03.

DC Power Supply
& Rectifier
• Basic blocks of power supplies
• Half wave and full wave rectifier.
• Full wave rectifier circuit analysis, filter and its
applications.

Dr Afzan Othman 1
MENJANA MINDA KREATIF DAN INOVATIF
DC power supply

2
 Dc power supply

Transformer – Scale down AC voltage

Diode Rectifier – Rectify AC voltage (AC to DC)
Filter – Filter out high frequency component/smooth out input
Regulator – Regulates voltage to the load (simple circuit can be
made from zener diode)
3
 AC signal

Peak voltage (Vp) =?

3 Peak-to-peak voltage (Vp-p)=?

Root mean square voltage (Vrms)=?

t1 t2 Time (s) Vp
Vrms 
-3
2
DC voltage/average voltage (Vdc)=?

If frequency=50 Hz, t1, t2=?

4
 Dc power supply: Transformer

• Used to scale down the AC voltage. To transform voltage from a

high level to a low level and vice-versa.

coil n1:n2

+ +
 n2 
V1 V2 V2   V1
 n1 
- -

Input/Primary output/Secondary

magnetic
5
 Dc power supply: rectifier

• Rectifier is a circuit to convert AC to pulsating DC.

• It has two types:
o Half wave rectifier
o Full wave rectifier

6
 Dc power supply:
Half wave rectifier

• In half-wave rectifier, only one diode is connected and to a ac

source.

7
 Dc power supply:
Half wave rectifier

• The diode only conducts when it is in forward bias, hence only half of
the AC cycle passes through the diode.
• The diode is OFF during the negative cycle since it is reverse biased.
• The average voltage VAVG or Vdc ,
Vp
V AVG  V d . c 


8
 Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier

• Full wave rectifier is commonly used in DC power supply.

• Its allow current flow through diode to the whole cycle of input
signal.
• Two types of full wave rectifier:
o Center-tapped transformer (using two diodes)
o Bridge configuration (using four diodes)

• The average voltage VAVG or Vdc and Vrms

2V p Vp
V AVG  V dc  V rms 
 2
9
 Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier

10
 Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Center TAPPED

• A center tapped uses two diodes connected to secondary of ac

source.
• The peak output is only half of the transformer’s peak secondary
voltage.

V p (sec)
V p ( out )   0 . 7V use Si
2 11
 Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Center TAPPED

• Positive half-cycle

• D1 is forward biased, while D2 reverse biased. Thus current flows

from D1 through RL

12
 Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Center TAPPED

• Negative half-cycle

• D2 is forward biased, while D1 reverse biased. Thus current flows

from D2 through RL

13
 Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – PIV

• Peak Inver Voltage (PIV)

• PIV is the maximum voltage that can be applied to diode during
reverse-biased.
• For half-wave rectifier, PIV = Vp
• The PIV across either diode in full wave center-tapped rectifier;

PIV  2V p ( out )  0 . 7 V

• The PIV across either diode in full wave bridge rectifier;

PIV  V p ( out )  0 . 7 V

14
 Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Center TAPPED

15
 Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Bridge

• The bridge uses four diodes connected to secondary of ac source.

• The peak output is same as transformer’s peak secondary voltage.

V p ( out )  V p (sec)  0 . 7V  0 . 7 V
use Si

16
 Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Bridge

• Positive half-cycle

• D1 and D2 is forward biased, while D3 and D4 reverse biased. Thus

current flows from D1 and D2 through RL

17
 Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Bridge

• Negative half-cycle

• D3 and D4 is forward biased, while D1 and D2 reverse biased. Thus

current flows from D3 and D4 through RL

18
 Dc power supply:
Full wave rectifier – Bridge

19
 Dc power supply: Filter

• Output from a rectifier still has an alternating component called

ripple.
• Thus filter (comprise of a capacitor) is needed to reduce this
ripple.

20
 Dc power supply: Filter

• How capacitor works as a filter?

• Positive first quarter-cycle: Capacitor charging

• Diode is forward biased, allowing capacitor to charge within 0.7V of

the input peak.

21
 Dc power supply: Filter

• Positive second quarter-cycle: Capacitor discharging

• When diode is reverse biased, the capacitor is discharging

22
 Dc power supply: Filter

• Positive first quarter-cycle: Capacitor charging

• Diode is again forward biased, and capacitor charging once again.

23
 Dc power supply: Filter

• Filtering: half-wave vs full-wave rectifier

• The capacitor can more effectively reduce the ripple when the time
between peaks is shorter.
• Thus full-wave rectifier has smaller ripple thus indicates good
filtering process.
24
 Dc power supply: Filter

• The ripple factor, r will determine the effectiveness of the filter

V r ( pp )
r 
V dc

• Thus for full-wave rectifier, ripple factor:

V r ( pp ) 1
r  
V dc 4 3 fR L C
• Thus for half-wave rectifier, ripple factor:
V r ( pp ) 1
r  
V dc 2 3 fR L C 25
 Dc power supply: Regulator

• Regulation is the last step in eliminating the remaining ripple and

maintaining the output voltage to a specific value
• Most regulators are integrated circuit (ic) and has three terminals;
input, output and references.

26
 Dc power supply: Regulator

• Other regulators are used zener diode to regulate the voltage.

27
 Dc power supply: Regulator

• The regulation is expressed as a percentage. Two type regulation.

• Line regulation: how much change occurs in output voltage given a
change in input voltage.

  V out 
lineregula tion   100 %
  V in 

• Load regulation: how much change occurs in output voltage over a

certain range of load current values, usually from minimum current
(no load, NL) and maximum current (full load, FL)

 V  V FL 
loadregula tion   NL 100 %
 V FL 
28