EI 2311 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

2 Marks and 16 Marks - QUESTIONS BANK

Unit-I- PHYSIOLOGY AND TRANSDUCERS
Two Marks
1. Define Resting Potential. (MAY/JUNE 2014, MAY 2013,NOV 2012,)
Equilibrium is reached with a potential difference across the membrane
such that negative on inside and positive on outside. This membrane potential
caused by the different concentration of irons is called Resting Potential.

2. State the property of piezo electric transducer. (MAY/JUNE 2014)

 Higher sensitivity, Fidelity
 Permanent eletric dipole moment,
 Wider bandwidth,
 High value of the dielectric constant
3. Define Action Potential. (NOV 2013, NOV 2012, NOV 2011, MAY 2012)

Cell has a slightly positive potential on the inside due to imbalance of

potassium ions. This positive potential of the cell membrane during excitation is
called Action Potential and is about 20 mV.

4. Explain the Structure of Cell.

Human Cell Structure

The basic living unit of the body is a cell. Each organ in our body is
an aggregate of many different cells held together by intercellular
supporting structures. Each type of cell is meant for performing one
particular function. Each cell consists of a centrally located nucleus, also
called cell core, surrounded by cytoplasm. The nucleus is separated from
 thecytoplasam is separated from the surrounding fluids by a cell
membrane. The different substances that make up the cell one
collectively called protoplasm which is mainly composed of water,
electrolytes, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.
5. What are the applications of piezo electric sensors?
 In cardiology
 In phono cardiography
 In blood pressure measurement
 In measuring physiological accelerations
6. What are the different thermal sensors?
 Thermo couples
 Thermistors
 Radiation sensors
 Fibre optic detectors
7. What is the principle of piezo electric sensors?
There are certain materials that generate electric potential or voltage
when mechanical strain is applied to them or conversely when the voltage is
applied to them, they tend to change the dimensions along certain plane.
This effect is called as the piezoelectric effect. Some of the materials that
exhibit piezoelectric effect are quartz, Rochelle salt, polarized barium
titanate, ammonium dihydrogen, ordinary sugar etc.
8. What is Bioelectric Potential. (MAY 2012)
Bioelectric potential are generated at a cellular level, that is each cell is
a minute voltage generator .because positive and negative ions tend to
concentrate unequally inside and outside the cell wall, a potential
difference is established and the cell becomes a tiny biological battery.
9. Name the factors that are considered in the design of biomedical
instrument system.
 Range
 Sensitivity
 Linearity
 Frequency Response
 Accuracy
 Stability
 Isolation
  Simplicity
 Signal to noise ratio.
10. Name the physcological systems of the body.
 Bio chemical System
 Cardio vascular System
 Respiratory System
 Regulated System
 Nervous System
11. State the principal of the sodium pump.
Once the rush of sodium ions through the cell membrane has stopped
that is a new stage of equilibrium is reached, the ionic currents that
lowered the barrier to sodium ions are no longer present and the membrane
comes back into its original selectively permeable condition, where in the
passage of sodium ions from the outside to inside of the cell is again
blocked. This take a long time for the resting potential to develop again .But
by the active process called sodium pump, the sodium ions are quickly
transported outside of the cell and the cell again becomes polarized and
assumes its restrict potential. This process is called repolarisation.

12. Draw the structure of the Nerve Cell

13. Draw the Wave form of the resting and action potential.
14. What are the characteristics of resting potential?
 The value of potential is maintained as constant.
 It depends on temperature. Permeability varies
15. Define neuron, nerve fibers. (NOV 2012)
Neuron:
Neurons (also known as neurones, nerve cells and nerve fibers) are
electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that function to process
and transmit information. Neurons are typically composed of a soma, or cell
body, a dendritic tree and an axon. The majority of vertebrate neurons
receive input on the cell body and dendritic tree, and transmit output via
the axon. Neurons communicate via chemical and electrical synapses, in a
process known as Synaptic transmission. The basic Units of the nervous
system is the neuron.
Nerve Fibers:
A bundle of individual nerve fibers is called a nerve. A neuron is a
single cell with a cell body, called soma, one or more inputs fibers called
dendrites and a long transmitting fiber called axon. Both axons and
dendrites are called nerve fibers.
16. Define circulatory system
It is a type of transport system. It helps in supplying the oxygen and
digested food to different parts of our body and removing CO2 from the
blood. The heart is the center of the circulatory system.

17. Define circulation and respiration?

We can define from the engineering point of view, the circulation is a
high resistance circuit with a large pressure gradient between the arteries
and veins The exchange of any gases in any biological process is termed as
respiration
18. Mention the 2 factors in FM recording
 Percentage deviation and
 Deviation ratio
19. Define transducers.
Transducers are defined as a device which when actuated, transforms
energy from one form to another. Generally, any physical parameters is
converted into electrical form.
20. What are the 2 types of transducers?
 Active transducers,
 Passive transducers.
21. Name the parameters that dictate the transducer capability
 Linearity
 Repeatability
 Resolution and
 Reliability
22. Define sensitivity
Sensitivity is defines as the electrical output per unit change in the
physical parameter. High sensitivity is generally desirable for a transducer.
23. Name the 2 parts of a transducer
 Sensing element
 Transduction element
24. Mention the factors considered while selecting a transducer.
 Operating range
 SensitivityFrequency response & resonant frequency
 Environmental compatibility
 Minimum sensitivity
 Accuracy
 Usage and ruggedness
 Electrical parameters
25. What is meant by transducer?
It is a device which detects or senses the bio signal and converts it in
to an electrical signal for bio signal processing
26. What are active and passive transducers? (NOV 2011)
Active transducer is one that detects the bio signal and converts it
into an electrical signal for bio sgnal processing without using any external
source.
In passive transducers, the physiological parameters like blood
pressure, temperature is converted into an electrical output by using an
external AC or DC excitation voltage.
27. What is meant by central nervous system?
Brain is responsible for central nervous system. It consists of 10 10
neurons. The brain consists of cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
and spinal cord.
28. Name the parts that contain peripheral nervous system.
The nerve fibers outside the central nervous system called peripheral
nerves. It consists of motor and sensory nerves.
29. What are the various parts of generalized instrumentation system?
(MAY 2013)
 Measurand
  Primary sensing element
 Variable conversion element
 Signal processing unit
 Output display
 Control & feedback element
30. Give the classifications of biomedical instruments.
i) According to the quantity that is sensed, pressure, flow or temperature
sensing devices.
ii) According to the principle of transduction used, resistive, inductive,
capacitive, ultrasonic or electrochemical devices.
iii) According to the measurement techniques, cardio vascular, pulmonary,
nervous & endocrine systems.
iv) According to the clinical medical specialities, pediatrics, obstetrics,
cardiology or radiology.

