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ME 201
Thermodynamics
1. Ideally, which fluid can do more work: air at 600 psia and 600°F or steam at
600 psia and 600°F
Solution:
The maximum work a substance can do is given by its availablity. We will
assume that we have a closed system so that
ψ = u - u o - To (s - so )
We take the dead state to be at STP or 25°C and 100 kPa or 76.4°F and 14.7 psia.
Then using the appropriate table we have
600
ψ air = 183.30 - 91.53 - (537) 0.7649 - 0.5995 - 0.06855ln
14.7
= 139.48 Btu / lb m
and
ψ steam = 1184.5 - 44.09 - (537)(1.5320 - 0.08215)
= 361 .84 Btu / lb m
So the steam can do more work
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ME 201 Thermodynamics
Solution:
We sketch our device interactions
Dwelling
High Temperature Heat Reservoir
at TH
QH
QL
Outside
Low Temperature Heat Reservoir
at TL
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ME 201 Thermodynamics
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ME 201 Thermodynamics
4. When a man returns to his well-sealed house on a summer day, he finds that
the house is at 32°C. He turns on the air conditioner which cools the entire
house to 20°C in 15 minutes. If the COP of the heat pump system is 2.5,
determine the power drawn by the heat pump. Assume the entire mass within
the house is equivalent to 800 kg of air.
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ME 201 Thermodynamics
Solution:
We begin by sketching our device interactions
House
High Temperature Heat Reservoir
at TH
QH
QL
AC System
Low Temperature Heat Reservoir
at TL
By definition we have
Q&H
COP =
W& net
So if the required heat transfer can be determined the power can be determined.
From a first law analysis on the house, we can write
& = m u 2 - u1 = (800) 209.06 - 217.67
Q
t (15)(60)
= - 7.65 kW
and
Q
& H = -Q & = 7.65 kW
Then the power required is
Q&H 7.65
Wnet =
& = = 3.06 kW
COP 2.5
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ME 201 Thermodynamics
Geothermal Source
High Temperature Heat Reservoir
at TH
QH
QL
Environment
Low Temperature Heat Reservoir
at TL
The maximum thermal efficiency will occur when the heat engine operates as a
Carnot cycle,
T (20 + 273)
η th = ηCarnot = 1 - L = 1 - = 0.291
TH (140 + 273)
The minimum mass flow rate of hot water corresponds to the maximum thermal
efficiency or
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ME 201 Thermodynamics
6. Air enters an adiabatic non-ideal nozzle at 9 m/s, 300 K, and 120 kPa and exits
at 100 m/s and 100 kPa. Determine the irreversibility and the reversible work
on a per mass basis.
Solution:
We first solve this as a first law problem
Working Fluid: Air(ideal gas)
System: Control Volume System
Process: Nozzle
State 1 State 2
T1 = 300K T2 = 295°C
P1 = 120 kPa P2 = 100 kPa
h1 = 300.19 kJ/kg h2 = 295.04 kJ/kg
φ1 = 1.70203 kJ/(kg K) φ2 = 1.68515 kJ/(kg K)
r r
v1 = 9 m/s v 2 = 100 m/s
italicized values from tables, bold values are calculated
Initial State: Fixed
Final State: ???
Wsh = 0
Q=0
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ME 201 Thermodynamics
P
w rev = h1 - h 2 - THR φ1 - φ 2 - R ⋅ ln 1
P2
120
= 300.19 - 295.04 - (298) 1.70203 -1.68515 - (0.287)ln
100
= 15.71 kJ / kg
Since the actual work is zero the irreversibility is
i = w rev = 15.71 kJ / kg
7. Determine if a tray of ice cubes could remain frozen when placed in a food
freezer having a COP of 9, operating in a room where the temperature is 32°C.
Solution:
We begin by sketching our device interactions
Surroundings
High Temperature Heat Reservoir
at TH
QH
Refrigerator Wnet
QL
Freezer Compartment
Low Temperature Heat Reservoir
at TL
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ME 201 Thermodynamics
8. Air is compressed in a closed system from a state where the pressure is 100 kPa
and the temperature is 27°C to a final state at 500 kPa and 177°C. Can this
process occur adiabatically? If yes, determine the work per mass. If no,
determine the direction of the heat transfer.
Solution:
To determine if the process can occur, we must calculate
- Q sys
( )universe
∆S = m(s -
2 1s ) +
Tsurr
and compare it to zero. Since the process is adiabatic
P
(∆s)universe = s2 - s1 = φ 2 - φ1 - R ⋅ ln 2
P1
Going to the air tables we find
500
(∆s)universe = s2 - s1 = 2.11161-1.70203 - (0.287)ln
100
= - 0.523 kJ / kg
Since this is less than zero, the process cannot be adiabatic. To make ∆suniverse
greater than zero will require Qsys to be negative, so that the direction of heat
transfer is out of the system.
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ME 201 Thermodynamics
Solution:
We first solve this as a first law problem
Working Fluid: Water (incompressible)
System: Control Volume System
Process: Pump
State 1 State 2s (ideal) State 2a (actual
T1 = 60°F T2s = T2a = 60.2°F
P1 = 14 psia P2 = 40 psia P2 = 40 psia
bold values are calculated
Initial State: Fixed
Final State: fixed
Wsh = ????
Q=0
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ME 201 Thermodynamics
To determine the isentropic efficiency, we must first calculate the ideal work.
Recognizing that in a isentropic process, the water will not change temperature,
we can write
w ideal = v avg (P1 - P2 )
10. Carbon dioxide undergoes an isothermal reversible process from 250 kPa and
300°C to 500 kPa. Determine the heat transfer per mass by using the first law
and evaluating the boundary work from ∫ Pdv . Compare this to the heat
transfer per mass calculated from the entropy change and the second law.
Solution:
We first solve this as a first law problem
Working Fluid: CO2 (ideal gas)
System: Closed System
Process: Isothermal, Reversible
State 1 State 2
T1 = 300C = 573K T2 = T1 = 573K
P1 = 250 kPa P2 = 500 kPa
u1 = 369.23 kJ/kg u2 = 369.23 kJ/kg
φ1 = 5.478 kJ/(kg K) φ2 = 5.478 kJ/(kg K)
3
v1 = 0.433 m /kg v2 = 0.2165 m3/kg
italicized values are from ideal gas relationships
Initial State: Fixed
Final State: fixed
Wsh = 0
Q = ???
Wbnd = ????
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ME 201 Thermodynamics
We first go to the CO2 tables and get our properties. Our boundary work for an
ideal gas undergoing an isothermal process is
v
w bnd = RT ⋅ ln 2
v1
0.2165
= (0.1889)(573)ln
0.433
= - 75.03 Btu / lb m
Using the first law our heat transfer is
q = u 2 - u1 + w bnd
= 369.23 - 369.23 + (-75.036)
= - 75.036 Btu / lb m
From the second law we have
q = T1 (s2 - s1 )
P
= T1 φ 2 - φ1 - R ⋅ ln 2
P1
500
= (573) 5.478 - 5.478 - (0.1889)ln
250
= - 75.03 Btu / lb m
So the two calculations for heat transfer agree.
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