GEAR TYPE INJECTION MOULDING

MACHINE
CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

1. SYNOPSIS

2. INTRODUCTION

3. LITERATURE SURVEY

4. COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

5. BLOCK DIAGRAM

6. WORKING PROCEDURE

7. APPLICATION

8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

9. LIST OF MATERIAL

10.COST ESTIMATION

11.CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY
 MACHINE GEAR TYPE INJECTION MOULDING

SYNOPSIS

The project deals about the injection molding machine. The main

principle is to compress the plastic material in a barrel and the compressing

motion is developed by rotating the gear box arrangement. The plastic

material is heated by the heater surrounding the barrel. Then it is converted

into molten state. The molten plastic is injected through the nozzle in barrel

to the die by the compressing force. After completing this process, we will

get the product from the die. Commercial products like bushes, couplings,

switches etc., can be produced.

METHODOLOGY:

 Heater

 Funnel

 Plastic material

 Gear box

 A.C Motor

 Belt and pulley

INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

FABRICATION TECHNIQUES:

The polymer material are converted into plastics and used as tubes,

sheets, foams, rods, adhesives, etc., The theological properties, softening,

tempering, stability, the size and shape are important in describing the

method. These methods are different kinds of plastics. Broadly speaking

the method may be discussed under the following headings,

1. MOULDING PROCESS
2. FOAMING PROCESS

MOULDING PROCESS:

In this process the plastics are fabricated under the effect pressure and heat

and both thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics may be starting materials.

INJECTION MOULDING:

Thermoplastics are produced by this method. In this the material is softened

by heating and the hot softened plastic is forced under high pressure into the mold,

when it is set by cooling and the mold is ejected.

FOAMING PROCESS:

This involves the blowing of a volatile organic liquid, which is entrapped

into a polymer network resulting in the formation of foamed plastics. Foamed

polystyrenes are produced in this process.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
WORKING PRINCIPLE

The injection-moulding process is best suited for producing articles

made of thermoplastic materials. Here, the equipment cost is relatively high

but the main attraction is the amenability of the injection-moulding process

to a high production rate. In injection molding, a definite quantity of molten

thermoplastic material is injected under pressure into a relatively cold mold

where it solidifies to the shape of the mould.

The injection – moulding machine is shown in the process consists of

feeding the compounded plastic material as granules, pellets or powder

through the hopper at definite time intervals into the hot horizontal cylinder

where it gets softened. Pressure is applied through a hydraulically driven

piston to push the molten material through a cylinder into a mould fitted at

the end of the cylinder. While moving through the hot zone of the cylinder,

a device called torpedo helps spread the plastic material uniformly around

the inside wall of the hot cylinder sand thus ensures uniform heat
distribution. The molten plastic material from the cylinder is then injected

through a nozzle material from the cylinder is then injected through a nozzle

into the mould cavity.

The mould used, in its simplest form, is a two-part system. One is a

movable part and the other stationary. The stationary part is fixed to the end

of the cylinder while the movable part can be opened or locked on to the

stationary part. By using a mechanical locking device, the mould is proper

held in position as the molten plastic material is injected under a pressure as

high as 1500kg/cm. The locking device has to be very skillfully designed in

order to withstand high operating pressures. Further more, a proper flow of

the molten material to the interior regions of the mold is achieved by

preheating the mould to an appropriate temperature. Usually, this

temperature is slightly lower than the softening temperature of the plastic

material under going moulding.

After the mould is filled with the molten material under pressure, then

it is cooled by cold water circulation and then opened so as to eject the

molded article. The whole cycle could be repeated several time either

manually of in an automated mode.

INJECTION MOLDING

Injection molding is a manufacturing process for producing parts by

injecting material into a mold. Injection molding can be performed with a

host of materials, including metals, glasses, elastomers, confections, and

most commonly thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. Material for the

part is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it

cools and hardens to the configuration of the cavity. After a product is

designed, usually by an industrial designer or an engineer, molds are made

by a moldmaker (or toolmaker) from metal, usually either steel or aluminum,

and precision-machined to form the features of the desired part. Injection

molding is widely used for manufacturing a variety of parts, from the

smallest component to entire body panels of cars.

