STOICHIOMETRY Calculate the percentage composition of the following

 Derived from the Greek words “stoicheion” meaning 1.) H2O2

an element and “metron” meaning measure.
2.) C6H12O6
 Branch of Chemistry which deals with the combining
3.) CuSO4. 5 H2O
proportions of the elements or compounds involved in
chemical reactions. 4.) Ca3(PO4)2
 Based on the “Law of Conservation of Mass” states 5.) (NH4)2SO4
that, atoms are neither created nor destroyed during 6.) Nicotine is a compound that contains carbon, hydrogen,
any chemical reaction and nitrogen. If a 2.50 g of sample nicotine is burned in
Formula weight: the sum of the atomic weights in oxygen, 6.78 g of CO2, 1.94 g of H2O, and 0.432 g of N2 are
atomic mass units (amu) of all atoms in a the products of the combustion. What is the percentage
compound’s formula: composition of nicotine?
Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula
Ionic Compounds
Sodium chloride (NaCl) 23.0 amu Na + 35.5 amu Cl = 58.5 amu  Empirical Formula – a chemical formula for a compound
Nickel(II) chloride hydrate 58.7 amu Ni + 2(35.5 amu Cl) + that is written using the simplest whole number ration of
(NiCl 2•6H 2 O) 12(1.0) amu H) + 6(12.0 amu O) = 237.7 amu
atoms present in the compound.
Molecular Compounds  Molecular Formula – a chemical formula for a molecular
Water (H 2O) 2(1.0 amu H) + 16.0 amu O = 18.0 amu substance that gives the number and type of each atom
Aspirin (C 9H 8O 4 ) 9(12.0 amu C) + 8(1.0 amu H) +
4(16.0 amu O) = 180.0 amu
present in a molecule of the substance.
Examples:
 Formula weight can be used for both ionic and molecular
compounds; it tells nothing about whether a compound 1.) During excessive physical activity, lactic acid (Molar mass
is ionic or molecular. = 90.08 g/mol) forms in muscle tissue and is responsible for
muscle soreness. Elemental analysis shows that this
 Molecular weight should be used only for molecular compound contains 40.0 mass % C, 6.71 mass % H, and 53.3
compounds. mass % O.
 We use formula weight for ionic compounds and A. Determine the empirical formula of lactic acid
molecular weight for molecular compounds.
B. Determine the molecular formula.
Calculate the molecular mass of the following compounds.
2.) Vanillin, the active flavoring agent of the vanilla bean,
1.) H2O2 contains 63.14% carbon, 5.31% hydrogen, and 31.55%
2.) C6H12O6 oxygen. What is the empirical formula of vanillin?
3.) CuSO4. 5 H2O 3.) One of the most widespread environmental carcinogens
(cancer-causing agents) is benzo [a] pyrene (Molar mass =
4.) Ca3(PO4)2 252.30 g/mol). It is found in coal dust, in cigarette smoke,
5.) (NH4)2SO4 and even in charcoal grilled meat. Analysis of this
hydrocarbon shows 95.21 % C and 4.79% H. What is the
Percentage Composition from formulas
empirical and molecular formula of benzo [a] pyrene?
 The percentage composition of a compound is the
4.) An unknown metal M reacts with sulfur to form a
percentage by mass contributed by each element in the
compound with the formula M2S3. If 3.12 g of M reacts with
substance.
2.88 g of S, what are the names of M and M2S3?
Formula:
(HINT: Determine the number of moles of S and use
(Atoms of the element) (Atomic mass) x 100 the formula to find the number of moles of M.)
Molecular mass of compound 5.) A white powder is analyzed and found to contain 43.64%
phosphorus and 56.36% oxygen by mass. The compound has
a molecular weight of 283.38. What are the compound’s
empirical and molecular formula?
6.) Determine the empirical formula and molecular formulas
for a compound that gives the following analysis (in mass
percents).
7.) Determine the molecular formulas to which the following
empirical formulas and formula weights pertain
A) C2NH2, 120.15
B) PN3H4, 231.12
C) SOCl2, 118.96
MOLE – from the Latin word “moles” meaning a mass.