31. Give the applications of measurement systems.

The instruments and measurement systems are used for
 Monitoring of processes and operations.
 Control of process and operations.
 Experimental engineering analysis.
32. Define All or nothing Law.
Regardless of the method of excitation of cells or the intensity of the
stimulus, the action potential is always same for any given cell.
33. List the functional elements of the measurement systems.
 Primary sensing element.
 Variable conversion element and
 Data processing element.
34. Define: i. Absolute Refractory Period (ARP)
ii. Relative Refractory Period (RRP)
Absolute refractory period (ARP)
During the initial portion of the action potential, the membrane cannot
respond to any stimulus, no matter how intense the stimulus is. This interval is
called ARP.
Relative refractory period (RRP)
ARP is followed by relative refractory period. During this period, action
potential can be elicited by a super threshold stimulus.
35. Define ICF and ECF.
  The fluid lies inside the cell membrane are called as Intra Cellular
Fluid.
 The fluid that present outside the cell membrane during excitation is
called as Extra Cellular Fluid.
36. Define Hall Cell Potential.
The interface of metallic ions in solution with their associated metals
results in an electrode potential.
37. Write short note on pH measurement.
The chemical balance of the body is identified by the measurement of pH
of blood. pH is defined as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the H+ ions.
 pH > 7, Base
 pH < 7, Acid,
 pH = 7, Neutral Solution.
38. Define residual volume and tidal volume:
Some air remains in the lungs after exhalation is referred as residual
volume. The amount of air that moves in with each inspiration is called as tidal
volume.
39.Define Accuracy and Precision:
Accuracy:
It is the closeness with which the instrument reading approaches the true
value. It refers to the confirmity to the true value of the quantity of the
measurement.
Precision:
Precision is the measure of reproducability of the measurement. It is the
closeness among the readings. It depends on the confirmity and number of
significant figures.
40. What are the applications of piezo electric sensors?
 in cardiology
 in phonocardiology
 in blood pressure measurement
 in measuring physiological accelerations
41. State the applications of medical instrumentation system?
 To design experiments & clinical studies.
 To summarize, explore, analyze & present data
 To draw inferences from data by estimation or hypothesis testing
  To evaluate diagnostic procedure
 To assist clinical decision making.
42. What is the use of transducers in Biomedical Engineering?
 Blood vessel distention.
 Brain midline detection
 Pressure sensor,
 pH measurement
 Photo plethysmograph.
 Pulse sensor
 Na+ estimation
 Urea estimation.

Sixteen Marks:

1. (a) Draw and Explain the structure of living cell of our body and explain
its constituents. [NOV 2013],[MAY 2014]
(b) Explain the different parts of central nervous system and their
activity.
[MAY 2014]
2. (a) Explain the ultrasonic transducers and discuss its applications.
[MAY 2014]
(b) Explain the working ofd fiber optic temperature sensors.[MAY 2014]
3. Draw the structure of cell & explain the various compositions with their
functions. (MAY 2013)
4. (a) Define resting potential & Action potential. Explain how these
potentials are generated in human body.
(b) Describe the different sensors used in biomedicine.
(c) Explain in detail the electrical safety & grounding & isolation
techniques.
5. (a) Draw the structure of a living cell of our body and explain its
constituents. (MAY 2012)
6. Mention the names of the different sub systems in our body. Explain
them with respect to their function and constituents. (MAY 2012)
7. Explain any one active transducer used in Bio-medical Instrumentation
system.
8. Draw a block diagram of a Bio-medical Instrument system and briefly
explain the components. [NOV 2013] (N0V 2012)
9. Explain the physiology of heart and lung.
10. What are the characteristic feature to be considered while selecting a
transducer? (MAY 2012)
11. Explain the characteristics of resting potential with reference to
Nernst equation. (MAY 2012)
12. Briefly explain the action of piezoelectric transducer as arterial
pressure sensor. (NOV 2011)
13. Explain the working of a fibre optic temperature sensor.(NOV 2011)
14. Explain how piezoelectric transducer produces ultrasonic waves.
(AU 2008, NOV 2012)
15. Discuss the specifications of a medical instrumentation system.
(NOV 2012)
16. List the advantages of optical fibre sensor. (NOV 2012)
17. What are the difficulties in measuring living systems? Explain in
detail.
18. Discuss the different ways of transport of ions through the cell
membrane. (NOV 2011)
19. What is meant by CNS & PNS? Explain different parts of it and their
activity. (NOV 2011)
 UNIT – II -ELECTRO – PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
Two Marks:

1. How is EINTHOVEN TRIANGLE used in ECG measurement?(MAY/JUNE 2014)

The closed path RA to LA to LL and back to RA is called Einthoven triangle.

According to Einthoven, in a frontal plane of the body
The cardiac electric field vector is a two dimensional one.
Lead-I Position: It gives voltage drop V1 from LA to RA
Lead-II Position: It gives voltage drop V2 from LL to RA
Lead-III Position: It gives voltage drop from LL to LA

2. Define LATENCY in EMG. [MAY 2014]

It is defined as the elapsed time between the simulating impulse and
the muscle’s action potential.
3. What are the different types of ECG lead configurations?
 Bipolar limb leads
  Augmented unipolar limb leads
 Chest leads
 Frank lead system
4. What is Preamplifier? [NOV 2013]
A preamplifier (preamp) is an electronic amplifier that prepares a small
electrical signal for further amplification or processing. A preamplifier is often
placed close to the sensor to reduce the effects of noise and interference. It is
used to boost the signal strength to drive the cable to the main instrument
without significantly degrading the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

5. State the frequency range and amplitude of a normal ECG bioelectric

Signal. [NOV/DEC 2011]

ECG Waveform
Parameter Specifications
Amplitude Duration Frequency
mV Sec in Hz
P Wave 0.25 0.12 to 0.22 8.3 – 4.54
R Wave (QRS Complex) 1.60 0.07 to 0.1 14.28 - 10
T Wave 0.1 to 0.5 0.05 to 0.15 20 – 6.66
S-T Interval
U Wave < 0.1 0.2 5

Generally, for ECG signal, the frequency range is 0.05 to 100 Hz and
amplitude is 10 – 5000 µV.
6. What are the important parts of ECG recorder?
 Patient cable and defibrillator protection circuit.
 Lead selector switch
 Calibrator
 Bio- amplifier
 Auxiliary amplifier
 Isolated power supply
  Output unit
 Power switch
7. What is Electroencephalography?
It deals with the recording and study of electrical activity of the
brain. By means ofelectrodes attached to the skull of a patient, brain waves
can be picked up and recorded.

8. What is Electromyography?
It is the science of interpreting and recording the electrical activity of
the musclesaction potentials. Meanwhile, the recording of the peripheral
nerve’s actionpotential is called electroneurography.
9. What is Electrooculography?
It deals with the recording of the corneal- retinal potentials associated
with eye movements.
10. What is Electroretinography? (MAY 2013)
It deals with the recording and interpreting of the electrical activity of
the eye. If the illumination of the retina is changed, the potential changes
slightly in a complexmanner. The recording of these changes is called
Electroretinograph.
11. List the brain waves and their frequency.
Frequency Range of ECG Brain Waves:
 Alpha 8 t-13 Hz
 Beta 13 - 30 Hz
 Theta 4-8 Hz
 Delta 0.5-4 Hz
12. What is Electrocardiography? (MAY 2012)
It deals with the study of the electrical activity of the heart muscles.
The potentials originated in the individual fibres of heart muscle are added
to produce the ECG waveform.
13. What are the different sounds made by the heart?
Valve closure sounds, Ventricular filling sounds, Valve opening
sounds, Extra cardiac sounds
14. Name the parts of the heart conduction system.
Sino atrial node, Atrio ventricular node, Bundle of His , Purkinje
fibres.
15. What is the color coding of the different leads?
White –RA, Black- LA, Green- RL , Red- LL, Brown- Chest
16. Mention any four specifications of the ordinary ECG recorder.
 Maximum sensitivity – 20 mm/mV,
 Input impedance –5 mega ohms,
 Output impedance -<100 ohms,
 CMRR- 10000:1.
17. Define the process of sodium pump.
It is an active process, called a sodium pump in which the sodium
ions are quickly transported to the outside of the cell & the cell again
becomes polarized and assumes its resting potential.
18. What is Electrode Potential?
The voltage developed at an electrode-electrolyte interface is known as
Electrode Potential.
19. Draw the electrode configuration of aVr output. (NOV 2011)

aVr = -V1-V3/2[V1,V3 are bipolar lead voltages]

