Table of Contents:

 Abstract

 Introduction

 Components

 Circuit Diagram/PCB layout

 Calculations

 Project working

 Applications

 Merits/demerits

 conclusion
Abstract:

I have made an Emergency light which has one of the most cost effective emergency light circuit. It has a
charging circuit which will charge the emergency light; LED indicates the charging of circuit. Different
resistors are connected and adjusted in such a way that changes the intensity of light by using a switch.
Deep discharge is taken care by the LED characteristic. It will also automatically switch on when it will be
charging and power cuts off.
Introduction:

An emergency light is a battery-backed lighting device that switches on automatically when a building
experiences a power outage. Emergency lights are standard in new commercial and high occupancy
residential buildings. I have made an emergency light which is rechargeable, automatically switch on
when power cuts off, intensity can be changed and led indicates charging of circuit.

Components:

The components used are:

 Transformer 13 V @ 2A, 0.1 turns ratio

 bridge/Full wave rectifier 50V PIV, 2A rating
 Capacitor

C1=1000uF (25 v)

 Zener diode (5.1 v)

 12 volt relay
 Resistor (2.2k,3.3k,100ohm)
 Transistor
 Diode
 Leds
 Battery 4v
Components working in an Emergency light:

The components used in the circuit along with their working are as follows:
1) Transformer

Step down transformer is used, which takes input of 220V at primary coil and gives output of 13V
across secondary coil with the 2A current flowing through it. The transformer contains two wire at the
input terminal and three wires at the output terminal. The two input wires can easily connected to the
switches at home while the three wires at the output terminals are used to make connection with the
bridge amplifier. One of the three output wire, (which is usually black in color) of amplifier has been
grounded.

2) Bridge/Full wave rectifier

After the 13 V AC exits the transformer, the 13 V AC passes through a rectifier circuit and smoothing
capacitor. A rectifier circuit eliminates the AC component of the wave and makes it 13 V DC. However,
the voltage still has fluctuations, or large ripples, and is not a regulated voltage. Bridge wave rectifier has
four terminals the output terminals of the transformer are connected to the extreme right and left
terminals of the rectifier while the output of the rectifier is obtained from the extreme right which is
connected with the positive terminals of the two capacitors connected in parallel with each other. After
passing through the full wave rectifier, negative cycle of the input signal is removed.

Role of capacitor and inductor in an Emergency light

In order to function properly, Emergency light need components to store and delivers energy. There are
two types of energy storage devices used in emergency light: capacitors and inductors. Unlike resistors,
ideal inductors and capacitors only store energy, but never dissipate energy. Therefore over one
complete steady state switching cycle, the average power of the device is zero. However, all capacitors
and inductors are non-ideal, and there may be dissipation effects to consider. Inductors and capacitors
either act as energy reservoirs, or temporarily store buckets of energy for transfer to the output. When
acting as a reservoir, the change in inductor current or capacitor voltage change is considered small for
analysis purposes. When transferring buckets of energy, the inductor current or capacitor voltage
change is large and may be of resonant character.

3) Capacitors:

To remove fluctuations, rectified wave is passed through a smoothing capacitor, which eliminates all
ripples in the 13V DC. This is accomplished by the charging and discharging action of the smoothing
capacitor. This action eliminates all ripples in the voltage being discharged to the output. The steady 13
VDC now goes to the output side of the DC transformer to provide smooth, steady DC voltage to any
electronic device which requires 13 V DC. Usable DC voltage must be steady.
 4) Inductor:

The power inductor stores energy at critical times which in concert with energy storage capacitors and
high frequency switching, enable the creation of energy packets from the source to be efficiently moved
to the output in the form required by the load. A power inductor is the electrical dual of the power
supply capacitor, and stores energy in the magnetic flux established by the geometry of the inductor
winding, core material and the current through the winding. The energy stored in the inductor is
proportional to the square of the current through it: The voltage across an ideal inductor can change
instantaneously, but the current never can, always maintaining current continuity. A non-ideal inductor
has copper and core loss due to the winding resistance and core resistance. These non-idealities need to
be considered in any design.

5) Resistors (100, 2.2k, 3.3k)

A resistor is a passive element that is used to lower voltage level in the circuit and is also used as a
current limiting device as in my case I have connected a resistor with led and relay to protect them from
excessive current and damage. Resistors may have fixed resistances or variable resistances, such as
those found in thermistor and potentiometers

6) Zener diode:

Zener diode is operates in its reverse biased condition. A voltage regulator circuit can be
designed using a zener diode to maintain a constant DC output voltage across the load in spite of
variations in the input voltage or changes in the load current. The zener voltage regulator consists of a
current limiting resistor connected in series with the input voltage with the zener diode connected in
parallel with the load in this reverse biased condition. The stabilized output voltage is always selected to
be the same as the breakdown voltage of the diode.

One small problem with zener diode stabilizer circuits is that the diode can sometimes generate
electrical noise on top of the DC supply as it tries to stabilize the voltage. Normally this is not a problem
for most applications but the addition of a large value decoupling capacitor across the zener’s output
may be required to give additional smoothing.
It is a zener diode having the power rating of 1W and Maximum Reverse Leakage Current, 10uA.
Maximum Zener Impedance, 3.5Ohm. Nominal Zener Voltage, 6.8.

7) Variable resistor:

By using the ratio of two resistances, one of a fixed value and the other variable (or both fixed), we
can set the output voltage to the desired level with a corresponding input voltage being anywhere
between 0 to 12V.
For this purpose potentiometer is used , with no load connected to the circuit, the load current
will be zero, and all the circuit current passes through the zener diode which in turn dissipates its
maximum power. Also a small value of the series resistor will result in a greater diode current when the
load resistance is connected and large as this will increase the power dissipation requirement of the
diode so care must be taken when selecting the appropriate value of series resistance so that the
zener’s maximum power rating is not exceeded under this no-load or high-impedance condition. The
load is connected in parallel with the zener diode, so the voltage across load resistance is same as the
zener voltage. There is a minimum zener current for which the stabilization of the voltage is effective
and the zener current must stay above this value operating under load within its breakdown region at all
times. The upper limit of current is of course dependent upon the power rating of the device. The supply
voltage must be greater than VZ.

8) Relay:

A 12v relay is used as a switch. It has 5 pins. Two pins are of coil, input is given to these two terminals
and rest of the three terminals is used as switches. One is normally closed and other is normally open.
When power is supplied, relay is normally open and battery is being charged but when power cuts off
relay switch changes its position to normally close and the battery start discharging and leds turn on.
Thus basically relay is used to automatically switch on emergency light when power cuts of while
charging.
It stands for Double Pole Double Throw relay. These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent
to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil and such a relay has eight terminals, including
the coil.
9) Diode:
Diodes are used so that current only flows in one direction. It is used in the circuit just to prevent the
backflow of current so that the battery may not discharge.

10) LEDS:
I have made a matrix of 3*3 leds as emergency light lamp. Each led is of 3.2 volts. Intensity of light is
varying. Two resistors one of 47 ohm and other of 220 ohms are used to change intensity of light. A
switch is for this purpose by making connection with different resistors and thus changing intensity. It is
also used as an indicator showing charging of light.

11) Transistors (2N2222)

2N2222 is the most commonly used transistor and is used in low power circuits in which high
amplification is not required.

Circuit diagram:
PCB layout:

Calculations:

Input of transformer is 220V and output is 13v (rms), this output is then given to bridge rectifier
circuit which consumes 1.4v.

 Vrms = 13V
 Vrms= Vp/0.707

As output of transformer is rms so its corresponding peak value is.

 Vp =9.191V
The diodes are used with a power factor of 2. As:

 VRRM = 50V (IN 4001)

Now at output of the bridge:

As we know that voltage drop across 2 diodes is 1.4 so voltage appeared across capacitor is,

 9.191 – 1.4 = 7.791 (peak) appears

7.791 volts are applied across input capacitor. Ripple voltage is less than 3% of the applied
voltage. In our project, we used 1000 µF capacitor which may give 2% ripple voltage.

Thus:

 7.791V – 0.3396V = 7.4514V

7.454V appears across regulator, which gives 5.1v constant DC voltage to charge battery
(Depending upon the zener diode value).
A 4volt battery is used to energize the leds (3.2 volt), a switch makes connection with different resistor
(one of 47 ohm and other of 220 ohm) and thus different current flows through the leds with constant
voltage of 3.2 volts.

Project working:

Emergency light has a transformer to convert the input voltage to a lower AC voltage. It takes
input of 220v AC and step down it to 13v AC. The step down voltage is now passed through
rectifier, rectifier is used to convert the transformer output voltage to a pulsating DC voltage,
which in turn is passed through an electronic filter (capacitor) which eliminates the fluctuations
in the rectified voltage and produce relatively smooth dc voltage. The filter removes most, but
not all of the AC voltage variations; the remaining voltage variations are known as ripple. A Led
shows charging of circuit. A 12 volt relay is connected parallel to series combination of resistor
and led. It has 5 pins, 3 are used for switching purpose. One switch is normally closed and other
is normally open. When power is supplied, battery is being charged and led indicates charging
but when power cuts off, emergency light automatically switch on as relay switch changes its
point of contact and make connection with other switch thus battery start supplying power to
lads to energize. Intensity of light can be changed as two different resistors are connected,
giving different brightness. Emergency light can be recharged.

Applications of Emergency light:

 It can be used in case of emergency when power cuts off.

 Intensity of light can be changed
 It can be recharged
MERITS/DEMERITS:

The merits of this circuit are:

1. The light turns on automatically when power cuts off.
2. It has its own battery charger. When the battery is fully charged, charging stops automatically.
The most important demerits are that the battery life is limited. Also the circuit is mains operated.
But it can be made to work under the same battery by connecting it’s terminals with the controlled
circuits and using appropriate relay and resistors.

CONCLUSION:

This project was a very good practice on how to use different electrical components into a Major
application and to implement it onto the PCB was a great experience. This project demonstrated
the practical usage of electrical components and is an active need for our today’s society.