Parts to be injection molded must be very carefully designed to

facilitate the molding process; the material used for the part, the desired

shape and features of the part, the material of the mold, and the properties of

the molding machine must all be taken into account. The versatility of

injection molding is facilitated by this breadth of design considerations and

possibilities.
PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS

Injection molding utilizes a ram or screw-type plunger to force molten

plastic material into a mold cavity; this solidifies into a shape that has

conformed to the contour of the mold. It is most commonly used to process

both thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, with the former being

considerably more prolific in terms of annual material volumes processed.

Thermoplastics are prevalent due to characteristics which make them highly

suitable for injection molding, such as the ease with which they may be

recycled, their versatility allowing them to be used in a wide variety of

applications, and their ability to soften and flow upon heating.

Thermoplastics also have an element of safety over thermosets; if a

thermosetting polymer is not ejected from the injection barrel in a timely

manner, chemical crosslinking may occur causing the screw and check

valves to seize and potentially damaging the injection molding machine.[2]:3

Injection molding consists of high pressure injection of the raw

material into a mold which shapes the polymer into the desired shape. Molds

can be of a single cavity or multiple cavities. In multiple cavity molds, each

cavity can be identical and form the same parts or can be unique and form

multiple different geometries during a single cycle. Molds are generally

 made from tool steels, but stainless steels and aluminum molds are

suitable for certain applications. Aluminum molds typically are ill-suited for

high volume production or parts with narrow dimensional tolerances, as they

have inferior mechanical properties and are more prone to wear, damage,

and deformation during the injection and clamping cycles; but are cost

effective in low volume applications as mold fabrication costs and time are

considerably reduced. Many steel molds are designed to process well over a

million parts during their lifetime and can cost hundreds of thousands of

dollars to fabricate.

APPLICATIONS

Injection molding is used to create many things such as wire spools,

packaging, bottle caps, automotive dashboards, pocket combs, some musical

instruments (and parts of them), one-piece chairs and small tables, storage

containers, mechanical parts (including gears), and most other plastic

products available today. Injection molding is the most common modern

method of part manufacturing; it is ideal for producing high volumes of the

same object.
EQUIPMENT

INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE

Injection molding machines consist of a material hopper, an injection

ram or screw-type plunger, and a heating unit. They are also known as

presses, they hold the molds in which the components are shaped. Presses

are rated by tonnage, which expresses the amount of clamping force that the

machine can exert. This force keeps the mold closed during the injection

process. Tonnage can vary from less than 5 tons to over 9,000 tons, with the

higher figures used in comparatively few manufacturing operations. The

total clamp force needed is determined by the projected area of the part

being molded. This projected area is multiplied by a clamp force of from 1.8

to 7.2 tons for each square centimeter of the projected areas. As a rule of

thumb, 4 or 5 tons/in2 can be used for most products. If the plastic material is

very stiff, it will require more injection pressure to fill the mold, thus more

clamp tonnage to hold the mold closed. The required force can also be

determined by the material used and the size of the part; larger parts require

higher clamping force.

MOULD

Mold or die are the common terms used to describe the tool used to

produce plastic parts in molding.

Since molds have been expensive to manufacture, they were usually

only used in mass production where thousands of parts were being produced.

Typical molds are constructed from hardened steel, pre-hardened steel,

aluminum, and/or beryllium-copper alloy. The choice of material to build a

mold from is primarily one of economics; in general, steel molds cost more

to construct, but their longer lifespan will offset the higher initial cost over a

higher number of parts made before wearing out. Pre-hardened steel molds

are less wear-resistant and are used for lower volume requirements or larger

components; their typical steel hardness is 38–45 on the Rockwell-C scale.

Hardened steel molds are heat treated after machining; these are by far the

superior in terms of wear resistance and lifespan. Typical hardness ranges

between 50 and 60 Rockwell-C (HRC). Aluminum molds can cost

substantially less, and when designed and machined with modern

computerized equipment can be economical for molding tens or even

hundreds of thousands of parts. Beryllium copper is used in areas of the

mold that require fast heat removal or areas that see the most shear heat

generated. The molds can be manufactured either by CNC machining or by

using electrical discharge machining processes.

MOLD DESIGN

Standard two plates tooling – core and cavity are inserts in a mold

base – "family mold" of five different parts

The mold consists of two primary components, the injection mold (A plate)

and the ejector mold (B plate). Plastic resin enters the mold through a sprue

or gate in the injection mold; the sprue bushing is to seal tightly against the

nozzle of the injection barrel of the molding machine and to allow molten

plastic to flow from the barrel into the mold, also known as the cavity. The

sprue bushing directs the molten plastic to the cavity images through

channels that are machined into the faces of the A and B plates. These

channels allow plastic to run along them, so they are referred to as runners.

