Languages

Aborigines improve biodiversity by starting fires

- https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2008/09/23/
aborigines-improve-biodiversity-by-starting-fires/

Co-occurrence of linguistic and biological diversity in biodiversity

hotspots and high biodiversity wilderness areas
https://www.pnas.org/content/109/21/8032

Study links biodiversity and language loss

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18020636

Study finds links between biodiversity and language diversity

http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2012-05-08-study-finds-links-between-
biodiversity-and-language-diversity

Linguistic diversity and biodiversity

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024384117302449

Linguistic Diversity Linked to Biodiversity

https://www.languagemagazine.com/linguistic-diversity-linked-to-
biodiversity/

Biodiversity and linguistic diversity

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-
languages/biodiversity-and-linguistic-diversity/

Language Diversity is Highest in Biodiversity Hotspots

https://blog.conservation.org/2012/05/language-diversity-is-highest-in-
biodiversity-hotspots/

Palawan Wood Carving

http://palawanadventureguide.blogspot.com/2015/02/amazing-arts-and-
souvenirs-at-asiano.html

Muyong: Indigenous knowledge and practices for the sustainable

management of Ifugao forests in Cordillera, Philippines

The farmers own and manage a woodlot known as muyong and rice paddies
called payoh that form part of the Ifugao Rice Terraces.
 Camacho et al.
(2012Camacho L, Combalicer M, Youn Y, Combalicer E, Carandang A, Cama
cho S, De Luna C, Rebugio L. 2012. Traditional forest conservation
knowledge/technologies in the Cordillera, Northern Philippines. For Policy
Econ. 22:3–8.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®], , [Google Scholar]) noted
that muyongs are storehouses of biodiversity. There are about 264 species,
mainly indigenous, belonging to 71 plant families that thrive in these
conserved zones (Ngidlo 1998Ngidlo R. 1998. Conserving biodiversity: the
case of the Ifugao farming system. Los Baños, Philippines: PCARRD. [Google
Scholar]; Rondolo 2001Rondolo M. 2001. Fellowship report. Tropical forest
update Vol. 11. No. 4. Japan: ITTO. [Google Scholar]). Among these, the
family of Euphorbiaceae is the most abundant, followed by Moraceae,
Meliaceae, Leguminosae, Poaceae, Anacardiaceae and Rubiaceae.

The recognition of the mutual connections between forests and rice terraces as a
traditional belief is deeply ingrained in the heart and mind of Ifugaos. This
tradition promotes sustainable forest management as expressed in their respect
to customary laws pertaining to land rights, adoption of upland cultivation
practices following soil and water conservation principles, stand management to
promote ample supply of wood and fuel wood, and biodiversity protection.
However, these knowledge systems are slowly disappearing due to the changing
needs and interests of the indigenous peoples as well as the proliferation of
government programmes to modernize farming technologies.

3.2.2 Customary forest laws

Customary laws are reflections of rich traditions and beliefs that guide forest
conservation. Key informants have identified some of these laws that are relevant
to promoting the sustainable management of muyongs. These include the
following:

 Ficus trees are not being harvested for timber and fuel wood since they
help maintain sufficient groundwater supply for muyongs and payoh.

 Local people refrain from cutting century-old endemic trees such as

dipterocarps because they believe that these trees harbour the spirits of their
ancestors;

 Before cutting old trees, they conduct rituals to seek the permission of
their ancestors. A shaman locally known as mumbaki directs the rituals.
 In the olden times, selection cutting was being practiced since there is a
specific tree species that can be used for crafting rice god and constructing
native houses, namely narra (Pterocarpus indicus).

 When a child is baptized, the parents plant four seedlings in

their muyong, which indicates the giving of their blessings to their child.

 Maid biyang umedi, which means no trespassing in muyong areas, is

being observed to avert illegal hunting of wild animals.

In the work of Serrano and Cadaweng

(2005Serrano RC, Cadaweng EA. 2005. The Ifugao muyong: sustaining water,
culture and life. In: B. Durstet. al. editor. In search of excellence: exemplary forest
management in Asia and the Pacific. RAP Publication 2005/02. Bangkok: Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; p. 103112. [Google Scholar]),
remarkable customary laws are also identified. These are:

 One may gather dead branches as fuel wood from other muyongs even
without permission from the owner. Such privilege is reciprocated by cleaning
and tending the muyong as a form of payment for the fuel wood collected.

 If a tree is harvested, the person who gathered should replace it with two
seedlings. The owner determines what tree he wants to give.

