Introduction

Why should simulation be performed

in CDMA radio network planning?

Simulation is one of important steps for CDMA radio network planning, it

can

¾Simulate network running effect to guide engineering construction

¾Serve as an important means to assist decision-making

Since CDMA system is of self-interference, it is very difficult to calculate

its complicated forward links due to multiple factors, such as user
distribution. In this sense, if conditions permit, perform simulation unless
the network configuration is extremely simple.

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 Simulation Is One of Important Steps for CDMA Radio
Network Planning

z Simulation is oriented to simulate the running situation of networks under the

current network configuration so as to facilitate decision-making adjustment.
Adopt the planning software to perform simulation based on various types of
BTS coverage area, the number of BTSs within the coverage area, and the
configuration of each BTS. All these are obtained from traffic coverage
analysis. Atoll
Atoll
网络规划软件
网络规划软件

After the traffic coverage analysis, acquire the BTS coverage range based
on the link budget and calculate the BTS number in the coverage area, and
then obtain the BTS configuration based on the traffic distribution.

Select some devices, and perform simulation using the network planning
software, targeting at ensuring the coverage and capacity in the area and
avoiding the interference.

The simulation result can be used to confirm ideal site to perform the next
step of network planning---survey, based on the ideal site. If the ideal site
is unviable during the survey, adjust the site correspondingly. If the
adjustment range exceeds the one-quarter cell radius, re-perform the
simulation, which is a repeated process.

After the simulation through the network planning software, implement the
network design (such as coverage predication, traffic distribution, adjacent
cell allocation, frequency planning, interference analysis, and micro-wave
transmission), and simulate the network running effect to instruct the
engineering construction through the setting and analysis of system
hardware parameter, network capacity, and PN code allocation scheme
before the network construction.

The simulation result can be used to check whether current network

configuration meets the coverage and capacity requirements of network
design, and whether the BTS distribution and height, azimuth, and tilt
2
angle are appropriate.
 Introduction to Atoll Software

‹ Be a professional radio network design tool, supporting

GSM/TDMA, GPRS-EDGE, cdmaOne,W-CDMA/UMTS and CDMA
2000/1x RTT/EVDO. It is specially designed for 3G.

z Realize mobility of planning design, supporting both single system

configuration and Enterprise server-based network configuration.
The single system configuration does not require connecting
external database and users still can share engineering data.

z Feature modern software structure as well as open and extendable

platform

3
 Simulation step by step -UNet(Atoll)

Are Parameters ready? (site, transmitter, cell…)

Coverage by transmitter

Traffic model

Simulation

Coverage prediction
Y
Over Result OK?

N
Parameters modification? (site, transmitter, cell…)

4
Table of Contents

z Chapter 1 Importing a Digital Map

z Chapter 2 Data Importing

z Chapter 3 Atoll Propagation Model

z Chapter 4 Analog Prediction

z Chapter 5 Traffic Model

z Chapter 6 Monte carlo Simulation

5
 Composition of a Digital Map

A digital map basically consists of the following three components,

stored under three directories respectively.
z \Heights
Î Digital elevation model (DEM): describe basic landforms of this area and
directly participate in radio propagation model calculation

z \Clutter
Î Digital clutter model (DOM): clutter classification data describes clutter
coverage on the ground, such as forest, lake, open area, industrial area,
urban area, high-storey building area. It is used during calculating radio
propagation path loss.

z \Vector
Î Linear vector model (LDM): linear clutter vector data describes plane
distribution and space relationship of linear clutters, including speedway,
street and river.

The following is an example of Projection file.

The contents of Heights\

Heights\projection.txt are shown below:

Krasovsky - 1940

50

Gauss - Kruger

0.0 117.0 500000 0.0

Four parameters are:

Elliptical model---
model---regard
regard the earth as an elliptical model

Projection band ID---

ID---the
the ID of one of sixty projection band globally of the
E-map

Projection mode---
mode---main
main mode includes UTM, and TM (Gauss-
(Gauss-Kruger)

Latitude and longitude coordinate of projection band center and coordinate

in the grid coordinate system

The following is an example of index file.

The contents of Heights\

Heights\index.txt are shown below:

demo.bin 480000.000000 495000.000000 4234000.000000

4249000.000000 20.000000 6

The parameters are:

 Selecting coordinate
system

U-Net works with the following two coordinate

systems at the same time:

z • Primary coordinate system: It is a coordinate system of

geographical database

z • Display coordinate system: it is a coordinate system for

display and data-input. All the geographical coordinates are
displayed and input according to this system. If the
projection coordinate system and the display coordinate
system do not match with each other, U-Net will adjust them.