LA and LL are connected with two resistors and common point is connected
to negative terminal. RA is connected to positive terminal of operational
amplifier. RL is the reference terminal.
20. What are different reasons for leakage current flow? (AU 2008)
Many devices have a metal basis and cabinet that can be touched by the
medical attendants and patients. If they are not grounded, then an
insulation failure or short circuit results and lead to macroshock or micro
shock. Hence the patient must be isolated or insulated from the electrical
circuit.
Leakage current is due to: 1. ungrounded equipment 2. Broken ground wire
3. unequal around potentials.
21. What is the purpose of electrode paste? (NOV 2012)
The electrode paste decreases the impedance of the contact the artifacts
resulting from the movement of the electrode or patient.
22. Give the different types of Surface electrodes?
 Metal Plate electrodes
 Suction cup electrodes
 Adhesive tape electrodes
 Multi point electrodes
 Floating electrodes.
23. What is PH electrode?
The chemical balance of human body is identified by measurement of
Ph content of blood and other body fluids. PH is defined as logarithm of
reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration.
24. Define polarized and non polarized electrode.
An electrode in which no net transfer of charge occurs across the
metal electrolyte interface is called as perfectly polarized electrodes. An
electrode in which un hindered exchange of charge occurs across the metal
electrode interface is called perfectly non polaraisable electrodes.
25. Define electrode, what is the type of electrodes. [NOV 2013]
Devices that convert ionic potentials into electronic potentials are
called electrodes. There are three types of electrodes; they are Micro
electrode, Depth and needle electrode, Surface and needle electrode.
26. What are the requirements of physiological signal amplifier or
biomedical pre amplifier?
 The voltage gain should be more than 100 db.
 It should have low frequency response.
 There is no drift in the amplifier.
 The output impedance of the amplifier should be very small.
27. What are the different modes of operation of differential amplifier?
 Single ended mode
 differential mode
 common mode
28. What is single ended mode?
When either v1 or v2 is equal to zero, the operation of the differential
amplifier is known as single ended mode of operation.
29. What is differential mode?
The two input signals are equal but have opposite polarity at every
instant of time.
Vo=Rf/Ri (V2-V1)
In this case, the input signals are called differential mode signals.

30. What is common mode signal?

The input voltages appearing at the input terminals 1 and 2 are
identical both in amplitude and phase at every instant of time and the circuit
is said to be in common mode. V1=V2=Vcm; Vo=0.
31. What is CMRR in a differential amplifier?
It is the ratio of the amplification of the differential voltage ti the
amplification of the common mode voltage. CMRR=Ad/Ac.
CMRR in db=20 log10 CMRR.
32. What is noise figure?
It is defined as the ratio of the signal to noise ratio at the input to the
signal to noise ratio at the output.
33. What are the advantages of the pre amplifier or instrumentation
amplifier?
 High stability
 Higher fidelity
 High CMRR
 High input impedance with the required gain.
34. What is chopper amplifier?
The chopper amplifier is used convert the dc or low frequency
signal into a high frequency signal. Then this modulated high frequency
signal is amplified by conventional ac amplifier. Then this is demodulated
and filtered to get low frequency or dc signal.
35. What are the types of chopper amplifier?
a) Mechanical chopper amplifier.
b) Non mechanical chopper amplifier.
36. Name the different types of electrodes:
 Micro Electrode
A) Metallic
B) Non –Metallic
 Depth and needle Electrode
 Surface Electrode
37. Define micro and macro shocks. (NOV 2012)
A physiological response to a current applied to the surface of the
body that produces unwanted stimulation like tissue injury or muscle
contractions is called as macroshock.
A physiological response to a current applied to the surface of the
heart that results in unnecessary stimulation like tissue injury or muscle
contractions is called as microshock.
38. Define let –go current of human body. (NOV 2012)
Let – go current is the minimum current to produce muscular
contraction.
For men – about 16 mA
For women - about 10.5 mA
39. What are the advantages of chopper amplifier? (MAY 2013)
 It can give stable gain and
 Low noise operation.
40. What are the types of bio-amplifiers?
 Differential amplifier,
 Operational Amplifier,
 Chopper Amplifier,
 Instrumentation Amplifier and
 Isolation Amplifier.
41. What are the microphones used in PCG?
 Air-coupled microphone,
 Contact microphone.
42.Enumerate the merits and demerits of a dc amplifier?
 It is easy to calibrate at low frequencies. It is able to recover from
an
 overload condition unlike it is AC counterpart.
43. What is auscultation?
The technique of listening sound produced by organs and vessels of
the body is known as auscultation.
44. What are the electrodes used for ECG?
 Limb electrodes
 Floating electrodes
 Pregelled disposable electrodes
 Paste less electrodes
45. What are the electrodes used for EEG?
 Silver chloride disc electrode
 Depth electrode
 Small needle electrode
 Silver ball or pellet electrodes
 Carbon cloth electrode
46. What are the electrodes used for EMG?
  Needle electrode
 Coaxial core electrode
 Capacitive type needle electrode
47. Give the disadvantage of using surface electrodes with EMG
 Surface electrodes can be used only for superficial muscles
 They are sensitive to electrical activity over too wide area.
48. Define the term latency in EMG.
Electromyography (EMG) is a medical technique for evaluating and
recording physiologic properties of muscles at rest and while contracting. For
nerve conduction studies (NCS) studies, a noninvasive stimulator applies brief
electrical impulses to a peripheral nerve transcutaneously, the nerve then
transmits the impulse and a response is recorded by electrodes at some distance
away. The time it takes for the stimulus to reach the recording electrodes is
called as latency. It can be accurately measured and a velocity of transmission
calculated. Healthy nerves will transmit the electrical impulse faster than
diseased ones
49. What is the need of bio-amplifier?
Generally biosignals are having low amplitude and low frequency. So,
amplifier is needed to boost the amplitude level of the biosignals.
50. Define PCG.
Phonocardiograph is an instrument used for recording the sounds
connected with the sounds connected with the pumping action of the heart.
These sounds provide indication for heart rate, rhythmicity.
51. What is phono cardiography?
Phono cardiography is the measurement of heart sounds.