 If a person is caught stealing from muyong, he or she is brought to the

tribal elders and will be severely reprimanded.

 To settle boundary conflicts, an ordeal called haddaccan – involving the

two conflicting parties – is performed. Such an ordeal can be carried out
through butlong or a wrestling match between the representatives of each
party. It can also be resolved through uggub or long-throwing of reeds.

3.2.3 Stand management

The Ifugaos observe traditional stand management practices that help sustain
healthy forest cover in muyong areas. These practices were described as vital in
ensuring healthy forest stands:

 Hikwatan (Cleaning). An owner makes a habit to do some weeding to be

able to help naturally regenerating trees to grow.

 Tanoman (Planting). Hardwood species are preferred by the owners

since a big part of the Ifugao cultural identity is wood carving and house
 construction. Two of the most common reforestation species being planted
nowadays are fast-growing species such as Swietenia
macrophylla and Gmelina arborea. The local community also preferred
planting local species such as narra (Pterocarpus indicus) and rain tree
(Samanea saman), which are perhaps the most popular traditional
construction and wood carving species. However, planting materials
(e.g. Samanea saman, Pterocparpus indicus, Lithocarpus spp. and
dipterocarps) are difficult to find; hence, there is a proliferation of exotic and
fast-growing species (Swietenia macrophylla and Gmelina arborea)
considering their short rotation period and widespread availability. No
negative ecological impacts have been identified thus far regarding the use
of exotic species.

 Selective cutting. Only the mature trees are cut for lumber and firewood
based only on the need of the farmer. Crooked and diseased trees are
preferred for fuel wood use while straight-bole is used for posts and wood
carving. Tree species such as alimit and tuwol (both Ficus spp.) are spared
since they were described as important water-conservers of muyong.
Likewise, balete trees(Ficus elastica and Ficus subcordata) are also
protected, as the local people believe that these trees shelter the spirits of
the forest.

 Hapi (Felling direction). The woodfeller observes a felling direction

or hapi to avoid damage to residual trees and nearby farms.

 Bibiyo (Warning signal). When cutting a tree, one shouts out the name of
the tree so that the bad spirits leave and the people will not get hurt.

3.2.4 Upland cultivation

Swidden farming was described as the oldest form of agroforestry practice in

Ifugao. Key informants described that swidden farms or uma are confined to
areas that are not being used for muyong and rice terraces. Swidden farming
practice involves clearing a patch of sloping grasslands and secondary forests.
They plant sweet potato or corn for about two to five years, followed by a fallow
period (tahgwunon) for another five years. The fallow system contributes to forest
cover. Several indigenous swidden farming practices that help promote land
stability and productivity were described:

 Apuyan (Burning). This practice is carried out in the late afternoon to

avoid unwanted burning damages to adjacent areas since relative humidity is
high and winds are usually slight. Burning may start from the side or from the
top to the bottom of kaingin so that the fire movement will be slow.
 Lotang (Fencing). Fences are established along the peripheries of
swidden farms. Materials can be branches obtained from vegetation clearing
activities to avoid further cutting of trees.

 Mungabut (Weeding). Removal of unwanted grasses and shrubs is

usually performed by women. During weeding, seedlings of indigenous trees
such as udyo (Pterocarpus indicus), amug-awon (Vitex parviflora) and
dipterocarps are retained.

https://ideas.ted.com/gallery-the-art-and-science-of-museum-dioramas/

Conveying a complex culture without words

Delehanty also helped construct a Field Museum diorama showcasing the Hemudu, a
Neolithic culture that lived in eastern China from 5500 BC to 3300 BC. The Hemudu
were nomadic, moving during the flooding season, until they learned to build homes
on stilts. For the Cyrus Tang Hall of China, Delehanty worked with archaeologists on
this tableau that depicts a community near the Yangtze River. “The more I studied
these people and their culture, [the more] I saw how central water was to their
identity,” says Delehanty. “So I placed puddles randomly throughout the village and
had people interacting with them. If you look [at the backdrop], there’s fog in the air.
All these details collectively hit your subconscious and convey identity without
words.”

He built the homes with floorboards made of popsicle sticks, spending hours
hammering and scraping them, staining them with coffee, and speckling them with red
paint to simulate blood stains because people usually went barefoot. Delehanty says,
“I wanted the floorboards to tell a very complex story, as if they were worn down by
generations of people.”

Flipboards : http://plentyofcolour.com/2013/10/28/kindergarten-kekec-
colourful-places-spaces/

360 degree: https://www.xaviercortada.com/page/EW_species