The molten plastic flows through the runner and enters one or more

specialized gates and into the cavity geometry to form the desired part.

The amount of resin required to fill the sprue, runner and cavities of a

mold is a shot. Trapped air in the mold can escape through air vents that are

ground into the parting line of the mold; if the trapped air is not allowed to
escape, it is compressed by the pressure of the incoming material and

squeezed into the corners of the cavity, where it prevents filling and can also

cause other defects. The air can even become so compressed that it ignites

and burns the surrounding plastic material.[8]:147

To allow for removal of the molded part from the mold, the mold features

must not overhang one another in the direction that the mold opens, unless

parts of the mold are designed to move from between such overhangs when

the mold opens (utilizing components called Lifters).

Sides of the part that appear parallel with the direction of draw (The axis of

the cored position (hole) or insert is parallel to the up and down movement

of the mold as it opens and closes) [13]:406 are typically angled slightly (with

draft) to ease release of the part from the mold. Insufficient draft can cause

deformation or damage. The draft required for mold release is primarily

dependent on the depth of the cavity: the deeper the cavity, the more draft

necessary. Shrinkage must also be taken into account when determining the

draft required.[13]:332 If the skin is too thin, then the molded part will tend to

shrink onto the cores that form while cooling and cling to those cores, or the

part may warp, twist, blister or crack when the cavity is pulled away.[8]:47

A mold is usually designed so that the molded part reliably remains on the

ejector (B) side of the mold when it opens, and draws the runner and the
sprue out of the (A) side along with the parts. The part then falls freely when

ejected from the (B) side. Tunnel gates, also known as submarine or mold

gates, are located below the parting line or mold surface. An opening is

machined into the surface of the mold on the parting line. The molded part is

cut (by the mold) from the runner system on ejection from the mold. [13]:288

Ejector pins, also known as knockout pins, are circular pins placed in either

half of the mold (usually the ejector half), which push the finished molded

product, or runner system out of a mold.[8]:143

The standard method of cooling is passing a coolant (usually water) through

a series of holes drilled through the mold plates and connected by hoses to

form a continuous pathway. The coolant absorbs heat from the mold (which

has absorbed heat from the hot plastic) and keeps the mold at a proper

temperature to solidify the plastic at the most efficient rate.[8]:86

To ease maintenance and venting, cavities and cores are divided into pieces,

called inserts, and sub-assemblies, also called inserts, blocks, or chase

blocks. By substituting interchangeable inserts, one mold may make several

variations of the same part.

More complex parts are formed using more complex molds. These may have

sections called slides, that move into a cavity perpendicular to the draw

direction, to form overhanging part features. When the mold is opened, the
slides are pulled away from the plastic part by using stationary “angle pins”

on the stationary mold half. These pins enter a slot in the slides and cause

the slides to move backward when the moving half of the mold opens. The

part is then ejected and the mold closes. The closing action of the mold

causes the slides to move forward along the angle pins.[8]:268

Some molds allow previously molded parts to be reinserted to allow a new

plastic layer to form around the first part. This is often referred to as

overmolding. This system can allow for production of one-piece tires and

wheels.

Two-shot or multi-shot molds are designed to "overmold" within a

single molding cycle and must be processed on specialized injection

molding machines with two or more injection units. This process is actually

an injection molding process performed twice. In the first step, the base

color material is molded into a basic shape, which contains spaces for the

second shot. Then the second material, a different color, is injection-molded

into those spaces. Pushbuttons and keys, for instance, made by this process

have markings that cannot wear off, and remain legible with heavy use.[8]:174

A mold can produce several copies of the same parts in a single "shot". The

number of "impressions" in the mold of that part is often incorrectly referred

to as cavitation. A tool with one impression will often be called a single

impression(cavity) mold.[14]:398 A mold with 2 or more cavities of the same

parts will likely be referred to as multiple impression (cavity) mold. [14]:262

Some extremely high production volume molds (like those for bottle caps)

can have over 128 cavities.

In some cases multiple cavity tooling will mold a series of different parts in

the same tool. Some toolmakers call these molds family molds as all the

parts are related. Examples include plastic model kits.

