Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
INSTRUCTIONS:
Attempt all Questions.
All Questions carry equal marks.
Question Paper must be return back to the invigilator within specified time.
(b) W rite (T) for the true and (F) for the false:
1|Page
LCB SOLVED PAPER ANILA SAGHIR
Electronic Movement Force (b) Electro Motive Force (c) Exit Motive Force
2|Page
LCB SOLVED PAPER ANILA SAGHIR
INSTRUCTIONS:
Attempt any 10 Questions from the following.
All Questions carry equal marks.
Specific Resistance:
A measure of the inherent ability of a material to resist the flow of current is called specific
resistance. It is the reciprocal of electrical conductivity, and depending on its resistivity. The lower
the specific resistance, the better conductor a material is.
Formula: Its formula is:
Where,
= resistivity in ohm-meters
R= resistance in ohms
A= cross-sectional area of the material in square meters
L = length in meters
Lenz’s Law:
It states that:
“There is an induced current in a closed conducting loop if and only if the magnetic flux through the
loop is changing. The direction of the induced current is such that the induced magnetic field always
opposes the change in the flux.”
Mathematically:
Lenz's law is shown with the negative sign in Faraday's law of induction, which indicates that the
induced EMF and the change in magnetic flux have opposite signs.
3|Page
LCB SOLVED PAPER ANILA SAGHIR
First law: Like charges of electricity repel each other, whereas unlike charges attract each other.
2nd Law: According to this law, the force exerted between two point charges
Mathematically:
Troubles In Capacitors:
The capacitor troubles are difficult to find since they may appear intermittently or only under
operating voltages. There are many common problems with capacitors which are usually observed as:
o Capacitor can become open or short-circuited. In either case, the capacitor is useless because
it cannot store charge.
o A leaky capacitor is equivalent to a partial short circuit where the dielectric gradually loses its
resistance. This type of capacitor may damage the circuit.
o A good capacitor has very high resistance of the order of mega-ohms so if the resistance of
capacitor decreases from that, it will start to create problems.
5) Define resonance.
Resonance:
Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate with greater amplitude at some frequencies than at
others. Frequencies at which the response amplitude is a relative maximum are known as the system's
resonant frequencies, or resonance frequencies. Resonance occurs when a system is able to store and
easily transfer energy between two or more different storage modes (such as kinetic energy and
potential energy in the case of a pendulum).
4|Page
LCB SOLVED PAPER ANILA SAGHIR
Time Period: The period, usually denoted by T, is the length of time taken by one cycle.
Formula:
Unit: The unit of time period is seconds (sec).
Energy Levels:
A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound, that is confined spatially can only
take on certain discrete values of energy. This contrasts with classical particles, which can
have any energy. These discrete values are called energy levels. The term is commonly used
for the energy levels of electrons in atoms or molecules, which are bound by the electric field
of the nucleus.
Ohm’s Law:
It states that:
“The electric current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference across it, provided that the temperature remains constant. The constant of
proportionality is the resistance of the conductor”.
Mathematically:
Where,
9) A 220v rms value, 60Hz AC source is connected across a 40KΩ resistance. How much
current is flowing through the resistance? Find relative phase angle between voltage and
current also.
Numerical:
Data:
V=220∟0
F=60 Hz
5|Page
LCB SOLVED PAPER ANILA SAGHIR
R=40K Ω
I=?
Formula:
Solution:
Valence Electron:
An electron of an atom, located in the outermost shell (valence shell) of the atom that can be
transferred to or shared with another atom is called valence electron. A valence electron is most likely
to be involved in a chemical reaction. They are typically the electrons with the highest value of the
principle quantum number, n.
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding
circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's
core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces
a varying electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the secondary winding.
6|Page
LCB SOLVED PAPER ANILA SAGHIR
In 1831, Micheal Faraday formulated two laws on the bases of experiments. These laws are called
Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction.
First Law:
It state that:
“Whenever a conductor are placed in a varying magnetic field EMF are induced which is called
induced EMF, if the conductor circuit are closed current are also induced which is called induced
current”.
Second Law:
It states that:
“The induced EMF is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages (flux linkages is the product of
turns, of the coil and the flux associated with it)”.
Where negative sign represents the direction of the induced current in the conductor will be such that
the magnetic field produced by it will oppose it.
Depletion Region:
Depletion region refers to an insulating region found in a semiconductor device where there is neither
an excess of electrons nor of holes. This is usually at the juncture of P-type and N-type materials and
is formed from a conducting region.
7|Page
LCB SOLVED PAPER ANILA SAGHIR
Capacitor:
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field.
The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors
separated by a dielectric (insulator).