Sixteen Marks:

1. What are chopper amplifiers? Mention their importance in biomedical

instrumentation.Draw a non-mechanical chopper amplifier and explain its
working. [NOV 2013] (MAY 2014)
2. (a) Explain the working of ECG recorder? (MAY 2014)
(b)Enumerate the steps taken in medical equipment mauintenance and
safety parameters in handling it? (MAY 2014)
3. With neat diagram explain ECG? (MAY 2013)
4. Explain how the electrical hazards protection can be provided in the
biomedical instrumentation system? [NOV 2013]
5. With neat diagram explain EEG?
6. With neat diagram explain EMG? (NOV 2011)
7. With neat diagram explain ERG?
8. Explain how recorders are selected with high accuracy?
9. Explain Different lead system for recording ECG. (NOV 2011)
10. Clearly explain why 10-20 electrode system is most suitable for EEG
recording &
explain the block diagram for recording EEG potential.
11. Explain the block diagram for recording EMG potential.
12. Discuss about muscle fiber motor unit & gross muscle potential.
13. Classify different types of electrodes used in Medical field & give a brief
description
about surface electrodes.
14. Classify the different types of recording system & explain the principle of
operation of
one of the recorder with a neat sketch.
15. Discuss in brief the theory of differential amplifier. In what way it is
superior to single ended amplifier.
16. What is an Isolation Amplifier? Explain about the Isolation Amplifier.
17. Explain the working of EMG unit with neat Block diagram.
(AU 2008, NOV 2012)
18. Discuss in brief about the Chopper Amplifier.
(AU 2008, MAY 2012, NOV 2012)
19. Explain the workings of ERG unit with neat block diagram.
20. Draw the electrical equivalent circuit of a microelectrode and explain
its electrical nature. (MAY 2012)
21. Define half cell potential. What are polarisable and non polarisable
electrodes? (MAY 2012)
21. Elaborate on the medical equipment maintanence and safety
parameters in handling it? (NOV 2011, MAY 2013)
22. Draw the electrical equivalent circuit of a microelectrode and explain its
electrical nature. (NOV 2011)
23. Explain with the help of circuit diagram, the working of a typical
instrumentation amplifier. (MAY 2012)
24. Discuss the working of a ground fault interrupter. (NOV 2012)
25. Describe the function of floating electrode with a neat figure.
(NOV 2012)

Unit III NON-ELECTRICAL PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS

Two Marks:
1. How does the pH value determine the acidity of alkalinity in blood
fluid. (MAY 2014) (NOV 2011)
pH is defined as the hydrogen ion concentration of a fluid. It is
the measure of acid base balance in a fluid.
 Neutral solution = pH =7
 Acidic = pH < 7
 Base = pH > 7
2. Give the different type of oxygenators used in heart lung machine?
[MAY 2014]
 Bubble oxygenator
 Film oxygenator
 Membrane oxygenator
 Liquid oxygenator
3. Explain the principle of sphygmomanometer.
The sphygmomanometer works on the principle that when the cuff is
placed on the upper arm and inflated, the arterial blood can flow past the
cuff only when the arterial pressure exceeds the pressure in the cuff.
Further more, when the cuff is inflated to a pressure that only occludes the
brachial artery, turbulence is generated in the blood as it spurts through
the tiny arterial opening during each systole. The sounds generated by this
turbulence, Korotkoff sounds, can be heard through the stethoscope placed
over the artery downstream from the cuff.
4. What are the methods involved indirect blood pressure measurement?
(MAY2013)
1.Auscultatory method
2.Palpatory method
Auscultatory method locates the systolic and diastolic pressure valves
by listening to the Korotkoff. Diastoslic pressure can be easily measured.
Palpatory method is a alternative method that the physician
identifies the flow of blood in the artery by feeling the pulse of the patient
downstream from the cuff instead of listening for the korotkoff sounds. In
this method, systolic pressure can be easily measured.
5. What is meant by mean arterial pressure(MAP)?
Mean Arterial pressure is the weighted average of the systolic and
diastolic pressure MAP falls about one- third of the way between the
diastolic low and systolic peak. Formula for calculating MAP is,
MAP = 1/3 (systolic –diastolic) + diastolic
6. What are the methods involved direct blood pressure measurement?
 Percutaneous insertion
 Catheterization (Vessel Cutdown)
 Implantation of a transducer in a vessel or in the heart
Other methods such as clamping a transducer on the intact artery have
also been used. But they are not common.
7. Explain the two ways involved in measurement of blood pressure
with a catheter?
Measurement of blood pressure with a catheter can be achieved in two
ways.
1. The first is to introduce a sterile saline solution into catheter so the fluid
pressure is transmitted to a transducer outside the body a complete fluid
pressure system is set up with provisions for checking against atmospheric
pressure and for establishing a reference point. The frequency response of
this system is a combination of the frequency response of the transducer
and the fluid column in the catheter.
2. In the second method, pressure measurements are obtained at the
source. Here, the transducer is introduced into the catheter and pushed to
the point at which the pressure is to be measured, or the transducer is
mounted at the tip of the catheter. This device is called a catheter-tip blood
pressure transducer.
8. Discuss the technique involved in direct measurement?
1) A catheterization method involving the sensing of the blood pressure
through a liquid column. In this method the transducer is external to the
body and the blood pressure is transmitted through a saline solution
column in a catheter to this transducer.
2) A catheterization method involving the placement of the tranducer
through the catheter at the actual size of measurement In the bloodstream
or by mounting the transducer on the tip of the catheter.
3) Percutaneous methods in which the blood pressure is sensed in the
vessel just under the skin by the use of a needle or catheter.
4)Implantation techniques in which the transducer is more permanently
placed in the blood vessels or the heart by surgical methods.
9. What are the different types of blood flow meters?
1) Magnetic blood flow meter –Based on the principle of Magnetic induction.
2)Ultrasonic blood flow meter-Based on the principle if Doppler.
3) Thermal convection-The rate of cooling is proportional to the rate of the flow
of the medium. This principle is also used to measure the gas flow.
4)Determination by Radiographic method-By the injection of a contrast
medium into ablood vessel, the circulation pattern can be made visible. Record
of the X-ray image, obstructioncan be detected and the blood flow in the blood
vessels can be estimated. This technique is known as ‘angiography’.
10. What is cardiac output?
 The blood flow at any point in the circulatory system is the volume of
blood that passes that point during a unit of time. It is measured normally in
millimeter per min or litres per min. Blood flow is highest in the pulmonary
artery and the aorta, where the blood vessels leave the heart. The flow at these
points is called ‘cardiac output’.
11. What is meant by pH?
pH can be defined as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the H+ ion
concentration.It is a measure of the acid-base balance of a fluid.
pH= - log10 [H+] = log10( 1/[H+])
12.What is the pH value for blood?
The pH value of normal arterial blood ranges between 7.38 and
7.42. The pH of venous blood is 7.35, because of the extra CO2.
13. Define GSR.
GSR is used for measuring variations in perspiration. In response
to an external stimulus, such as touching a sharp point, the resistance of
the skin shows a characteristic decrease and this is known as Galvanic
Skin Response. The GSR is believed to be caused by the activity of the
sweat glands.
14. Give the name of the instrument used for respiratory volume
measurements and what are its types?
The most widely used instrument for respiratory volume measurements in
the recording spirometer. The different types of spirometer are
 Standard spirometer
 Waterless spirometer
 Wedge spirometer
 Electronics pirometer
 Broncho spirometer
15. Give the name of the instrument used for measuring airflow and
explain its principle.
Pneumotachometer can be used for measuring airflow. This device
utilizes the principle that air flowing through an orifice produces a pressure
difference across the orifice that is a unction of the velocity of the air.
16. Define MVV.
Maximal voluntary ventilation is a measure of the maximum
amount of air that can be breathed in and blown out over a sustained
interval, such as 15 or 20seconds.
17. What is FVC?
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) is the total amount of air that can
forcibly be expired as quickly as possible after taking the deepest possible
breath.
18. What is FRC?
The functional residual capacity (FRC) is the volume of gas
remaining in the lungs at the end expiratory level. It the sum of the residual
volume and the expiratory reserve volume.
19. Differentiate between tidal volume and residual volume.
The tidal volume (TV) or normal depth of breathing, is the volume
of gas inspired or expired during each normal, quiet, respiration cycle. The
residual volume (RV), is the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the
end of a maximal expiration.
20. Define total lung capacity.
Total Lung Capacity is the amount of gas contained in the lungs
at the end of a maximal inspiration .It is also the sum of residual volume
and vital capacity.
21. What are the types of measurements of blood pressure?
 Indirect or noninvasive method.
 Direct or invasive method.
22. What is the use of blood flow meter in bio medical nstrumentation?
Blood flow meters are used to monitor the blood flow in various
blood vessels and it also helps to measure cardiac output.
23. What are the two different principles used in ultrasonic blood flow
measurement?
Transit Time method: In this method, a peizo electric crystal emits
a brief pulse of ultrasound which propagates diagonally across the blood
vessel. Doppler effect based method: In this method, as per Doppler effect,
there is a change in frequency of reflected ultrasonic wave, due to motion of
blood, when it crosses blood.46. Define transit time principle of ultrasonic
blood flow meter. In Transit time method a piezo electric crystal emits a
brief pulse of ultrasound which propagates diagonally across the blood
vessel. The pulse reaches a receiving crystal situated on the opposite side
wall of the blood vessel. Electronic circuitry attached externally interprets
transit time to velocity.
24. Differentiate systolic and diastolic pressure.
 The maximum pressure reached during cardiac output is called
systolic pressure. The maximum pressure occurring at the end of
ventricular relaxation is termed as diastolic pressure.
25. What are the two types to measure pulse rate.
 Transmittance method,
 Reflectance method.
26. What is the use of infrared thermometer?
It is a device to measure skin surface temperature. It is used to locate
breast cancer. It is also used to identify the spots in which blood circulation
is poor.
27. What is the use of blood flow meter in bio medical nstrumentation?
Blood flow meters are used to monitor the blood flow in various blood
vessels and it also helps to measure cardiac output.
28. Give some applications of electromagnetic blood flow meters.
Blood flow measurements during cardiac surgery, blood flow
measurements during shunt operations, blood flow measurements during
carotid artery, blood flow measurements in rural arteries, blood flow
measurements during organ transplantation.
29. What are the two methods for counting the blood.
 Conductivity method,
 Laser based cell counting method.
30. What is plethysmograph? (NOV 2012, MAY 2013)
The instrument used for measuring blood volume is called plethysmograph.
31. What is korotkoff sound? (MAY 2012)
In the BP measurement, when the systolic pressure exceeds the cuff
pressure, then the doctor can hear some crashing, snapping sound through
the stethoscope. This is known as korotkoff sound.
32. What is BSR?
BSR means based skin response, which gives the baseline value of skin
resistance.
33. List the normal heart rate for human being according to age group.
[NOV 2013]
 Five- and six-year-olds - 75-115 bpm

