108 Tips For Effective Presentations

compiled and edited by Carolyn Tallent

"Too often I have been trapped in presentations that were painfully overlong, over serious,
under organized, and so on. And, I have been guilty of all of the above."

And so, this article. Because we've all sat through it, and probably most of us have done it.

In early March I posted a request on the Conservation Distlist and made some phone calls to
various individuals soliciting suggestions on how to give good talks (and avoid giving bad ones).
The opening quotation came from one of these responses, which have been blended, sorted, and
edited down to the following compilation.

The contributors were: Jim Bernstein, Wes Boomgaarden, Tom Case, Vinod Daniel, Susan
Davis, Fiona Graham, John Griswold, Cecily Grzywacz, David Harvey, Kristin Herron, Jane
Hutchins, Hilary Kaplan, Molly Lambert, Marcie Landeros, Michael Newland, Debbie Hess
Norris, Debbie Rohan, Sarah Starderman, Betty Steckman, Joyce Hill Stoner, and Stephanie
Watkins.

Those who were not heard from are encouraged to submit their tips. A supplement will appear if
enough accumulates. Think of the hours of human suffering you could prevent.

ORGANIZING CONTENT
Make sure your talk has a beginning that introduces the content, and an end that explains your
conclusion. Don't just give a laundry list of facts. Don't leave your audience saying "so what?" (If
you do need to convey a list of information, put it in a handout.)

Write your talk (NOT your paper to be published) in short radio script-like phrases. This will be
easier on your listeners than long, convoluted sentences no matter how elegant. It is okay to say
in a talk "As you see here." "And look here."

Use examples from your own (or borrowed) experiences, tied into of the points you make.
Provide varied opinions not just your own. Passion and true life stories are important.

Know your audience. Talk at the audience level.

Try to get some audience involvement, even if it's just asking for a show of hands"how many of
you have ever tried to write a grant proposal?" Use analogy, metaphor, and simile to link the talk
to what the audience knows. If you have time, and it's appropriate, ask for some anecdotes or
ideas, then launch your talk from the points made by the audience.

Don't expect to ad lib on the first page. Do give yourself ad lib challenges later on, unless you
cannot do so without going over time and/or if there is simultaneous translation.

GOOD ad libs add texture and life to a talk. If you can't do it naturally, carefully script in a few
and practice them until they sound spontaneous. Humor is good if it makes the talk easy to listen
to, but questionable if it is offered at the expense of an art or cultural object or a person, living or
dead.

Use good grammar; don't say "hopefully" unless you mean "full of hope" as an adverb for the
nearest verb.

Don't try to convey all the information (they can always go back to a publication to get the rest if
you give them the meat).

Thank people in a fresh, real, meaningful way. Avoid cliches.

Always have a "button" at the end of the talk so the audience knows when to applaud. If you end
with an abrupt "any questions?" the audience feels miffed at not having a "cue", and if there
aren't any questions the applause can dribble in raggedly.

Your closing statement needn't to be snappy, if snappiness isn't your style. "And that's basically
all there is to it. I hope you've found this helpful. Are there any questions?" will do it for many
types of presentations. It tells the audience you're done, and offers the opportunity to continue
the discussion if they choose. If they don't smile, thank them for their attention and get off the
dais.

When you become so familiar with your talk that you can't hear it anymore, become the audience
and have someone else stand up and read it back to you. It's a good way to regain perspective on
coherence, flow, etc.

PREPARATIONS
PRACTICE! For novice and nervous speakers, the more you practice and are confident in your
abilities, the more at ease you will become. Play act to gain that experience! Put on the outfit you
intend to wear, introduce yourself (yes, you can applaud), then give your talk in the mirror to
yourself. Once you are comfortable with this, graduate to the family pet, then close friends.

If you can, audiotape or videotape yourself doing the speech few days beforehand. Review your
performance and change what you did not like and work on capitalizing on your strong points.
Listen to your voice (ack!): are you speaking in a monotone? Are the pauses and emphases
where you want them to be? If you have a video, look at your posture, hand gestures,
movements: are they natural and supportive of your presentation, or distracting? If it isn't
possible to tape yourself, try to enlist an honest friend to be your tryout audience. Listen to that
person's comments and don't get defensive.

