International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications

Volume 8–Issue 06,146-150, 2019, ISSN:-2319–7560

Dynamics of Gandhi Model of Development in the Era of

Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization

N. Pintu Singh
Master of Political Science
Lovely professional university
Punjab, India

Abstract: The study examines relevance of Gandhian principle of economic restructure in context of post LPG (Liberalization,
Privatization and Globalization) reform in India. Study has also look into issue of use of heavy industrialization in which Gandhi was very
much against. Data were analyzed using qualitative, analytical analysis i.e. various government report and documents. Study concluded that
the LPG reform in India led to one directional concentration of wealth in hand of few big business houses.

Keywords: Integer programming, assignment, Lingo program

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1. INTRODUCTION
The issue of Liberalization, Privatisation and Globalization
impacted world both way positively as well as negatively.
Maximum negative impact remained on poor population and
indigenous community. The growth and development in Modern
World is just in cost of human life which have been affected by
Globalization reform across world. Most government across
world are simply favouring capitalist growth in name of
liberalization. Globalization is defined by intellectual and
scholar as progression of assimilating and opening market across
national borders. This process led to development of new
economic zone and economic activity is highly liberalized. It is
progression of cumulative interdependence in World. This free
flow is related to ideas; good, service, money, value and culture
across national frontier.It is shaping new era of interaction
among nation, economies and people. While Globalization have
positive innovative aspect it also has negatives and marginalised
aspect.The whole development of globalization is highly
contentious raising great concern about national sovereignty
equity for world underprivileged people. It is multifaceted
occurrences and its complexity is likely to increase with
unfolding of process.(Pandey, 1996)
2. ALGORITHM
The Globalized world is seeking efficient institutions and
respect for individuals peace through greater social justice. But
humanity is going through difficulty period. Violence and
terrorism have become catch word of international politics. K
Joseph in 2010 argued that existing military solution were
inadequate to provide security to people concerned. What
happened to war in Iraq and Afghanistan led by USA military
troop. A million of civilians have lost their lives and it is still
going on. While Globalization have increased contact between
people across national boundaries in economy and technology. It
is also fragmenting productions process labour market. Now
time have come to rethink about non military solution for
conflict resolution and peace building in this unstable world.
Once Gandhi himself said that “we do not know how to handle
arm. It is our perhaps misfortune that we cannot . Richard Diet
activists of non violence support argument by saying that while
“non violence is as old as hill “as Gandhi said it is only in recent
decades that philosophy of non violence have grasped human
imagination.(Kumrappa,2008).
Satyagraha and Self rule are two core concept in Gandhi
political thought. These are core value of his theory of freedom
and power. Non violence developed by Gandhi is not only
political development but moralistic philosophy also. Gandhi
defines Satyagraha as force of truth and non violence. In Gandhi
word Non violence is law of human race.
According to Gandhi, Self rule is political power to invest
in control of violence and human aggression towards nature as
well as their fellow individuals. It means that sovereign kingdom
freedom from external control. State should not impose any
coercive powers to destroy autonomy of self rule. They must be
having all kinds of freedom and liberty to decide their fate of
Social, Economic, Cultural and Political development.
Psychologically sense change its meaning that being liberated
inner and divine being free from ignorance and illusion and free
to gain greater knowledge to control all kind of greed in life. If
nation would follow these principles of Gandhi then there is
possibility to avoid global warming as well as no one will sleep
hungry? Or one will be without shelter and issue of uneven
economic growth will also settle down in world(Pandey,1996)
Mahatma Gandhi considered Non violence, total abstention of
physical or mental torture of any living as supreme truth of God.
Mahatma Gandhi suggested Non violence as mean to achieve
truth. For success of any revolution, Gandhi emphasised over
non violence means only. Gandhi adopted and suggested various
method to apply non violence according to circumstances and