 Between seven and nine years - 70-110 bpm

 From 10 years of age - 60-100. bpm

 From 15-25 years of age – 45-90 bpm

 From 30-50 years of age- 35- 70 bpm.

34. What is cardiac output? (MAY 2012)

Cardiac output is the quantity of blood delivered by the heart to the aorta
per minutes. It is a major determinant of oxygen delivery to the tissues.
35. What happens when there is a fall in cardiac output?
 A fall in cardiac output may result in low blood pressure, reduces tissues
oxygenation, acidosis, poor renal function and shock.
36. 44. Classify the different types of heart block?
 First degree AV block
 Second degree AV block
 Third degree AV block
 Adam –stokes attack
 Bundle block
 Atrial fibrillation
 Ventricular fibrillations.
37. What are the various methods to measure cardiac output?
 Ficks method,
 Indicator dilution method,
 Measurement of impedance change.
38. How is the blood pressure measured in the indirect method?
The indirect method of measuring blood pressure involves the use of a
sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope. The sphygmomanometer consists of
an inflatable pressure cuff and a mercury or aneroid manometer to measure
the pressure in the cuff. The cuff is normally manually inflated, with a
rubber bulb and deflated slowly through a needle valve.
39. What are the advantages of MRI scan? (AU 2012)
Some advantages of MRI include diagnosing strokes in their earliest
stages; diagnosing MS (multiple sclerosis); diagnosing brain and pituitary
tumors; diagnosing brain, spine, or joint infections; visualizing torn
ligaments in the wrist, knee, and ankle (sports player use MRIs); visualizing
shoulder injuries; diagnosing tendonitis; evaluating soft tissue masses; and
evaluating bone tumors, cysts, and herniated discs in the spine.
40. What is the principle of Plethysmograph? (NOV ‘12)
Principle of operation of plethysmograph depends on Boyle’s
law.Boyle’s law states that at a given Kelvin temperature the pressure of
given mass of the gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
P* Vol = K* temp.
41. Define ventilation, tidal volume, TLC? (NOV ’13)
Ventilation:- deals with the determination of the body to displace
air volume quantitatively and the speed with which it moves the air.
Total lung capacity (TLC):- is the amount of gas contained in the
lungs at the end of maximal expiration.
42. What are the causes of Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
When the blood flow in a certain vessel is completely obstructed, the
tissue in the area supplied by this vessel may die. Such an obstruction in a
blood flow of the brain is one of the causes of CVA or stroke.
43. What is pulmonary circulation? [NOV 2013]
 Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which
carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns
oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood back to the heart.

Sixteen Marks:

1. (a) Describe any one method of measuring cardiac output. [MAY 2014]
(b) Describe the principle of pH meter. [MAY 2014]
2. Give the principle of operation of blood cell counter and blood gas analyzer
and explain its working. [MAY 2014]
3. Explain the different methods of blood pressure measurements in detail.
(MAY 2012)
4. Explain in detail about the measurement of heart sounds.
5. Describe the oscillometric blood pressure method in detail [NOV 2013]
6. Define pH. Explain in detail the measurements of blood pH with neat
sketches.
7. Compare the different methods used in the cardiac output
measurement?

8. Explain the thermo dilution method and explain the measurement

technique for cardiac output using that?