Prepare..prepare...prepare! Preparation is EVERYTHING!

In preparing text don't run your sentences from page to page. It's useful to write the first page so
that someone falling off a horse could read it. (Not all cylinders are firing when you are highly
nervous.)

Prepared script on a portable computer? Remember to charge the battery just before you go on!
Beeping batteries and a blank screen will not help you.

PERSONAL APPEARANCE AND PRESENCE

Stand up straight. You'll be more believable.

Wear something you know you look good in. It will boost your confidence.

Wear loose fitting comfortable clothing and footwear. your comfort will be one less thing to
worry about and will transmit to your audience. Some folks take their shoes off (if the podium
blocks the view), so slip-ons would be preferred to laced-shoes.

Stand comfortably. Try having your feet positioned shoulder width apart for more stability and
comfort if the talk is longer (1/2 hour to hour). This braced stance will also help you if you are
prone to getting so nervous that you will faint.

For podium stand presentations, one is often only visible from chest up. Avoid unusual necklines
and bulging ties that can cast disturbing shadows onto your face (especially if you are speaking
at a lighted podium stand).

Avoid wearing numerous or clunky tie clasps, sleeve studs, bracelets, long necklaces, or "badges
on a rope" that can get caught on the microphone or podium, or "jingle-jangle" disturbingly
throughout your presentation. This also goes for those who distractingly jingle all the coins in
their pockets as they sit or speak. Empty your pockets before your talk if you are the fidgety
type. Likewise, leave the pens (clicking on and off, pulling the caps on and off) at your seat. That
noise is picked up by the microphone and AMPLIFIED, folks!

Tend to be dry mouthed from nervousness? There's always Miss Universe's trick: Apply
Vaseline on your teeth and gums prior to speaking. (Eeeeow! Yuck!)

If you have glasses that you must push up constantly, tighten them. (This suggestion originally
came from Sheldon Keck.) If you have hair that falls over your eyes, fix it. Some audience
members are really distracted by these things.
ETIQUETTE
Be brief. If asked to speak for 45 minutes, speak for 30, and encourage discussion afterwards. It's
better for people to want to hear you longer, rather than to want to hear you less. Never, ever,
ever go over your allotted time slot.

Be considerate of time limits, a typical guide is 1-2 minutes per slide depending on how much
explanation is required. To over-run your allotted time is unfair to the organizers and the
audience (who may really want to hear the speaker after you! or make it to another talk).

DO NOT go over your allotted time. This is unprofessional and discourteous to both the
audience and the arrangements committee. If your talk is too long, do some editing.

(A selection from the many submissions on this subject. Ed.)

ON - SITE PREPARATION
Checking your luggage? Hand carry your presentation materials (slides, computer, overheads,
etc.) and one set of handouts. Your airline or train checked luggage may not materialize on time.
Send a facsimile duplicate to your hotel if you're worried about it. Duplications of your handout
can be made locally.

If possible, practice in the room where the talk is being given, using whatever equipment you
will need. Place a tape recorder in the back of the room and record the speech. This allows you to
do a sound check (for volume of voice).

Know your equipment, its capabilities, and requirements before you present, or make sure you've
got someone competent to work them. Not too much of a problem with slides, but increasingly,
presenters are using computer programs that require too much fiddling while presenting and are
often barely visible due to magnification and poor lighting.

Find the light switches and temperature controls (and whether they work). Find the janitor or
handyman and make friends with him--you may need him in a hurry later.

Familiarize yourself with the podium and it's workings BEFORE it's time for you to talk. You
look very unprofessional up there trying to find the pointer or deciding who is to change the
slides.

Position the podium (in advance) far enough in front of the screens so that you can actually see
what your audience is seeing, and talk about it.

If you are shorter than the podium, get a booster step. If you are tall, see if the podium can be
raised (many are automatic, yet people never alter them), or if the microphone can be adjusted to
accommodate your height.
Take a watch or timer with you to the podium or have someone positioned to signal you when
time is nearly up. (See ETIQUETTE.)

SPEAKING
When you first step up to the podium, take a moment to lay out your papers, or simply to take a
deep breath and pull yourself together. They'll wait.