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Table of Contents

z Chapter 1 Importing a Digital Map

z Chapter 2 Data Importing

z Chapter 3 Atoll Propagation Model

z Chapter 4 Analog Prediction

z Chapter 5 Traffic Model

z Chapter 6 Monte carlo Simulation

8
 Antenna Data and Lobe Pattern

z Input antenna type, manufacturer

and antenna gain in [General].
z Import the corresponding
attenuation table at each angle of
the antenna in [Horizontal pattern ]
and [Vertical pattern].
z Input Beamwidth, FMax, FMin or
other user-defined parameters in
[Other properties ].
z Right click “Antennas－>Properties”
in the “Browse-Data” window to
open antenna attributes box.

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 Data Importing

z Sites information: refer to BTS equipment type and channel element data
Include the following parameters: BTS name, longitude and latitude, height
above sea level, and whether to lock BTS location.
z Transmitter TMA, feeder and BTS equipment:
Include the following parameters: Active，transmitted and received total loss
(including actual loss and calculated loss), total noise coefficient (including
actual one and calculated one), BTS equipment selection, antenna model,
mounted height, direction angle, and downtilt.
z CELL information:
Include the following parameters: carrier wave of each cell in this sector, active
set threshold value, maximum transmit power, pilot channel power,
synchronization channel power, other common channel power, total transmit
power, UL load, and neighbor cell.
Microsoft
Excel 工作表

10
Table of Contents

z Chapter 1 Importing a Digital Map

z Chapter 2 Data Importing

z Chapter 3 Atoll Propagation Model

z Chapter 4 Analog Prediction

z Chapter 5 Traffic Model

z Chapter 6 Monte carlo Simulation

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 Introduction to Propagation Models

z Okumura-Hata model

Lp = 69.55 +26.16log
logf −13.82log
log log loghb ) log
loghb + (44.9 −6.55log
log logd −SR−Ahm
z Cost231-Hata model

Lp =46.3+33.9log
logf −13.82log
log loghb +(44.9−6.55log
log loghb)log
log logd−SR−Ahm +Cm
log
Typical models are from repeated CW tests.

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Table of Contents

z Chapter 1 Importing a Digital Map

z Chapter 2 Data Importing

z Chapter 3 Atoll Propagation Model

z Chapter 4 Analog Prediction

z Chapter 5 Traffic Model

z Chapter 6 Monte carlo Simulation

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 Coverage Prediction

A “Coverage bytransmitter” analog

prediction is the precondition for
simulation.

There are ten analog predictions in all,

but only the first three can be performed
at the current stage because simulation
results are unavailable.

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 Coverage Prediction

Setting the following parameters:

z Signal level threshold value: defaulted as -110dBm and the
maximum value has no upper limit.
z All and Best signal level: usually select Best signal level so as to be
convenient to observe the coverage of the best cell.
z Signal level margin of the best cell: defaulted as 0
z Reliability: 50% is usually set.
z Carrier wave: it is usually set to “All carrier waves” for coverage area
computation.

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 Coverage Prediction

z Drawing a computation area

Select “Draw” from “Computation zone” in the “Tools” menu in the Atoll
software. And then draw a polygon with the mouse on the zone to be
researched. The computation zone is within the red line.
z Shadowing margins
z Compute shadowing margins in each type of landform by inputting
the standard variance of each clutter and improving Reliability Level.
Reliability level is 50% Calculate or Calculate all by default.

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Table of Contents

z Chapter 1 Importing a Digital Map

z Chapter 2 Data Importing

z Chapter 3 Atoll Propagation Model

z Chapter 4 Analog Prediction

z Chapter 5 Traffic Model

z Chapter 6 Monte carlo Simulation

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 Traffic Modeling

z Traffic data involved in traffic modeling includes service

type, terminals, mobility type, user profile, environment
and traffic map.

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19
 Service Type

Service type

Speech service 1X RTT data service 1X EVDO data service

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 Terminals

Terminals

RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC5 EVDO_HAT

RC1 and RC2 are used for speech service.

RC3, RC4 and RC5 are used for 1X RTT data

service.

EVDO_HAT is used for EVDO data service.

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 Mobility Type

Mobility Type

50km/h 90km/h Pedestrian

Different mobility types have

different settings.
Tadd, T_Drop, Min Ec/Nt, Max
rate=f(C/I)

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 User Profile

Urban User

Rural User

Communication profile in different areas differs.

Services：voice Or Data
Terminal：RC1、、RC5？
Calls/hour：
Duration：

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 Environment

Environment
Business center City Rural

The following differ in different types of traffic

environment:
User
Mobility
Density
Clutter Weighting

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 Creating a Traffic Map

z Based on Environments (raster): refer to the raster map based on traffic model
z Based on User profiles (vector): refer to the vector map based on user profile
z Based on Transmitters and Services (throughput): refer to throughput map based on
sector and service type
z Based on Transmitters and Services (#users): refer to users map based on sector and
service type

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Table of Contents

z Chapter 1 Importing a Digital Map

z Chapter 2 Data Importing

z Chapter 3 Atoll Propagation Model

z Chapter 4 Analog Prediction

z Chapter 5 Traffic Model

z Chapter 6 Monte carlo Simulation

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 Monte Carlo Simulation

The process of Monte-Carlo simulation is as follows:

z Perform Monte-Carlo simulation based on traffic map. Atoll randomly
distribute user location and user profile on the traffic map based on the
number of users and density.
z Perform uplink/downlink power simulation based on results from step 1.