9. Explain about the flow rate of co2 and o2 in exhaust air?

10. Draw a circuit diagram of a PH meter and explain its working details?

11. Explain the BSR and GSR measurement? (MAY 2012)

12. Explain about the gas analyzers? (AU 2008)

13. Explain about plethysmography? (AU 2008)

14. What are the methods for measuring blood pressure? Draw a typical
setup and explain. (NOV 2011)

15. Explain the measurement of heart sound with suitable diagram.

(NOV 2011)

16. Explain the measurement of blood PO2 and PCO2 (NOV 2011)

17. Explain the rheographic method of blood pressure measurement.

(MAY 2012, MAY 2013)

18. Explain with functional diagram the working of spirometer. (MAY 2012)
19. Explain the fick’s method for cardiac output measurements.(NOV 2012)

20. Describe the need for blood pH measurement. (NOV 2012)

21. Explain the working of a spirometer.[NOV 2013] (NOV 2012, MAY 2013)

22. Discuss a finger tip oxymeter. (NOV 2012)

Unit – IV MEDICAL IMAGING

Two Marks
1. What is meant by single channel telemetry? (MAY 2014), (NOV 2011)
Single chanel telemetry is used for the measurement of biological
parameters over long distance. A miniature battery operated radio
transmitter and receiver is used.
2. Define the term thermograph. (MAY 2014), (NOV 2011)
Thermography is the process of recording true thermal images of
the surfaces of object. It is an important diagnostic acid in many diseases.
3. What are the types of multiple channel telemetry systems?
 Frequency system multiplex
 Time division multiplex
4.What are the measurements in single channel telemetry system?
 Active measurements
 Passive measurements
5.What are the types of transducer used in ultrasonography?
 Linear
 Sector
 Convex array
6. What are the types of display modes used in ultrasonography?
(MAY 2013)
 A-mode
 B-mode
 M-mode
7. What are the recording devices used in ultrasonography?
 Strip chart recorder
 Video printer
 Video recording
 Polaroid camera
8. What are the artifacts in ultrasonography?
 Related to instrument problems
 Improper operator technique
 Due to interaction of sound.

9. Give the characteristics of X- Ray radiation .

When the fast moving electrons enters into the orbit of the anode
material atom,its velocity is contionously decreased due to the scattering of
the orbiting electrons.Thus the loss of energy of that incident electron
appears in the form of continuous X-Rays or white X-Rays which are called
Bremsstrahlung Radiation.
10. Define Efficiency.
Effiency is defined as the ratio of X-Ray beam energy to the electron
beam energy which is normally 1.4*10-9ZVA. Where Z is the atomic number
of anode material ,VA anode voltage normally in diagnosting radiology
,tungsten is used as the anode material which has high melting point of
about 33700C its atomic numbet Z=74 The minimum wavelength emitted
by the X-Ray is given by lmin= hc/eva= 12408/VA Ao
11. What is meant by soft and hard X-Ray?
The anode voltage increases the l min decreases and henace X-Rays
are called as hard X-Ray .These are mainly used for therapeautic purpose
.If the anode voltage VA decreases then lumin increases and these are
called soft X-Ray.
12. Listthe basic components of X-Ray Machine
 Power supply arrangement
 Collimator
 Diaphragm
 Flim
 Lead shield
13. Define contrast.
It is a measure of darkness of a desired image compare to its
surroundings. The contrast between two tissues is given by
C 12=10log I1/I2 Db
14.State the use of Bucky Diaphragm.
It is introduced between the patient and the film to improve the
sharpness of the image .It consists of thin lead veins separated by spaces of
a low attenuation material. The lead veins are usually angled so that the
primary radiation which carries the information can pass between them
while these scattered radiation from the object are observed.
15.Why aluminum filter is used in X-Ray tube.
The emitted rays of unwanted frequencies increase the patient
those and the decrease the image contrast. Aluminum filters observes the
lowest X-Ray frequency and hence the intensity of low X-Ray frequencies
incident on the patient is ready in use. Hence the negative effects produce
by low frequency X-Rays are reduced.
16. Expalin the function of collimator
Between the patient and the X-Ray tube the collimator is placed .I t
is an aperture diaphragm which restricts the beam falling on the patient.
the necessary shaping of the X-Ray beam is done by it.
17. State the classification of Artifact
It can be classified into 4 types
 Noise Artifact
 Motion Artifact
 Artifact due to high differential absorption in the adjacent tissue
 Technical errors and computer Artifacts.
18. Define NMR
In the presence of large magnetic field the spinning of nucleus in
the atom and its axis of rotation will process about the magnetic field. Each
spin state has different energy. At equilibrium, the lower state has more
nuclei than the higher state. Using RF radiation with an energy exactly
equal to the energy difference between two nuclear energy states. One state
can achieve population inversion by raising the nuclei from the lower energy
states to the higher energy state .The excited nuclear spins will slowly
return to its equilibrium. Emitting the RF called Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance
19. What are the types of radio telemetry systems?
 Single channel telemetry system
 Radio telemetry with a sub-carrier
 Multiple channel telemetry system
20. Which are the elements of bio-telemetry system?
The essential elements are
 biological signal,
 transducer,
 conditioner,
 transmission link.
21. What is the principle of computer tomography (CT) (NOV 2012)
A new method of forming images from X-rays. Measurements are
taken from the transmitted X-rays through the body and contain
information on all the constituents of the body in the path of the X-ray
beam. By using multidirectional scanning of the object multiple data are
collected.

22. List the applications of Bio-Telemetry. (NOV 2012)

 ECG from coronary care patients can be transmitted using
Bio-Telemetry.
 Collection of medical data from a home or office
 Research on animals
 Isolation of an electrically susceptible patient from power line
equipment to protect him from accident or shock.
 Biotelemetry for space life sciences research.
23. What are the type’s biotelemetries?
 Single channel telemetry
 Multi channel telemetry
24. Write short notes on angiography?
Angiography is a special X-ray imaging technique through which high
contrast can be obtained. The outlines of the blood vessels are visible in
angiogram.
25. What are the applications of CT?
Scanning of brain. It detects the cancer and tumor. Radiotherapy
planning. CT scan will detect small bone tumor.
26. Define endoscopes?
It is an tubular optical instrument to inspect or view the body
cavities which are not visible to the naked eye normally.
27. Explain the principle of Sphygmomanometer?
The sphygmomanometer works on the principle that when the cuff is
placed on the upper arm and inflated, the arterial blood can flow past the
cuff only when the arterial pressure exceeds the pressure in the cuff. When
the cuff
is inflated pressure that only occludes the brachial artery, turbulence is
generated in the blood it spurts through the tiny arterial opening during
each systole .The sounds generate by the turbulence, Korotkoff sounds can
be heard through the stethoscope placed over the artery downstream from
the cuff.
28. Classify the heart sounds based on their mechanism of origin?
 Valve closure sounds
 Valve opening sounds
 Ventricular filling sounds
 Extra cardiac sounds.
29. Give the principle of transduction of heart sounds?
The sounds and murmurs which originate from the heart can be picked
up from the chest using stethoscope or by transduction of heart sounds in to
electrical signal.
30. Give the bandwidth requirement for measuring the blood pressure
 The bandwidth requirements are a function of the investigation.
 No distortion in the amplitude or phase characteristics
 Measurement of the derivative of the pressure signal increase
thebandwidth requirement
31. What are various parts of phonocardiography?
 Condenser microphone
 Phono amplifier
 Filter
 Monitor scope
 ECG electrode
 ECG amplifier
 FM tape recorder.
32. What is biometrics?
Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring and analyzing
biological data. In information technology, biometrics refers to technologies
that measure and analyze human body characteristics, such as DNA,
fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, voice patterns, facial patterns and hand
measurements, for authentication purposes.
33. What is patient monitoring?
Patient monitoring is vital to care in operating and emergency
rooms,intensive care and critical care units. Additionally, it has proven
invaluablefor respiratory therapy, recovery rooms, out-patient care,
transport, radiology, gastroenterology departments, ambulatory, home,
and sleep screening applications. It can reduce the risk of infection and
other complications, as well as assist in providing for patient comfort.
34. What are the types of biometrics?
There are two types of biometric
1) Behavioral Biometrics
 Keystroke or Typing Recognition
 Speaker Identification or Recognition
2) Physical Biometrics
 Fingerprint Identification or Recognition
 Hand or Finger Geometry Recognition
 Facial Recognition
35.Give the limitations of conventional x-ray examination ?
 It requires high voltage source to get high voltages from 20
-200 kv
 It requires high voltage rectifier
 Sharpness or clarity of the edges of the images is often
reduced due to distortions in the x-ray beam as it pass es
from the x-ray tube to patient.
 Density or darkness of the image is proportional to the
amount of x ray that penetrate the film, so the dose of x-ray
used on patients increases.
 Movement of organs cant be determined.
36. Define – radio pill?
It is a pill that contains a sensor plus a miniature transmitter is
swallowed and the data are picked up by a receiver and recorded. Such
radio pills are used to monitor stomach pressure or pH.
37. What is GFI?
Ground fault interrupter protects patients against a macro shock that
occurs if a person touches the hot lead with one hand and the ground with
the other.
38. What is the advantage of using laser instruments?
 Highly sterile,
 precise (reason for being used in ophthalmology),
 bloodless surgery,
 minimal postoperative effects like swelling,
 pain and scarring, almost painless.
39. What is electro radiosonde?