Common advice is to begin with a joke to grab the attention of the audience and put them at ease.
Starting off with a beautiful or unique image (when speaking to visual people) will also work.

Speak slowly and enunciate. If you get caught up in your own words, slow down and simplify.
Say the same concept in smaller, more familiar words.

Identify words you have difficulty pronouncing and use alternative words. For example, words
that get caught on your tongue (e.g. "similarly") can be replaced with synonyms e.g. "likewise").

Practice foreign words and difficult names until they fall readily off the tongue.

You don't need to fill every available second with the sound of your voice. Take your time.
Pauses may seem like millennia to you, but they help the audience keep up with you and digest
what you're saying.

Let the silences BE silent. "Um" and "Uh" and other noises to fill silence are distracting. You can
use silence to emphasize important points.

Consider a mild decongestant to keep the throat and nose clear.

Have a glass of water conveniently nearby, but not where you're likely to knock it over.

Have a good visual, but not much dialogue to go with it? Take a drink of water and give the
audience time to absorb the view.

Talk into the microphone. When you turn your head to look at the screen (if you are a "talk to the
images" kind of person), make sure your words are spoken into the microphone. This is true
whether the microphone is attached to you or the podium. It is difficult for the audience to follow
you when you are alternately LOUD and soft.

If you have a prepared script, fold back the upper or lower corner of the pages so they will be
easily turned. Loose sheets or cards should be numbered lest you drop them, or, better yet, hole-
punched and attached with a metal or plastic ring.

You can also staple the left edge of pages of a prepared text like a book and pre-fold it open.
This is easier and quieter than trying to flip pages over the top as with a pad, jostling the podium
and hitting the microphone in the process.
If you are a nervous type that forgets his or her name once on stage, prepare a script with cues
for yourself: "break here" "change slides" "smile!" "pause here" "drink here" etc. Put the cues in
a different font to remind yourself NOT to say them out loud (a la Homer Simpson).
Highlighting generally cannot be seen in a darkened room (highlighters vary, though). After the
first few minutes your major nervousness will probably abate and you won't need the cues as a
crutch.

Try not to read from a text if at all possible. Know your topic and rehearse it so well that you can
speak the talk with your head up.

If you have to read from a piece of paper then organize it into discrete two to three sentence
groups with the slide cues marked clearly. This way you can quickly look down, scan what you
have to say, say it, and go on - all in a very natural and deliberate manner.

Generally, a spoken talk has more variety of intonation which keeps the audience interested. If
you get lost, look at your slide to jog your memory or find your place. Make sure you do not give
your audience a slide to see before you refer to it. They may stop listening to you in their effort
to puzzle it out.

Stop apologizing! Work with what you have or leave it out. You can state a known problem
without apologizing. quot;This slide is dark. Here's the important area." (then point).

Don't look at your slides either too long (so the audience sees only your ear) or too little (so that
you are out of synch with the visuals).

Vary which part of the audience you look at. You can look at the top of everyone's head and scan
the crowd for variety if their eyes looking back at you make you nervous.

If the lights will not be dimmed and you cringe at the prospect of seeing the audience, consider
taking off your glasses if your close-up vision is good enough for reading or using remote
controls and pointers. The audience is much less frightening when they are a myopic blur! For
the rest of us...

One old theatre trick to make both your voice and presence fill the auditorium (as well as to
reduce nervousness) is to look and to speak to the back wall. This projects your message more
clearly and you aren't disrupting your focus by recognizing people. Try it! Nobody out there can
tell that you're not looking at them!

Keep yourself "open" to the audience at all times, another old theatre technique. It may feel
really weird and unnatural at first, but it works! Practice keeping your belly-button facing the
audience - even when you turn to point to something on the screen. When you point to something
always use the arm closest to the screen. Never-ever cross an arm to point, and never-ever turn
your back!

One technique to make your talks more intimate is to speak in a friendly, relaxed manner, as you
would to a friend standing next to you. The audience is your friend, they want to like you and to
hear what you have to say. People want to hear the new information, resources, or ideas that you
are giving them, they are interested...so keep their interest! Right?

If people are coughing excessively or rustling in their seats, you're beginning to lose them.
Change the pace, interject an attention grabber or joke, or wrap it up.

Have fun with it and your audience will too.