Tool materials

Tool steel or beryllium-copper are often used. Mild steel, aluminum, nickel

or epoxy are suitable only for prototype or very short production runs.

Modern hard aluminum (7075 and 2024 alloys) with proper mold design,

can easily make molds capable of 100,000 or more part life with proper

mold maintenance.

MACHINING

Molds are built through two main methods: standard machining and

EDM. Standard machining, in its conventional form, has historically been

the method of building injection molds. With technological development,

CNC machining became the predominant means of making more complex

molds with more accurate mold details in less time than traditional methods.

The electrical discharge machining (EDM) or spark erosion process has

become widely used in mold making. As well as allowing the formation of

shapes that are difficult to machine, the process allows pre-hardened molds

to be shaped so that no heat treatment is required. Changes to a hardened

mold by conventional drilling and milling normally require annealing to

soften the mold, followed by heat treatment to harden it again. EDM is a

simple process in which a shaped electrode, usually made of copper or

graphite, is very slowly lowered onto the mold surface (over a period of

many hours), which is immersed in paraffin oil (kerosene). A voltage applied

between tool and mold causes spark erosion of the mold surface in the

inverse shape of the electrode.

COST

The cost of manufacturing molds depends on a very large set of

factors ranging from number of cavities, size of the parts (and therefore the

mold), complexity of the pieces, expected tool longevity, surface finishes

and many others. The initial cost is great, however the per-piece cost is low,

so with greater quantities the unit price decreases.

INJECTION PROCESS

With injection molding, granular plastic is fed by gravity from a

hopper into a heated barrel. As the granules are slowly moved forward by a

screw-type plunger, the plastic is forced into a heated chamber, where it is

melted. As the plunger advances, the melted plastic is forced through a

nozzle that rests against the mold, allowing it to enter the mold cavity

through a gate and runner system. The mold remains cold so the plastic

solidifies almost as soon as the mold is filled.[1]

INJECTION MOLDING CYCLE

The sequence of events during the injection mold of a plastic part is

called the injection molding cycle. The cycle begins when the mold closes,

followed by the injection of the polymer into the mold cavity. Once the

cavity is filled, a holding pressure is maintained to compensate for material

shrinkage. In the next step, the screw turns, feeding the next shot to the front

screw.This causes the screw to retract as the next shot is prepared. Once the

part is sufficiently cool, the mold opens and the part is ejected.[18]:13
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INJECTION MOLDING

PROCESSES

Although most injection molding processes are covered by the

conventional process description above, there are several important molding

variations including, but not limited to:

 Die casting

 Metal injection molding

 Thin-wall injection molding

 Injection molding of liquid silicone rubber

OPERATION

Injection molding machines can fasten the molds in either a horizontal

or vertical position. The majority of machines are horizontally oriented, but

vertical machines are used in some niche applications such as insert

molding, allowing the machine to take advantage of gravity. Some vertical

machines also don't require the mold to be fastened. There are many ways to

fasten the tools to the platens, the most common being manual clamps (both
halves are bolted to the platens); however hydraulic clamps (chocks are used

to hold the tool in place) and magnetic clamps are also used. The magnetic

and hydraulic clamps are used where fast tool changes are required.
TYPES OF INJECTION MOLDING MACHINES

Machines are classified primarily by the type of driving systems they

use: hydraulic, mechanical, electric, or hybrid.

HYDRAULIC

Hydraulic presses have historically been the only option available to

molders until Nissei Plastic Industrial Co., LTD introduced the first all-

electric injection molding machine in 1983.

Hydraulic machines, although not nearly as precise, are the predominant

type in most of the world, with the exception of Japan.

MECHANICAL

Mechanical type machines use the toggle system for building up

tonnage on the clamp side of the machine. Tonnage is required on all

machines so that the clamp side of the machine does not open (i.e. tool half

mounted on the platen) due to the injection pressure. If the tool half opens up

it will create flash in the plastic product. Reliability of mechanical type of

machines is more as tonnage built during each cycle is the same as compared

to hydraulic machines.
ELECTRIC

The electric press, also known as Electric Machine Technology

(EMT), reduces operation costs by cutting energy consumption and also

addresses some of the environmental concerns surrounding the hydraulic

press. Electric presses have been shown to be quieter, faster, and have a

higher accuracy, however the machines are more expensive.

