Week Term

Absolute Phase

1
 Absorption

1
 Acoustics

1
 Ambience

1
 Amplitude

1
 Analog

1
 Anti-Nodes

1
 Bandwidth

1
 Comb Filtering

1
 Compression

Diffusion

1
 Echoes

Frequency

1
 Hertz

Interference

1
 Monitors

Nodes

1
 Phase

Reflections

1
 Refraction

Resonant Frequency

1
 Soundproofing/Insulation

Speed of Sound

1
 Tone

Wave

1
Definition

This term describes a perfect polarity between an original signal (into the microphone) and the reproduced signal
(through the speaker). When positive pressure exerted upon the microphone is translated as positive pressure to the
loudspeaker, the two are in “absolute phase.”
Acoustic absorption refers to the process by which a material, structure, or object takes in sound energy when sound
waves are encountered, as opposed to reflecting the energy. Part of the absorbed energy is transformed into heat an
part is transmitted through the absorbing body.

In acoustics, absorption is what happens when sound waves are absorbed by a surface, as opposed to bouncing off t
surface (reflection). Absorptive materials in a control room, for example, tend to “deaden” the sound of the room
because the sound energy is absorbed rather than reflected. (See also “Reflection.”)
Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves and gases, liquids and sol
including topics such as vibration sound, ultrasound and infra sound.

The science of the sound—more specifically, the science of the properties and behavior of sound waves. A good
understanding of acoustics is essential to audio engineering and studio design.
Ambient sound (AKA ambient audio, ambience, atmosphere, atmos or background noise) means the background sou
which are present in a scene or location. Common ambient sounds include wind, water, birds, crowds, office noises,
traffic, etc.

In most cases, this refers to the “atmosphere” of a certain place, like a restaurant. But in recording, it refers to the pa
of the sound that comes from the surrounding environment rather than directly from the sound source. For example
the sound waves coming into your ears from a cello being played are coming directly from the source, but the sound
the same cello coming to you after bouncing off the back wall is ambient sound.
the maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium.

The height of a waveform above or below the zero line. In audio, this usually translates to the signal strength or the
volume of the sound.
A continuously changing representation of a continuously variable quantity. In the context of audio, this refers to usi
continuously changing electrical signals (voltage) to represent the continuously variable frequencies of sound, and/o
recording those signals to an analog medium. Analog is in contrast to digital, which represents constantly changing
quantities in the form of fixed numeric values.
The opposite of a node is an anti-node, a point where the amplitude of the standing wave is a maximum. These occu
midway between the nodes.

*See Node*
In signal processing, bandwidth refers to the usable frequency range of a communication channel, measured by the
difference between the device’s highest and lowest usable frequencies.

'A range of sound frequencies. The human ear can perceive approximately from 20 to 20,000Hz, but human voice is
confined to within 3,000Hz."
In signal processing, a comb filter is a filter implemented by adding a delayed version of a signal to itself, causing
constructive and destructive interference. The frequency response of a comb filter consists of a series of regularly
spaced notches, giving the appearance of a comb.
A compression is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are closest together. (Also See Rarefaction)

1) In signal processing, the action performed by a compressor (see also “Compressor”). 2) In acoustics, the increased
pressure caused by the peak of a sound pressure wave, used in the context of “compression and rarefaction” (see als
“Rarefaction”).

Diffusion is the scattering and weakening of reflected sound. A properly diffused reflection produces a more natural
sound, contributing to enhanced Ambience in a room.

Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Diffusion, in acoustics and architectural engineering, is the efficacy by which sound energy is spread evenly in a given
environment. A perfectly diffusive sound space is one that has certain key acoustic properties which are the same
anywhere in the space.
In audio signal processing and acoustics, echo is a reflection of sound that arrives at the listener with a delay after th
direct sound. ... Typical examples are the echo produced by the bottom of a well, by a building, or by the walls of an
enclosed room and an empty room.
(Note Different to Reverb & Delay)

Frequency is the rate per second of a vibration constituting a wave, either in a material (as in sound waves), or in an
electromagnetic field (as in radio waves and light).

Frequency is the speed of the vibration, and this determines the pitch of the sound. It is only useful or meaningful f
musical sounds, where there is a strongly regular waveform.

Frequency is measured as the number of wave cycles that occur in one second. The unit of frequency measurement
Hertz (Hz for short). A frequency of 1 Hz means one wave cycle per second. A frequency of 10 Hz means ten wave cy
per second, where the cycles are much shorter and closer together.

The note A which is above Middle C (more on this later) has a frequency of 440 Hz. It is often used as a reference
frequency for tuning musical instruments.
the SI (Standard International system of Units) unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second.

Also see Auditory Spectrum

Wave interference is the phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium. T
interference of waves causes the medium to take on a shape that results from the net effect of the two individual wa
upon the particles of the medium.

If two upward displaced pulses having the same shape meet up with one another while traveling in opposite directio
along a medium, the medium will take on the shape of an upward displaced pulse with twice the amplitude of the tw
interfering pulses. This type of interference is known as constructive interference. If an upward displaced pulse and a
downward displaced pulse having the same shape meet up with one another while traveling in opposite directions
along a medium, the two pulses will cancel each other's effect upon the displacement of the medium and the mediu
will assume the equilibrium position. This type of interference is known as destructive interference.
Studio Monitors are speakers that are designed so you can clearly hear your mixing when in the studio writing music
practising your sets. ... There are two different styles of Studio Monitors available, those being active and passive. Ac
mean that they have a built in amplifier that will power the speakers.