Enjoy it and they will.

and a final note for this section,

Long armed folks, take note: If speaking without a podium, keep your hands about waist high if
you tend to gesture. This will keep you from looking like an albatross about to take off with your
audience's attention.

VISUAL AND PROJECTION

Keep it simple.

Make certain your computer hook-up, overhead, etc. works before your presentation. Get there
early to give yourself time to set up without rushing.

Keep word slides BIG if you want the audience to read and follow anything. The "Rule of Six" is
helpful: "Maximum of six words per six lines per visual."

Sans-serif fonts (without feet, like Avant Garde Gothic, Geneva, or Helvetica) are good for
words (e.g. identification on a graph) or short phrases (e.g. bullet points). Text arranged in a few
sentences (e.g. quote or passage) will be easier to read when shown projected in a serif font
("footed" font, like Courier, Palatino, or Times). Try not to use cursive or unusual font types
unless it really, really, goes with the presentation.

Identify the acronyms and abbreviations you intend to use. Use FEMA only after you have
identified it as the Federal Emergency Management Agency or if your audience is informed (if
you are speaking about disasters at FEMA!)

Color is easier to follow than stark black and white, however, too many colors (e.g. showing off
your new computer's color range) will distract the audience from your message. Maintain
consistency in the title and word slides throughout, if possible. Neon colors quickly tire
audiences. Use them sparingly. Blue, green, and purple are best for projection.

Try and match the brightness/darkness of your images. A very dark image next to or following a
bright visual will make both more difficult to "read." It's hard on the audience when an entire
visual presentation is compiled this way.
Try not to turn all the lights off, especially after lunch. the best-intentioned audience is likely to
nod off, be you ever so interesting. If the room allows it, keep a few lights on along the sides or
at the back. It also helps people take notes or keep up with any handouts to which you might be
referring.

Keep your visuals simple, bold and graphic. People won't read a page of text on the wall even if
they could. And usually, they can't. If big chunks of text are important for them to see, put it in
their hands.

SPECIFICALLY SLIDE PROJECTION

General guideline: Keep your slides to two a minute (or 30 seconds apiece). This means that a 20
minute talk with dual-projection should need approximately 40 slides (20 in each carrousel). It
takes about 10-15 seconds for a person to quot;read" and adjust to a slide in the dark. Plus, folks
often take notes. Exceptions would be a sequential step by step of a procedure where your
audience has been introduced to the complexities of the subject matter (i.e. showing the
installation progress of an exhibit).

Learn to edit. You may have 1,000,000 gorgeous slides, but the audience will not know what
they missed if you edit. If you don't, the audience will remember that you went severely over
time and that they didn't have a chance to appreciate the slides because you went so fast trying to
show it all.

Use slides that are a little light (over-exposed). In other words, save the (+) bracketed exposures
of slides for your talk. They are easier to see in a big dark room.

Avoid repetitious monotonous monochrome text slides or graphs.

Don't read the text on the slides word for word.

If you have to apologize for a slide, DON'T USE IT!

Don't overuse double blanks you may forget them and get very far behind. DO use blanks if you
are going to say a paragraph that does not relate to any slides.

Try to have slides mounted in paper mounts. The plastic ones have been known to melt during
projection.

Identify the orientation of your slides with a mark or dot in the lower left corner. This should be
visible in the slide tray along the outside edge (or reverse upper right corner) when properly
inserted. Stick-on dots can fall off and be lost or jam the projection machine.

Number the order of your slides. If you are not carrying them in a carousel but will be putting
them in on site, this will help. Inevitably, well wishers and interested parties will try and speak
with you while you prepare, distracting you. numbering also helps if you forget to lock the black
carousel ring and turn the slide carousel upside-down and the slides all fall out just seconds
before you are to speak.

Check your slides before you present to make sure they project the correct way! To be presenting
and come upon a backwards slide always seems as unprofessional as it is easy to fix.

Focus the slide frames by adjusting the relative sizes (vertical and horizontal) to be level with
each other and filling the maximum size of the available projection screen or space. It will help
your audience focus and flow without tiring. If traveling with slide equipment, bring an
extension cord and extra lamp bulb.

Tape the remote control to the top or sides of the podium in comfortable, convenient spot so you
have one less thing to juggle with and worry about on stage (especially useful with the angled-
top podiums).

