Sei sulla pagina 1di 10

Urban Governance:

How Democratic?
Stéphanie Tawa Lama-Rewal

5- "
 @
  -

  #  4
4
 
  )#
K4
%<

 #4H<#  
   >
4   
  >

 -
 #4H< -#
! 
  'TU-

1. Facts


  -@

-  
<
-

%<
  STU- 5- "
 
 " " 

economic reforms launched in the early 1990s, #4<   

  % -4%
6---
"
 6#
 
# x6-
 T#4
 4 
  4




 
  %

 x 
 
 4 - 

 -
-@
  #<S
TU-

  
 "# -  U
4"
T-
4 <
 4E>@-  H-  4 
   
" <U>-

  -4%6%
 "

- #4<
%
 % 
 
 4
<
- -<
% ##4-

 
 
%<> # -
K 

  4
4
 '6-

- 44    4%
    "
46--#
K 

  
 -
-
4
<     <-  
%
6  #
<4
4
 -
  4  % 
"4 %#-
-   )#
K4   -

- delivery of urban services, and therefore to
-<‡$ # 4   -  4 4<-
-"
 >5-

/  #4   -- 6 " "# - 4 
  - -
 )  # 4 
#4 6  4%)4"
4
 -4 T888 U


"

 #4 6

  -H  - 4
< --
  4  %<>:
<

"  4
4
 S%
 /  -
" "# -  T% -
-
  -4%6"
   -- 
-4# U-

21
#
!     -
4 



#   "#T"

#
K -
Š(

# 
  > OO'MU - #4
%<
"
<


-"%64 
" 
5- "
4-# -"
  
  
 
 >8




 
%
 
%
 "

 #4
 
"<  T6--#  
-
 K<   
- "<>5-  %"  <
 -

6
<
 4 >U
   
  - #4

# 
6
<  #4  
#
! < 

 6-- 
 - %4 " 
 

# < 4 
" 
%<-( 4 
8
 ## T(8U - 
" 
- 
 4 6"  
-

 
 
 44   4- %
 "
> - %!"  

#6 K -

 4 <
 4 -

 4 <
% 
%<&
!"
E> 
- 6" <  
 xR  ;
-p  "#-
ECO 


(
-

-

# <$-
 #4# #EG 6
 6
4 <
8
 -
;!

)-
"#4#-   # 
 
 "# #
K# 
4 "  11>@# @
 - 6"- 4 
" 
#  4  " -

%  
(8
 6 - 
 "#  
4 4
 >
 K44
<
#
!  %
 "

 
<   K<   -
 5-#4#
  -

 

" 4#
4
 
6
 > 4 <- 6" 6
<%--
#%   
-BGrd
BFth    

## >
5--  
"
<%6--"  5-
 
  - 
##  

     ! "   #   
context

5-

 4 <
K - # 6    

## -BGrd$$

6-
@

-BFth$$
6-%
@
>5- 4 < -    "

Urban Policies and the Right to the City in India :


 >
E> @  
]   
<^T
H- " #U --" 
 #' 

Rights, Responsibilities and Citizenship

  -
" 
K4
6- H# -  #- -#

 -4"  
 - 4"    
  ##   >
> @#
K  
# 
<# 4 
"' "
  T>> 
/ 
U  -

 
 -% 6---
"%#4#
-" % --
 

4

#
 
 p 
"
#%  4
 6H -
 
">5-  "
  
4 4   - 
# 
4-6-  5 >$
#4 
 "
   "
   6 #6--
 
% - - #TGGz 

 U>
G> 5- 4 <
 #
K  
# 
<# 4
4
"'-BFth$$  
 
4
4
 < 4
 x-6
 ## x#
 4 # -4
4
   
-#

# %


 >
F> @" "  
 4  %  %
 
%  - -
     %

   
 ) "#x-56-->

11
5- -? K

( 4 
8
 ##T?(8U #EC #
4 4 
"  -


%
 
%  -

-# 4 


T6 - U
  
 T -U>

22
#4#
%4 <6
 - -- R-

-#   4
4
  --

  #< 
 -

 
 -
 
 4    4 %
6 ‡5-BFth
 #EG 6
 >5- 4  "
 $$4 #  -
 6
 ## 

# 
 -4    
  

 %)#4
 4
 
 %6
"4 
  
"
        
