Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
MAHENDER CHAND
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to put forth my regardful thanks to all those who have and are
making it a remarkable attempt in guiding me and making me learn the
most during my short period of my training at ACC- GAGAL CEMENT
WORKS, BARMANA.
AASHISH KUMAR
MANOJ KUMAR
MAHENDER CHAND
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INDEX
1 Introduction 4-6
8 Conclusion 41
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INTRODUCTION
Corporate OFFICE :
Regional office:
Cement Plants:
Gagal Cement Works a unit of the Associated Cement Companies Limited, has two
unites Gagal I and Gagal II. Gagal I was set up in the year 1984 and Gagal II was set up
in the year 1994. Clinker production of Gagal I is 2800 TPD and of Gagal II is 3300
TPD. The total annual capacity of the plant is around 6100 TPD. Both units are located
at BARMANA in District BILASPUR of H.P..
KIND OF PRODUCT :
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in different grades i.e. 33GR, 43GR, 53GR and
Portland Pozzolona Cement (PPC).
BIS (Bureo of Indian Standard). The company has registration to ISO 9002 & ISO
14001.
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PORTLAND CEMENT
DEFINITION:
Cement is finely ground hydraulic binding medium for mortar and concrete,
consisting substantially of compounds of CaO with SiO2, Al2o3 and ferric
oxide which have been formed by sintering or fusion. „Sintering‟ means
burning at a temperature which cause partial fusion of the material. When
mixed with water cement hardens, both in air and under water and retains
its strength under water.
OR
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The raw materials used are lime stone, shale, iron ore and gypsum.
The lime stone provided by nature and Iron-ore comes from BIHAR and
RAJASTHAN. Firstly we get the 70mm size limestone with the help of
crusher and stock it with the help of stacker through belt conveyor.
In Raw mill / VRM section, limestone, shale, quartzite & Iron ore are
fed in measured quantity through weigh feeders. In the mill the mixture
further reduces the size to the desired fineness. The finer product
separated by air separator is goes to the Electro-static precipitator & then
to the blending silos and coarse material is fed back into the mill Inlet. Raw
mill / VRM s controlled by central control room. The set point for chemical
composition of the raw meal and fineness of the material is given by the
Laboratory department.
From raw mill the raw meal is fed to the blending and the storage
silos .In the blending part of the silo, further homogenization of raw meal
takes place so that a constant quality is maintained. In storage part the raw
meal is stored so that it may be fed at the desired rate. From there the
material is fed to the low lift pumps (L.L.P.s) with the help of bucket
elevators. Low lift pumps feed the material or raw meal to the preheater
cyclone . To reduce the requirement of heavy coal injection in the kiln ,95%
of the calcination occurs in the M.F.C., D.D.F. vessels and cyclones of
preheating zone. About 60%of the coal firing is done at pre-calciner section
itself . Raw meal which is almost calcined enters from the one end of the
kiln . From the other end of the kiln the pulverised coal is fired . Various
chemical reactions occurs as the raw meal progresses from feed end to the
burning zone , where intermediate phases consisting of CaO, Al2O3, Fe2O3
become liquid and because of the rotation of kiln CaO and silica combine
with liquid to form nodules called clinker.
At the lower end of the kiln the temperature reaches to about 1450
degree centigrade . Due to such high temperature the physical and the
chemical characteristics of the raw meal changes . Clinker that comes out
of the kiln is at a very high temperature and has to be cooled to facilitate
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handling and grinding . Hence, the clinker is passed through the cooler
where cooling takes place by means of fans. Hot air is used for combustion
inside the kiln and calciner. In cooler circuit the ESP has also been installed
to control the air pollution. With the help of the drag chains and bucket
elevators the clinker is fed to the clinker silos. .
STEP 1. Quarrying
The raw material for cement manufacture is rock mixture which is about
80% limestone (which is rich in CaCO3)and 20% clay or shale (source of
slica,alumina and ferrite ).These are quarried and stored separately.The
lime ind silica provide the main strength to cement,while the iron reduce the
reaction temperature and gives the cement its characterstic grey colour.
It involves mixing the extract raw material to obtaine the correct chemical
composition,and grinding them to achieve proper particle size to ensure
optimal fuel efficiency in the kiln and strength in final concrete product.If the
dry process is used then raw material is dried by using dryers,Air
separaters before grinding.
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To produce the final product clinker is mixed with gypsum and other
additive is grinded in large tube mill.First grinding breaks up the material
and second grinds into fine powder.
The grinding process is controlled to obtain a powder with a broad particle
size range, in which typically 15% by mass consists of particles below 5 μm
diameter.
QUARRYING
Quarry operation consists of drilling,blasting,loading
crushing,hanhling,screening and storing.
The raw materials are usually quarried from local rock, which in some
places is already practically the desired composition and in other places
requires the addition of clay and limestone, as well as iron ore, bauxite or
recycled material.
BLASTING
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HAMMER CRUSHER: - .
Description:-
These are used for the size reduction of hard to medium hard
limestone and for raw marl crushing. Reduction ratios are as high as 1:40.
Depending upon crusher feed this can be reduced to 1:60. Generally two
types of the hammer crushers are manufactured:
These work with the impact effect of the hammers according to the
formula, P=mv²/2. Mass of hammers in hammer mill was reduced to
minimum while increasing the velocity as far as possible, resulting in
greater impact force combined with reduced wear. Rim speed of the
hammers is in the range of 5000 to 7000 rpm. Power demand of single
hammer crusher is between 1.3 to 2.8 HP h/t.
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The stacker starts the operating process after the commands for automatic
mode of stacking are given from a central control room. The stacker now
throws off the incoming material to the yard as it travels from one end of the
stockpile to the other, until a material probe which is mounted to the boom
tip sends a singal „material height reached‟. Then a command is given to
the luffing gear to lift the boom by one lifting step. This process is repeated
until the boom, after 20 lifting steps, has reached its maximum lifting height
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volume.
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The raw materials are usually quarried from local rock, which in some
places is already practically the desired composition and in other places
requires the addition of clay and limestone, as well as iron ore, bauxite or
recycled materials. The individual raw materials are first crushed, typically
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to below 50 mm. In many plants, some or all of the raw materials are then
roughly blended in a "prehomogenization pile." The raw materials are next
ground together in a rawmill. Silos of individual raw materials are arranged
over the feed conveyor belt. Accurately controlled proportions of each
material are delivered onto the belt by weigh-feeders. Passing into the
rawmill, the mixture is ground to rawmix. The fineness of rawmix is
specified in terms of the size of the largest particles, and is usually
controlled so that there are less than 5%-15% by mass of particles
exceeding 90 μm in diameter. It is important that the rawmix contains no
large particles in order to complete the chemical reactions in the kiln, and to
ensure the mix is chemically homogenous. In the case of a dry process, the
rawmill also dries the raw materials, usually by passing hot exhaust gases
from the kiln through the mill, so that the rawmix emerges as a fine powder.
This is conveyed to the blending system by conveyor belt or by a pump.
RAW MILL
Activity of Raw mill department start from feeding the raw materials
(Limestone, Shale, Quartzite and Iron ore) to the mills and ends at filling
the raw meal to silos.
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3.Bucket Elevator(to carry raw material & product discharge from mill to air
separator).
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A ball mill is a type of grinder used to grind materials into extremely fine
powder for use in many industries. The ball mill allows grinding of the
harder limestone that are more common than chalk. A ball mill consists of a
horizontal cylinder that rotates on its axis. It holds spherical, cylindrical or
rod-like grinding media of size 15–100 mm that may be steel or a variety of
ceramic materials, and occupy 20–30% of the mill volume. The shell of the
mill is lined with steel or rubber plates. Grinding is effected by impact and
attrition between the grinding media.
The ball mills are two chamber tube mill lined with Mn steel liners,
chambers are separated by intermediate diaphragms and charged with
Hyper steel balls. The compartments are separated by double diaphragm
for improving the retention time and transfer of material in second chamber
for further grinding. Size reduction of the mill feed is performed by motion of
the grinding media. Rotation of the mill cylinder raises the pile of mill feed
and grinding media to an optimum height, necessary for grinding operation.
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Hammer crusher
3.AIR SEPARATOR
VRM-
CIR
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and to bag house. Fines from bag house go to the blending silo and stack
to vent off.
VRM
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Ground raw meal is stored in large blending silos. These silos are air
activated to promote homogenization of the raw meal, reducing chemical
variation and promoting a stable sintering process in the rotary kiln.. These
may work continuously or batch-wise, in multi-stage systems, and in
combination with air agitation. In modern plants, the trend is large,
continuously operating silos. It follows that the silos, working as continuous
blending systems, have to be full in order to have a blending effect. If the
silos are only partially full, the variations in the raw mix composition from
the raw mill will go directly to the kiln. The efficiency of a blending system
can be characterized by the ratio, H, between variations in composition of
the incoming and the outgoing material. An example is the ratio between
the standard deviation of CaO in the raw meal before and after the kiln feed
silos.
Homogenization is the final opportunity to affect the raw meal chemistry
and quality before introduction to the pyroprocessing phase.
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TEMPRATURE MEASUREMENT
Thermocouple
Optical pyrometer
FLOW MEASUREMENT
Rotameter
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
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LEVEL MEASUREMENT
Weigh feeder
Rotor scale
Multi core
Belt weigher
Weigh bridge
Poldos system
GAS ANALYZER
CO analyzer
Oxygen analyzer
NOX analyzer
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TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
RTDs commonly use Platinum, Nickel and Copper to form the sensors. The
relation ship between the Resistance of these metals and Temperature is as
shown below. Platinum is used very widely in the Industry for measuring the
temperature of moderate range between 0–300 Deg. C.
R
e
Nickel
s
t
Copper
a
n
c
e
Platinum
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RTD Characteristics
Metals are basically crystalline in structure comprising metal ions and free
electrons in equilibrium. The application of DC potential across the metallic
elements results in directional flow of these electrons. During their movement
they collide with themselves and with the ions comprising the crystal lattice, thus
restricting its flow, which results in an electrical resistance. As the metal is heated,
temperature rises and the mean free length between collision decreases due to
the increase in amplitude of oscillation, resulting in an increase in electrical
resistance.
The range of temperature over which this phenomenon is valid is decided by the
temperature coefficient of resistance, chemical inertness, and its crystal structure
which should not undergo permanent changes within this range. In general, the
resistivity of metals increases with an increase in temperature (i.e.: The Temp.
coefficient is positive), where as in some semiconductors the resistance decreases
with the increase of temperature. (i.e.: Temp. coefficient is negative). Such
variation in the temperature can be measured with the suitable electrical circuits
like Wheatstone’s bridge or Muller’s bridge.
Platinum wire
Mica
R1 R2 R3 R4
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Thermocouples
Thermocouples are perhaps the most widely and commonly used sensor’s for
temperature measurements of higher ranges in any industrial application. The
sensing is based on the principle that current flows in a closed circuit made up of
two dissimilar metals if the junction of the two metals kept at different
temperature. In each lead, the concentration of the valence electron is
proportional to the temperature, and at the point of contact, the electrons diffuse
through the boundary layer between the two leads, resulting in one lead
becoming positive and the other becoming the negative. Thus the EMF generated
is proportional to the temperature difference in a predictable manner. This
phenomenon is known as SEEBECK Effect.
Copper
Measuring Measuring
Junction Instrument
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FLOW MEASUREMENTS
The Operation of this type of flow meters are based on the Faradays laws of
electromagnetic induction principal. The law states that the relative motion of a
medium flowing at right angles to a pair of electrodes and a magnetic field will
develop an emf across the electrodes.
Electrode
North South
In this device the fluid passing through the pipe has to be conductive. The
schematic arrangement of the Electromagnetic flow meter is as shown in figure.
The flow tube lies in the uniform magnetic density B.
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The two electrodes are inserted in the tube, their surfaces being flushed with the
inner surface of the tube and in contact with the liquids. As the conductive liquid
passes through the insulated tube with an velocity v, it may be considered as flat
conductor disks passing through the magnetic field, inducing an emf e across the
electrodes. This is expressed as following equation.
The main advantage of this flow meter is, it does not obstruct the flowing fluid
and it do not have any moving part.