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 Static Simulation

1. Generate a certain quantity of network instantaneous state—“Snapshot”

Here, some MSs or terminals are distributed based on a certain rule (such
as random even distribution) at each “Snapshot”.
2. Acquire connection capability between terminals and networks by
incremental operation.
Here, it is required to consider the possibility of multiple connection
failure (uplink/downlink traffic channel maximum transmit power,
unavailable channels, low Ec/Io and uplink/downlink interference).
3. Measure and analyze results of multiple “Snapshots” to have a overall
understanding of network performance.

Monte Carlo simulation is one type of static simulation.

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 Monte Carlo Simulation－Coverage Probability

z The following takes coverage probability for an example to further

understand how Monte Carlo simulation is performed.

100%
100% 20%
20% 60%
60% 100%
100%

0%
0% 75%
75% 60%
60% 40%
40%

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 Monte Carlo Simulation

X X X X
120％ 2
50％
1X
X 1 4 X 3 XX
X 5
X 4 X
X
3 500mErl X X 1200mErl
X X
X X
100％ X 3 30％ X
1X X X
XX 4
4 5
2 X
X5
X X1000mErl 300mErl

z The overlay measurement results of multiple Snapshots

should be consistent with traffic model.

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 Disadvantages of Static Simulation

Static simulation has its own disadvantages, including

z Lack of time continuity. In this case, low-end users
cannot be accessed when there are a great number of
users.
z Failure to simulate 1X dynamic threshold. The reason
is that the 1X system introduced soft handoff dynamic
threshold but static simulation lacks time continuity. In
this sense, static simulation is more seriously restricted
in the 1X system than in the 95 system.

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 Initialisation

1st step : Mi best server determination

2nd step : Mi active set determination

3rd step : Uplink power control

For each mobile Mi

4th step : Downlink power control

5th step : Uplink and downlink interference update

Congestion and radio resource control

Convergence study

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Atoll completes calculation on each user within the network by the following five steps:
z Step 1: Determine the best cell. The possible reasons for cells failing to become the best cells
may be: deficient pilot strength and UL load exceeding the rated value
z Step 2: Determine cells entering the Active set of the terminal. The possible reasons for cells
failing to enter the Active set may be: Ec/Io value is lower than Tdrop in Mobility type.
z Step 3: Control uplink power (namely the power of the terminal). In this step, the following
case may occur: The terminal is refused due to its deficient transmit power.
z Step 4: Control downlink power (namely traffic channel power). In this step, the following case
may occur: The MS fails to access this cell due to deficient downlink traffic channel power.
z Step 5: Update uplink/downlink interference in each cell.

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z UL load control
z — CE control
z — Walsh code control
z — Cell total power control

Check congestion and radio resource control after a repetition.

Check whether uplinks and downlinks are converged. If they are,

terminate this simulation. If not, calculate one by one all
terminals in the network again.

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 Convergence 下的为收敛的条件：

z Max num of interations：the maximum repeated calculations. That is to say, the

simulation is over although the result of the last repetition is not converged. A repetition is
the process of calculating all users during the simualtion. One simulation can contain
multiple repetitions.
z UL convergence threshold ： uplink convergenece threshold. When the difference
between the result of the current repetition and that of the previous repetition reaches this
threshold, the simulation is over even though repetitions do not reach the maximum
times.
z DL convergence threshold：downlink convergence threshold. When the difference
between the result of the current repetition and that of the previous repetition reaches this
threshold, the simulation is over even though repetitions do not reach the maximum
times.

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Simulation Report

36
 Analysis Report on Simulation Results

Statistics
z In the Request is total users accessed into the network, uplink/downlink total
volume required by the network, and details classification of each type of
service.
z In the Result is refused users and relevant causes, users successfully
accessed, actual volume of the network, and details classification of each
type of service.

Sites
Include BTS rated maximum channel elements, FCH and SCH channel
elements actually used for uplinks and downlinks, channel elements of
uplink/downlink overhead channels for soft handoff, speech/data volume of
uplink/downlink FCH and SCH channels.

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 Analysis Report on Simulation Results

The following initial

conditions must be satisfied:
z Setting global parameters
of the transmitter
z Setting original parameters
of this simulation
zSetting parameters related
to landform, such as the
orthogonal factor and
standard variance of each
type of landform

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39