits.
Permissible effective occupational dose limits, averaged over 5 years, is 2 rem (20 mSv) per
year. Maximum permissible occupational dose is 5 rem (50 mSv) in any single year. If the
clients’ safety requirements specify for the lower dose limits, it shall be followed strictly.

12.8 If radiographic personnel lose a film badge, "Notional" dose equivalent to one twelfth of
Maximum dose permitted annually is to be recorded for that individual’s monthly dose. (E.g.
5 rem x 1/12=0.4 rem)

12.9 Dose limits for members of the public exposed in the course of radiographic work shall be
100 mrem (1 mSv) in a year.

13. Health Examination :

13.1 All personnel engaged in the radiographic work shall be medically examined every year.

13.2 When personal accumulative dose has exceed or anticipated to exceed three quarter (3/4)
of the criterion, the radiographer shall be medically examined immediately.

13.3 When there is any suspicion of the measurement results, the radiographic operators shall be
medically examined immediately.

14. Contingency (Emergency) Plan & Action :

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14.1 Contingency plan is developed to handle Radiation related to incidents such as losing
control of radioactive source, leaking source, fire involving radioactive source, radiation spill,
lost or stolen sources, etc. Radiographic personnel shall act to eliminate any danger that
exist in an emergency situation in which something has gone wrong unpredictably, and
make sound judgment to improvise procedures and actions that would work safely in
particular situation. The first step is to recognize that a dangerous situation exists. An
emergency situation must be recognized before any suitable response can be made.
In all cases of incident, the radiography supervisor shall inform the site safety
officers, site manager and operation manager/service manager as soon as he/she
acknowledge of the incident.

14.2 The general actions in the event of the Radioactive Hazard

14.2.1 Using the survey meter, measure the dose rate around the area and establish
barrier, Radiation warning notices provided, display a warning lights, audible
warning signs around this hazardous radiation area.
14.2.2 Inform the safety officer or in charge of the area immediately and public shall be
informed via loudspeaker about Radiation Hazard.
14.2.3 Call for assistance from radiography supervisor.
14.2.4 Radiography supervisor shall check that the barrier, warning signals, and notices
are satisfactory and the access to the radiation area is under control.
14.2.5 Think and plan carefully a course of actions while outside the barrier, prepare all
available equipment and materials such as long handling tongs, shielding materials
such as bag of lead shots, lead apron, lead gauntlets, face, foot and ankle
protection for rescue operation.
14.2.6 Attempt to place the source into its container quickly if it is possible. Never try to
pick the source with bare hand.
14.2.7 Try to attenuate the radiation intensity using whatever materials are available (e.g.
concrete block, sand, wood, steel plate, ingot, casting, bag of lead shots, and
etc.).
14.2.8 If the second container is available, place the source inside it.
14.2.9 If the incident is beyond our control, the Government's Office of Atoms for Peace
(O.A.P) must be notified and the rescue team of O.A.P will be sent to the incident
area immediately.
CONTACT TELEPHONE NO
 Office of Atoms for Peace (O.A.P.)(During Government Working Hours)
(66)/(0)2579-0138-9, 2579-5230
 Radiological Emergency Preparedness & Coordination Group
(66)/(0)-2579-5230 Ext 139
(66)/(0)-89200-6243

14.2.10 If it is possible, Technical personnel from radioactive isotope sales agent who
know very well the mechanism inside radioactive isotope camera shall be called
to the incident area so that he can work closely with rescue team from the O.A.P.
14.2.11 Prepare all equipment which is available for rescue operation.
14.2.12 All unauthorized person shall be evacuated immediately from the area where
hazardous radiation is forecast.
14.2.13 All radioactive clean up action, by law, shall be carried out by personnel from
O.A.P.
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14.2.14 Make full investigation of the incident, taking written statement from the
radiographer and any other members of the public in relation to this incident. The
report is to be sent to the TNDT safety committee for further action to prevent the
recurrence.

14.3 Mechanical Malfunction in Operation

In the event of this incident (i.e. the source is jammed in its guide tube, the source
remains in the collimator or the source cannot be return to a shielded position by normal mean ),
the following actions should be taken:-
 By using the survey meter and expand the restricted area if it is necessary.
 The series of actions 14.2.2 to 14.2.8 should be carried out.
 During the carrying out the above actions, the additional information about
the position of
source ( i.e. the source remained in the collimator and was detached from the driving
cable or the source is in the guide tube and have been stopped by some obstruction or
the source is inside the exposure device but not fully retracted or others) should be
investigated by the proper survey technique.
 If this incident is beyond the control, series of actions mentioned in section 14.2.9 to
14.2.14 shall be carried out

14.4 Fire Involving Radioactive Source

In the event of this incident, try to remove the container away from the scene. However this
is not possible, abandon it, and tell the Fire Service of the presence of radioactive materials
as quickly as possible. Then the series of actions mentioned in Section 14.2.1 to 14.2.14
should be commenced.

14.5 Missing or Stolen Radioactive Source

In the event of this incident, the following actions should be taken:-
 Begin an immediate search using whatever detectors are available.

 If cannot be found, inform the POLICE, the Radiography Supervisor, and the Man In-
charge of the Area.
If a vehicle containing a container with source is missing, the POLICE and the Radiography
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Supervisor must be informed immediately.

14.6 Radioactive Source Lost in Transport

If a source container has been loaded into vehicle for transport and at the end of the journey
it cannot be found, the POLICE and the Radiography Supervisor must be informed
immediately. It may be necessary to retrace the exact route taken by the vehicle, making
both a visual search for the container and instrumental search for the radiation from the
source.

14.7 Accident Involving Possible Damage to a Source Container In this event of incident (i.e.
Vehicle accident or other accident), the following actions should be taken:-
 Before commencing any source rescue operation, effort must be made to rescue any
injured or trapped person.
 The rescuers must be told about the presence of radioactive materials.
 Then check immediately to see if any radioactive source have been damaged or released
and keep people away. Also keep traffic away if on the road.
 Until measurement has been made with a survey meter, it should be assumed that the
source is unsealed. Then the series of necessary actions as stated in Section 14.2.1 to
14.2.14.

14.8 Leaking Source or Radiation Spill

As a result of whatever incidents, if leaking source or spilling source is discovered, isolate
the source and all associated equipment until the equipment is cleared or condemned and
the series of actions as stated in section 14.2.1 to 14.2.14 shall be commenced. Then
radiation contamination survey must be performed on all associated equipment and area

14.9 X-ray Equipment

The main electrical supplied must be isolated in any emergency situation and when major
repositioning of the equipment.
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ATTACHMENT A
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ATTACHMENT B