 
 
-" 
  
4 6  6" >$ 
  - #
  
  <x-6
>
 
 "# 6
K@
   - 4 "   -
%4
"

  >-  
 
 in a restrictive way, and in most cities ward
 #4
 4 
  T#  % - committees are really wards ## '-<

 
 
 U
 #-
 H 
-" 
  6
 x
 

 < "#


<
K-
  -
   /
<
 
>@
 

-   -€@@--> 6


  ##  
<  #
K 4

56 - #
#4
#
  " <x
4 #H4 %
] ##  < #^12  H" (#%
6-6
  ## G
4 6  -H" 6 - ; x %<-   >@4

 4 
 S-  #
 -#4
 therefore wards committees only add one
 4 
  - - ##  x
 level of interaction between councillors and
@
$# 
"" T@$U 
  
 >(4
 "# -
 #
%<- 
 "#
--
 6- -
<
" 
< 4
  p
the mayor, who is usually indirectly elected and 4
4
 %<   >
<-

# 
 >5-%
  
the reservations system, many councillors are  6"

"
"  4
4
 
6 # 6--#
K -## 4 %


 -
"#-4
6 
 
" 
  H - 
 > # -   6
 4 6
4 
" >$ 
 #4
 4 
   <
#'-  -
6-4
4
 <

K
- <6--H4
 -
-
- 4 
## 
%< 
 "# 
#
<  -
<K 6
#  <6  T -
--

 -#x % 6U 
many of whom are also unaware of the name of %<(4
 4 
  TK-$"

- 
  > 7 
<(

#; 4 
OOE
(#%
U>--
  4
4
 

5-   
 "#H4   # %  #4'  
#

#4
 
 - 6
 4
4
 -
 T- --U4%
 
-

 #4
  ># 
4% 
  >
 - 6"-
 
4
4
 
-

level is even more determined by class than it is
2. The Legal and Policy Framework
 6-@
TV
 OOCU'6-
-
#
  
% 
 ##4
 5-BFth$$TEU   
%
K- -
  4 "   4
4
en massex -4 

! < 4@

   #4
4   - 6-
 6 
 'TU 4

 6--BGrd$$
4 %
6 K 6-  6- # 
-  

#%  

 
-<  

4"#
 6- 4 <
# 
% "STU
 -

4%
-  %
-#4
 
  
 ) "#   #
--" T;- -Š5
6
7
#
)&6
OO -
 -"
-  
6-4

 - OEOU> 4  6--  
-%



12
5-

"#4
#
‹(
< ))  < #Π#4# <R 

(
-<
8
 ->@
-
 < #--
 -H"6 -(
< %<#4
    #
# -# " 6- - #
 

 #
#%    6- 
"-
 -#
4   T -
6



 
 >U
 #-
] ^-#
 

%-R #  < #>

23
-
> 6"-BFth$$-
% <  "  
"4 % -T 

4
<#4#' # 4 
4 "      4 % - U
 4 
" 
-
- #4  
  6
 6 %##%  -6
 ##>5-
 ## -
"%4
"< 87-
%  <%<  
 "6
<S6- ##

 <4 "    -  >: <-]# 87^ 
-
- #
  ( 4 
8
 %<-V &(    4<6-- -
 ## -
" #4<% #  4 
" 6%  #


 > %<-  > < 
6
<-




%-
4 
" #-

< ")
 - 
 %!"  -V
6
-

 4 -4"    - 

-
 
%
&6
(   4 4
 6- 6%%/44 
TV &(U)
-OO 
4 4   #
>:
< 
-

#4#
  -BFth$$-M ###% -4 -%
   

  >5-V &(4
<  4   6 
 H#
 6- #
K

  -4
4
 <#    
 4
 % 

    
4 4
  #
democracy, yet its contribution in the matter has area sabhasEF> 

<
-
  
 %  " 
>:  
  -


%-
-
%  <  
      %% -V &( %< )4 
#-
#4   4
4
 
6
-
% 
  
<3" 4#8
 -
--(  3-
-87
T38U>>
 #4- " #< -
%#4# <  
 '$-

- %
4 ! -
-
 %"4 < 8
 -$
#;!


?