Don't wait for someone to change the slides for you, unless you have no way of doing it yourself.
It takes time, interrupts the flow of the talk, and looks pretentious.

A good final test is to see if the visuals could convey the subject without narration - you are
telling a story, no matter how technical the subject.

USING POINTERS
Don't give yourself challenging pointer choreography on the first page when you're more likely
to shake the little light spot all over the place. Balance the pointer with both hands, one elbow on
the podium if necessary, or use the side of the podium as a wedge and support to steady the
pointer (or you).

Remember to release your nervous "death grip" on the pointer's "ON" button after you have
pointed something out. If will help save your battery and light, as well as help your audience stay
focused on your talk. Like the bouncing ball in sing-along movies, the audience will follow the
pointer and laser dot across the floor, up the side of the wall or ceiling, etc. as you flip your
written dialogue or gesture with your hands. This is especially important if you use a laser
pointer, as the light should never be directed at a person's eyes.

Please remember to focus pointers that have arrows! Focused arrows are easier and far less
annoying to follow than a bouncing light blob on the screen.

Point to things you want the audience to notice at the beginning of your slide exposure. If you
wait until the last five seconds to indicate with the pointer and say "It is noticeable in the lower
left corner," the audience will have no chance to process the information.

HANDOUTS
Avoid distributing handouts before or during your talk unless you use them directly in the
presentation. If you want the audience to walk away with a body of information, hand it out at
the end. Too often a speaker will lose an audience by giving them something else to look at. This
goes against a lot of conventional wisdom, but watch the eye contact of the audience when
something is handed out...or passed around.

If your talk will be very technical with many word visuals and graphs, prepare handouts for the
audience with your overheads or slides reproduced in miniature. The audience can listen to what
you are saying and write notes on the handouts, instead of frantically trying to copy everything.

TROUBLE-SHOOTING, QUESTIONS, and HECKLERS

Duct tape, scissors, and a marker can work wonders in a variety of emergencies.

Repeat audience questions so the entire audience can appreciate your answer.

Keep eye contact with the person who posed the question.

You don't have to know everything, so don't try to bluff if someone asks you a question you
cannot answer. Admit that you don't know or can't recall. Offer to find out if you can follow
through, but don't make promises you don't intend to keep.

If someone raises objections, listen to them intently and politely. Ask for clarification on their
point if necessary. Stay open minded. Identify points of agreement, but feel free to reiterate the
point of view of the presentation!

Diffuse hecklers quickly and politely. A calm, compassionate voice of reason can effectively get
them off the microphone or stage. "Sir, I understand your objection. Let's not take up anymore of
the conference time with this issue. I'll be happy to discuss this with you in private. Next
question, please?" Attacking the heckler will only make the audience sympathize with the
heckler and make you look bad.

GENERAL
"I find the more I give talks, the MORE nervous I get, not less. I carry around all the things that
went wrong during previous talks." (This was submitted by someone who is considered a very
effective speaker. Which shows that nervousness doesn't necessarily show. Ed.)

Something always goes wrong...Always! Remember that a disaster (slides falling out of the
carousel, a faulty podium light, etc) can get the audience on your side if you handle it with grace
and good nature.

If you know your topic well, relax. Nothing commands authority like confidence, and vice-versa.
Presenting information you enjoy and know to a group that is interested in your topic should be a
pleasurable and rewarding experience.
If the preceding tip bears no resemblance to how things work on YOUR planet, then there's
always drugs. Ask your physician to prescribe a low-dose beta-blocker for you, Inderal for
instance. These are drugs which are designed to reduce the adrenaline-related manifestations of
fear: the shakes,shortness of breath, elevated heart rate.... It can cause dry-mouth in some people
but it can also ameliorate it in others. You can probably get an effective dose with only 1/2 or 1/4
of a 40 mg tablet, taken 1 to 2 hours before the talk. This dose is considered quite small and
reasonably safe. Do a trial run well ahead of time to make sure you are comfortable with the
physical effects and necessary dose. You could also try the same micro-dose of an anti-anxiety
drug, such as Xanax. Ask your doc. For homeopaths: Calms, basically valerian and camomile.

Any questions? See ETIQUETTE.