Electro radiosonde is a biotelemetry unit. It is a ‘radio pill’ less than 1cm 3

in volume so that it can be swallowed by the patient. As it travels through the
gastrointestinal tract, it measures the various pressures it encounters.
40. What are the methods involved in direct blood pressure measurement?
  Peritoneaus insertion
 Catheterization
 Implantation of a transducer in a vessel or in the heart
 Other methods such as clamping transducer on the intact
arteryhave also been used.
41. What is Bio-Telemetry? [NOV 2013]
It is the electrical technique for conveying biological information from a
living organism and its environment to a different location in whichhi it is
observed.

Sixteen Marks:

1. With a neat diagram Explain the principle of operation of MRI

(MAY 2014, 2013, 2012)
2. Explain the infrared thermographic instrumentation with suitable
diagram. (MAY 2014)
3. Briefly discuss about the problems associated with implant telemetery
 circuits. (MAY 2014)
4. With neat diagram explain X-Ray machine?
5. With neat diagram explain Ultrasonography? (NOV 2012)
6. With neat diagram explain MRI?
7. With neat diagram explain Laser Instrumentation?
8. Describe various components in X-ray machine. (AU 2008)
9. Distinguish between radiography and fluoroscopy.
10. Define bio-telemetry. Explain the importance of bio-telemetry in the
modern world. (MAY 2012, NOV 2012)
11. Discuss the details of the design of the bio-telemetry circuit and what
are the uses of bio-telemetry. (AU 2008, MAY 2013)
12. What are the different medical applications of thermography?
13. What are the uses of endoscopes in medicine? Describe any one of the
therapeutic instrument using an endoscope. (AU 2008, NOV 2012)
14. Draw the block diagram of a CT and explain the different blocks in it.
(NOV 2012)
15. Briefly explain the different modes of ultrasonic scanning with
suitable diagrams. (MAY 2012)
16. Write a detailed note on the gamma camera? (MAY 2012)

Unit V ASSISTING AND THERAPEUTIC EQUIPMENTS

Two Marks:
1. What is the function of synchronous pacemaker?[MAY 2014], (NOV 2011)
Synchronous pacemaker is a device capable of generating artificial
pacing impulses and delivering them to heart . It is suitable for patients
who are suffered by short period of AV block.
2. Mention the importance of defibrillator protection circuit in ECG
recorder. [MAY 2014], (NOV 2011)
 The defibrillator protection circuit in ECG recorder has buffer
amplifiers for each lead electrode and over voltage protection circuits to
protect pre amplifier and power amplifiers.
3. What are the types of pacemaker?
 Ventricular synchronous(fixed rate pulse)
 Ventricular asynchronous(stand by pacemaker)
 Ventricular inhibited(demand pacemaker)
 Atrial synchronous pacemaker.
 Arial sequential ventricular inhibited pacemaker.
4. Explain the application of ventricular asynchronous or stand by
pacemaker?
Ventricular asynchronous or stand by pacemaker is basically a
simple astable multivibrator that produces a stimulus at a fixed rate
irrespective of the heartrhythm.
5. What is the application of ventricular inhibited pacemaker?
 The R wave inhibited pacemaker allows the heart to pace at its
normal Rhythm when it is able to. If the R wave is missing for a
preset period of time,the pacer will supply as timulus.
 When the sensor ( shielded inside the pacemaker) is slightly
stressed or bent by the patient’s body activity, the pacemaker
can automatically increase or decrease its rate. Thus it can
match with the greater physical effort.
6. What is the application of atrial synchronous pacemaker?
 This type of pacing is used for young patients with a mostly
stable block.
 It is used in stress testing & coronary artery diseases, in the
evaluation of severity of mitral stenosis & in the evaluation of
various conduction mechanisms.
 It has been used to terminate atrial flutter & paroxymal atrial
tachycardia.
 It can act as a temporary pacemaker for the atrial fibrillation.
7. What is an atrial sequential ventricular inhibited pacemaker and
mention its advantage?
Atrial sequential ventricular inhibited pacemaker has the capability of
stimulating both the atria & ventricles and adopt its method of stimulation to
the patient’s need .If atrial function fails, this pacemaker will stimulate the
atrium & then sense the subsequent ventricular beat.
8. What is a defibrillator?
A defibrillator is an electronic device that creates a sustained myocardial
polarisation of a patient’s heart inorder to stop ventricular fibrillation or atrial
fibrillation.
9 Explain ventricular fibrillation and how can it be eliminated?
Ventricular fibrillation is a serious cardiac energy resulting from
asynchronous contraction of the heart muscle. This uncoordinated
movement of ventricle walls of the heart may result from coronary occlusion,
electric shock or abnormalities of body chemistry.
10. What are the different types of defibrillators? (MAY 2013)
 Internal Defibrillator
 External Defibrillator
 AC. Defibrillator
 DC. Defibrillator
 Synchronous DC. Defibrillator
 Square Pulse Defibrillator
 Double Square Pulse Defibrillator
 Biphasic DC Defibrillator
11.What are the different types of oxygenator?
 Bubble oxygenator
 Film oxygenator
 Membrane oxygenator
 Liquid-Liquid oxygenator
12.Define Heart-Lung Machine?
Heart Lung machine replaces the functions of heart and lungs
thereby providing the rest of the body with a continuous supply of
oxygenated blood while the heart is stopped.

13.What are the requirements of ideal oxygenator?

