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Handbook Protection
© ABB Group - 1 -
13-Jun-07
Breaker failure protection
Stability
G G
In modern networks the critical fault clearing time may be less than 200
ms. Hence, if the fault is not cleared due to failure of the primary protective
relays or their associated circuit breaker, a fast - acting back - up protective
relay must clear the fault
Local back - up
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Breaker failure protection
ZL2
Remote back-up I1+I2+I3
ZL1
I1
I2
x
x
I3
Z<
Distance
Z = ZL1 + ZL2 + (I2 + I3) ZL2 Relay
I1
The measured impedance Z will vary with the switching functions
To maintain the selectivity in the system a relatively long time delay is
necessary for the second step of the distance relay. Variations of the infeed
at the remote busbars may virtually prevent the application of remote back -
© ABB Group - 3 -
up protection.
Advantage: Provides back - up for both the relays and breakers at the
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remote station
Breaker failure protection
Local back-up
Z <
2. Breaker back - up
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Breaker failure protection
Relay back-up +
RELAY
SYSTEM
CHANNEL
-
52
52a
- 52 52a
50
RELAY CHANNEL
SYSTEM
© ABB Group - 5 -
+
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Breaker failure protection
Breaker back-up
5 1 2 6
Z<
7 8
3 4
© ABB Group - 6 -
40
SF6 -
leakage Secondary and
auxiliary circuits
20
Live parts
0
© ABB Group - 8 -
Has No Reset
Protection Normal Breaker
Operated? Operation Failure
Protection
Yes
Start
Breaker Wait for Fault
Failure Fault Cleared?
Protection Clearance
Yes
No
Trip Trip
Main Back-up
Breaker(s) Breaker(s)
© ABB Group - 9 -
13-Jun-07
Breaker failure protection
Basic Principle for CBFP
Fault
Main Detec-
Protection Main Breaker Timer
Interruption tor Relay Margin
Operate Reset
Time Time Error
Time Back-up
Breaker
Interruption
Time
Breaker Failure
Timing Relay Operate Time
I>
I> I>
I>
t
+
if trip trip
from
relay
© ABB Group - 12 -
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Breaker failure protection
Principle diagram of BFR Single timer scheme
BUS
Retrip feature
© ABB Group - 13 -
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B
A
E
Primary fault current
Secondary current
H
t
• Adaptive signal
detection (ASD)
Pre-filter
Post-filter
0.5 *
• No false operation in
Stab zone case of saturated CT
• Maximum current
detector ASD reset
time 1/2 cycle
ASD output
© ABB Group - 15 -
RMS output
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Breaker failure protection
Breaker failure protection (BFP)
Current detector
ASD
Current Back-up trip
&
RMS-value (Busbar)
t t2
Start &
t1
Retrip of own
circuit breaker
© ABB Group - 16 -
13-Jun-07
Breaker failure protection
Time chart
Fault occurs
Protection Breaker
Margin
time interrupting time
- 30 ms - 60 ms
Back-up breaker
• This protection also provides coverage for faults between C.B and
C.T which are not cleared by other protections
© ABB Group - 21 -
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Breaker failure protection
• Recommendations for providing LBB protection at different voltage
levels are as follows:
(i) In all new 400kV and 220kV substations as well as generating stations
switchyards, it must be provided for each circuit breaker
(ii) For line breakers, direct tripping of remote end breaker(s) should
be arranged on operation of LBB protection.
(iii) For lines employing single phase auto reclosing, the LBB relays
should be started on a single phase basis from the trip relays.
© ABB Group - 23 -
13-Jun-07
Breaker failure protection
(iv) It is considered a good practice to have DC circuits of Gr.A and
Gr. B protections and relay independent.
(viii) Tripping logic of the bus bar protection scheme shall be used for LBB
protection also.
(ix) For breaker-fail relaying for low energy faults like buchholz operation,
special considerations may have to be given to ensure proper scheme
operation by using C.B. contact logic in addition to current detectors
© ABB Group - 25 -
13-Jun-07
Breaker failure protection
3.0
3.0 Setting
SettingCriteria
Criteria
(i)
• Current level detectors should be set as sensitive as the main
protections
trip
© ABB Group - 37 -
13-Jun-07
Breaker failure protection
Fault
occurs
TIME- CHART