K
>

4 "

#
4  "%

" 4#>38 6 44   $ 44  
 

< 
-4   
 
K-  6--#4   - %!"  -

 
H "  
 6-<)6 % 4 <
#<-7 
$
3" 4#
-  
 4  4 " %H#< -#T7$3EGU6--  

6# 
 '  
 #  4 
" 
- 
"T>>(#% 
Urban Policies and the Right to the City in India :

6 
 -
6
<-
-<#
- 7 
"$ #%< (7$ U

-
4
4
  -4  -
"< 
 
"T>>(#%  8

#
S6--<
K4
#
< - (8 U
 4 4
<K 6
-(8
Rights, Responsibilities and Citizenship

    6  4 


-
 (7$>5- 4 <
 6 
-(8 (7$
38 T 

 OOU>   4
"
# T
<" U
-  -  < 
   4)
5-V &(
 #
K #

 < % #  -

 6
4#4 >
  #4#
 ##<8
4
  @%


-#4#
< -
7
6T87U#
 
-"6-
6
  #4
 4 
 >5- 4 "    
 ##   
#<  

 #4 %6   T6- 
 

 
4
4
 < 4
-

sabha (or -
"
 % 4-  <U



#%<U6-- 
  

4 
" 
--" S
#4
 
 6 
 

 # 

   ) 

%
 6-4 
"  - 
  EG> 4 
" 

 "  
5-


%-
6 % #4  
 -

 
< 
>5- 4 "  -


EG
 -  -
4 
"    

<H  # 
%
 ) 

4
<'- #4
-
 
 

]%#
^6-  # - # #% 6-
"<4" 
 6-4 

  #
K-#

## #4 
#
 %6 #  
 
4 
 T V-
&
R  KOOU>
EF
: 

% 
/ -87 $( 
% 
" -$"
# -< %
 #- -(H
(
 ##<8
4
 7
6T87U>R-
8
4
 ‡R-  ##<‡$"

%
-4'
##> >6 4 >
 #OOCO ##<)4
4
 )
6>4

24
4
<%T6

 %
# Box 6. The undemocratic governance of
  

   Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
-  <%<(8 
(7$ U< 
 "#-
%6 
  
 5-4

 - ,$OO 
T?#
Š7
<OOU> -@
 "#p 4 < 
 6
-
   4

H



:
<-&- @ #
 $T&5@U H4
 

 
>5- ,
 

%<
#
!  
"  % - 4 < #
 4 # 4"
T 
 


 
# 
<>5-&5@$
 # U" # 

  #- 
" 
< - 
 -
H4  


(
 ?
-
K

-
T(?U
 ! % 6-  #
% 
6 >5-
;%
&
!
-
6
4
OO 
" 
%
H
4 <#  ,  

at the national level15%-
%
 4  "% - " 4   , 
 "
 
 "% -

>5-&5@ T6- 6 6U
 # -
 4
#
K #

 <  
 

"    , > , 
%" 4-%<-
 "# 4 "
< #/  4"
   
 "#
  
%<
T6-
6H4  U6- - -
8%8"
8
 -4T888U>
GO
<  -
44
  

   5- 4  -
%"<4 "6-
T -4'-  #
 > ">U>@ 
 # -
BOO4 4
 "
>
4 6 # # 
  

 , -
" 4
#4
   
-
% %<"
   4  
%

 @
>(  ,  
<

H4  4 
 -<4  6  
" 4H 
 >5-<

%<4%
-  >
 - 4 
-  6--#
 
-
-<
% #4"
 6 -4 >@
3. Political and Academic Debates  

<H4-
 , 6
 

5-#] "
^-
  
</ into 50 to 70 new satellite towns (with a
%/  6- #  -#

# 4 4
  #4  %6-


of urban affairs, has been the object of an # 
 # -
%
 U "-
international academic debate, in which H
 >
@
4 
   -
"%#4 
 5- ,4 < - %! 
  " <
 %  >5-    "
  "
4  > -# -
-

#4 
  #-" 
%
< -  , H#4<# 
 "
'
 4 
  - 
-6#4 
 
 -

 4 <  
#


 4   
# 
<TV
<

44
% , --
%
  
EB-
- KOOGU6---#
<  ! <
<- 4
4
-
   -  -<# -
  "
%< - -
-# 
     )#
K > 4 
" T VK ?<

5-

#%
-     - K  (K- 4
-<
< - #U>
# 
    " -] 
 "
^   >
-%
 H%
<# >
 
$# @
)%
 6 #- TOOB'BEBU 
 -] 4   4 

 V -
 
8
-
-
!6  4
 
-#
# "#  4
<

- 4    6 K @


 6-  
  >>>
4   4#
<


 4

  4 
4
4
  "6 K4
 ^
-]64  >>>%4

15
5-&5@  
44
% - 
 V
##
?
-#>

25

 " 
< 

  " < %
&
!
-
U-
-  -

--
4 
4
 
 6 
 -  #
 >5-
# 

 -

# "# q
--

%  

   "4%
 x
 
#

q  ## 
--
 %6 
4 4
4%
-   
6 K4
 ^>#
<-
!TOOFU
" 
 6--" 
"< 
  - -]4 
 <^ %< #
 
 
%<>8%
 /
4 
4
 

  
  -  " "# 
 ;
3-
-#
  #-]" <^ #4  8
"

( %+- V
 
#  - 
]4 4 ^6- # %-# "  -
"
6-- 4

#  
- -

  > - 4

    "
 6-
6--/  
---
  4 %6

 %
 " >@(#%
- < -
# %
  
 > 8 #   $
&  T8$&U
-
%#-" "-# %
  
5- 

#%
 
- - #6   -  - >5-
 #4
#   -4-
H4  is now a debate, both in the activist and in the
-# " @
 > -4 

# 4-  "-  /   -
 ## <
- # - 
 ;
#%
 "
>3  
%
  -
-

-
  -4  % 4%
# 
<
%6-"

- 
>@@
 T$44

OOEU ] 
6<4
  
<T%
U -4 
#  %
%
# 
<^TR OO'

%
 %<
    FOU‡   - 
<

-
4 4
 - 6%<4 
 4- 
4  # 
4   -
-

%


# >- -
-% -  6
T& <OO%U‡


  -
# <4 #

    -
-<-obligations

%< -4S- 
#- 4-

4. Good (and Bad) Practices
 -
 ]
6
%
H4
< ^> $   
"  %

Urban Policies and the Right to the City in India :

- --
 

4 
 

    "

 4   
   
4  #6 -rights, <>:  
EM-
; "#
-   %
-#
- 
" ?


-
/H4#'-
Rights, Responsibilities and Citizenship

H4    -
]-4 4- ##  8 4p 
#4
 3
 8
>
#
^>< --
-
4 %
 K"<6- @
 
# 
<
6 4
4
#-#  
   6
 "  <

H   
 -
<" K

   -4S< 4 
 T 6" 
6 

"   
<  

#
! 4
  4 U%
 

  4
4
 >
 -4

- 4  
   : #EM OOE- 
  4 46
-#
 -" @
   # % 4
4
 <4
>?

p 
-
4 "      


 H4#6
/'- 
6
  <
44 < ]4 #^- -4 44  - 
"S 
 6
T
 ŠECMU> 
"</K<S

 % 


4 4   -%6
 %
 

Another debate concerns the role of civil society - -4
4
 <4
T-
#
OOGU>


  T U-# 
-

  6"6--73# 
:  
%
 "
>$#%  -
" 
  OOE-H4#6

4
<

  
- x   4%<-6  ) #

 6)46
 -   
   "#>
>x <6 >$ # -(?
T-(
 ?
-
K

-
 ; . #
 -#
!  # 4
4
 

26
 $%    &$'*+- 

@OO-; "# @


 4-/@
 $- < @
T@3$@U


<-
 #4#-/@
 
4 !- <>
- 4 !"<
 6%"
E#%

 
4-  
4-

% #

T4  U 
 #
K -
-@3 />5-@3 #
 #
K
4 4" % - 
  
-"
    %!" 'TU
-
-4 

%
  6
4 
## STU 44 ]
K
 ^  4 
#
K
-

-4 "% 
--%
 STU-

 

ST"U-  #>

5-@3
4 !-
" K
    # T   
&
#

-
OEOU
   -
4 '-
%< <
#   

>: -
   % 
 --  

%< -4 !
 

-
-

  

 6%4    >   6 -
"
#
  /  
 H4-
#
!  

 %
 %
K 
 - ##
   6
/ @3
  #-  # >5--@3

%
6%K6- -<


%
 6--#
 -
-4 6   "
 "-4 4
 6
#
 >
 
-
-
 
@
 $- < @
T 8

#
3#%OEOU   -
<

   -
4"
<- 6%
4  #-#
 6 -

%
T-@3$@U  #
-    >

 
# 
<>@- 
6
 % "   "  -#  4 6
-

" 
# # 

- 

  @
%
 #'
  
4 
- -#  -(
8
>H4    
 
"
%   "  >-6
-

 -
 3-(
8
  

-OOB#4
  3-'  "

    
 #4#
- #
 
 6 
# % -4
4
 44- 4>


4  <%
 6

  
 4 6" 
ration cards are not an individual document H4 -"6 x6---<S%-
T-  
 
4
#<6--
 
(
8
 #  -BOOO4 


%  " U># 

"  ##
  "T

 
< # T -
8$ 
" OOU>
4- %U#4
"  #
6-- %< 
 % 

   "  > 8
4
   --
  
 
5-|/@
 p#%-
  4
4
 < -#  -
-

3-
-4   %
% -6-  -$"
7 
<(

#T$7(U
4 4
  @
#-4 "
  %  4 (#%
>

  
 -    >
 --


-$7((#%
-
"
In India as in many other countries, there are %
%
#
% 
4S

#4 
" 4
# 4
4
" 
  -6  -< #4 6-
# 
<  
- -  
 

<4 6>`-  -# -
"
 
4  -
-
"% ## / 4 "  "
 %< -
-4

  -]  "
^
 %!" 
%< -

   "
 4 4p 4
4
 >5- 6 4 4
 
#<-#
 >: 

27
Box 8. The Bhagidari scheme  T5
6
7
#
)&6
OOBU>@(#%

#$7( 4 -
"! #4

elections in 2007, and their candidate has been
5- %
4
4
 <"
- T,*
-OOBU  -
- 
OOO%<--(  3--
 4
4
 <4 
## 
-4--
3K -4 " 
-H
#4 - electoral abstention of the middle classes, which
4 
#4-
  4
4
 <  
<#4 
 -#
<

 "
>5- -# 

- <  
 "#>
]
x "#4
 -4^EM is
  


 %6 $#-
" ]4  --


residents and city administrators in order -#^T
  3-p -( 18U
 " 4
 
 # 4
4
   (   "'- 4 
##6

  4#
< %
 " >5- 
OOC %
- 

-

T|4
 -4pU -# 6
4
#  -3- "#

<
# 
]" 4
# 
  -
 )6 6 < #

#6 K6-- 4 
 - -6--%
 
<
 
 ##


4
 -46- -#  -
 
4  
 
 
 "# "
    " #4 >@OEO- 4 
##6 6  

<4 %# ^17>@4
- -#  #
  #- ## 6
-$ 
 

# H "<-
"
&   8%$# 
 
(

#
R
$ 
   #
-  T$8$(U6
  %   
   T
6



  U>  "
> 6"(   "! 
5--

 -# #4  
< K--

 -#   <

-#
6 K - 4 T 
< %<4 
" 6-  -

-
< U- -6-- 
-
  %

 T
 U
4 
"  &R$ 
-"
   6--4" -# -
 
 


# 
  
6-%
 "  #
 %6-6
4
# 
Urban Policies and the Right to the City in India :

meet and debate, with the intention that


%
 >
-< 
% 
T
--
 U

$# %/  4
 -4 "   
Rights, Responsibilities and Citizenship

|5
#3-p  " ## 4 %# %<
-
 %<

#% 
<|   
4 4   p
K<

# 
   
6-3-
$-

   - -#>5--

 -#
8
 -x6  
 6- -(  -
"
6
 

% 4
%<-
4
<
- ### ] 

  %-  
 - 
<
 "
^>-
 
#
 
%

-#4
 -

 
 -K<    -  "

%
4  
"<
<3->
4
K

#<
 4
<>5-
"

%<
 # 4 "
# 

 
3-& R
$ 
    4  -
K  #
! %

 
T&R$ U-
"" " 
  4-
 as well as the name, function and contact of the

 
<   - 
 "# 4 -
 <
#4 
 4
-#4
 4 
 
-<-
" towards a true accountability of administrations

6-

  4 -%
   > 6"-
#4
 - 
4 
# "#  -4"