 Lower priming volume
 Minimum trauma to blood
 Simple, safe and reliable operation
 Ensured sterilization
  No microembolus formation and
 Short preparation time
14.What is the principle of Liquid-Liquid oxygenator?
The oxygen dissolved fluorides organic fluid and blood are flowing in
the opposite directions and oxygenation of the blood takes place.
15.What is the principle of membrane oxygenator?
Effective oxygenation is obtained when oxygen and blood are
running in opposite directions through a thin porous membrane.
16.What is the principle of film oxygenator?
Here the film of blood is spread on a rotating disc or metal screen
and an oxygen mixture flows over this thin layer of blood.
17.What is the principle of bubble oxygenator?
By bubbling the oxygen through a large column of blood and the
making the flow of blood through a slanting path, the carbon di oxide is
removed form the blood
18.Define oxygenator.
In oxygenator mixture of oxygen and 2 to 5 percentage of carbon
dioxide is usuallyemployed to avoid respiratory alkalosis. Every oxygenator
should oxygenate upto 5 liters per minute of blood.
19.What are the types of blood pumps?
 Pulsatile pumps
 Non pulsatile pumps
20.Define heat exchanger
Heat exchanger is used to regulate the blood temperature and
compensate for the heat exchange in or out of the oxygenate
21.Explain the classification of pacemaker?
Pacemaker is broadly classified into internal & external pacemaker.
Total AV block requires internal pacemaker. It has a mini energy of 10µJ-
100µJ(5V,10mA,2ms).At a level of 400µJ, it causes Ventricular Fibrillation.
Cardiac Standstill is obtained by external pacemaker.
22. Different methods of stimulation
External stimulation, Internal stimulation
24. What is lithotripsy?
Lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses shock waves to break
up stones that form in the kidney, bladder, urethras, or gallbladder.
25. What is a pacemaker? (NOV 2012)
 Pacemaker is an electrical pulse generator that starts or maintains the
normal heart rhythm (i.e) application of electrical pulses to the heart is pacing
action.
26. What is meant by fulguration? (MAY 2012)
Destruction of living tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-
frequency current.
Direct fulguration that in which an insulated electrode with a metal point
is connected to the uniterminal and an electric spark is allowed to impinge
on the area being treated.
Indirect fulguration that in which the patient is connected directly by a
metal handle to the uniterminal and the operator uses an active electrode to
complete an arc from the patient.
27. What is a stimulator? (MAY 2012)
 It is the device used to stimulate innervated muscles and
denervated muscles.
 It is used for the treatment of paralysis.
28. What is the principle of diathermy. (MAY 2012)
Diathermy is the treatment process by which cutting, coagulation etc
of tissues are obtained
29. Give the characteristics of X-ray radiation
When the fast moving electrons enters in to the orbit of the anode
material atom, its velocity is continuously decreased due to the scattering of
the orbiting electrons .Thus the loss of energy of those incident electrons
appears in the form of continuous X-rays or white X-rays.
30. What are the advantages of LASER?
 No contact surgery
 Highly Sterile
 Short period
 Easy access in confined area

31. List the basic components of X-ray machine?

 Power supply management
 Collimator
 Diaphragm
 Film
 Lead shield
32. Define contrast?
It is a measure of darkness of a desired image compare to its surroundings.
The contrast between two tissues is given by
C 12=10 log 11/12 DB
33. What are the applications of ventricular inhibited pacemaker?
 The R wave inhibited pacemaker allows the heart to pace at its
normal rhythm when it is able to .If the R wave is missing of a
preset period of time; the pacer will supply a stimulus.
 When the evolution sensor is slightly stressed or bent by the
patient’s body activity .The pacemaker can automatically increase or
decrease its rate.Thus it can match with the greater physical effort.
34.What is the application of atrial synchronous pacemaker?
 This type of pacing is used for young patient with a mostly
stable block
 It is used in stress testing and coronary artery diseases, in the
evaluation of severity of mitral valve and in this evolution of
various conduction mechanisms.
 It has been used to terminate the atrial flutter and paroxymal
atrial Tachycardia
 It can act as a temporary pacemaker for the atrial fibrillation.
35. What is an atrial sequential ventricular inhibited pacemaker?
And mention its advantage?
Atrial sequential ventricular inhibited pacemaker has the capability of
stimulating both the atria and ventricle and adopt its method of stimulation to
the patient‘s need . If atrial function fails, this pacemaker will stimulate the
atrium and then senses the subsequent ventricular beat.

36. Explain ventricular fibrillation and how can it be eliminated?

Ventricular fibrillation is a serious cardiac energy resulting from
asynchronous contraction of the heart muscle. This uncoordinated
movement ofventricle walls of the heart may result from coronary occlusion,
electric shock or abnormalities of the body chemistry.
37. What is meant by hemodialysis?
Hemodialysis is the apparatus itself may be called an
extracorporealhemodialyzer. Hemo simply means blood. Dialysis is of Greek
origin, meaning“to pass through”; the present use implying a filtering (or
passing through) process. Extracorporeal means “outside the body”; hence
an extracorporealhemodialyzer filters the blood outside the body.
38. What is the function of hemodialysis?
Hemodialysis has long ago gone from an experimental procedure
and Last ditch stand against end-stage renal disease to a well established
and effectivetherapy for the rehabilitation of the patient with chronic kidney
disease. Although the artificial kidney approximates only some of the
human kidney’s many functions, the body nevertheless adjusts remarkably
well to the state maintained by the machine. There are now many patients
who continue to thrive and function as productive citizens after many years
of hemodialysis and people from all walks of life.
39. Difference between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis?
The Peritoneal dialyses have
 The catheter is placed directly into human body
 PD dialysis is continuous-usually multiple cycles daily
 PD dialysis is done at your home, by the patient
 PD dialysis is done by gravity
The Hemo dialyses have
 A shunt is placed in the vein and artery
 HD is done 3-5 times a week in usually 3 hour settings
 HD is done at a hospital or a clinic
 HD is done by a machine or artificial kidney that circulates and
cleans the blood.
40. What are the advantages of Diathermy?
 The treatment can be controlled easily.
 Use of appropriate electrodes permit the heat to be localised only in the
region to be treated.
Sixteen Marks:
1. (a) State the need for defibrillator. Explain the schematic of implantable
defibrillator. [MAY 2014]
(b) Explain in detail about microwave diathermy and its uses.
[MAY 2014]
2. (a) Explain in detail about peritonial analysis with a suitable diagram.
[MAY 2014]
(b) Write short notes on audiometer. [MAY 2014]
3. With neat diagram, explain in detail about the muscle stimulator.
4. With neat diagram explain Heart – Lung machine? [MAY 2013]
5. Draw the block diagram of automatic Bekesy audiometer and
explain the measurement procedure. [NOV 2011]
6. Describe the cardiac pacemaker waveforms and explain their
importance and the different modes of operation of cardiac
pacemakers. (MAY 2012, AU 2008)
7. What are the drawbacks of A.C. defibrillators? Explain the working of
the D.C defibrillators. (MAY 2012) (AU 2011)
8. Why do we require heart-lung machine? With neat diagram explain
it? (AU 2008, MAY 2013)
9. Draw a circuit diagram of a peripheral nerve stimulator and explain
it. (MAY 2012)
10. Design a bladder stimulator which can operate externally and explain
its working. (AU 2012)
11. Explain the stone disease problem and the method used to overcome
with neat diagram. (NOV 2011)
12. Write a note on dialysers. (NOV 2011)
13. Draw the block diagram of short wave diathermy unit and explain its
working. (MAY 2012, NOV 2012)
14. Explain the principle of Dc defibrillators. (NOV 2011)
15. List and explain the applications of stimulators. (NOV 2012)
16. Explain the working of a fixed rate pacemaker. (NOV 2012)
17. Explain with a block diagram the working of servo controlled
ventilator. (MAY 2013)
18. What are defibrillators? Explain in detail any two types of
Defibrillators with neat diagram.