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 International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 8–Issue 06,146-150, 2019, ISSN:-2319–7560
conditions in which there is a need to apply these. Truth is very
important to sustain human civilisation. If all people will be
selfish and organisations will hide truth then process of
contemporary modernization will collapse. So even to sustain
modern day development in society, it is needed to have more
number of people seeking truth through different means.
Mahatma Gandhi also suggested certain characteristics for
practitioner of non violence such as fearless ,self
suffering,truthfulness and self control etc.
Through his model of development Gandhi want to change
pathetic human condition in globalized world which was full of
exploitation. Even more Gandhi was not in favour of strong state
who will be having brute force in form of police and army to
maintain order in state. Gandhi advised path of non violence not
only for individuals but also nation in general. Satyagraha not
only liberate country from foreign dominance politically but also
led to establishment of ideal state based on every kind of
freedom like Economic Religion and Political which include
Right to self rule, Freedom of Press and equal right for all.
Satyagraha as techniques of political injustice was first
experimented by Gandhi in South Africa and later in freedom
struggle in India which was quite unique in human history. The
other example of revolution inspired by Gandhian philosophy in
West is American civil rights movement led by Martin Luther
king and Hungarian revolution 1956. Global leader get inspired
from Gandhi to liberate their country from repressive rule.
Exploitive nature of state can be control by method of Non
violence. (Kumar,2000) Mahatma Gandhi was
against this idea of this modern development in which heavy
machineries have taken place of human labour. Privatisation is
eating up all national resources thus causing lot of
environmental problems in world. Poor people are victim of this
uneven development model in which people like farmer are
forced to die from environment burden. With this structural
setting in third World Country, globalization has further
worsened situations of vulnerable section of society. Especially
poor people are more dependent on natural resources for their
survival and becoming victim of economic loot across globe. As
decision are made by narrow state, poor people are
marginalised, State are running big project on cost of native
habitat. Large project which are taken by Government in name
of development have displaced large number of people leading
to unemployment depriving their source of livelihoods. Force of
globalization have ravaged agricultural community leading to
poverty, deprivation and lost of livelihoods. Such destitution
have resulted in suicide by farmer in many parts of India.
India is a country of poor village with still 70 percent of
people living in the remote village with primary source being
farming. Gandhi was very much worried with degradation of
village economy that Gandhi himself focused to organise village
through village self development. Gandhi himself said that if
village perish, India will perish too. Revival of village will be
possible only when it is no longer exploited by people. Soul of
people reside in village which is highly depends on natural
production. Industrialisation on mass scale will led to excessive
exploitation of village as problem of competing and marketing
will come in. Present open market model of Development are so
ruthless that in normal condition it can kill farmer and small
trader. That is why after independence most of village cottages
industry have died due to lack of support. If however in spite
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uneven support, rich do not become guardians of poor, and poor
people keep on die of hunger Gandhi have suggested non
violence and non cooperation as right mean. Rich cannot
accumulate wealth without cooperation of poor. Poor will
become stronger and learn how to free themselves by means of
non violence from crushing inequality which have brought them
to verge of starvation.
Since begging of of freedom strugglewhen get entered into
every time advocated to save village economy to bring more
development in village. Soon ideal of self sufficiency were
accepted throughout India. Death kneel of British economy in
India was sounded and British authorities soon realised that by
attacking their self interest, Gandhi have successfully isolated
their rationale behind their rule of India. Economic exploitation
of the poor people is brutal repression in context of modern
development. We have to concentrate on village self contain
mainly for use. Provided this character of village is maintained
there will be no objection to villager using modern machine tool
they can make and afford to use. In this way they can improve
their economic conditions in liberalized world but most of
competition is coming from market .Naturally development of
country depends on development of village. All good and
services necessary for village member should be gone within
village.
If every village allocate its surplus product then problem of
poverty and starvation will be solved. Agricultural sector alone
cannot solve problems of rural poverty. But agricultural sector in
India is having heavy wait for providing job to rural
poor.(Srivastava ,1991) Village development ÷Big market
economy should be stopped to impose only they should not used
as mean of exploitation in name of explosives development.
India does not need industrialisation in modern sense of term.
India has more than 7 lakh 5 thousand village. Vast majority are
looted to soil and vast majority are dependent on the agricultural
products for their survival. Agriculture does not need
revolutionary change .Whatever may be said on contrary having
travelled through whole length of land with eyes open and
millions are living in idleness for 4 months in a year. India
pleasant required supplementary industry. Most natural is
introduction of spinning wheel not handloom. Later cannot be
introduced in every home whereas farmer can and used it. It was
driven out not by economic pressure but by force deliberately.
3. GANDHI AT ASHRAM
Gandhi resigned from Indian National Congress over
difference with other leader. Gandhi established All India
village industry association at wardha and devoted most of his
time toward reorganisation of Indian village. Gandhi started
experiment in rural lifestyle such as revival of village craft, agro
based industry so that villagers could be able to live in ideal
surroundings. Gandhi observes u cannot build non violence on
factory civilisation but it can be built on self contained village.
We need to have faith in spinning wheel. Gandhi focus on
removal of untouchable also. Before moving to ashram in 1936.
Gandhi have started experiment in wardha. Gandhi efforts were
to train people in local workfare to fulfilled their need from
national resources. Gandhi train many worker in rural
 International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 8–Issue 06,146-150, 2019, ISSN:-2319–7560
construction work such as making Neera from palm tree
,jaggerry etc. He shifted headquarters of All India spinning
associations to Wardha This development have inspired more
people to go for village development projects. In ashram neera
was served every morning .Gandhi believes that hand spinning
hand weaving and khadi will preserve India culture. Gandhi
anticipates that when nation will become free with its own
efforts various experiments would be needed to prepare for
economic conditions of masses Wardha remain Gandhi
headquarters till his death. Gandhi who fought mightiest empire
in world had also simultaneously developed and demonstrate
new way of life for village mass Gandhi had organised three non
cooperation movement in his whole life. First was civil
disobedience movement in 1921,second was salt march in 1930
and quit India movement in 1942 India attain independence in
1947 and Gandhi ideas of economic development were given
proper importance to complete other global economy. It was
very much difficult to survive economy based on village
economy and more modernization was needed to deal with
issues of global development.(Sinha,1990).
Privatisation involved selling state owned asset to private
sector. It is argued that private sector tend to rural businesses
more effeciently because of profit motive. However critic argue
private firms can exploit their monopoly and ignore social cost.
Privatisation is often achieved through listing new private
company. This article will discuss advantage and disadvantages
of privatization arguments for and against privatization.
Privatisation is owned by private sector whereas nationalisation
is owned by governments. In privatization profit motive act as
incentives for owners and managers whereas in nationalisation
worker may felt motivated if they felt company belong to them.
Benefit of privatization: 1.There is a lack of political
interference in privatization. 2. Improved efficiency-Since
privatization companies such as British airways has shown
degree of improved efficiency 3. Shareholders: It is argued that
private firms have pressure from shareholders to perform
efficiently .If firm is insufficient then firm could be subject to
take over. There is no pressure in state owned one.
Disadvantages of privatization
 Natural monopolies - It occurred when most effecient
of form in industry is one. For example top water have
significant fixed cost. Therefore there is no scope for
having competition among several forms. In this way
privatization can create monopolies.
 Government lose out on potential dividend.
 Problem of regulating private monopoly.
4. GLOBALIZATION
Effect of globalization in world and how to address
problem of globalization in world and how to overcome
challenge of globalization by India. Globalization is process of
integrating various economy of world to allow free flow of
good, service and technology. India has adopted policy of
globalization since 1991.Importance of liberalization and
privatization and globalization have resulted in gradual
withdrawal of unnecessary trade and integration of India
economy. Adoption of the economic reform has resulted in the
increase of economic development in country. In this report
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states that there have been winner and loser in India as result of
globalization. Lives of rich have been enriched by globalization.
Yet benefit are yet to reach majority and risk are being cropped
up for loser. India war ranked 134 according to human
development index. We observed that globalization bring
polarisation in Indian society and fail to eliminate problem of
Socio-economic sector. But India is already hooked on
globalization. Globalization have other possible negative effect
like destruction of domestic industry etc.(Sahey,1998)
5. PROBLEM OF GLOBALIZATION IN
WORLD
Some principle of Mahatma Gandhi are
 Sustainable economic development. - Gandhi
economic start from fundamental composition that
economic policies of colonial religion must be
eliminated and new economic policies must be
developed which will abolish effects of factory.
Gandhi is well aware that since most of people live in
villages in India if Villages economy is improved then
Economy of India will improve.(Srivastava ,1991).
 Eradication of poverty in India - Gandhi believe that
poverty can be eradicated if proper opportunity is
given to all people.
 Basic education - Gandhi was believer of basic
education Gandhi believes that process of education is
continuous throughout human life.
 Economic efficiency - It refer to revival of village
industry. Gandhi was very much firm believer on
encouraging village firm industry cottage industry.
Gandhi considers non violence and total abstention of
physical or mental torture of any living as supreme
truth of God.
He suggested non violence as mean toachieved truth. For
success of any revolution he emphasised over method of Non
violence only Gandhi suggested various method to apply
nonviolence according to circumstances and conditions‟ in
which there is a need to apply these. Truth is very important to
sustain human civilisation. If all people will be selfish and
organisations will hide truth then process of contemporary
modernization will collapse. Gandhi also suggested certain
characteristics for practitioner of non violence such as fearless,
self sufficient, truth, love etc.(Singh,1995).
6. RESEARCH METHODS
The study will be qualitative and analytical in nature. Study will
explore and analysed various principle of Gandhi of economic
organisations of society. Shift of market economy to market
economy of India has created problem and destruction to small
cottage industry and farmers. Therefore study will use
theoretical perspective of socio economic restructure of society
in context of India to understand various tenet of social
development. It will also use theoretical perspective of socio
economic development of Gandhi and view to protect right of
farmers and poor people in age of capitalism. Data will be
collected from Primary and Secondary source. Primary source
include various government report and documents, interview
and press statement. Data receive from statistical bureau of
 International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
Volume 8–Issue 06,146-150, 2019, ISSN:-2319–7560
government and national census will be analysed to understand
quantitative change in economy in India. Data will be collected
from Prominent Scholars, government programme, Research
article and newspapers report based on economic development
in India. Interview with the leader of leading activism and
Political leaders could form source of data. Interaction with
Scholars and Residents will also be part of Sources of
information for this method. Studies will also secondary
resources including Book, Journalists and Newspapers. Study
will most use data resources available in English. It will also use
other data sources and their translation in English. Field visit to
search various government report and documents is essential to
this study.
6. CONCLUSION
Global unequality reports 2018 show that impact of
globalization and privatization is very much unequal in last 40
years. This report states that 1 percent of people in country
holding more than 22 percent wealth of nation. On other hand
Indian GDP is growing and showing indications of growth but
on other hand inequality is increasing rapidly. On other reports
by Oxfam also paint real picture of economic development in
India. India was ranked 147 out of 157 countries. This report
exposed development nature of India which is unequal in Nature
and causing more patterns of inequality in India. Gandhi
principles of development have been neglected in socio,
development in India mostly after LPG reform in India. Gandhi
model of development which emphasised more on cottage
industry and village industry is left behind and much focus is
given on big industry for development. Project of Globalization
is almost going against idea of Gandhian philosophy of
economic organisations. While whole world is in grip of high
growth of capitalist mode of production and capitalist, so today
world is more unequally equal and unstable. The growing
economy concentration of wealth in hand of few is leading
world poor and economic disadvantages for poorer section of
society across world. Gandhi was staunch supporter of
empowering rural employment through village cottages industry
and agricultural based production. Gandhi was having holistic
approach to reconstruct whole economy in which all will be
participants of development. Gandhi develops many idea to led
country to path of development. In 21 century his idea were
most needed where all society are turning into selfish human and
exploiting national development and claiming 21 century as era
of development. But this development is very uneven and not
having any kind of sympathy towards poor population. Fraud
and force are diseases, truth and non violence are health.
Economic exploitation of the poor people is brutal repression in
context of modern development. Therefore we have to
concentrate on village self contain manufacturing mainly for
use. Providing this character of village is maintained there
would be no objection to villager using modern machine tool
they can make and afford to use. This is way they can improve
their economic conditions in liberalized world but more
challenge are coming from market completion in which
production of cottage industry are not competent in nature.
149
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Shahid NP,
Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Lovely
Professional University, Punjab who supervised this research
paper which is also a part of academic activities for the
fulfilment of requirements for award of degree of Master of
Political Science. Dr Shahid who shared with the issues for
making a good report, but also draws me out from various
obstacles and problems in this concerned, so that I could
complete this research paper without any difficulties. I shall ever
remain thankful to him.
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