  -
 #
<4  TU-
4
<
6
"<6--#
<4 " 
    -4 4
 -

EM
-4'- ">>
17
3-# T% - --

 -#3-; "#OOBU
18
: OGOOEO>

28
 
  
-#x6-- -
"   <6 K 6
  
-
/ -" "# 
" 
< ;  4 
 -BF-$$#  -
-
]#< <
4 4
^--
  %

 4 6>
T
!OOM'EEUS
TU -H 

< "

#-
 # x $ -%
  "%
 "
 
6--  <
 -#4#
   
#  

' -6
<"
  
-&- @ #
 >
"  4
4
 
 #%<
>
$ # # 4
4
 #4

:
<
#   # %
  -   
4 6-# 4
4
 

 4   bandhT
 K U 4
4
 < -# 
#
>
dharnaT ) U gheraoT
4 
4 -    
- <U
-
" - 6-4
- 6. Policy Recommendations
<>:  
- -
 - K 
 "4 %6
<  #4 6 

3-OOM
 -#4#
   ) "#
 #
K#  4  "
-6(
8
 
4 
"  <6 > #4 6   

#4 -"
   #   "
    
6-
 #
K%

# 
% "'4 
#4
8@719 street  "
#  "%
    
4   >#
<6
- K 

-# 
44
-
%4 
" 
demonstrations called by the traders, and joined 4%
-   4 <6 >
%<
-  44  6-- - At the same time, it is necessary to create
 "# 
 4#H
 " 4
  
 %6   

-
#4
#-(
8
 -
 4 
"  - 
4 4
 -

6  6-
< - >5-  would involve middle class residents as well, in
4 H#4 - 66    -  "
 -#   -#
 
   -
%# %
 44   6 K%<-  >5- 6 -

- -%< 4 >R- 44    %< "   %-
 "


 #4#
  -(
8
T>>    T6-
 - )OEO)
 
- 44U
" 

 "   ]% K

4
 
^U 6
 

-
-(
8
6
%%<
6 T 
U ##   >
44  " K-
 ! -
  


-  ! <- 44     E> 5-(
< ))  < # - %

- 44  #H


 > 
20'5- #4
#


<#4#6  
 "  
5. Barriers H"
- <--
  -
5-#
%
 
#4#
  - (
< > "-(4
 ##  
4 -

 4 < #  %  #
%<- 
4
< 
#
!  

  
 -
 
 -#4#
  -(4

- - -
 4 6
    4 
 p    --  4  %
%< 
"4 
 
 
 >R-  -(
< ))  - 

- -
44
 -
 
 "#   "#>

19
5-8%@ 7
  

4  
% --
<ECO @
6-%<
4  
 

 


44
-- 
 K
#<
 6-4%  
 
K"- --
4   

   


"4
<>
20
5-  ##
     4--
-‹( (4
7
6Œ44
%<-( < %
3" 4#
-
#6 K -V &(6--
" 
 '] H"4 6 " 6- #4 6
 ##^S]:"<
#
 (
< -
#
^S
]8 "   6
 
6
 ## ^>

29
> 5-(
<  - %<%< F> 5-(8(7$7 
$
3" 4#
"   
"<
>3  -# - % 44 
 
"
as well as a tenure that matches that of the  -
"%4  %<
#%
#4
 4 
  6   % " >    - %- <
-" %< -(
<  "  
 4 
"  6-
 - - 
 

4 
"  

-  <>
 
 ) "#" )„)"  

 $
- #
6  -

   
 - 6%<-5
# credibility in the eyes of voters and

H4- 
> 
 >

G>     - % < #



<4 " > 5- ##<8
4
 7
6 - %
6-6 
 #4 "x 
 
 6 
# 

! 
%>5-   
 4 
  -"
   
 4 
  -
-
TU#
< -# 4 - 
<x
#4#>
are newcomers (because of the rotation of 5-" 4# -% - 
" #
 "   U
TU-<-
" -4

 -
 - 6-
#
 6 K6- 
 6- 
 #  class residents are concerned with local
H4-
-<
>$ 
   

 
 -#>: 

6 #4 6    #
K-%  area sabhas are much needed to channel this
-4 
" > <
# # 
6
<>
Urban Policies and the Right to the City in India :
Rights, Responsibilities and Citizenship

30

Potrebbero piacerti anche