HYBRID

Hybrid injection molding machines claim to take advantage of the

best features of both hydraulic and electric systems, but in actuality use

almost the same amount of electricity to operate as a standard hydraulic,

A robotic arm is often used to remove the molded components; either by

side or top entry, but it is more common for parts to drop out of the mold,

through a chute and into a container.

MAIN PARTS OF PROJECT

1. FUNNEL

2. GEAR BOX

3. A.C MOTOR

4. BELT AND PULLEY

5. HEATER

6. POWER HANDLE

7. STAND

8. MOULD
FUNNEL

A funnel is a pipe with a wide mouth, good for feeding, often conical

mouth and a narrow stem. It is used to channel liquid or fine-grained

substances into containers with a small opening. Without a funnel, spillage

would occur.

Funnels are usually made of stainless steel, aluminium, glass, or

plastic. The material used in its construction should be sturdy enough to

withstand the weight of the substance being transferred, and it should not

react with the substance. For this reason, stainless steel or glass are useful in

transferring diesel, while plastic funnels are useful in the kitchen. Sometimes

disposable paper funnels are used in cases where it would be difficult to

adequately clean the funnel afterward (for example, in adding motor oil to a

car). Dropper funnels, also called dropping funnels or tap funnels, have a tap

to allow the controlled release of a liquid.

The term funnel is sometimes used to refer to the chimney or

smokestack on a steam locomotive and usually used in referring to the same

on a ship. The term funnel is even applied to other seemingly strange objects

like a smoking pipe or even a humble kitchen bin.

HEATER

A heater is any object that emits heat or causes another body to achieve a

higher temperature. In a household or domestic setting, heaters are

commonly used to generate heating (i.e. warmth). Heaters exists for all

states of matter, including solids, liquids and gases.

The opposite of a heater (for warmth) is an air cooler (for cold) used

to keep the user cooler than the temperature originally surrounding them.

MOULD

Mold or die are the common terms used to describe the tool used to

produce plastic parts in molding.

Since molds have been expensive to manufacture, they were usually only

used in mass production where thousands of parts were being produced.

Typical molds are constructed from hardened steel, pre-hardened steel,

aluminum, and/or beryllium-copper alloy. The choice of material to build a

mold from is primarily one of economics; in general, steel molds cost more

to construct, but their longer lifespan will offset the higher initial cost over a
higher number of parts made before wearing out. Pre-hardened steel molds

are less wear-resistant and are used for lower volume requirements or larger

components; their typical steel hardness is 38–45 on the Rockwell-C scale.

Hardened steel molds are heat treated after machining; these are by far the

superior in terms of wear resistance and lifespan. Typical hardness ranges

between 50 and 60 Rockwell-C (HRC). Aluminum molds can cost

substantially less, and when designed and machined with modern

computerized equipment can be economical for molding tens or even

hundreds of thousands of parts. Beryllium copper is used in areas of the

mold that require fast heat removal or areas that see the most shear heat

generated. The molds can be manufactured either by CNC machining or by

using electrical discharge machining processes.

molding type typical [mm] possible [mm]

thermoplastic ±0.200 ±0.500
thermoset ±0.500 ±0.200

POWER REQUIREMENTS
 The power required for this process of injection molding depends on

many things and varies between materials used. manufacturing processes

reference guide states that the power requirements depend on "a material's specific gravity,
melting point, thermal conductivity, part size, and molding rate." below is a table from page 243

of the same reference as previously mentioned that best illustrates the characteristics relevant

to the power required for the most commonly used materials.

material specific gravity melting point (°f) melting point (°c)

epoxy 1.12 to 1.24 248 120
phenolic 1.34 to 1.95 248 120
nylon 1.01 to 1.15 381 to 509 194 to 265
polyethylene 0.91 to 0.965 230 to 243 110 to 117
polystyrene 1.04 to 1.07 338 170

MOLD DESIGN

The mold consists of two primary components, the injection mold (A

plate) and the ejector mold (B plate). Plastic resin enters the mold through a

sprue or gate in the injection mold; the sprue bushing is to seal tightly

against the nozzle of the injection barrel of the molding machine and to

allow molten plastic to flow from the barrel into the mold, also known as the
cavity. The sprue bushing directs the molten plastic to the cavity images

through channels that are machined into the faces of the A and B plates.

These channels allow plastic to run along them, so they are referred to as

runners. The molten plastic flows through the runner and enters one or more

specialized gates and into the cavity geometry to form the desired part.