A node is a point along a standing wave where the wave has minimum amplitude. For instance, in a vibrating guitar
string, the ends of the string are nodes.
Audio waveforms are cyclical; that is, they proceed through regular cycles or repetitions. Phase is defined as how far
along its cycle a given waveform is. The measurement of phase is given in degrees, with 360 degrees being one
complete cycle. One concern with phase becomes apparent when mixing together two waveforms. If these waveform
are “out of phase”, or delayed with respect to one another, there will be some cancellation in the resulting audio. Th
often produces what is described as a “hollow” sound. How much cancellation, and which frequencies it occurs at
depends on the waveforms involved, and how far out of phase they are (two identical waveforms, 180 degrees out o
phase, will cancel completely).

When a wave reaches the boundary between one medium another medium, a portion of the wave undergoes reflec
and a portion of the wave undergoes transmission across the boundary.

The amount of reflection is dependent upon the dissimilarity of the two media. For this reason, acoustically minded
builders of auditoriums and concert halls avoid the use of hard, smooth materials in the construction of their inside
halls. A hard material such as concrete is as dissimilar as can be to the air through which the sound moves;
subsequently, most of the sound wave is reflected by the walls and little is absorbed. Walls and ceilings of concert ha
are made softer materials such as fiberglass and acoustic tiles. These materials are more similar to air than concrete
thus have a greater ability to absorb sound. This gives the room more pleasing acoustic properties.
Refraction of waves involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another. Refraction
bending of the path of the waves, is accompanied by a change in speed and wavelength of the waves. So if the medi
(or its properties) are changed, the speed of the wave is changed. Thus, waves passing from one medium to another
undergo refraction. Refraction of sound waves is most evident in situations in which the sound wave passes through
medium with gradually varying properties.

*See Resonance*

In sound applications, a resonant frequency is a natural frequency of vibration determined by the physical paramete
the vibrating object.
Insulation plays a critical role in noise reduction, reverberation control and thermal control.

The Absorb range can be used to create acoustic panels for restaurants, home theatres, open plan offices or homes,
to cut down the reverberation that occurs from reflective noise bouncing off walls and ceiling. Depending on the
application it can be used in its bare form or covered with fabric to suit the decor.

Air is a gas, and a very important property of any gas is the speed of sound through the gas. Why are we interested in
the speed of sound? The speed of "sound" is actually the speed of transmission of a small disturbance through a
medium. Sound itself is a sensation created in the human brain in response to sensory inputs from the inner ear. (W
won't comment on the old "tree falling in a forest" discussion!)

Speed of Sound equation see Equations Tab, Reference 1.0.0.1

Tone, in acoustics, sound that can be recognized by its regularity of vibration. A simple tone has only one frequency,
although its intensity may vary. A complex tone consists of two or more simple tones, called overtones. The tone of
lowest frequency is called the fundamental; the others, overtones.

*Tone have various meanings in music*

A sound wave is the pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of energy traveling through a medium (such as
water, or any other liquid or solid matter) as it propagates away from the source of the sound. The source is some ob
that causes a vibration, such as a ringing telephone, or a person's vocal chords. The vibration disturbs the particles in
surrounding medium; those particles disturb those next to them, and so on. The pattern of the disturbance creates
outward movement in a wave pattern, like waves of seawater on the ocean. The wave carries the sound energy thro
the medium, usually in all directions and less intensely as it moves farther from the source.
Laymans Terms References

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References
Recording Connections

Image Reference
Comb filtering image
Nodes & anti node image
sound diffusion image
echoes image
frequency image
Hertz image
interferance image
phase image
reflection image
refraction image
Resonant Frequency Image
soundproof image
speed of sound image
tone image
soundwave image
Recording Connections
Location
https://www.recordingconnection.com/glossary/b

Location
https://www.soundonsound.com/sound-advice/q-what-exactly-comb-filtering
https://www.examfear.com/notes/Class-11/Physics/Waves/2089/Nodes-and-Antinodes-of-Standing-Wave.htm
https://www.primacoustic.com/flexifuser/science/
https://www.dkfindout.com/uk/science/sound/echoes/
https://www.impinj.com/about-rfid/types-of-rfid-systems/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/17-6-hearing/
https://watershipdown42.weebly.com/the-doppler-effect-and-sound-interference.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(waves)
https://dosits.org/science/movement/how-does-sound-move/reflection/
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/refrac.html
https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2014/06/16/4022877.htm
https://www.soundproofingtips.com/soundproofing-materials/
http://mechstuff.com/what-happens-when-an-aircraft-travels-more-than-the-speed-of-sound/
https://sites.google.com/site/digisynthi/concepts/physics-of-sound
https://creativemarket.com/Woters/671184-Sound-wave-music-design-element
https://www.recordingconnection.com/glossary/b
 Articles To read
Title Reference
Sonic Signature Click Here
Transparency in Music - Block Chain - File Sharing Click Here
MASAKI OKAMOTO - Music & Maths + DAWS Click Here
o read
Tick Box (Read/watched)
 Videos to Watch
Title Reference
Sound Waves - Elasticity - Stand By Me Click Here
tch
Tick Box (Read/watched)
1.0.0.1

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𝛾=𝑅�𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒�𝑡 (1.4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 �𝑖𝑟 �𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝑃 [𝑆𝑡�

𝑅=𝑔�𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡�𝑛𝑡 (286𝑚^2 𝑠^(−2) 𝐾^(−1))
𝑇=𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟�𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 (273.15+𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝐶)
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2) 𝐾^(−1))
15+𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝐶)