CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In this chapter, the writer presents the procedures and research steps to solve

the research problem. It is divided into six subchapters which are: identification of

variables, approach and technique of the study, place and time of the research,

population and sample of the study, instrument and technique of collecting data,

technique of data analysis.

A. The Identification of Variable

In every research, variable is determining as a research objective. It is

necessary to know about the variable that is going to be observed.

However, before the writerdetermined the variable, it is better to know the

meaning of variable itself. Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 107) said that there

are two variables in this experimental activity. They are independent variable and

dependent variable. Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 107) stated that,

“Independent variables are variables that are systematically controlled by the

writer to determine the variable’s effect on the outcome (dependent

variable).” While dependent variable is the outcome measure in which researchers

are interested (Vanderstoep & Johnston, 2009: 108).

In experimental studies, the treatment is the independent variable and the

outcome is the dependent variable. It means that dependent variable is variable

that will be influenced by another variable. In this study, the dependent variable is

the students writing ability. (Ary et al 2010: 37)

B. The Approach and Technique of the Study

1. Approach of the Study

There are some characteristics of quantitative approach. Creswell (2012: 13)

stated that quantitative research has some characteristics as follows:

a) Describing a research problem through a description of trends or a need for an

explanation of the relationship among variables.

b) Providing a major role for the literature through suggesting the research

questions to be asked and justifying the research problem and creating a need for

the direction (purpose statement and research questions or hypotheses) of the

study.

c) Creating purpose statements, research questions, and hypotheses that are

specific, narrow, measurable, and observable.

d) Collecting numeric data from a large number of people using instruments with

preset questions and responses.

e) Analyzing trends, comparing groups, or relating variables using statistical

analysis, and interpreting results by comparing them with prior predictions and

past research.

f) Writing the research report using standard, fixed structures and evaluation

criteria, and taking an objective, unbiased approach.

Thus, the writer uses quantitative approach by considering several reasons,

because the primary advantage of quantitative approach , that is large sample,

using statistical analysis in order to analyze the data, and accurately reflects
the population. With a large sample, the writer can be fairly confident that her

study accurately the topic of the study.

2. Technique of the Study

In quantitative research there are four kinds of techniques, they are: surveys,

experimental, comparative, and correlation. According to Arikunto (2010: 123),

explained that there are two kinds of experimental research. They are Pre

Experimental and True Experimental.

Furthermore, Ary (2010: 26) explains that quantitative research can be

classified as experimental or non-experimental. Experimental research involves a

study of the effect of the systematic manipulation of one variable(s) on another

variable. The manipulated variable is called the experimental treatment or the

independent variable. The observed and measured variable is called the dependent

variable. While the non-experimental quantitative research, the writer identify

variables and may look for relationships among them but does not manipulate the

variables. The writer used a experimental type of research.

Pre Experimental Design or Quasi Experiment often called with unreal

experiment. It is because this experiment does not fulfill the requirement as a

research. There are 3 types of design in this experiment, which are:

a. One shot case study

b. Pre-test and Post-test

c. Static Group Comparison

 In this opportunity, the writer used Quasi Experiment with One shot case

study. It includes simply design because only measures the post-test results and

does not use a control group. Thus, only once treatment but having the influence.

C. The Place and Time of the Study

1. Place of the Research

To make the data suitable with the variable of the study, choosing the place is

important in a study. This study was conducted from SMAN 7 KEDIRI of the

second grade students in academic year 2018/2019.

2. Time of the Research

The writer arranged the time to make the research effective and right on target.

This study was conducted on December 2017 until May 2018. The detail

information could be seen on the table below.

Table 3.1

Time of the Research

Activities Months

No Dec Jan Feb March April May

1. Writing the Research √

2. Construction Instruments √ √ √

3. Collecting the Data √

4. Analyzing the Data √

5. Writing the Report √

D. The Population and Sample of the Research

1. Research Population

The larger group about which the generalization is made is called a population.

According to Ary (2010: 148) a population is defined as all members of any well-

defined class of people, events, or objects. The population of this study was all the

tenth grade students of SMAN 7 Kediri.

2. Research Sample

The small group that is observed is called a sample. A sample is a portion of a

population. Ary (2010, 149) mentions two major types of sampling procedures are

available to researchers: probability and non probability sampling. The main

characteristic of probability sampling is that every member or element of the

population has a known probability of being chosen in the sample. Non

probability sampling includes methods of selection in which elements are not

chosen by chance procedures. For this time, the writer used non probability. The

major forms of non probability sampling are convenience sampling, purposive

sampling, and quota sampling. The writer used purposive sampling technique.

Ary (2010: 156) said that sample elements judged to be typical, or representative,

are chosen from the population. As a sample, the writer used 35 students to carry

out the research and observe of the second grade students at SMAN 7 Kediri.

E. The Instrument and Technique of Collecting Data

1. The Instrument

In principle, researching is doing the measurement. Therefore, there must be a

good measuring tool. The measuring instrument in research is usually named

Research instruments. According to Arikunto (2010: 192), “Instrument is a tool

that is selected and used by researchers in collecting data activities to be

systematic and facilitated by it.” It can be said that the instrument of research is a

process undertaken to reveal the various phenomena that occur in society by using

various ways and methods for this process runs systematis and more justifiable

validity. The instrument of this study is test which delivered in a post-test.

After the treatment, the writer administered a post-test to the students to see

students growing score. The instrument of this test was like in a pre-test but it was

given after treatment. Further, to facilitate the students to write a descriptive text,

the writer gave students guided question in a post-test. The reading

comprehension test was used for a pre-test and a post test. It was a multiple choice

test consisting of 50 items. The test materials were adapted from some textbooks.

In developing the comprehension questions, the researcher based on the reading

comprehension taxonomy. There were six levels of reading comprehension

taxonomy namely knowing, comprehending, applying, analyzing, synthesizing,

and evaluating (Motta, in Suharto, 2006: 175).

2. Technique of Collecting Data

a. The data collected by using inferential statistic. Percentage score is also used to

know the students ability in reading comprehension. The steps under taken in

quantitative analysis employing the following formulas:

score= students’ correct answer x 10

total number of items

Helmin in Samsul Alam (2007:32)

b. Classifying the students score into following criteria:

The mean score of the students was classified into four levels as follows:

No Classification Range of Score

1. Excellent to very good 84-100

2. Good to average 68-83

3. Fair to poor 51-67

4. Very poor 34-50

(Heaton, J. B: 1984)

The some assessments criteria was used to classified the student’s scores as

follows:

a. Excellent to very good

The students who can arrange the text correctly andtell the story details

classified into excellent to very good level.

b. Good to average

The students who can arrange the text correctly butless detail in tells the story

classified into good to average level.

c. Fair to poor

The samples are classified in this level are the students who arrange the reading

material incorrectly and tell a little about the story on the text.

d. Very poor
 The students who cannot arrange the reading material based on the

correct form and can’t tell the story of reading material were classified

into very poor level.

c. To know the means score of all students, the research used formula:

1. Calculating the mean score of the students’ achievements by using the

following formula:

2. To know the significant difference between the score of the pre-test and post-

test, the writer calculated the value of the test by using the following formula:

Where: t : Test of significance differences

: The mean of the difference score

: The sum of all score

N : The total number of score