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Rotameters
Flow
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS:
Pressure is defined as the force acting per unit area, measured at a given
point or over a surface. This can be in absolute, gauge or differential units,
depending on the reference taken.
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Membrane
P Corrugated
Stretched Diaphragm
Diaphragm
A B
pointer
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The pressure measuring transducers can be of two types. They are Direct and
Indirect type of measurement.
The direct types of measuring devices are, Manometer, barometers etc. The
Indirect types of devices are, based on the elastic elements which deflects
under pressure, such as diaphragms, bellows and tubes. Instruments of this
group can be coupled to the mechanical to electrical transducers of suitable
type.
Pressure to
Fluid
Mechanical Electrical
Energy Output Energy
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PROCESS OR MACHINE
SERIAL OR
TO BE CONTROLLED BY
PLC PARALLEL I/O PROCESSOR
RACKS
The inputs to PLC come from the process connected devices or sensors such as:
The Output from PLC are given to the devices and final control elements such as:
Lamps
Indicators
Relays
Solenoids
Motor contactors
4-20 mA signals to operate control valves
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The processor part of the PLC contains a Central Processing Unit (CPU), Program
Memory, and Data Memory. The operation of the PLC starts with execution the
control program stores in the program memory. This program reads the status of
all input devices connected to it and stores it in input status table of the data
memory. It then executes the instructions used for process or machine control
and calculates output conditions as per the program logic. These output
conditions are stored into the output status table of the Data Memory. The
output devices connected to the I/O racks are updated as soon as the CPU
calculates the outputs. This operation of PLC; called as ‘PLC Scan’; is cyclic and
continues unless interrupted by an external command. The Time taken by the
processor to complete one PLC Scan is called “ Scan Time “.
Apart from the processor and I/O Racks, a programming device is also required to
enter the user program. The programming device is a personal computer, which is
connected to the processor only while loading and testing the program.
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PREHEATER
All the three processes drying,preheating and calcinations are done in the
preheater.
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Precalciner ;
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ROTARY KILN
A Rotary kiln is a pyroprocessing device used to raise materials to a high
temperature (calcination) in a continuous process. The rotary kiln consists
of a tube made from steel plate, and lined with firebrick. The tube slopes
slightly (1–4°) and slowly rotates on its axis at between 30 and 250
revolutions per hour. Rawmix is fed in at the upper end, and the rotation of
the kiln causes it gradually to move downhill to the other end of the kiln.
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION :
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Cement
clinker
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CLINKER COOLING
The reciprocating grate cooler serves for the cooling of the small sized or
granulated burned material. An excellent cooling effect is achieved in that.
The cold air is blown through the cooler grate and through the burned
material lying on the
grate.
Cooling principle:
The burned material discharged from the kiln falls through the inlet
shaft of the cooler onto the entry to the grate . Due to the special design to
the grate entry the material to be cooled forms a uniform bed. Over the
stationary and movable grate plate rows, the burned material is transported
by the forward movement of the movable grate plate rows to the end of the
cooler.
The oscillating frame with the movable grate plate rows is driven on
both the sides; the number of the strokes per minute is infinitely variable.
The cooling air is generated by the several fans. Normally, one fan is
allocated to each air chamber, thereby providing the targeted aeration to
the grate and the material to be cooled.
CEMENT GRINDING
Cement mill
Cement clinker is usually ground using a ball mill. This is essentially a large
rotating drum containing grinding media - normally steel balls. As the drum
rotates, the motion of the balls crushes the clinker. The drum rotates
approximately once every couple of seconds.The drum is generally divided
into two or three chambers, with different size grinding media.
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As the clinker particles are ground down, smaller media are more efficient
at reducing the particle size still further. Grinding systems are either 'open
circuit' or 'closed circuit.' In an open circuit system, the feed rate of
incoming clinker is adjusted to achieve the desired fineness of the product.
In a closed circuit system, coarse particles are separated from the finer
product and returned for further grinding.
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Ball mill
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DUST COLLECTORS
1.Cyclone
Separator:
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2.Bag
Filter
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3.Electrostatic Precipitator:
All the packers have the truck loading facility because the cement
from Gagal is transported to different destinations by road only.
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Thank you
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