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Periodic
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• In some of the triads all the three elements possessed nearly the same
atomic masses.
Example:
Statement :
When elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic
mass, the properties of every eighth element resembles that of the first.
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni
1 2 3 4 5 6
By 7arvind Arora
Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
K Ca
Newlands’ Law of Octaves
Demerits :
Statement :
The physical properties of the elements are a periodic function of
their atomic masses.
Alkali metals
×
Ascending positions of curve
× before inert gases
×
By arvind Arora Halogens
ATOMIC WEIGHT
• It was an ideal classification but it was not easy to keep in mind the
various positions of the curve.
7 Rows 9 Columns
Periods By
Groups arvind Arora
A B A B C
Mendeleev's Periodic Table Groups
VIII
I II III IV V VI VII Zero
Li Be B C N O F Ne
A B C
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Periods
Fe Co Ni
Ru Rh Pd A B A B A B A B A B A B A B
Os Ir Pt
By arvind Arora
Group zero is not further classified
1st and 2nd periods are short and remaining are long
Zero group elements were later introduced by
Ramsay and Rayleigh
Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• Classification of elements was based on the properties of elements.
By arvind Arora
Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• Classification of elements was based on the properties of elements.
• Left gaps in his periodic table, for
elements yet to be discovered.
Eka Silicon
By arvind Arora
Germanium
Corrected 9.01 2
By arvind Arora
Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• Position of Hydrogen element was not justified.
• Anomalous/ Inverted pair
• Position of Isotopes
• Position of Lanthanides & Actinides
• Anomalous placement of the transition &
coinage metals
i) Transition elements were placed along with
By arvind
representative elements under the same group
Arora
ii) Coinage metals mere placed with alkali metals
• There was no explanation for the periodicity
of elements.
• No place for Noble or Inert gases.
Atomic Number
• Henry Moseley performed X – rays spectroscopy Obtained the relationship
with Frequency
Y
√ν = a (Z – b)
This implies that elements are showing similar properties after regular internal
because of similar outer shell configuration
How many elements in a period?
According to Bohr Bury theory, orbital energy order for filling an electron is
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6
2 8 8 18 18 32 32
According to MPT,
Each period starts with new principle quantum No. ∴ There are 7 periods
Period No. No. of element (no. of electrons)
1 2 Shortest period
2 By8 arvind Arora
3 8
4 18
5 18
6 32
7 32 Longest periods
How many elements in a period?
2
n+1
Number of elements in a period = × 2 For n is odd
2
2
n
= + 1 × 2 For n is even
2
By arvind Arora
Merits of Modern Periodic Table
• Gives reason for periodicity of elements
• Simplifies the arrangement of PT by dividing it into 4–blocks
For
s – orbital – max 2 electron – 2 – groups
(71) Lu = [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2 (72) Hf = [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
By arvind
1 2
Arora
General configuration for group 3 (n-1)d ns
(73) Ta = [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 (74) W = [Ar] 4f14 5d4 6s2
By arvind
3 2Arora
General configuration for group 5 (n-1)d ns
(75) Re = [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 (76) Os = [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2
By arvind
5 2Arora
General configuration for group 7 (n-1)d ns
(77) Ir = [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 (78) Pt = [Xe] 4f14 5d8 6s2
By arvind Arora
General configuration for group 9 (n-1)d7 ns2
(79) Au = [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 (80) Hg = [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
By arvind Arora
General configuration for group 11 (n-1)d9 ns2
General configuration for group 12 (n-1)d10 ns2
By arvind Arora
Example (1) Atomic no. 106
(2) Atomic no. 113
(3) Atomic no. 109
IUPAC Nomenclature system for atomic number greater than 100
ATOMIC
IUPAC NAME SYMBOL
NUMBER
111 Unununium Uuu
• By
Most abundant metal in the arvind
earth’s crust -Arora
Aluminum
• Lightest Density – H
By
• Coinage metals – Cu, Ag, Au, Pb arvind Arora
By arvind Arora
Similarity b/w Li and Mg
Reasons
Atomic Radii Li = 152 pm
Mg = 160 pm
Similarity in ionic sizes
No Parameters Li Mg
No Parameters Be Al
Ionic Radii : Be ++ = 31 pm
Al+++ = 53.5pm
By arvind Arora
charge Be = 0.064
Ratio :
radius Al = 0.060
Arvind Arora
Tha ...