Defined as the amount of matter that contains as many
objects (atom, molecules, or whatever objects we are
considering).
23
Avogadro’s number = 6.0220943 x 10 molecules
Formula of moles = n/ MW
Note: A mole of ions, a mole of molecules, or a mole of
anything else contains Avogadro's numbers of these objects
Examples:
1.) Silver (Ag) is used in jewelry and tableware but no longer
in U.S. coins. How many grams of silver are in 0.0342 mole of
silver?
2.) Iron (Fe), the main component of steel, is the most
important metal in industrial society. How many Fe atoms
are in 95.8 g of Fe?
3.) Calculate the number of moles in
A) 32 g of methane, CH4
B) 345.6 g of nitric oxide, NO
C) 720 g of glycerin, C3H8O3
4.) Calculate the number of grams in
A) 1.77 mole of nitrogen dioxide, NO2
B) 3.69 mole of uranium hexafluoride, UF6
C) 0.348 mole of galactose, C6H12O6
5.) Calculate the number of moles of
A) O atoms in 18.1 mole of formaldehyde, CH2O
B) Br atoms in 0.41 mole of bromoform, CHBr3
6.) Calculate the number of moles of
A) S-2 ions in 6.56 moles of Na2S
B) Mg+2 ions in 8.320 mole of Mg3(PO4)2
7.) How many molecules are in:
A) 2.9 mole of TNT, C7H5N3O6
B) 3.1 x 10-1 g of aspirin, C9H8O4
Calculations Based on Balanced Chemical Equations
1.) Propane, C3H8 (MM = 44 g/mole) undergoes combustion
with oxygen, O2 (MM = 32 g/mole) to produce carbon
dioxide, CO2 (MM = 44 g/mole) and water, H2O (MM = 18
g/mole). What mass of CO2 is produced during the
combustion of 17.6 g of propane? The reaction is:
C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
2.) How many grams of nitric acid, HNO3 (MM = 63 g/mole),
are required to produce 8.75 g of dinitrogen monoxide, N2O
(MM = 44 g/mole) according to the following equation?
Zn + HNO3 → Zn (NO3)2 + N2O + H2O
3.) Acetylene, C2H2, (MM = 26 g/mole) can be prepared by
allowing calcium carbide, CaC2 (MM = 64 g/mole) to react
with water as follows:
CaC2 + 2 H2O → C2H2 + Ca (OH)2
What mass of calcium carbide is needed to prepare 175 g of
acetylene?
4.) Copper (MM = 64 g/mole) reacts with concentrated
HNO3.
3 Cu + 8 HNO3 → 3 Cu (NO3)2 + 2 NO + 4 H2O
A.) How many grams of HNO3 are required to consume
20.0 g of Cu?
B.) What mass of NO (MM = 30 g/mole) is liberated?
Limiting and Excess Reagents and Percent Yield
 In some reactions, the quantities of two reactants are
specified. In this case, the reactant that limits the
amount of the product formed is called the limiting
reagent, while the substance that is partially unreacted
at the end of the reaction is the excess reagent.
 To determine which of the given reactants the limiting
reagent is, calculate the moles of a product formed from
the given quantity of the reactants. The reactant which
forms the less moles of product is the limiting reagent.
Examples
1.) If 58.0 g of CaCO3 is made to react with 40.0 g of H2SO4,
the amount of CaSO4 obtained is 45.0 grams.
CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O
A. What substance is in excess and how much?
B. Calculate the theoretical yield
C. Calculate the percent yield
2.) Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, was prepared by reacting 100
g of carbon disulfide, CS2 and 100 g of chlorine gas. Calculate
the percentage yield if 65.0 g of CCl4 was obtained from the
reaction.
 CS2 + 3 Cl2 → CCl4 + S2Cl2 9. The molar mass of cholesterol is 386 and the compound
contains 83.9% C, 12% H and 4.1 % O. What is the molecular
Molecular mass:
formula of cholesterol?
CS2 = 76 g/mole
10. Platinum forms two different compounds with chlorine.
Cl2 = 70 g/mole One contains 26.7% Cl by mass, and the other contains
CCl4 = 152 g/mole 42.1% Cl by mass. Determine the empirical formula of the
two compounds.
3.) A 50.0 g sample of calcium carbonate is reacted with
35.90 g of phosphoric acid. Calculate: 11. Calculate the number of grams of:

A. The number of grams of calcium phosphate that
could be produced.
B. The number of grams of excess reagent that will
remain.
The given equation is:
CaCO3 + H3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2 + CO2 + H2O
1. Calculate the molar masses of the following
A. Fe3O4
A. oxygen in 2.5 moles of Ca(NO3)2
B. calcium in 8.50 grams of Ca3(PO4)2
C. silver in 1.25 moles of AgCl
D. Zn(NO3)2 containing 0.35 grams of Zn
12. What mass of lead is theoretically obtainable from 1
kilogram of galena ore that is 72% PbS?
13. What mass of manganese is theoretically obtainable
from 25 kilogram of pyrolusite ore that is 65% MnO2?

B. CuSO4. 5 H2O 14. Calculate the number of grams of magnesium chloride

that could be obtained from 8.5 grams of hydrochloric acid
C. Ba3(PO4)2 when the latter is reacted with an excess of magnesium
2. Calculate the number of moles in: oxide.

A. 24 grams of O2 HCl + MgO → MgCl2 + H2O

B. 1.5 x 10 20 atoms of Na 15. Consider the reaction:

C. 2.2 kilogram of Fe FeS + O2 → Fe2O3 + SO2

3. Calculate the number of grams of the following: Calculate the number of grams of

A. 0.5 mole of C2H4 A. Fe2O3 produced from 7.2 moles FeS

B. 1 x 10 18 molecules of CO2 B. O2 needed to react with 0.125 grams of FeS

C. 1.5 moles of Mo C. SO2 produced from 3.25 moles of O2

4. Calculate the molar mass of a 50 g compound that D. O2 needed to produce 0.180 moles of Fe2O3
contains 3.5 moles. E. FeS needed to produce 0.125 grams of SO2
5. Calculate the number of molecules in 24.5 grams of CO2. 16. Consider the reaction
6. Calculate the number of atoms in: C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
A. 1.5 grams of NH3 Calculate the number of:
B. 0.5 kg of S A. moles of C2H6 needed to produce 1.85 grams of CO2
C. 2.2 moles of H2S B. grams of O2 needed to produce 9.25 grams of CO2
7. Determine the percentage composition of the ff C. grams of O2 that will react with 4.72 moles of C2H6
A. C27H46O D. grams of CO2 that could be produced from 4.25 grams of
B. Ba(OH)2 . 8 H2O C2H6

C. Percent water in letter b 17. Consider the reaction:

D. (NH4)3PO4 CaCO3 + H3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2 + CO2 + H2O

8. Determine the empirical formula of a compound that A 50 gram sample of CaCO3 reacted with 35 grams of H3PO4.
contains 26.6 % K, 35.4% Cr, and 38% O. Calculate the
 A. number of grams of Ca3(PO4)2 that could be obtained
B. number of grams of excess reagent that will remain
unreacted
C. percent yield if 35.4 grams of Ca3(PO4)2 is actually
obtained
18. Consider the reaction
Al + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + H2
If 2.25 grams of Al is added to 4.36 grams of H2SO4
A. Calculate the number of grams of H2 that will be
produced.
B. Identify the limiting reagent
C. Identify the reagent present in excess
D. Calculate the number of grams actually used in the
reagent present in excess.