The amount of resin required to fill the sprue, runner and cavities of a

mold is a shot. Trapped air in the mold can escape through air vents that are

ground into the parting line of the mold; if the trapped air is not allowed to

escape, it is compressed by the pressure of the incoming material and

squeezed into the corners of the cavity, where it prevents filling and can also

cause other defects. The air can even become so compressed that it ignites

and burns the surrounding plastic material.

To allow for removal of the molded part from the mold, the mold features

must not overhang one another in the direction that the mold opens, unless

parts of the mold are designed to move from between such overhangs when

the mold opens (utilizing components called Lifters).

Sides of the part that appear parallel with the direction of draw (The axis of

the cored position (hole) or insert is parallel to the up and down movement

of the mold as it opens and closes) are typically angled slightly (with draft)

to ease release of the part from the mold. Insufficient draft can cause
deformation or damage. The draft required for mold release is primarily

dependent on the depth of the cavity: the deeper the cavity, the more draft

necessary. Shrinkage must also be taken into account when determining the

draft required.[13]:332 If the skin is too thin, then the molded part will tend to

shrink onto the cores that form while cooling and cling to those cores, or the

part may warp, twist, blister or crack when the cavity is pulled awayA mold

is usually designed so that the molded part reliably remains on the ejector

(B) side of the mold when it opens, and draws the runner and the sprue out

of the (A) side along with the parts. The part then falls freely when ejected

from the (B) side. Tunnel gates, also known as submarine or mold gates, are

located below the parting line or mold surface. An opening is machined into

the surface of the mold on the parting line. The molded part is cut (by the

mold) from the runner system on ejection from the mold. [13]:288 Ejector pins,

also known as knockout pins, are circular pins placed in either half of the

mold (usually the ejector half), which push the finished molded product, or

runner system out of a mold.

DRAWING
 ADVANTAGES

 Manual effort is reduced.

 Operating time is less.

 Cleaning and polishing can be done at same time.

 Power consumption is less.

 Operating Cost is less.

 Design is very simple.

 Easy fabrication.

 It occupies less floor area.

 Initial cost is less.

 Net weight is less.

 Maintenance cost less.

 It can be used in various places

 Smoother operation.
APPLICATIONS
 APPLICATIONS

 SMALL INDUSTRIES

 PLASTIC COMPANY

 RUBER FACTORY

MERITS

 The daily using components can be easily made.

 The cost of the project is very less.
 High electricity consumption.
 Textile products can be produced.
 Less skilled labour is enough.
 Different shape of the components can be made according to the die
what are used.

DISADVANTAGES

Additional Cost is required for Gear box and motor.

Heating coil consumes high current.
LIST OF MATERIALS

Sl. No. Qty.

PARTS
i. A.C MOTOR 1
ii. INJECTION MOULDING MACHINE 1
iii. HANDLE 1
iv. STAND 1
v. HEATER 1
VI HEATER CONTROLLER 1
vii. MOULD 1
viii GEAR BOX 1
ix BELT AND PULLEY 1

COST ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST:
Sl. No. Qty. Amount
PARTS
(Rs)
i. A.C MOTOR 1 800.00
ii. INJECTION MOULDING MACHINE 1 1500.00
iii. HANDLE 1 150.00
iv. STAND 1 2000.00
v. HEATER 1 400.00
vi HEATER CONTROLLER 1 900.00
vii. MOULD 1 500.00
viii GEAR BOX 1 1200.00
ix BELT AND PULLEY 1 500.00
TOTAL 7950.00
 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

The project work has been completed successfully. The project hardware

functions satisfactorily as per the design. The project work was developed after

conducting a number of experiments before finalizing the design work, this

reduced the bottle necks and we did not face much difficulty in the final integration

process.
 In general the entire development of the project work was educative and we

could gain a lot of experience by way of doing the project practically. We could

understand the practical constraints of developing such systems about which we

have studied by way of lectures in the theory classes.

It was satisfying to see so many theoretical aspects work before us in real

life practice of which we have heard through lectures and of which we have

studied in the books.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.PNEUMATIC CONTROLS Author : Joji P.

2. Hydraulics and Pneumatics, Second Edition

Andrew Parr (Author)

3. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

4. Automobile Engineering – Dr. Kirpal singh (vol- 1&2)

5. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool Institute,

Bangalore.

6. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

7. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

PHOTOGRAPHY