In capacitor some outside agency is pulling the negatively charged electrons from the positively
charged plate of the capacitor and sending them to the negative plate of it. This small amount of work
is done by battery. So, this energy is stored inside the capacitor in the form of electrostatic energy.
Then this energy is stored as chemical energy in the capacitor.
Mathematically:
So the work done to charge the condenser up to a little amount is given by:
Total work done can be found by applying the integration on the above expression.
∫ ∫
∫ ∫
8|Page
LCB SOLVED PAPER ANILA SAGHIR
Energy will be in joules when the other quantities such as q, V and C will be in Coulomb, volt and
farad respectively.
(b) Explain energy levels with reference to conductors, insulators and semi conductors.
Energy Levels:
If we consider a single atom, there are according to the Bohr model of atoms sharply distinct energy
levels, which may be occupied by electrons. If there are multiple atoms side by side they are
interdependent, the discrete energy levels are fanned out.
In a substance multiple energy levels combine to form electronic band structure, which is an energy
schema to describe the conductivity of conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. The schema
consists of two energy bands (valence and conduction band) and the band gap. The valence electrons
which serve as charge carriers are located in the valence band, in the ground state the conduction
band is occupied with no electrons. Between the two energy bands there is the band gap; its width
affects the conductivity of materials.
9|Page
LCB SOLVED PAPER ANILA SAGHIR
In conductors, the valence band is either not fully occupied with electrons, or the filled valence band
overlaps with the empty conduction band. The electrons can therefore move inside the partially filled
valence band or inside the two overlapping bands. In conductors there is no band gap between the
valence band and conduction band.
In insulators the valence band is fully occupied with electrons due to the covalent bonds. The
electrons cannot move because they're "locked up" between the atoms. In insulators there is a wide
band gap exists.
Even in semiconductors, there is a band gap, but compared to insulators it is so small that even at
room temperature electrons from the valence band can be lifted into the conduction band. The
electrons can move freely and act as charge carriers.
Numerical:
Data:
L=10H
C=20µC
Fo = ?
Formula:
Solution:
10 | P a g e
LCB SOLVED PAPER ANILA SAGHIR
Types of Resistors:
Resistors are the most fundamental and commonly used of all the electronic components. There are
many different types of resistors available to the electronics constructors which are as follow:
Made from conductive metal oxide paste, very low wattage values
Wire-wound Resistor:
Metallic bodies for heat sink mounting, very high wattage ratings
Semiconductor Resistor:
Laws of Resistance
The resistance of a material depends upon the fallowing four factors, which are called laws of
resistance.
The resistance of conductor is directly proportional to the length of the conductor. Greater is the
length of conductor greater will be the resistance, similarly smaller is the length, and smaller will be
the resistance of the conductor.
The resistance of the conductor is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area of the conductor.
Greater is the cross sectional area smaller will be the resistance and when smaller is cross sectional
area greater will be the resistance
The resistance of the conductor depends upon the nature of the conductor. Two wire having the same
gauges, but different material will have different resistance.
The resistance of the conductor depends upon the temperature of its environment. Resistance of
metallic conductor increases with increase in temperature of the conductor.
Mathematically:
11 | P a g e
LCB SOLVED PAPER ANILA SAGHIR
Taking in to consideration 1st three laws and neglecting 4th law for movement, we have
R∝L (eq. 1)
R∝ (eq. 2)
R∝
R=
Where called rho .it is a constant and is known as resistivity or specific resistance of a material.
A current carrying conductor, such as a metal wire, will produce a magnetic field around it because
of the motion of charge within the wire itself. This motion produces or sets up a magnetic field
around the wire in the form of concentric circles. The direction of such a magnetic field can be
determined by using the "right hand grip rule" (see figure at right). The strength of the magnetic field
decreases with distance from the wire. (For an infinite length wire the strength decreases inversely
proportional to the distance.)
The construction of carbon composition resistor is very simple. It is also commonly referred as
carbon resistor. It mainly made of carbon clay composition covered with a plastic case. The leads of
the resistor are made of tinned copper. These carbon resistors are providing with different colored
band on their cylindrical body. These color bands are code for the resistance values of carbon
12 | P a g e
LCB SOLVED PAPER ANILA SAGHIR
composition resistor along with their tolerance range. There are mainly four color bands provided on
the body resistors and each color indicates unique digit. Such as
Black ⇒ 0,
Brown ⇒ 1,
Red ⇒ 2,
Orange ⇒ 3,
Yellow ⇒ 4,
Green ⇒ 5,
Blue ⇒ 6,
Violet ⇒ 7
Gray ⇒ 8,
White ⇒ 9
The first and second color bands indicate a two digits number. The 3rd color band indicates the
power of ten as multiplier. The fourth band indicates the tolerance.
13 | P a g e